HORMONE SECRETION REGULATOR, COMPOSITION CONTAINING SAME, AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING HORMONE SECRETION USING SAME

[0001] 1. Field

[0002] One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a hormone secretion modulator including a peptide derived from telomerase, more particularly, a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a peptide fragment thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising the hormone secretion modulator, and a use of the pharmaceutical composition for treatment, alleviation, or prevention of diseases caused by excessive or deficient levels of hormones.

[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art

[0004] Hormones related to generation, development, and aging of reproductive organs of humans are called sex hormones, and representative examples of the sex hormones include testosterone, estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

[0005] Testosterone is one of the primary sex hormones produced in the bodies of both males and females. Testosterone is primarily produced in interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of testicles in males and in the ovaries and placenta in females. Also, testosterone is produced in adrenal cortex in both males and females. One of the primary roles of testosterone is the development of secondary sexual characteristics, for example, increasing masses of muscles, bones, and bodily hair.

[0006] LH is a glycoprotein hormone comprised of two subunits. Alpha subunits of LH are similar to those of FSH, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Beta subunits of LH are different from those of other glycoprotein hormones and provide biochemical specificity to LH. LH is secreted from anterior pituitary, and in males, LH is secreted after reacting with GnRH secreted from hypothalamus. LH is also known as interstitial-cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) and the secretion of LH is regulated by a balance of positive and negative feedback mechanisms including a hypothalamic-pituitary axis, reproductive organs, a pituitary gland, and sexual steroid hormones. LH and the other pituitary gonadotropin and FSH, play a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the male and female reproductive systems.

[0007] FSH is a glycoprotein hormone comprised of two subunits. Alpha subunits of FSH are similar to those of LH, hCG, and TSH. Beta subunits of FSH are different from those of other glycoprotein hormones and confer biochemical specificity. FSH is secreted from anterior pituitary in response to GnRH secreted from hypothalamus. In both males and females, FSH secretion is regulated by a balance of positive and negative feedback mechanisms involving the hypothalamicpituitary axis, the reproductive organs, and the pituitary and sex steroid hormones. FSH and LH and the other pituitary gonadotropin play a critical role in maintaining the normal function of the male and female reproductive systems.

[0008] Estrogen is a female steroid hormone, which is mostly produced in the ovaries, and a small amount of estrogen is produced in adrenal cortex, placenta, and male testes. Estrogen helps control and guide sexual growth including physical changes associated with puberty. It also influences the course of ovulation in the monthly menstrual cycle, lactation after pregnancy, aspects of mood, and the aging process. Production of estrogen changes naturally over the female lifespan, reaching adult levels with the onset of puberty (menarche) and decreasing in middle age until the onset of menopause. Estrogen deficiency can lead to lack of menstruation (amenorrhea), persistent difficulties associated with menopause (such as mood swings and vaginal dryness), and osteoporosis in older age. In cases of estrogen deficiency, natural and synthetic estrogen preparations may be prescribed. Estrogen is also a component of many oral contraceptives. An overabundance of estrogen in men causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics (feminization), such as enlargement of breast tissue.

[0009] The gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) (gonadoliberin) are a family of peptides that play a pivotal role in reproduction. The main function of GnRH is to act on the pituitary to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, but GnRH also acts on the brain, retina, sympathetic nervous system, gonads, and placenta in certain species. There seems to be at least three forms of GnRH. The second form is expressed in midbrain and seems to be widespread. The third form has been found so far only in fish. GnRH is a C-terminal amidated decapeptide processed from a larger precursor protein. Four of the ten residues are perfectly conserved in all species where GnRH has been sequenced.

• [0010] US 20020042401 A1
• [0011] US 20120277290 A1

• [0012] Christoph Eisenegger et al., Trends in Cognitive Sciences June 2011, Vol. 15, No. 6.

[0013] According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, provided is a hormone secretion modulator comprising a peptide including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a peptide fragment thereof.

[0014] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion including a hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0015] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a use of a hormone secretion modulator for preparing a medicament for modulating hormone secretion.

[0016] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a kit for hormone secretion modulation including a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment; and a package insert.

[0017] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating hormone levels, the method including administration of an effective amount of a hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0018] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating hormone levels, the method including administration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0019] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a GnRH analog comprising a peptide including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a peptide fragment thereof.

[0020] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), the method including administration of an effective amount of GnRH analog according to an embodiment to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0021] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a pharmaceutical composition for modulating effects of GnRH, the pharmaceutical composition including a GnRH analog according to an embodiment.

[0022] According to other embodiments of the present invention, provided is a use of GnRH analog according to an embodiment of the present invention for preparing a medicament for modulating effects of GnRH.

[0023] A hormone secretion regulator according to an embodiment of the present invention was shown to have no or insignificant side effects. Accordingly, the hormone secretion regulator according to an embodiment of the present invention may be used as a GnRH analog for 1) an anti-cancer treatment of hormone sensitive cancer, such as prostate cancer or breast cancer, 2) treatment of the disruption of estrogen production in females, such as menorrhagia, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and uterine fibrotic cysts, 3) treatment of infertility in females and males, 4) treatment of precocious puberty in children, and 5) treatment and alleviation of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

[0036] Since the present invention can be adapted to various fields of use and in various modifications, below is a more detailed description of the present invention. Nevertheless, this is no means to limit the form of practical application; it should be understood that the intention is to include the concept and the extent of technology in all of the modifications, equivalents to alternatives. In describing the present invention, if any detailed description about the prior art is considered to deteriorate the fundamental principles of the present invention, the description will be omitted.

[0037] According to an embodiment of the present invention, provided is a peptide for modulation of hormone secretion, the peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment peptide thereof.

[0038] The peptides disclosed herein may include a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence identity of above 80%, above 85%, above 90%, above 95%, above 96%, above 97%, above 98%, or above 99%. Moreover, the peptides disclosed in the present invention may include a peptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or its fragments, and a peptide with more than 1 transformed/substituted amino acid, more than 2 transformed/substituted amino acids, more than 3 transformed/substituted amino acids, more than 4 transformed/substituted amino acids, more than 5 transformed/substituted amino acids, more than 6 transformed/substituted aminos acid, or more than 7 transformed/substituted amino acids.

[0039] As used herein, the expressions “homology” and “sequence identity” may be interchangeably used to indicate the overlap between two amino acids (or similarly, nucleic acids) in a sequence.

