Nucleic Acid Molecule Encoding Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein And Surface Antigen Protein And Vaccine Comprising The Same

[0001] The present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding hepatitis B virus (HBV) core proteins, surface antigen proteins, fragments and combinations thereof, to hepatitis B virus (HBV) core proteins, surface antigen proteins, fragments and combinations thereof, to improved HBV vaccines, to improved methods for inducing immune responses against HBV, and to improved methods for prophylactically and/or therapeutically immunizing individuals against HBV.

[0002] Hepatitis B is a common infection prevalent across the globe that leads to the development of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A significant number of hepatitis cases go unreported due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease. Nevertheless, about 350 million chronic Hepatitis B cases are reported every year. Most of the hepatitis infected population is in underdeveloped or developing countries.

[0003] The virus is divided into four major serotypes (adr, adw, ayr, ayw) based on antigenic epitopes present on its envelope proteins. There are at least eight genotypes (A-H) of HBV according to variation of the genomic sequences. The alternative genotypes of HBV have prevalent geographic distribution.

[0004] Table 1 shows the geographic distribution of HBV genotypes.

TABLE 1
Geographic Distribution of HBV
HBV	HBV	HBsAg
genotype	genosubtype	subtype	Frequency	Main geographical distribution
A	A2	adw2	High	Europe, North America, Australia
	A1	ayw1, adw2	High	Africa
B	B1 B2, B3	adw2	High	Far East
	B4	ayw1	High	Far East
	B2	adw3	Low	Far East
C	C1, C2, C4	adr	High	Far East
	C3	adrq-	High	New Guinea., Pacific
	C1, C2	ayr	High	Far East
	C1, C3	adw2	Low	Far East
	C4	ayw3	Low	Far East, Pacific
D	D1, D3, D4	ayw2	High	West Asia, Eastern Europe,
				Mediterranean
	D2, D3	ayw3	High	Worldwide
	Not identified	adw3	Low	Eastern Europe, Spain
	D2	ayw4	Low	Eastern Europe, Spain, United States
E	—	ayw4	High	Africa
F	F1, F2	adw4q-	High	Latin America, Alaska, Pacific
	F1, F2	ayw4	Low	Latin America
G	—	adw2	Low	Europe, North America
H	—	ayw4	Low	Central America
J. Med. Virol, DOI 10.1002jmv

[0005] The HBV genome is a circular DNA molecule that is primarily double stranded but which has a single stranded region arising from one strand being longer than the other The double stranded region arises from the hybridization of one strand of a shorter strand of about 3020 nucleotides to a longer strand of about 3320 nucleotides. The single stranded region on non-hybridized nucleotides of the longer strand is associated with the HBV DNA polymerase. The HBV genomic DNA and HBV DNA polymerase are both contained within a nucleocapsid formed by multiple HBV core protein (HBcAg) molecules. The HBV core protein is enveloped by HBV surface protein or antigen (HBsAgs) and lipid molecules.

[0006] The HBV genome contains four open reading frames (ORFs): 1) an ORF that encodes the HBV DNA polymerase, 2) an ORF that has two start codons, wherein the sequence linked to the second start codon encodes the core protein and the sequence that includes the additional upstream start codon encodes a sequence referred to as pre-C; 3) an ORF that has three start codons, wherein one encodes the surface protein (S protein; gp27), one includes an upstream start codon which encodes a sequence referred to as pre-S2 (gp36) and another which includes a start codon further upstream which encodes a sequence referred to as pre-S1 (gp42); and 4) an ORF that encodes HBxAg, a protein whose function is less understood (FIG. 1).

[0007] Features of the HBsAgs are illustrated in FIG. 2. Epitopes of the HBsAgs involved in the expression of subtype specificities are located in a region that includes the two external loops of the HBV surface antigen molecules (i.e., amino acids 110-180 of S protein) and are what make the HBV strains antigenically diverse. The same region contains an unknown number of epitopes that define the “a” determinant of HBsAg, which is common to all of the HBV wild-type strains known.

