Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/077,469, filed Nov. 10, 2014, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

[0003] The present invention relates to compounds for use as emitters and devices, such as organic light emitting diodes, including the same.

[0004] Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

[0005] OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0006] One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

[0007] One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

[0008] In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

[0009] As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

[0010] As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

[0011] As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

[0012] A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

[0013] As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

[0014] As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

[0015] More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0016] When the aryl or heteroaryl ring in the ligands of metal complexes is not fused with a five-membered saturated carbon ring, the molecule may be less rigid, thereby reducing molecular stability, decreasing complex device lifetime and diminishing color purity. There is a need in the art for novel compounds with improved stability and enhanced properties. The present invention addresses this unmet need.

[0017] According to an embodiment, a compound is provided comprising a ligand L_A of Formula I:

[0018] wherein R has the following structure and is fused to ring A:

wherein each Z¹ to Z⁸ is nitrogen or carbon;
wherein the wave lines indicate the bonds to two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ of ring A;
wherein when two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ are used to fuse to R, those two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ are carbon;
wherein R¹ and R⁴ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
wherein R² and R³ each independently represent mono, or di substitutions, or no substitution;
wherein X is O or S;
wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;
wherein any two adjacent substituents are optionally joined to form a ring, which can be further substituted;
wherein the ligand L_A is coordinated to a metal M; and
wherein the ligand L_A is optionally linked with other ligands to comprise a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate or hexadentate ligand.

[0019] In one embodiment, M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Rh, Re, Ru, Os, Pt, Au, and Cu.

[0020] In one embodiment, M is Ir.

[0021] In one embodiment, the ligand L_A is selected from the group consisting of:

[0022] In one embodiment each of Z¹ to Z⁴ is carbon. In another embodiment each of Z⁵ to Z⁸ is carbon. In another embodiment each of Z¹ to Z⁸ is carbon. In yet another embodiment, at least one of Z⁵ to Z⁸ is nitrogen.

[0023] In one embodiment X is O.

[0024] In one embodiment R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, R⁵ and R⁶ are joined to form a ring.

[0025] In one embodiment, the ligand L_A is selected from the group consisting of compounds L_A1 to L_A508.

[0026] In another embodiment, the compound has the formula (L_A)Ir(L_B)₂ of Formula II, having the structure:

wherein R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions, or no substitution;
wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof and wherein any two adjacent R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally joined to form a ring, which can be further substituted.

[0027] In one embodiment L_B is selected from the group consisting of L_B1 to L_B225.

[0028] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of compound 1 through Compound 114,300; where each compound x has the formula Ir(L_Ai)(L_Bj)₂; wherein x=508j+i−508, i is an integer from 1 to 508, and j is an integer from 1 to 225; wherein L_Ai is one of L_A1 to L_A508 and L_Bj is one of L_B1 to L_B225.

[0029] According to another embodiment, an organic light emitting device (OLED) is provided. The OLED comprises an anode; a cathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising a compound comprising a ligand L_A of Formula I.

[0030] In one aspect, the OLED is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, and a lighting panel.

[0031] In one embodiment, the organic layer comprises a host; wherein the host comprises a triphenylene containing benzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan;

[0032] wherein any substituent in the host is an unfused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of C_nH_2n+1, OC_nH_2n+1, OAr₁, N(C_nH_2n+1)₂, N(Ar₁)(Ar₂), CH═CH—C_nH_2n+1, C≡CC_nH_2n+1, Ar₁, Ar₁—Ar₂, C_nH_2n—Ar₁, or no substitution;

[0033] wherein n is from 1 to 10; and

[0034] wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

[0035] In another embodiment, the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene.

[0036] In yet another embodiment, the organic layer layer further comprises a host and the host is selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof

[0037] In one embodiment, the organic layer further comprises a host and the host comprises a metal complex.