[0040] Unless a different term is used for “sequence identity” of a peptide or a nucleic acid, the sequence identity is calculated by using (nref−ndif)*100/nref, wherein when two sequences are aligned to obtain the greatest number of matches, ndif represents a total number of non-identical residues between the two sequences and nref represents a total number of residues of a shorter sequence among the two sequences. For example, a sequence identity between agtcagtc and aatcaatc calculated from the formula above is 75% (nref=8, ndif=2).

[0041] According to an aspect of the present invention, the sequence identity was determined by conventional methods described below. Smith and Waterman, 1981, Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482, by the search for similarity method of Pearson & Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:2444, using the CLUSTAL W algorithm of Thompson et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Res 22:467380, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group). The BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990, Mol. Biol. 215:403-10) for which software may be obtained through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) may also be used. When using any of the aforementioned algorithms, the default parameters for “Window” length, gap penalty, etc.

[0042] According to an embodiment of the present invention, changes in an amino acid sequence belong to the modification of peptide's physical and chemical characteristics. For example, amino acid transformation can be performed by improving the thermal stability of the peptide, altering substrate specificity, and changing the optimal pH.

[0043] Also, the peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or the fragment thereof have low toxicity in cells and thus, have high in vivo safety.

[0044] SEQ 1: EARPALLTSRLRFIPK

[0045] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a hormone secretion modulator including a peptide, which includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment thereof.

[0046] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is a sexual hormone, which may be selected from the group consisting of testosterone, estrogen, FSH, LH, GnRH, and a combination thereof.

[0047] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is testosterone.

[0048] Testosterone (4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one) is a C19 steroid hormone, which is an important androgen for males. Testosterone is modulated by LH, which is a pituitary gland hormone. LH is secreted from an anterior pituitary gland and directly acts on interstitial cells of testicles to modulate the production of testosterone. Testosterone stimulates the maturation of external reproductive organs, the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and the growth of hair on the face, armpits, and genital regions.

[0049] In the circulatory system, measuring the levels of LH and testosterone are useful for the identification of hypogonadism. Low concentrations of testosterone are caused by hypogonadism, testicular dysfunction, elevated prolactin levels, pituitary dysfunction, and kidney or liver diseases. Females have much lower levels of testosterone than males and high levels of testosterone in females may cause polycycstic ovary syndrome and adrenal hyperplasia. Excessive testosterone may cause infertility, hirsutism, amenorrhea, or obesity.

[0050] Testosterone binds strongly to plasma proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulins (SHBG) and testosterone-estradiol-binding globulins (TeBG) and binds weakly to cortisol-binding globulins (CBG) and albumin. Only less than 2.5% of testosterone circulates freely in the body.

[0051] In an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is estrogen, which may be estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), or estriol (E3).

[0052] Three primary estrogens naturally produced in females are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Estradiol is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years both in terms of absolute serum levels as well as in terms of estrogenic activity. Measurement of Estradiol (E2) is used to evaluate ovarian function and has an important use in monitoring the development of follicle in Assisted Reproduction Protocol. E2 promotes growth of female reproductive organs, stimulates secondary sexual characterization, as well as having an essential role in the menstrual cycle. Usually in females who are not pregnant, estradiol is mostly secreted by the interaction between theca and granulose cells during the development of follicle and corpus luteum. During pregnancy, placenta becomes the major site of estradiol secretion. Within the estradiol secreted in the blood, 1˜3% exists freely without binding to any proteins, about 40% exists in a form bound to globulin (SHBG), and the rest exists in a form bound to albumin. Estradiol's primary function is to stimulate the growth of female reproductive organs and to develop secondary sexual characteristics.

[0053] Estradiol (E2) is necessary in female menstrual cycles. In the beginning of production of follicles, estradiol (E2) is maintained at a low level. After about 7 days, the maturation of follicles is modulated by the level of estradiol (E2), and the level of estradiol (E2) increases. An increased level of estradiol (E2) induces a sharp increase in the level of LH and a suppressed level of FSH. A normal ovulation occurs after about 10 hours to about 12 hours after the peak of the level of LH and about 24 hours to about 36 hours after the peak level of estradiol (E2). During a luteal phase, the estradiol (E2) level increases and reaches its peak (the maximum level) 8 days after ovulation. Such an increase in the level of estradiol (E2) represents regression of corpus luteum. When a fertilized egg is not implanted, the level of estradiol (E2) decreases, which acts as a signal for the start of a next phase.

[0054] The name ‘estradiol-6 test’ is derived from an antibody-antigen response that occurs at a sixth binding site of estradiol (E2), which shows good test specificity, and results of the test may be used in various ways.

[0055] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is FSH. FSH is a glycoprotein hormone composed of α-subunit similar to LH, TSH, hCG and β-subunit which expresses FSH's biochemical characteristics, and along with LH, has an important role in maintaining the normal functions of reproductive systems in both males and females. FSH is released from anterior pituitary gland stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by hypothalamus. In both males and females, FSH maintains homeostasis by feedback mechanisms related to hypothalamus-pituitary pathway, reproductive organs, pituitary gland, sex hormones, etc.

[0056] Sites of action of FSH are as shown below in males and females, respectively.

TABLE 1
Sex	Site of action	Action
Female	Ovarian follicles	Stimulation of production of estradiol
		and estrogen and follicular development
		during a menstrual cycle
		Stimulation of ovulation with LH
Male	Sertolli cells (in	Stimulation of spermatogenesis
	seminiferous tubules
	of testes)

[0057] An increased level of FSH represents menopause in females and primary hypogonadism in males and females. A decreased level of FSH is related to primary hypogonadism. In females suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome, the level of FSH is normal or decreased.

[0058] In an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is LH.

[0059] Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone with two subunits. It is composed of α-subunit similar to FSH, TSH, hCG and β-subunit which expresses LH's biochemical characteristics which are different than other glycoprotein hormones. LH is released from anterior pituitary gland stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted by hypothalamus. In males, LH is sometimes called interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH). In both males and females, LH levels are controlled by feedback mechanisms related to hypothalamus-pituitary pathway, reproductive organs, pituitary gland, sex hormones, etc. LH, as well as pituitary gonodotropin and FSH among others, have very important roles in male and female reproductive systems.