[0008] Prophylactic vaccines and therapies for HBV infection involve injection of subviral particles purified from plasma of chronic carriers, or subviral particles produced as recombinant proteins in stably transfected eukaryotic cell lines. The subviral particles are viral proteins and such vaccines are often referred to as subunit vaccines. The HBV proteins are administered to an individual and become targets for the individual's immune system. In uninfected individuals, an immune response against the subunit vaccine protects the uninfected individual from HBV infection. In infected individuals, the immune response induced by the vaccine can have therapeutic effects.

[0009] Chisari F. V., Am J Pathol., 2000. 156:1117-1132 and Pumpeus P. et al. Intervirology 2001. 44:98-114 disclose HBV genomic organization. Deny P. and F. Zoulim, Pathologie Biologie 2010, August, 58(4):245 53 discuss hepatitis B virus diagnosis and treatment. Michel M. L. and P. Tiollais, Pathologie Biologie 2010, August, 58(4):288 95 discuss hepatitis B vaccines and their protective efficacy and therapeutic potential. PCT publication WO2004026899 discloses the use of immunogen containing polypeptide sequence with HBV amino acid sequences. PCT published application WO2008093976 discloses HBV coding sequences, proteins and vaccines including a vaccine comprising a recombinant full length HBV surface antigen and HBV core antigen. The entire HBV surface antigen consists of three types of surface protein (L protein, M protein and S protein). PCT published application WO2009130588 discloses HBV coding sequences, proteins and vaccines including a nucleic acid encoding a hepatitis B virus core antigen that is codon optimized for expression in humans. PCT publication WO2010127115 discloses delivery of HBV sequences using recombinant vectors.

[0010] The available HBV vaccines have exhibited some efficacy, but are costly to produce. In addition, plasma-derived subunit vaccines also have concerns about safety. Several vaccine approaches have been explored including those based on recombinant live vectors, synthetic peptides, and DNA vaccines that comprise codon optimized coding sequences of HBV proteins. These other approaches have thus far had varying limited efficacy. Additionally, due to genomic differences, some HBV vaccines have exhibited positive efficacy in some geographic areas and limited efficacy in other areas.

[0011] Currently available HBsAg-based vaccines derived from yeast transfected with DNA encoding S protein (e.g., ENGERIX-B available from SmithKline Biologicals located in Belgium and RECOMBIVAX/HB-VAX II available from Merck & Co. located in the U.S.A.) do not elicit a response in about 5% to 10% of individuals (C. Belloni, Immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica, 1998. 87: p. 336-338). Additionally, the rate of non-response increases to 30% in older individuals and immunity against HBV can decrease several years after vaccination. Multiple doses are also needed to attain complete protection. Safety is of concern with the HBsAg-based vaccine ENGERIX-B as ENGERIX-B triples the risk of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelination.

[0012] Other HBsAg-based vaccines derived from mammalian cells utilize pre-S1 and pre-S2 in addition to S protein. The pre-S1 and—S2 antigens express highly immunogenic T and B cell epitopes and one such vaccine elicits an immune response in about 80% of non- or low-responding individuals (Rendi-Wagner, P. et al., Comparative immunogenicity of PreS/S hepatitis B vaccine in non- and low responders to conventional vaccine. Vaccine, 2006. 24: p. 2781-9.).

[0013] The direct administration of nucleic acid sequences to vaccinate against animal and human diseases has been studied and much effort has focused on effective and efficient means of nucleic acid delivery in order to yield necessary expression of the desired antigens, resulting immunogenic response and ultimately the success of this technique.

[0014] DNA vaccines allow for endogenous antigen synthesis, which induces CD8+ histocompatible complex, class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are rarely obtained with subunit vaccines. In addition, the antigen synthesis that occurs over a sustained period can help overcome low responsiveness and eliminate or reduce the requirement for booster injections. Further, DNA vaccines appear to be very stable and simple to produce. Moreover, broader cellular immune responses can be induced by combining strategies like codon optimization, RNA optimization and adding immunoglobulin leader sequences.