[0038] According to another embodiment, the invention provides a formulation comprising a compound comprising a ligand L_A of Formula I:

[0041] Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

[0042] The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

[0043] More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0044] FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0045] More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F₄-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0046] FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

[0047] The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0048] Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0049] Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

[0050] Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

[0051] Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention can be incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (or units) that can be incorporated into a variety of electronic products or intermediate components. Examples of such electronic products or intermediate components include display screens, lighting devices such as discrete light source devices or lighting panels, etc. that can be utilized by the end-user product manufacturers. Such electronic component modules can optionally include the driving electronics and/or power source(s). Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention can be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products that have one or more of the electronic component modules (or units) incorporated therein. Such consumer products would include any kind of products that include one or more light source(s) and/or one or more of some type of visual displays. Some examples of such consumer products include flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, tablets, phablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

[0052] The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

[0053] The term “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide” as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0054] The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0055] The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0056] The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0057] The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0058] The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are used interchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituent an aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

[0059] The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also means heteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are those containing 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

[0060] The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplates single-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

[0061] The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ring hetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems having two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

[0062] The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

[0063] As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example, where R′ is mono-substituted, then one R′ must be other than H. Similarly, where R′ is di-substituted, then two of R′ must be other than H Similarly, where R′ is unsubstituted, R′ is hydrogen for all available positions.

[0064] The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e. aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means that one or more of the C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

[0065] It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g. benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.

[0066] When an aryl or heteroaryl ring in the ligands of metal complexes is fused with a five-membered saturated carbon group the complex device lifetime can be enhanced and color purity potentially can be improved compared with devices that include the previously synthesized similar complexes in which the aryl or heteroaryl ring is not fused. Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, this effect is believed to be due to the ring fusion making the molecule more rigid and therefore potentially increasing the molecule's stability in general. In addition, molecular rigidification can make photoluminescent spectrum narrower and better color CIE which are desired properties of OLED. Therefore, the present invention is based, in part, on the discovery that fusing the ligands of metal complexes with five-membered saturated carbon groups provides a device with enhanced lifetime and improved color purity.

[0067] The compounds of the present invention may be synthesized using techniques well-known in the art of organic synthesis. The starting materials and intermediates required for the synthesis may be obtained from commercial sources or synthesized according to methods known to those skilled in the art.

[0068] In one aspect, the compound of the invention is a compound comprising a ligand L_A of Formula I:

[0069] wherein R has the following structure and is fused to ring A:

[0070] wherein each Z¹ to Z⁸ is nitrogen or carbon;

[0071] wherein the wave lines indicate the bonds to two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ of ring A;

[0072] wherein when two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ are used to fuse to R, those two of the adjacent Z¹ to Z⁴ are carbon;

[0073] wherein R¹ and R⁴ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions, or no substitution;

[0074] wherein R² and R³ each independently represent mono, or di substitutions, or no substitution;

[0075] wherein X is O or S;

[0076] wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof;

[0077] wherein any two adjacent substituents are optionally joined to form a ring, which can be further substituted;

[0078] wherein the ligand L_A is coordinated to a metal M; and

[0079] wherein the ligand L_A is optionally linked with other ligands to comprise a tridentate, tetradentate, pentadentate or hexadentate ligand.

[0080] The metal M is not particularly limited. Examples of metals useful in the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, transition metals such as Ir, Pt, Au, Re, Ru, W, Rh, Ru, Os, Pd, Ag, Cu, Co, Zn, Ni, Pb, Al, and Ga. In one embodiment, M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Rh, Re, Ru, Os, Pt, Au, and Cu. In one embodiment, M is Ir.

[0081] In one embodiment, the ligand L_A is selected from the group consisting of:

[0082] In one embodiment each of Z¹ to Z⁴ is carbon. In another embodiment each of Z⁵ to Z⁸ is carbon. In another embodiment each of Z¹ to Z⁸ is carbon. In yet another embodiment, at least one of Z⁵ to Z⁸ is nitrogen.

[0083] In one embodiment X is O. In another embodiment, X is S.

[0084] In one embodiment R⁵ and R⁶ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, R⁵ and R⁶ are joined to form a ring.

[0085] In one embodiment, the ligand L_A is selected from the group consisting of compounds L_A1 to L_A508:

[0086] In one embodiment, the compound of the invention has the formula (L_A)Ir(L_B)₂ of Formula II, having the structure:

[0087] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ each independently represent mono, di, tri, or tetra substitutions, or no substitution;

[0088] wherein R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and

[0089] wherein any two adjacent R⁷ and R⁸ are optionally joined to form a ring, which can be further substituted.

[0090] In one embodiment L_B is selected from the group consisting of L_B1 to L_B225:

[0091] In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 114,300; where each compound x has the formula Ir(L_Ai)(L_Bj)₂; wherein x=508j+i−508, i is an integer from 1 to 508, and j is an integer from 1 to 225; wherein L_Ai is one of L_A1 to L_A508 and L_Bj is one of L_B1 to L_B225. For example, if the compound has formula Ir(L_A35)(L_B15)₂, the compound is Compound 7,147. In one embodiment, ligand L_Ai is at least one ligand L_A. In one embodiment, ligand L_Bj is at least one ligand L_B.