[0060] Targets of LH in males and females and functions thereof are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2
Sex	Site of action	Action
Female	Follicular cells of	Stimulates the production of androgen that
	ovarian follicles	mediates transformation of FSH into
		estradiol during follicular maturation
	Graafian follicle	Stimulates ovulation with FSH during an
		intermediate phase
	Corpus luteum	Stimulates the production of corpus
		luteum after ovulation and secretion of
		progesterone
Male	Interstitial tissue	Stimulates secretion of testosterone
	cells of seminiferous
	tubules of testes

[0061] An abnormal level of LH is related to increased levels of FSH, estrogen, and progesterone. An increased concentration of LH indicates menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome, and primary hypogonadism in females, and primary hypogonadism in males. On the other hand, a decreased concentration of LH indicates primary hypergonadism.

[0062] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the hormone is GnRH.

[0063] The peptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or the fragment thereof may act as a GnRH analog, and the GnRH analog may act as a GnRH agonist or a GnRH antagonist.

[0064] The GnRH analog may be used to treat steroid-related diseases (for example: prostate cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer) and diseases associated with the hypofunction of reproductive endocrinology (ex: irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, precocious puberty, and hypogonadism), the control of ovulation periods in in vitro fertilization (ex: the ovulation periods can be optionally controlled by administering GnRH agonists or antagonists), for contraception (for example: the growth and implantation rate of a fetus may be blocked or reduced due to the administration of a GnRH antagonist after a sexual intercourse), or for increased production of fish and livestock. Accordingly, potential use of the present invention in the field of medicine may be achieved by using the GnRH analog, which may be used for modulating the effects of GnRH. Such modulation of the effects of GnRH includes an increase or a decrease in the effects of GnRH, and the modulation may be used as 1) an anti-cancer treatment of hormone sensitive cancer, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer, 2) treatment of the disruption of estrogen production in females, such as menorrhagia, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and uterine fibrotic cysts, 3) treatment of infertility in females and males, 4) treatment of precocious puberty in children, and 5) treatment and alleviation of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

[0065] Accordingly, provided is a GnRH analog including a peptide, which includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment thereof.

[0066] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a composition for hormone secretion modulation, the composition including a hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0067] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion including a hormone secretion modulator and a pharmaceutically acceptable additive.

[0068] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a pharmaceutical composition for modulating the effects of GnRH, the pharmaceutical composition including a GnRH analog according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may contain about 0.1 μg/mg to about 1 mg/mg, specifically about 1 μg/mg to about 0.5 mg/mg, more specifically about 10 μg/mg to about 0.1 mg/mg of a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment thereof. When the peptide is contained in the above-mentioned range, both the safety and stability of the composition may be appropriate and satisfied in the aspect of cost-effectiveness.

[0070] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the composition may have applications to all animals including humans, dogs, chickens, pigs, cows, sheep, guinea pigs, and monkeys.

[0071] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may include a peptide composed of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, a peptide having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment peptide thereof as an active component.

[0072] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a pharmaceutical composition may be administered through oral, rectal, transdermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intramedullary, epidural, or subcutaneous means.

[0073] The hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention may act as the GnRH analog, and the pharmaceutical composition including the hormone secretion modulator is particularly useful for the treatment of a subject (human or others) having diseases or symptoms related to hormone levels inducing symptoms of diseases disclosed herein or hormone levels that affect diseases or progression of the diseases. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the present invention may be used for treatment, alleviation, or prevention of diseases caused by hormones, more particularly excessive or deficient levels of sex hormones. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the diseases caused by excessive or deficient levels of hormones may be selected from prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, menorrhagia, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroid, female or male infertility, precocious puberty in children, prostatic hypertrophy, or a combination thereof, but the diseases are not limited thereto. The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated into a conventional pharmaceutical formulation known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition may be administered as any formulation for oral administration, injection, suppository, dermal administration, and nasal administration, but the pharmaceutical composition is not limited thereto and may preferably formulated as a formulation for oral administration.

[0074] Formulations of oral administration may be, but not limited to, tablets, pills, soft or hard capsules, granules, powders, solutions, or emulsions. Formulations of non-oral administration may be, but not limited to, injections, drips, lotions, ointments, gels, creams, suspensions, emulsions, suppositories, patches, or sprays.

[0075] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition, if necessary, may contain additives, such as diluents, excipients, lubricants, binders, disintegrants, buffers, dispersants, surfactants, coloring agents, aromatics, or sweeteners. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared by conventional methods known in the art.

[0076] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the active component of the pharmaceutical composition may vary according to the patient's age, sex, weight, pathology state and severity, administration route, or a prescriber's judgment. Dosage may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the above-mentioned factors, and the daily dose may be, but is not limited to, about 0.1 μg/kg/day to about 1 g/kg/day, specifically about 1 μg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, more specifically about 10 μg/kg/day to about 1 mg/kg/day, and more specifically about 50 μg/kg/day to about 100 μg/kg/day. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition may be administered, but is not limited to, 1 to 3 times a day.

[0077] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a food composition for modulating hormone levels. The food composition may include a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 80% with SEQ ID NO: 1, or a fragment thereof.

[0078] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a food composition is not limited in terms of its formulations, but the food composition may be granules, powder, liquid formulations, or solid preparations. In addition to the active ingredients, each formulation may be prepared with ingredients commonly used in the industry and appropriately chosen by those skilled in the art, and the effects of the formulation may increase when the formulation is applied simultaneously with other ingredients.

[0079] Determination of a dosage of the above-mentioned active ingredient may be known by one of ordinary skill in the art, and a daily dosage may be about 0.1 μg/kg/day to about 1 g/kg/day, and more specifically about 1 μg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, more specifically about 10 μg/kg/day to about 1 mg/kg/day, and more specifically about 50 μg/kg/day to about 100 μg/kg/day. However, the daily dosage is not limited to these numbers and may vary according to other various factors such as age, health status, and complications of the subject of administration.

[0080] According to an embodiment, the peptide according to an embodiment of the present invention may be administered in combination with an adjuvant. Accordingly, the composition, the pharmaceutical composition, and the food composition according to an embodiment of the present invention may include an adjuvant. The adjuvant may include any immunological adjuvant known in the art, for example, an inorganic adjuvant, such as aluminum salt and an organic adjuvant, such as an oil-based adjuvant, virosome, or squalene. The organic adjuvant may be an emulsion, a microorganism-derived adjuvant, a synthetic adjuvant, or a cytokine, but it is not limited thereto. 9 types of cytokine adjuvants are known in the art. One example is a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which activates mature granulocytes and macrophages and is primarily used as a vaccine for hepatitis B, HIV, and cancer [J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012; 2012: 831486. Published online Mar. 13, 2012].