[0015] DNA vaccines are safe, stable, easily produced, and well tolerated in humans with preclinical trials indicating little evidence of plasmid integration [Martin, T., et al., Plasmid DNA malaria vaccine: the potential for genomic integration after intramuscular injection. Hum Gene Ther, 1999. 10(5): p. 759-68; Nichols, W. W., et al., Potential DNA vaccine integration into host cell genome. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1995. 772: p. 30-9]. In addition, DNA vaccines are well suited for repeated administration due to the fact that efficacy of the vaccine is not influenced by pre-existing antibody titers to the vector [Chattergoon, M., J. Boyer, and D. B. Weiner, Genetic immunization: a new era in vaccines and immune therapeutics. FASEB J, 1997. 11(10): p. 753-63]. However, one major obstacle for the clinical adoption of DNA vaccines has been a decrease in the platform's immunogenicity when moving to larger animals [Liu, M. A. and J. B. Ulmer, Human clinical trials of plasmid DNA vaccines. Adv Genet, 2005. 55: p. 25-40].

[0016] Recent technological advances in the engineering of DNA vaccine immunogen have improved expression and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, such has codon optimization, RNA optimization and the addition of immunoglobulin leader sequences [Andre, S., et al., Increased immune response elicited by DNA vaccination with a synthetic gp120 sequence with optimized codon usage. J Virol, 1998. 72(2): p. 1497-503; Deml, L., et al., Multiple effects of codon usage optimization on expression and immunogenicity of DNA candidate vaccines encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein. J Virol, 2001. 75(22): p. 10991-1001; Laddy, D. J., et al., Immunogenicity of novel consensus-based DNA vaccines against avian influenza. Vaccine, 2007. 25(16): p. 2984-9; Frelin, L., et al., Codon optimization and mRNA amplification effectively enhances the immunogenicity of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A gene. Gene Ther, 2004. 11(6): p. 522-33], as well as, recently developed technology in plasmid delivery systems such as electroporation [Hirao, L. A., et al., Intradermal/subcutaneous immunization by electroporation improves plasmid vaccine delivery and potency in pigs and rhesus macaques. Vaccine, 2008. 26(3): p. 440-8; Luckay, A., et al., Effect of plasmid DNA vaccine design and in vivo electroporation on the resulting vaccine-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. J Virol, 2007. 81(10): p. 5257-69; Ahlen, G., et al., In vivo electroporation enhances the immunogenicity of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A DNA by increased local DNA uptake, protein expression, inflammation, and infiltration of CD3+ T cells. J Immunol, 2007. 179(7): p. 4741-53]. The in vivo electroporation technique has been used in human clinical trials to deliver anti-cancer drugs, such as bleomycin, and in many preclinical studies on a large number of animal species. In addition, studies have suggested that the use of consensus immunogens can be able to increase the breadth of the cellular immune response as compared to native antigens alone [Yan, J., et al., Enhanced cellular immune responses elicited by an engineered HIV-1 subtype B consensus-based envelope DNA vaccine. Mol Ther, 2007. 15(2): p. 411-21; Rolland, M., et al., Reconstruction and function of ancestral center-of-tree human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteins. J Virol, 2007. 81(16): p. 8507-14].

[0017] There remains a need for nucleic acid constructs that encode HBV protein and for compositions useful to induce immune responses against HBV. There remains a need for effective vaccines against HBV that are economical and effective. There remains a need for effective vaccines that increase neutralizing antibody levels and elicit a T-cell component. There remains a need for effective vaccines against HBV, including those that are effective against HBV strains having a broad range of genotypes, and preferably, a universal vaccine that would be globally effective.

[0018] The present invention is directed to a vaccine comprising: (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:6; (b) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:14, a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, and a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:14; and (c) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:16, a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:12, and a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:16. The nucleic acid molecules can comprise one or more nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, and SEQ ID NO:15.