[0092] In some embodiments, the compound can be an emissive dopant. In some embodiments, the compound can produce emissions via phosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, i.e., TADF (also referred to as E-type delayed fluorescence), triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes.

[0093] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, an organic light emitting device (OLED) is also provided. The OLED includes an anode, a cathode, and an organic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The organic layer may include a host and a phosphorescent dopant. The emissive layer can include a compound according to Formula I, and its variations as described herein.

[0094] The OLED can be one or more of a consumer product, an electronic component module, an organic light-emitting device and a lighting panel. The organic layer can be an emissive layer and the compound can be an emissive dopant in some embodiments, while the compound can be a non-emissive dopant in other embodiments. The organic layer can be a charge transporting layer and the compound can be a charge transporting material in the organic layer in some embodiments. The organic layer can be a blocking layer and the compound can be a blocking material in the organic layer in some embodiments.

[0095] In one embodiment, the OLED is incorporated into a device selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, an electronic component module, and a lighting panel.

[0096] The organic layer can also include a host. In some embodiments, the host can include a metal complex. In one embodiment, the organic layer comprises a host; wherein the host comprises a triphenylene containing benzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan;

[0097] wherein any substituent in the host is an unfused substituent independently selected from the group consisting of C_nH_2n+1, OC_nH_2n+1, OAr₁, N(C_nH_2n+1)₂, N(Ar₁)(Ar₂), CH═CH—C_nH_2n+1, C≡CC_nH_2n+1, Ar₁, Ar₁—Ar₂, C_nH_2n—Ar₁, or no substitution;

[0098] wherein n is from 1 to 10; and

[0099] wherein Ar₁ and Ar₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene, carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

[0100] In another embodiment, the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein the host comprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene. The host can include a metal complex.

[0101] In another embodiment, the organic layer further comprises a host and the host is selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof

[0102] In one embodiment, the OLED organic layer further comprises a host and the host comprises a metal complex.

[0103] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, a formulation that comprises a compound according to Formula I is described. The formulation can include one or more components selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a host, a hole injection material, hole transport material, and an electron transport layer material, disclosed herein.

Combination with Other Materials

[0104] The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

[0105] A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_x; a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and cross-linkable compounds.

[0106] Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general structures:

[0107] Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

[0108] In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH) or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr¹, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

[0109] Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are not limited to the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an ancillary ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

[0110] In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y¹⁰¹—Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

[0111] The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

[0112] Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³—Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

[0113] In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

[0114] In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y¹⁰³—Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

[0115] Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

[0116] In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.
Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected from NR¹⁰¹, O, or S.

[0117] A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

[0118] In one aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as the host described above.

[0119] In another aspect, the compound used in the HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.

[0120] Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

[0121] In one aspect, the compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.

[0122] In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but is not limited to, the following general formula:

wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

[0123] In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

[0124] In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table A below. Table A lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