[0081] A suitable dosage of the adjuvant is already known in the art, and thus, the adjuvant may be administered according to the standard known in the art. The determination of a dosage of the adjuvant may be known by one of ordinary skill in the art, and a daily dosage may be about 1 μg/kg/day to about 10 g/kg/day, more specifically about 10 μg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, and more specifically about 50 μg/kg/day to about 10 mg/kg/day, but the dosage is not limited thereto, and may vary depending on various factors such as age, health status, and complications of the subject of administration. For example, a dosage of about 7 mg to about 700 mg of GM-CSF may be subcutaneously administered at about 1 minute to about 150 minutes before, about 5 minutes to about 80 minutes before, or about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes before the administration of the peptide disclosed herein. The time of administration may be about at least 1 minute before, at least 3 minutes before, at least 5 minutes before, at least 7 minutes before, at least 8 minutes before, at least 9 minutes before, or at least 10 minutes before the administration of the peptide. Also, the time of administration may be administered at least 150 minutes before, at least 130 minutes before, at least 110 minutes before, at least 100 minutes before, at least 90 minutes before, at least 80 minutes before, at least 70 minutes before, at least 60 minutes before, at least 50 minutes before, at least 40 minutes before, at least 30 minutes before, at least 20 minutes before, or at least 15 minutes before the administration of the peptide. The dosage may be about 7 mg or greater, about 10 mg or greater, about 20 mg or greater, about 30 mg or greater, about 40 mg or greater, about 50 mg or greater, about 60 mg or greater, or about 70 mg or greater. Also, the dosage may be about 700 mg or less, about 600 mg or less, about 500 mg or less, about 400 mg or less, about 300 mg or less, about 200 mg or less, about 100 mg or less, about 90 mg or less, or about 80 mg or less.

[0082] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a kit for hormone secretion modulation including a pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment; and a package insert.

[0083] The package insert may disclose active components, contents, characteristics, efficacy, dose regimen, storage, usage period, the seller, the manufacturer, date of manufacture, side effects, and/or contraindications of the pharmaceutical composition.

[0084] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a use of the hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating hormone secretion

[0085] Detailed descriptions of the medicament for hormone secretion may be the same as the description of the pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0086] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating hormone levels, the method including administration of an effective amount of a hormone secretion modulator according to an embodiment to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0087] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating hormone levels, the method including administration of an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0088] Detailed descriptions of the method of modulating hormone levels may be the same as the description of the hormone secretion modulator and the pharmaceutical composition according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0089] The method of modulating hormone levels includes increasing or decreasing hormone levels for achieving normal hormone levels or for treating, alleviating, or preventing diseases induced by hormones. The method may vary depending on types of disease induced by hormones. The hormones for the method of modulating hormone levels may be selected from the group consisting of testosterone, estrogen, FSH, LH, GnRH, or a combination thereof.

[0090] The method of modulating hormone levels may be suitably determined by one of ordinary skill in the art and a method of administering the pharmaceutical composition may be applied to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0091] An embodiment of the method of modulating hormone levels may include administration of the hormone secretion modulator or the pharmaceutical composition for modulating hormone secretion once a day.

[0092] The method of modulating hormone levels may treat, alleviate, or prevent diseases related to excessive or deficient levels of sex hormones. In an embodiment of the present invention, diseases related to the excessive or deficient levels of sex hormones may be prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, menorrhagia, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroid, female or male infertility, precocious puberty in children, prostatic hypertrophy, or a combination thereof, but the diseases are not limited thereto.

[0093] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a use of GnRH analogs according to an embodiment for manufacturing a medicament for modulating the effects of GnRH.

[0094] The detailed description of the medicament for modulating the effects of GnRH may be the same as the description for the pharmaceutical composition for modulating the effects of GnRH.

[0095] According to another embodiment of the present invention, provided is a method of modulating the effects of GnRH, the method including administration of an effective amount of GnRH analog according to an embodiment to a subject in need of a hormone modulation treatment.

[0096] The method of modulating the effects of GnRH includes increasing or decreasing hormone levels for achieving normal hormone levels or for treating, alleviating, or preventing diseases induced by hormones. The method may vary depending on types of diseases induced by hormones.

[0097] According to an embodiment of the method of modulating the effects of GnRH, the method may include administration of the GnRH analog or a pharmaceutical composition including the GnRH analog once a day.

[0098] The method of modulating the effects of GnRH may treat, alleviate, or prevent diseases related to excessive or deficient levels of sex hormones. In an embodiment, the diseases related to excessive or deficient levels of sex hormones may be selected from prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, menorrhagia, endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroid, female or male infertility, precocious puberty in children, prostatic hypertrophy, or a combination thereof, but the diseases are not limited thereto.

[0099] The terms used herein are intended to be used to describe the embodiments and not to limit the present invention. Terms without numbers at the front thereof are not used to limit their quantities but to show that there may be one or more of the objects being referred to by the terms. The terms “including”, “having”, and “comprising” are interpreted openly (i.e. “including but not limited to”).

[0100] Ranges of numbers are used instead of stating separate numbers within the ranges; and thus, each number may be integrated herein as separate numbers, unless explicitly stated otherwise. The end values of all ranges are included in the ranges and may be combined independently.

[0101] Unless otherwise noted or clearly contradictory in the context, all methods mentioned herein may be performed in a suitable order. The use of any one embodiment, all embodiments, or exemplary language (e.g., that use “like ˜”) is to clearly describe the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention, unless included in the claims. Any language herein outside of the claims should not be interpreted as a necessity of the present invention. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have meanings normally understood by a person skilled in the art that the present invention belongs to.

[0102] The exemplary embodiments of the present invention are the best mode known to the inventors to perform the present invention. When statements written before the exemplary embodiments are read, modification of the exemplary embodiments may become clear to those skilled in the art. The present inventors hope that those skilled in the art may use the variations adequately and present invention be conducted in other ways than those listed herein. Thus, the present invention, as allowed by the patent law, includes equivalents, and variations thereof, of the key points of the invention stated in the appended claims. In addition, all possible variations within any combination of the above-mentioned components are included in the present invention, unless explicitly stated otherwise or contradicting in context. Although the present invention is described and shown by exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand well that there can be various changes in the form and details without departing from the spirit of the invention and range, defined by the claims below.