[0019] The present invention may also be directed to a vaccine comprising (a) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:6; (b) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:14, a protein that is 95% identical to the full length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, and a protein that is 95% identical to the full length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14; and (c) a nucleic acid molecule encoding one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:16, a protein that is 95% identical to the full length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12, and a protein that is 95% identical to the full length amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:16.

[0020] The vaccine can be a plasmid comprising the nucleic acids described above. The nucleic acid molecules can be incorporated into viral particles. The vaccine can further comprise an adjuvant molecule. The adjuvant can be IL-12, IL-15, IL-28, or RANTES.

[0021] The present invention is also directed to a method of inducing an immune response against an HBV antigen comprising administering a vaccine of the present invention to a subject.

[0022] The present invention is also directed to a method of protecting a subject from HBV infection comprising administering a vaccine of the present invention to the subject.

[0023] The present invention is further directed to a method of protecting a subject who has been diagnosed with HBV infection comprising administering a vaccine of the present invention to the subject.

[0024] The present invention further includes vaccines useful for inducing an immune response against HBV. The development of an HBV immune therapeutic vaccine with broad effectiveness against a multitude of genotypes can be provided using a therapeutic DNA vaccine for HBV infection based on targeting the universally conserved HBV-core specific antigens. The utilization of consensus HBV immunogens induces broader cellular immune responses and can be useful to minimize the degree of sequence dissimilarity among different virus strains.

[0025] Provided herein are proteins selected from the group consisting of: proteins comprising SEQ ID NO:2, proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:2; fragments of SEQ ID NO:2; proteins that are 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:2; SEQ ID NO:4, proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:4; fragments of SEQ ID NO:4; proteins that are 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:4 SEQ ID NO:6, proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:6; fragments of SEQ ID NO:6; and proteins that are 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:6.

[0026] Provided also herein is a protein selected from the group consisting of (a) SEQ ID NO:2; (b) a protein that is 95% identical to the full length sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; (c) an immunogenic fragment of SEQ ID NO:2 comprising 20 or more amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2; and (d) an immunogenic fragment of a protein that is 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 comprising 20 or more amino acids.

[0027] Nucleic acid molecules comprising sequences that encode one or more protein molecules set forth above are also provided. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1; a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1; a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:1; SEQ ID NO:3; a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:3; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3; a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:3; SEQ ID NO:5; a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:5; a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5; and a nucleic acid sequence that is 95% homologous to a fragment of SEQ ID NO:5.

[0028] Some aspects of the invention provide methods of inducing an immune response against core antigen from one or more HBV genotypes comprising the step of: administering to an individual such nucleic acid molecules and/or compositions.

[0029] Additional aspects of the invention provide methods of protecting an individual against HBV infection. The methods comprise the step of: administering to said individual a prophylactically effective amount of a nucleic acid molecule comprising such nucleic acid sequence or compositions; wherein the nucleic acid sequence is expressed in cells of said individual and a protective immune response is induced against a protein encoded by said nucleic acid sequence.

[0030] In some aspects of the invention, methods are provided for treating an individual who has been infected by HBV. The methods comprise the step of: administering to said individual a therapeutically effective amount of such nucleic acid molecules and/or composition.

[0031] The present invention provides in another aspect a nucleic acid molecule comprising a coding sequence that encodes one or more proteins selected from the group consisting of: (a) a protein comprising SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16; (b) a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16; (c) an immunogenic fragment of a protein comprising SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 that is at least 20 amino acids; and (d) an immunogenic fragment of a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 that is at least 20 amino acids.

[0032] The nucleic acid molecule can comprise one or more sequences selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15; (b) a nucleic acid sequence that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15; (c) fragments thereof that comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding immunogenic fragments comprising at least 20 amino acids encoded by SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15; and (d) fragments thereof that comprise a nucleic acid sequence encoding immunogenic fragments comprising at least 20 amino acids of a protein that is 98% homologous to a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15. The nucleic acid molecule can be a plasmid. The nucleic acid molecule can be an expression vector and sequences encoding said one or more proteins are operably linked to regulatory elements. The nucleic acid molecule can be incorporated into a viral particle.