TABLE A
MATERIAL	EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL	PUBLICATIONS
Hole injection materials
Phthalocyanine and porphyrin compounds		Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 2160 (1996)
Starburst triarylamines		J. Lumin. 72-74, 985 (1997)
CFx Fluorohydrocarbon polymer		Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 673 (2001)
Conducting polymers (e.g., PEDOT:PSS, polyaniline, poly- thiophene		Synth. Met. 87, 171 (1997) WO2007002683
Phosphonic acid and silane SAMs		US20030162053
Triarylamine or poly- thiophene polymers with conductivity dopants	and	EP1725079A1
Organic compounds with conductive inorganic compounds, such as molybdenum and tungsten oxides		US20050123751 SID Symposium Digest, 37, 923 (2006) WO2009018009
n-type semiconducting organic complexes		US20020158242
Metal organometallic complexes		US20060240279
Cross-linkable compounds		US20080220265
Polythiophene based polymers and copolymers		WO2011075644 EP2350216
Hole transporting materials
Triarylamines (e.g., TPD, α-NPD)		Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987)
		U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,569
		EP650955
		J. Mater. Chem. 3, 319 (1993)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 183503 (2007)
Triarylamine on spirofluorene core		Synth. Met. 91, 209 (1997)
Arylamine carbazole compounds		Adv. Mater. 6, 677 (1994), US20080124572
Triarylamine with (di)benzothiophene/ (di)benzofuran		US20070278938, US20080106190 US20110163302
Indolocarbazoles		Synth. Met. 111, 421 (2000)
Isoindole compounds		Chem. Mater. 15, 3148 (2003)
Metal carbene complexes		US20080018221
Phosphorescent OLED host materials
Red hosts
Arylcarbazoles		Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001)
Metal 8-hydroxy- quinolates (e.g., Alq3, BAlq)		Nature 395, 151 (1998)
		US20060202194
		WO2005014551
		WO2006072002
Metal phenoxybenzo- thiazole compounds		Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 123509 (2007)
Conjugated oligomers and polymers (e.g., polyfluorene)		Org. Electron. 1, 15 (2000)
Aromatic fused rings		WO2009066779, WO2009066778, WO2009063833, US20090045731, US20090045730, WO2009008311, US20090008605, US20090009065
Zinc complexes		WO2010056066
Chrysene based compounds		WO2011086863
Green hosts
Arylcarbazoles		Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001)
		US20030175553
		WO2001039234
Aryltriphenylene compounds		US20060280965
		US20060280965
		WO2009021126
Poly-fused heteroaryl compounds		US20090309488 US20090302743 US20100012931
Donor acceptor type molecules		WO2008056746
		WO2010107244
Aza-carbazole/DBT/ DBF		JP2008074939
		US20100187984
Polymers (e.g., PVK)		Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 2280 (2000)
Spirofluorene compounds		WO2004093207
Metal phenoxybenzo- oxazole compounds		WO2005089025
		WO2006132173
		JP200511610
Spirofluorene-carbazole compounds		JP2007254297
		JP2007254297
Indolocarbazoles		WO2007063796
		WO2007063754
5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles (e.g., triazole, oxadiazole)		J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5048 (2001)
		WO2004107822
Tetraphenylene complexes		US20050112407
Metal phenoxypyridine compounds		WO2005030900
Metal coordination complexes (e.g., Zn, Al with N{circumflex over ( )}N ligands)		US20040137268, US20040137267
Blue hosts
Arylcarbazoles		Appl.Phys. Lett, 82, 2422 (2003)
		US20070190359
Dibenzothiophene/ Dibenzofuran-carbazole compounds		WO2006114966, US20090167162
		US20090167162
		WO2009086028
		US20090030202, US20090017330
		US20100084966
Silicon aryl compounds		US20050238919
		WO2009003898
Silicon/Germanium aryl compounds		EP2034538A
Aryl benzoyl ester		WO2006100298
Carbazole linked by non- conjugated groups		US20040115476
Aza-carbazoles		US20060121308
High triplet metal organometallic complex		U.S. Pat. No. 7,154,114
Phosphorescent dopants
Red dopants
Heavy metal porphyrins (e.g., PtOEP)		Nature 395, 151 (1998)
Iridium(III) organo- metallic complexes		Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001)
		US20030072964
		US20030072964
		US20060202194
		US20060202194
		US20070087321
		US20080261076 US20100090591
		US20070087321
		Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007)
		WO2009100991
		WO2008101842
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,618
Platinum(II) organo- metallic complexes		WO2003040257
		US20070103060
Osmium(III) complexes		Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005)
Ruthenium(II) complexes		Adv. Mater. 17, 1059 (2005)
Rhenium (I), (II), and (III) complexes		US20050244673
Green dopants
Iridium(III) organo- metallic complexes		Inorg. Chem. 40, 1704 (2001)
		US20020034656
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,332,232
		US20090108737
		WO2010028151
		EP1841834B
		US20060127696
		US20090039776
		U.S. Pat. No. 6,921,915
		US20100244004
		U.S. Pat. No. 6,687,266
		Chem. Mater. 16, 2480 (2004)
		US20070190359
		US20060008670 JP2007123392
		WO2010086089, WO2011044988
		Adv. Mater. 16, 2003 (2004)
		Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7800
		WO2009050290
		US20090165846
		US20080015355
		US20010015432
		US20100295032
Monomer for polymeric metal organometallic compounds		U.S. Pat. No. 7,250,226, U.S. Pat. No. 7,396,598
Pt(II) organometallic complexes, including polydentated ligands		Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153505 (2005)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 153505 (2005)
		Chem. Lett. 34, 592 (2005)
		WO2002015645
		US20060263635
		US20060182992 US20070103060
Cu complexes		WO2009000673
		US20070111026
Gold complexes		Chem. Commun. 2906 (2005)
Rhenium(III) complexes		Inorg. Chem. 42, 1248 (2003
Osmium(II) complexes		U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704
Deuterated organo- metallic complexes		US20030138657
Organometallic complexes with two or more metal centers		US20030152802
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,090,928
Blue dopants
Iridium(III) organo- metallic complexes		WO2002002714
		WO2006009024
		US20060251923 US20110057559 US20110204333
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,599, WO2006056418, US20050260441, WO2005019373
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,505
		WO2011051404
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,855
		US20070190359, US20080297033 US20100148663
		U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,722
		US20020134984
		Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 4542 (2008)
		Chem. Mater. 18, 5119 (2006)
		Inorg. Chem. 46, 4308 (2007)
		WO2005123873
		WO2005123873
		WO2007004380
		WO2006082742
Osmium(II) complexes		U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704
		Organometallics 23, 3745 (2004)
Gold complexes		Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1361 (1999)
Platinum(II) complexes		WO2006098120, WO2006103874
Pt tetradentate complexes with at least one metal- carbene bond		U.S. Pat. No. 7,655,323
Exciton/hole blocking layer materials
Bathocuprine compounds (e.g., BCP, BPhen)		Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 4 (1999)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 449 (2001)
Metal 8- hydroxyquinolates (e.g., BAlq		Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002)
5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles such as triazole, oxadiazole, imidazole, benzo- imidazole		Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 162 (2002)
Triphenylene compounds		US20050025993
Fluorinated aromatic compounds		Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 156 (2001)
Phenothiazine-S-oxide		WO2008132085
Silylated five-membered nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus dibenzoheterocycles		WO2010079051
Aza-carbazoles		US20060121308
Electron transporting materials
Anthracene-benzo- imidazole compounds		WO2003060956
		US20090179554
Aza triphenylene derivatives		US20090115316
Anthracene-benzo- thiazole compounds		Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 063504 (2006)
Metal 8-hydroxy- quinolates (e.g., Alq3, Zrq4)		Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 913 (1987) U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,107
Metal hydroxybenzoquinolates		Chem. Lett. 5, 905 (1993)
Bathocuprine compounds such as BCP, BPhen, etc.		Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 263503 (2007)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 449 (2001)
5-member ring electron deficient heterocycles (e.g..triazole, oxadiazole, imidazole, benzo- imidazole)		Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 865 (1999)
		Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, 1489 (1989)
		Jpn. J. Apply. Phys. 32, L917 (1993)
Silole compounds		Org. Electron. 4, 113 (2003)
Arylborane compounds		J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 9714 (1998)
Fluorinated aromatic compounds		J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 1832 (2000)
Fullerene (e.g., C60)		US20090101870
Triazine complexes		US20040036077
Zn (N{circumflex over ( )}N) complexes		U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,187