[0103] A peptide including SEQ ID NO: 1, a peptide having a sequence identity of 80% or greater to the peptide, or a peptide fragment thereof was prepared according to a solid phase peptide synthesis known in the art. In greater detail, the peptides were synthesized by coupling each amino acid starting from a C-terminus by Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using ASP48S (Peptron, Inc., Daej eon ROK). Peptides with their first amino acid at the C-terminus attached to resin were used and were as follows:

[0104] NH2-Lys(Boc)-2-chloro-Trityl Resin

[0105] NH2-Ala-2-chloro-Trityl Resin

[0106] NH2-Arg(Pbf)-2-chloro-Trityl Resin

[0107] All the amino acid materials used to synthesize the peptides were protected by Fmoc at the N-terminus, and the amino acid residues were protected by Trt, Boc, t-Bu (t-butylester), Pbf (2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl dihydro-benzofuran-5-sulfonyl), or the like, which may be eliminated by an acid. Examples include:

[0108] Fmoc-Ala-OH, Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH, Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-Pro-OH, Fmoc-Leu-OH, Fmoc-Ile-OH, Fmoc-Phe-OH, Fmoc-Ser(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Thr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-Met-OH, Fmoc-Asn(Trt)-OH, Fmoc-Tyr(tBu)-OH, Fmoc-Ahx-OH, and Trt-Mercaptoacetic acid.

[0109] HBTU[2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetamethylaminium hexafluorophosphate]/HOBt [N-Hydroxybenzotriazole]/NMM [4-Methylmorpholine] were used as the coupling reagents. Piperidine in 20% DMF was used to remove Fmoc. In order to remove the protection from a residue or to separate the synthesized peptides from resin, a cleavage cocktail [trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)/triisopropylsilane (TIS)/ethanedithiol (EDT)/H₂O=92.5/2.5/2.5/2.5] was used.

[0110] The peptide was synthesized by using the solid phase scaffold combined to the starting amino acid with the amino acid protection, reacting the corresponding amino acids separately, washing with solvent and deprotecting, and repeating the process. After cutting off the syntesized peptide from the resin, it was purified by HPLC and verified for synthesis by MS, and then freeze-dried.

[0111] Detailed processes are described below with reference to an example of Pep 1 (EARPALLTSRLRFIPK) consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1.

[0112] 1) Coupling

[0113] Protected amino acids (8 equivalent) and the coupling agent HBTU (8 equiv.)/HOBt (8 equiv.)/NMM (16 equiv.) were melted in DMF and then added to NH₂-Lys(Boc)-2-chloro-trityl resin. A resultant obtained therefrom was allowed to react at room temperature for 2 hours, and then a reacted product obtained therefrom was washed with DMF, MeOH, and DMF, in the stated order.

[0114] 2) Fmoc deprotection

[0115] 20% piperidine in DMF was added to the resultant mixture obtained from 1) and reacted twice at room temperature for 5 minutes each. Then, a resultant obtained therefrom was washed with DMF, MeOH, and DMF, in the stated order.

[0116] 3) Processes in 1) and 2) were repeated to make a basic framework of peptide (NH₂-E(OtBu)-A-R(Pbf)-P-A-L-L-T(tBu)-S(tBu)-R(Pbf)L-R(Pbf)-F-I-P-K(Boc)-2-chloro-trityl resin).

[0117] 4) Cleavage: a cleavage cocktail was added to the resin coupled to the completely synthesized peptides and the peptides were separated from the resin.

[0118] 5) Cooling diethyl ether was added to a mixture obtained from 4), and then the peptides were precipitated by using centrifugation.

[0119] 6) After purification by Prep-HPLC, molecular weights of the peptides were checked by using LC/MS and the peptides were freeze-dried to produce powder.

[0120] (1) Preparation of Test Agent, PEP-1

[0121] PEP-1 (peptide of SEQ ID NO: 1), lyophilized white powder, obtained according to the method mentioned in example 1 was dissolved in 0.9% of saline, considering the correction factor of PEP-1 (purity: 94.13%, content: 92.36%, correction factor: 1.15). 50 mg/mL stock solution was further diluted into 20 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL with 0.9% saline, and stored at 4° C. for a week until the use.

[0122] (2) Preparation of Materials

[0123] The purpose of this example is to confirm the change of sexual hormones in blood from SD rats with 7 days repeated daily administration of SEQ ID NO: 1 peptide, PEP-1. This experiment followed the Ethics Regulation of Animal Test by KAMSI Inc. (Korea Animal Medical Science Institute). In addition, this experiment, Non-GLP experiment, referred to the MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety) notification; Agent 2013-40 (5^th April 2013), Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (1997).

[0124] SPF Rats (Crlj:CD(SD)) were purchased from ORIENTBio Inc. (Mokdong-ri, Buk-myeon, Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). 75 male (6.5 weeks old and 190˜210 g) and 75 female (6.5 weeks old and 160˜180 g) rats were monitored for 4 days, and 64 of male and female rats (each) were selected for the experiment. Raising condition is as follows; 23±3° C. of temperature, 5±15% of relative humidity, 10˜20 times/hr of number of air changes, 12 hours (8 a.m.˜8 p.m.) of lighting with 150˜300 Lux of intensity.

[0125] Conditions in animal facility such as temperature-humidity, number of air changes, and intensity of lighting were regularly measured. Animal feed (manufactured from Cargill Agri Purina. Inc.) was purchased from DreamBios Co., Ltd (507, Gwangnaru-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea), and given using the feeding system, allowed rats to eat freely. Purified water was given using polycarbonate water bottles, and bedding for rat cages was purchased from SaeronBio Inc. (800-17, Cheonggye-dong, Uiwang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). A maximum of 5 rats were raised in each polycarbonate cage (W 170×L 235×H 125 mm) during acclimation, inspection, and administration procedures. Water, bedding and cages were replaced more than once a week.