[0033] Some aspects of the invention provide a method of inducing an immune response against an HBV antigen comprising administering a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention to a subject.

[0034] Some aspects of the invention provide a method of protecting a subject from HBV infection comprising administering a nucleic acid molecule of present invention to the subject.

[0035] Some aspects of the invention provide a method of protecting a subject who has been diagnosed with HBV infection comprising administering a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention to the subject.

[0036] The present invention provides in yet another aspect a protein selected from the group consisting of: (a) SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16; (b) a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16; (c) an immunogenic fragment of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 comprising 20 or more amino acids; and (d) an immunogenic fragment of a protein that is 98% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 comprising 20 or more amino acids.

[0037] Some aspects of the invention provide a vaccine useful for generating an immune response against HBV in a subject comprising: a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, and an adjuvant molecule. The adjuvant can be IL-12, IL-15, IL-28, or RANTES.

[0089] The present invention relates to vaccines for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can be used to protect an individual from HBV infection and to provide therapeutic benefits to an individual diagnosed with HBV infection. Such vaccines can also be used to induce an immune response against an HBV antigen. The HBV vaccine of the present invention includes one or more nucleic acid molecules. Particularly, the nucleic acid molecule encodes one or more consensus HBV core proteins. The consensus HBV core proteins are derived from the sequences of the core proteins from HBV genotypes A, B, C, D, and E, and therefore the consensus HBV core proteins are unique. The nucleic acid molecules can also encode one or more immunogenic fragments of the consensus HBV core proteins.

[0090] Additionally, the nucleic acid molecules can encode one or more consensus HBV surface antigens. The consensus HBV surface antigens are derived from sequences of the surface antigens from isolates of HBV genotype A, and therefore the consensus HBV surface antigens are unique. The consensus HBV surface antigens can also be derived from sequences of the surface antigens from isolates of HBV genotype C, resulting in unique HBV surface antigens. The nucleic acid molecules can also encode one or more immunogenic fragments of the consensus HBV surface antigens.

[0091] The vaccine of the present invention can include any combination of nucleic acid molecules encoding the consensus HBV core protein and/or nucleic acid molecules encoding the consensus HBV surface antigen. The vaccine can also include any combination of nucleic acid molecules encoding immunogenic fragments of the consensus HBV core proteins and/or nucleic acid molecules encoding immunogenic fragments of the consensus HBV surface antigens.

[0092] These combinations of the HBV core protein and HBV surface antigen surprisingly and unexpectedly induce a differential immune response to the HBV core protein and HBV surface antigen. In other words, the strength of the immune response to the HBV core protein and HBV surface antigen differs depending on the specific combination administered to a subject. Accordingly, any user of the vaccine of the present invention can design a vaccine that comprises a specific combination to induce a desired immune response in a subject administered such a designed vaccine. As such, any user can tailor the vaccine of the present invention to control the level of the immune response in the subject.

[0093] The vaccine of the present invention is widely applicable to multiple types of HBV because of the unique consensus sequences of the HBV core protein and HBV surface antigen.

[0094] The vaccine of the present invention can further include one or more nucleic acid molecules as described above and one or more proteins encoded by such nucleic acid molecules.

[0095] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0096] For recitation of numeric ranges herein, each intervening number there between with the same degree of precision is explicitly contemplated. For example, for the range of 6-9, the numbers 7 and 8 are contemplated in addition to 6 and 9, and for the range 6.0-7.0, the numbers 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, and 7.0 are explicitly contemplated.

[0097] “Adjuvant” as used herein means any molecule added to the DNA plasmid vaccines described herein to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens encoded by the DNA plasmids and the encoding nucleic acid sequences described hereinafter.

[0098] “Antibody” as used herein means an antibody of classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE, or fragments, fragments or derivatives thereof, including Fab, F(ab′)2, Fd, and single chain antibodies, diabodies, bispecific antibodies, bifunctional antibodies and derivatives thereof. The antibody can be an antibody isolated from the serum sample of mammal, a polyclonal antibody, affinity purified antibody, or mixtures thereof which exhibits sufficient binding specificity to a desired epitope or a sequence derived therefrom.