[0125] All example devices were fabricated by high vacuum (<10⁻⁷ Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode is 800 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consisted of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1,000 Å of Al. All devices are encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) immediately after fabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package. The organic stack of the device examples consisted of sequentially, from the ITO surface, 100 Å of LG101 as the hole injection layer (HIL), 450 Å of Compound D as the hole transporting layer (HTL), 400 Å of Compound 1 doped in Compound B as host with 10 or 15 weight percent of the iridium phosphorescent compound as the emissive layer (EML), 50 Å of Compound C as a blocking layer (BL), 450 Å of Alq (tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum) as the ETL. The comparative Example with Compound A was fabricated similarly to the Device Examples. The device results and data are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. As used herein, Alq, Compound A, B, C and D have the following structures:

TABLE 1
Device Structures of Inventive Compound and Comparative Compound
			EML (400 Å,
Example	HIL	HTL	doping %)	BL	ETL
Comparative	LG101	Com-	Com-	Com-	Com-	Alq
Example 1	100 Å	pound D	pound	pound A	pound C	450 Å
		450 Å	B as host	10%	50 Å
Comparative	LG101	Com-	Com-	Com-	Com-	Alq
Example 2	100 Å	pound D	pound	pound A	pound C	450 Å
		450 Å	B as host	15%	50 Å
Inventive	LG101	Com-	Com-	Com-	Com-	Alq
Example 1	100 Å	pound D	pound	pound 1	pound C	450 Å
		450 Å	B as host	10%	50 Å
Inventive	LG101	Com-	Com-	Com-	Com-	Alq
Example 2	100 Å	pound D	pound	pound 1	pound C	450 Å
		450 Å	B as host	15%	50 Å