[0126] (3) Animal Groups and Administration Routes

[0127] 64 male and female mice (mentioned above) were divided into 8 groups. Administration regimen, for example, drugs, routes, dosages, and volumes were as follows:

TABLE 3
	Drugs	Dosage	Volume	Administration	Number of		Number
Groups	(agent)	(mg/kg)	(mL/kg)	gap	administrations	Sex	of mice	No.
G1	Vehicle	—	5	1/day	7	M	8	M01-08
G2		—		1/day	7	F	8	F01-08
G3	PEP-1	5		1/day	7	M	8	M09-16
G4		5		1/day	7	F	8	F09-16
G5		10		1/day	7	M	8	M17-24
G6		10		1/day	7	F	8	F17-24
G7		10		2/day	4	M	8	M25-32
G8		10		2/day	4	F	8	F25-32
G9		10		*2/week	2	M	8	M33-40
G10		10		*2/week	2	F	8	F33-40
G11		100		1/day	7	M	8	M41-48
G12		100		1/day	7	F	8	F41-48
G13		100		*2/week	2	M	8	M49-56
G14		100		*2/week	2	F	8	F49-56
G15		250		1/day	7	M	8	M57-64
G16		250		1/day	7	F	8	F57-64
*Days of administration: first and seventh days

[0128] The detailed administration regimen is as follows; once a day, twice a day and twice a week in each experimental group. Injection initiated at 10 a.m. every day, and each rat was injected at one minute intervals. Rats in Group 9, 10, 13 and 14 were injected twice a week. Administration of high dose test agent preceded that of low dose. The volume of injection was calculated using recently measured weight of rats, and it was 5 mL/kg. Subcutaneous injection was performed as follows; assistant tilted the back of rat upward, and experimenter sterilized the back of rat with 70% alcohol, followed by subcutaneous injection of test agent with 26 G syringe.

[0129] (4) Blood Extraction

[0130] 1.4 mL of blood sample (0.7 mL of serum) was collected after measurement of weight (Day 0). Next day (1 Day), 1.4 mL of blood sample (0.7 mL of serum) was collected twice after injection of test agent (4 hrs and 8 hrs after administration of test agent). For next 6 days (Day 2˜Day 7), 1.4 mL of blood was extracted once everyday (4 hours after injection of test agent). Dose and volume of test agent of each group followed the Table 3, and injection time zone was same every day. Blood was extracted from the jugular vein, and left at room temperature for 30 minutes. Serum was separated using centrifugation (10,000 rpm for 5 minutes), and stored at −70±5° C. in Deep freezer until the use. Blood extraction from each subject was done in the same time zone every day.

[0131] (5) Hormonal Analysis Method

[0132] A CLIA (Chemi-Luminescence Immune Assay) Kit was used to analyze Testosterone, Estradiol E2, FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone), and LH (Luteinizing hormone). Analysis was completed within 48 hrs after blood extraction (Laboratory Medicine Department, Chung-Ang University Hospital), and detailed method is as follows; One-way ANOVA was used to verify the comparison between the vehicle and PEP-1, and between different doses of PEP-1. For further analysis, Duncan test was used as parametric test and Dunnett's test as non-parametric test. p<0.05 represents the statistical significance, and all statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS 10.1.

[0133] Testosterone was analyzed using the samples prepared from example 2. 15 μL of serum was used for analysis. Fundamentals of analysis is competitive immunoassay based on direct chemi-luminescent. As mentioned in example 2, CLIA (Chemi-luminescence immune assay) Kit was used for Testosterone analysis, following the manufacture's protocol. Result is as follows; Testosterone level in all groups before injection of PEP-1 and/or vehicle was 1-3 ng/dL. At Day 1, Testosterone level increased up to 6-10 ng/dL in all groups injected with PEP-1 but vehicle group. At 2 Day, the Testosterone level was at the highest in G3, G5, G11 and G15 which received a once a day injection regimen. After Day 3, the Testosterone level decreased, and there was no significant difference between PEP-1 and vehicle, implicating that Testosterone level increased along the level of LH in the beginning, followed by going back to the normal level. In female groups, the baseline of Testosterone was too low to make significant findings. In addition, unlike the male group, Testosterone level before injection of PEP1 and/or vehicle was below 0.2 ng/dL in the female group and it further went down to 0.05 ng/dL after injection of PEP-1 followed by going back to normal level at Day 3. According to this, it could be concluded that PEP-1 does not have significant effect on the Testosterone level in female rat (Table 4 and, FIGS. 2 and 3).

TABLE 4
Testosterone level change in blood from rat after administration of PEP-1 (ng/dL, n = 8)
	Time
Groups	Sex	pre	4 hr	8 hr	2 days	3 days	4 days	5 days	6 days	7 days
G1	Female	1.57	1.28	1.54	2.05	1.23	1.21	0.99	1.41	1.45
G3		1.22	8.38	7.08	4.95	1.8	1.01	1.7	2.68	2.91
G5		1.15	6.87	6.59	3.56	1.57	0.67	0.81	1.8	2.1
G7		2.6	9.85	8.78	1.14	3.63	0.58	1.31	0.72	2.68
G9		2.3	7.92	7.57	0.9	1.05	1.21	1.73	1.67	9.43
G11		1.79	7.73	7.41	3.92	1.55	0.63	0.55	1.01	1.25
G13		1.71	7.48	6.34	0.97	1.65	1.25	1.3	2.54	12.35
G15		1.65	6.27	8.2	3.77	2.09	0.8	0.75	1.27	1.52
G2	Male	0.07	0.11	0.07	0.01	0.05	0.1	0.13	0.13	0.14
G4		0.2	0.12	0.06	0.04	0.06	0.15	0.13	0.19	0.19
G6		0.13	0.15	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.12	0.1	0.12	0.11
G8		0.17	0.12	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.05	0.18	0.08	0.12
G10		0.15	0.16	0.02	0	0.06	0.17	0.08	0.1	0.13
G12		0.18	0.08	0.01	0.01	0.05	0.17	0.11	0.12	0.12
G14		0.13	0.07	0.01	0.01	0.13	0.17	0.13	0.14	0.15
G16		0.18	0.11	0.03	0	0.08	0.18	0.09	0.14	0.12

[0134] Estradiol E2 was analyzed using the samples prepared from example 2. 75 μL of serum was used for analysis. Fundamentals of analysis is competitive immunoassay based on direct chemi-luminescent. As mentioned in example 2, CLIA (Chemi-luminescence immune assay) Kit was used, following the manufacture's protocol. The average level of Estradiol E2 in blood from male rat was lower than that of female, and initial level of Estradiol E2 (Before injection of PEP-1), 15-20 pg/mL, remained same until the Day 7, showing that PEP-1 does not have effect on Estradiol E2 level. However, in female group, the level of Estradiol E2 decreased from 20-50 pg/mL (baseline) to 16-30 pg/mL in all group injected with PEP-1 and/or vehicle at Day 1. This level remained the same until Day 3, and from Day 4 the Estradiol E2 level in G4, G10 and vehicle group increased up to 40-50 pg/mL followed by going back to normal level (Table 5, FIG. 4, 5). To conclude, PEP-1 inhibited the Estradiol E2 level in the beginning in female group but the level recovered from Day 3-4, especially the number of injections and dose of test agent seem to correlate with inhibition of Estradiol E2 level.