[0099] “Coding sequence” or “encoding nucleic acid” as used herein means the nucleic acids (RNA or DNA molecule) that comprise a nucleotide sequence which encodes a protein. The coding sequence can further include initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression in the cells of an individual or mammal to which the nucleic acid is administered.

[0100] “Complement” or “complementary” as used herein means a nucleic acid can mean Watson-Crick (e.g., A-T/U and C-G) or Hoogsteen base pairing between nucleotides or nucleotide analogs of nucleic acid molecules.

[0101] “Consensus” or “consensus sequence” as used herein means a polypeptide sequence based on analysis of an alignment of multiple subtypes of a particular HBV antigen such as an HBV core or surface antigen. Nucleic acid sequences that encode a consensus polypeptide sequence can be prepared. Vaccines comprising proteins that comprise consensus sequences and/or nucleic acid molecules that encode such proteins can be used to induce broad immunity against multiple subtypes or serotypes of a particular HBV antigen.

[0102] “Electroporation,” “electro-permeabilization,” or “electro-kinetic enhancement” (“EP”) as used interchangeably herein means the use of a transmembrane electric field pulse to induce microscopic pathways (pores) in a bio-membrane; their presence allows biomolecules such as plasmids, oligonucleotides, siRNA, drugs, ions, and water to pass from one side of the cellular membrane to the other.

[0103] “Fragment” as used herein with respect to nucleic acid sequences means a nucleic acid sequence or a portion thereof, that encodes a polypeptide capable of eliciting an immune response in a mammal that cross reacts with a full length wild type strain HBV antigen. The fragments can be DNA fragments selected from at least one of the various nucleotide sequences that encode protein fragments set forth below.

[0104] “Fragment” or “immunogenic fragment” with respect to polypeptide sequences means a polypeptide capable of eliciting an immune response in a mammal that cross reacts with a full length wild type strain HBV antigen. Fragments of consensus proteins can comprise at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% of a consensus protein. In some embodiments, fragments of consensus proteins can comprise at least 20 amino acids or more, at least 30 amino acids or more, at least 40 amino acids or more, at least 50 amino acids or more, at least 60 amino acids or more, at least 70 amino acids or more, at least 80 amino acids or more, at least 90 amino acids or more, at least 100 amino acids or more, at least 110 amino acids or more, at least 120 amino acids or more, at least 130 amino acids or more, at least 140 amino acids or more, at least 150 amino acids or more, at least 160 amino acids or more, at least 170 amino acids or more, at least 180 amino acids or more, at least 190 amino acids or more, at least 200 amino acids or more, at least 210 amino acids or more, at least 220 amino acids or more, at least 230 amino acids or more, or at least 240 amino acids or more of a consensus protein.

[0105] As used herein, the term “genetic construct” refers to the DNA or RNA molecules that comprise a nucleotide sequence which encodes a protein. The coding sequence includes initiation and termination signals operably linked to regulatory elements including a promoter and polyadenylation signal capable of directing expression in the cells of the individual to whom the nucleic acid molecule is administered. As used herein, the term “expressible form” refers to gene constructs that contain the necessary regulatory elements operable linked to a coding sequence that encodes a protein such that when present in the cell of the individual, the coding sequence will be expressed.

[0106] The term “homology,” as used herein, refers to a degree of complementarity. There can be partial homology or complete homology (i.e., identity). A partially complementary sequence that at least partially inhibits a completely complementary sequence from hybridizing to a target nucleic acid is referred to using the functional term “substantially homologous.” When used in reference to a double-stranded nucleic acid sequence such as a cDNA or genomic clone, the term “substantially homologous,” as used herein, refers to a probe that can hybridize to a strand of the double-stranded nucleic acid sequence under conditions of low stringency. When used in reference to a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence, the term “substantially homologous,” as used herein, refers to a probe that can hybridize to (i.e., is the complement of) the single-stranded nucleic acid template sequence under conditions of low stringency.