TABLE 2
VTE Device Results
			λmax	FWHM	LT95% (h)
	x	y	(nm)	(nm)	At 40 mA/cm2
Comparative example 1	0.335	0.633	528	58	18
Comparative example 2	0.340	0.630	530	59	9
Inventive example 1	0.344	0.626	530	58	32
Inventive example 2	0.347	0.626	530	58	24

[0126] Table 2 is the summary of EL of comparative and inventive devices at 1000 nits and life test at 40 mA/cm². The LT₉₅% of Comparative example Compound A at dopant concentration 10% and 15% are 18 and 9 hours vs 32 and 24 hours for inventive example Compound 1, respectively. The device lifetime results demonstrated that a fused ring and rigidification of molecules can result in better device performance in term of lifetime, which is a desired property for OLED devices.

[0127]

[0128] To a 500 mL round bottom flask, methyl-2-bromobenzoate (15 g, 69.8 mmol), dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-ylboronic acid (16.27 g, 77 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.806 g, 0.698 mmol), K₂CO₃ (19.28 g 140 mmol) and 250 mL THF were added and nitrogen was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 mins. The reaction mixture was heated up to reflux and stirred at reflux overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled down and purified using a silica gel column with DCM 50% in heptane as elutant and about 8 grams (38% yield) of pure product was obtained.

[0129]

[0130] Methyl 2-(dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)benzoate (7.7 g, 25.5 mmol) was dissolved in ˜150 mL anhydrous THF and cooled down to 0° C. To the solution, ˜25.5 mL of a 3 M methyl magnesium bromide diether solution was added slowly and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with NH₄Cl aqueous solution and extracted with DCM and dried over Na₂SO₄. ˜8 gram product was obtained after evaporation of DCM. The product, which was confirmed by GC, was used for the next step without further purification.

[0131]

[0132] 2-(2-dibenzo[b,d]furan-4-yl)phenylpropan-2-ol (8.0 g, 26.5 mmol) was dissolved in 150 mL DCM and cooled down to 0° C. To the solution, 10 mL of a BF₃ (46.5%) ether complex solution was added slowly, then the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. Saturated NaHCO₃ aqueous solution was slowly added while stirring until the formation of bubbles stopped. The reaction mixture was purified using a silica column with 15% DCM in heptane as eluant. ˜4 g product was obtained after column. The product was confirmed by proton NMR and GC.

[0133]

[0134] 7,7-dimethyl-7H-fluoreno[4,3-b]benzofuran (4.0 g, 14.07 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF and cooled down to −78° C. 30 mL of 1.4 M Sec-BuLi in cyclohexane was added into the solution once, and the reaction mixture was stirred for two hours at −78° C. 11.5 mL 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched with NH₄OH aqueous solution and purified using a silica gel column to yield ˜2.1 g (36.5% yield) product.

[0135]

[0136] A round flask was charged with 2-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-fluoreno[4,3-b]benzofuran-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (2.0 g, 4.87 mmol), 2-chloropyridine (0.664 g, 5.85 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.09 g, 0.098 mmol), dicyclohexyl(2′,6′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)phosphine (0.16 g, 0.39 mmol), K₃PO₄ (3.62 g, 17.06 mmol), 150 mL toluene and 15 mL water. Nitrogen was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 20 mins, and then the reaction mixture was heated up to reflux and stirred at reflux overnight. The product was purified using silica gel chromatograph, and was confirmed by GC. ˜1.3 g product (73.8% yield) was obtained.

[0137] Synthesis of Compound 1

[0138] A round flask was charged with iridium complex precursor (1.6 g, 2.24 mmol), 2-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-fluoreno[4,3-b]benzofuran-1-yl)pyridine (1.3 g, 3.59 mmol), 30 mL methanol and 30 mL ethanol. The reaction mixture was heated up to reflux (oil bath; ˜85° C.) for and stirred at reflux for 7 days. The reaction mixture was purified using a silica gel column. ˜0.82 g (42.5% yield) pure product was isolated, which was confirmed by LC-MS and HPLC.

[0139] It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting.

[0140] The disclosures of each and every patent, patent application, and publication cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. While this invention has been disclosed with reference to specific embodiments, it is apparent that other embodiments and variations of this invention may be devised by others skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The appended claims are intended to be construed to include all such embodiments and equivalent variations.