TABLE 5
Estradiol E2 level change in blood from rat after administration of PEP-1 (pg/dL, n = 8)
	Time
Group	Sex	Pre	4 hr	8 hr	2 days	3 days	4 days	5 days	6 days	7 days
G1	Male	16.49	16.25	15.13	14.34	15.57	17.78	15.06	18.76	14.59
G3		17.08	14.37	17.39	16.06	15.28	16.16	16.66	19.44	14.31
G5		15.64	17.97	16.26	18.52	14.46	18.61	16.24	18.96	15.85
G7		19.7	18.94	18.63	14.91	17.36	16.63	16.92	21.72	15.81
G9		17.9	18.9	15.62	15.6	16.83	17.69	16.85	20.63	19
G11		17.91	17.13	17.41	15.75	16.47	17.86	17.89	21.73	17.72
G13		16.84	14.6	18.64	15.94	14.67	20.51	16.58	21.31	18.68
G15		17.09	15.79	17.19	15.53	15.98	18.71	16.98	16.33	18.3
G2	Female	45.5	28.16	24.52	26.55	21.29	41.61	39.84	42.39	25.99
G4		50.83	23.89	21.93	17.92	18.19	24.17	22.11	22.5	22.94
G6		21.41	18.79	20.11	16.84	18.59	22.32	20.87	21.27	23.14
G8		29.99	16.35	18.29	19.01	20.14	25.68	20.65	21.28	23.61
G10		22.91	17.27	16.1	16.39	27.35	45.55	35.5	21.45	22.39
G12		36.62	15.87	15.05	18.05	19.94	28.48	20.35	20.92	22.61
G14		21.46	16.4	18.96	15.46	28.33	53.29	29.31	25.87	26.45
G16		30.05	15.85	16.93	17.41	18.76	25.38	15.15	18.98	24.08

[0135] FSH was analyzed using the samples prepared from example 2. 100 μL of serum was used for analysis. Fundamentals of analysis is Two-site sandwich immunoassay based on direct chemi-luminescent. As mentioned in example 2, CLIA (Chemi-luminescence immune assay) Kit was used, following the manufacture's protocol.

[0136] As the result of analysis, there was a slight increase, (at Day 1, 4 hr and 8 hr post injection) in particular with the administration of high doses (from G11 to G16 groups) in FSH level in both male and female with administration of PEP-1, compared to baseline (before injection) (Table 6, FIG. 6, 7). On Day 1, the level of FSH from G6 and G14 increased compared to that of vehicle.

TABLE 6
FSH level change in blood from rat after administration of PEP-1 (mIU/mL, n = 8)
	Time
Group	Sex	pre	4 hr	8 hr	2 days	3 days	4 days	5 days	6 days	7 days
G1	Male	0.20	0.22	0.17	0.19	0.14	0.24	0.38	0.11	0.22
G3		0.15	0.16	0.18	0.14	0.13	0.18	0.24	0.12	0.10
G5		0.31	0.24	0.25	0.22	0.20	0.28	0.09	0.17	0.12
G7		0.32	0.16	0.24	0.19	0.23	0.23	0.16	0.12	0.13
G9		0.28	0.29	0.28	0.22	0.17	0.37	0.25	0.14	0.15
G11		0.17	0.27	0.36	0.17	0.14	0.23	0.21	0.12	0.15
G13		0.38	0.21	0.23	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.37	0.19	0.14
G15		0.38	0.26	0.35	0.44	0.12	0.23	0.25	0.1	0.12
G2	Female	0.20	0.27	0.24	0.32	0.25	0.25	0.28	0.19	0.2
G4		0.20	0.17	0.30	0.32	0.12	0.17	0.21	0.13	0.17
G6		0.31	0.31	0.48	0.31	0.20	0.17	0.19	0.1	0.16
G8		0.26	0.26	0.21	0.28	0.18	0.13	0.16	0.15	0.21
G10		0.31	0.26	0.44	0.37	0.21	0.18	0.32	0.23	0.28
G12		0.21	0.23	0.25	0.28	0.19	0.15	0.21	0.1	0.12
G14		0.17	0.48	0.4	0.23	0.17	0.14	0.24	0.17	0.22
G16		0.19	0.27	0.3	0.34	0.20	0.12	0.19	0.18	0.08

[0137] LH was analyzed using the samples prepared from example 2. 50 μL of serum was used for analysis. Fundamentals of analysis is Two-site sandwich immunoassay based on direct chemi-luminescent. As mentioned in example 2, CLIA (Chemi-luminescence immune assay) Kit was used, following the manufacture's protocol.

[0138] As the result of analysis, PEP-1 seems to stimulate the LH secretion from both male and female, and especially the level of LH increased by high dose and frequent injection of PEP-1. The LH level of male before administration of PEP-1 was 0.1 mIU/mL, and it increased up to 0.5-1.5 mIU/mL in all groups but vehicle at 4 hrs. The level of LH was the highest in G5, G11, and G15 which had every day administration regimen. After 8 hrs, the level of LH decreased rapidly, and remained the normal level until the end. In female rat, LH level also increased at 4 hr, but the extent of increase was not great apart from those in G12, G14, and G16 which had high dose regimen. Again, after 8 hrs the level of LH went back to normal level (Table 7, FIG. 8, 9).

TABLE 7
LH level change in blood from rat after administration of PEP-1 (mIU/mL, n = 8)
	Time
Group	Sex	pre	4 hr	8 hr	2 days	3 days	4 days	5 days	6 days	7 days
G1	Male	0.1	0.13	0.14	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.11	0.09	0.14
G3		0.12	0.42	0.16	0.24	0.17	0.12	0.13	0.16	0.13
G5		0.12	0.82	0.18	0.29	0.21	0.15	0.17	0.18	0.18
G7		0.12	0.48	0.14	0.12	0.27	0.14	0.18	0.13	0.17
G9		0.12	0.62	0.14	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.14	0.11	0.67
G11		0.1	1.16	0.18	0.28	0.23	0.18	0.19	0.21	0.21
G13		0.12	1.52	0.21	0.11	0.11	0.14	0.13	0.11	0.99
G15		0.12	1.4	0.29	0.28	0.2	0.19	0.2	0.21	0.23
G2	Female	0.13	0.12	0.28	0.17	0.12	0.13	0.12	0.11	0.13
G4		0.12	0.16	0.24	0.19	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.14	0.16
G6		0.12	0.41	0.26	0.22	0.19	0.15	0.15	0.17	0.16
G8		0.13	0.22	0.15	0.17	0.28	0.13	0.23	0.15	0.28
G10		0.25	0.25	0.23	0.17	0.14	0.13	0.15	0.12	0.26
G12		0.13	0.3	0.17	0.22	0.22	0.23	0.23	0.28	0.27
G14		0.12	0.44	0.18	0.17	0.14	0.09	0.12	0.11	0.57
G16		0.11	0.42	0.2	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.26	0.28	0.28

[0139] (1) Injection of PEP-1 into Mice

[0140] Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were obtained from Orient Bio (Gyronggi-do, South Korea), and seven-week-old rats were used for the study. Rats were grouped into 4 (G1-G4) as shown in table 8, below. Rat were administered by subcutaneous (sc) injection of PEP-1 (100 mg/kg) twice (at Day 1 and at Day 7) during the seven day study period. Blood samples (1.4 mL) were collected at Day 0 (before the administration of PEP-1), at Day 1 (4 hr and 8 hr post injection), and at Day 7 (4 hr post injection). Serum samples obtained from the blood were used for the experiment. Serum samples prepared from the blood collected at Day 1 (4 hr post injection) were used for the experiment. The animal care and procedures were approved and in accordance with the Korea Animal Medical Science Institute (KAMSI) IACUC.

TABLE 8
Animal groups
		Dosage
	Group	(mg/kg)	Sex	N
	1	(—)	Male	8
	2	(—)	Female	8
	3	100	Male	8
	4	100	Female	8

[0141] (2) Real-Time qPCR

[0142] RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis from the serum samples. The external control, miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Spike-In Control was added in each serum sample prior to the RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted and purified from serum samples using miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif., USA) following manufacturer's instructions. First-strand cDNA samples were synthesized from total RNAs using the Reverse Transcription System (Promega, Madison, Wis., USA).

[0143] (3) Real-Time qPCR Experiment

[0144] Real-time qPCR was performed using the RT2 SYBR Green qPCR Mastermix kit (Qiagen) with a CFX96 Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif., USA). Data was analyzed by CFX Manager™ Software V3.0 using the ΔΔCt method.

TABLE 9
Primers used for qRT-PCR anaysis
Gene Name		Sequence
GnRHR	S	5′-CCCTCTTCTCATCATGCTAATCT-3′
	AS	5′-TGATTGACTGGCTCTGACAC-3′
GNRH	S	5′ GTTCTGTTGACTGTGTGTTTGG-3′
	AS	5′-ATCTTCTTCTGCCCAGCTTC-3′
LH	S	5′-GGTCAGGGATAGAATGAGACAC-3′
	AS	5′-CGAACCATGCTAGGACAGTAG-3′
FSH	S	5′-CACCAGGGATCTGGTGTATAAG-3′
	AS	5′-ATTTCACCGAAGGAGCAGTAG-3′

[0145] (4) Serum Level of GnRH

[0146] Rat serum samples obtained from the blood collected at 4 hr post-administration of PEP-1 (100 mg/kg) on the 1st day of the experiment were analyzed for the mRNA expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, PEP-1 administration increased the relative GnRH mRNA expression both in male and female rats. The increase in GnRH levels observed in the serum samples was in accordance with the initial early burst in LH and FSH levels at 4 hr post-injection, At Day 1, as shown in FIGS. 6 to 9. Results showing that PEP-1 up-regulates GnRH mRNA levels support the potential therapeutic applications of PEP-1 as a GnRH agonist and/or analogue.

[0147] Through the analyses of such hormones, the sex hormone modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown to have modulation effects on sex hormones including testosterone, estrogen, FSH, LH, and GnRH.

[0148] When testosterone is injected into the body, testosterone becomes dihydrotestosterone (DHT) due to 5α-reductase, which stimulates the proliferation of prostate cells and induces benign prostatatic hyperplasia (BPH). Based on these facts, a PEP-1 (GV1001) injection experiment was performed for the inhibition of proliferation of prostatic cells in the following manner: The cell lines were mesenchymal cell lines (WPMY-1) and epithelial cell lines (RWPE-1) of prostates obtained from BPH animal models. WPMY-1 (2.5×10³ cells) and RWPE-1 (1×10⁴ cells) were seeded in a 96 well plate and changes in proliferation were observed in experimental groups in Table 10 below. Observation of changes in the proliferation was performed by suctioning a culture medium, adding 10 μL of CCK-8 solution to each well, and measuring an optical density at 450 nm for 1 hour to about 4 hours.

[0149] Among the groups that were not treated with DHT (groups 1 to 3), a group that was not administered with PEP-1 (GV1001) (group 1) and groups administered with PEP-1 (GV1001) (groups 2 and 3) did not show a substantial difference in optical densities in both mesenchymal cell lines (WPMY-1) and epithelial cell lines (RWPE-1). Among the groups treated with DHT (groups 4 to 6), a group that was not administered with PEP-1 (GV1001) (group 4) and groups that were administered with PEP-1 (GV1001) (groups 5 and 6) showed a substantial difference in inhibition effects on proliferation, in which the groups treated with PEP-1 (GV1001) showed substantial inhibition effects on proliferation (see Table 10 and FIGS. 12 and 13). Accordingly, PEP-1 may have effects on the inhibition of prostate cell proliferation, which affects BPH caused by DHT.

TABLE 10
Treatment of cell lines according to groups
Groups
(common to
WPMY-1 and
RWPE-1)	Treatments
1 (CTRL)	Cell line alone
2 (100)	Treatment of the cell line with 100 μM of GV1001
3 (200)	Treatment of the cell line with 200 μM of GV1001
4 (DHT25)	Simultaneous treatment of the cell lines with 25 nM
	of DHT
5 (100)	Simultaneous treatment of the cell lines with GV1001
	(100 μM) and DHT (25 nM)
6 (200)	Simultaneous treatment of the cell lines with GV1001
	(200 μM) and DHT (25 nM)

[0150] Through cell experiments of the hormone modulators, it may be concluded that the hormone modulator according to an embodiment of the present invention have effects on treatment, alleviation, or prevention of diseases caused by excessive or deficient levels of hormones, such as BPH.