[0107] “Identical” or “identity” as used herein in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, means that the sequences have a specified percentage of residues that are the same over a specified region. The percentage can be calculated by optimally aligning the two sequences, comparing the two sequences over the specified region, determining the number of positions at which the identical residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the specified region, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. In cases where the two sequences are of different lengths or the alignment produces one or more staggered ends and the specified region of comparison includes only a single sequence, the residues of single sequence are included in the denominator but not the numerator of the calculation. When comparing DNA and RNA, thymine (T) and uracil (U) can be considered equivalent. Identity can be performed manually or by using a computer sequence algorithm such as BLAST or BLAST 2.0.

[0108] “Immune response” as used herein means the activation of a host's immune system, e.g., that of a mammal, in response to the introduction of antigen such as an HBV consensus antigen. The immune response can be in the form of a cellular or humoral response, or both.

[0109] “Nucleic acid” or “oligonucleotide” or “polynucleotide” as used herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together. The depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses the complementary strand of a depicted single strand. Many variants of a nucleic acid can be used for the same purpose as a given nucleic acid. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses substantially identical nucleic acids and complements thereof. A single strand provides a probe that can hybridize to a target sequence under stringent hybridization conditions. Thus, a nucleic acid also encompasses a probe that hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions.

[0110] Nucleic acids can be single stranded or double stranded, or can contain portions of both double stranded and single stranded sequence. The nucleic acid can be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA, or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid can contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine and isoguanine. Nucleic acids can be obtained by chemical synthesis methods or by recombinant methods.

[0111] “Operably linked” as used herein means that expression of a gene is under the control of a promoter with which it is spatially connected. A promoter can be positioned 5′ (upstream) or 3′ (downstream) of a gene under its control. The distance between the promoter and a gene can be approximately the same as the distance between that promoter and the gene it controls in the gene from which the promoter is derived. As is known in the art, variation in this distance can be accommodated without loss of promoter function.

[0112] “Promoter” as used herein means a synthetic or naturally-derived molecule which is capable of conferring, activating or enhancing expression of a nucleic acid in a cell. A promoter can comprise one or more specific transcriptional regulatory sequences to further enhance expression and/or to alter the spatial expression and/or temporal expression of same. A promoter can also comprise distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A promoter can be derived from sources including viral, bacterial, fungal, plants, insects, and animals. A promoter can regulate the expression of a gene component constitutively, or differentially with respect to cell, the tissue or organ in which expression occurs or, with respect to the developmental stage at which expression occurs, or in response to external stimuli such as physiological stresses, pathogens, metal ions, or inducing agents. Representative examples of promoters include the bacteriophage T7 promoter, bacteriophage T3 promoter, SP6 promoter, lac operator-promoter, tac promoter, SV40 late promoter, SV40 early promoter, RSV-LTR promoter, CMV IE promoter, SV40 early promoter or SV40 late promoter and the CMV IE promoter.

[0113] “Signal peptide” and “leader sequence” are used interchangeably herein and refer to an amino acid sequence that can be linked at the amino terminus of an HBV protein set forth herein. Signal peptides/leader sequences typically direct localization of a protein. Signal peptides/leader sequences used herein preferably facilitate secretion of the protein from the cell in which it is produced. Signal peptides/leader sequences are often cleaved from the remainder of the protein, often referred to as the mature protein, upon secretion from the cell. Signal peptides/leader sequences are linked at the N terminus of the protein.

[0114] “Stringent hybridization conditions” as used herein means conditions under which a first nucleic acid sequence (e.g., probe) will hybridize to a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., target), such as in a complex mixture of nucleic acids. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Stringent conditions can be selected to be about 5-10° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The Tm can be the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium). Stringent conditions can be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, such as about 0.01-1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., about 10-50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than about 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For selective or specific hybridization, a positive signal can be at least 2 to 10 times background hybridization. Exemplary stringent hybridization conditions include the following: 50% formamide, 5×SSC, and 1% SDS, incubating at 42° C., or, 5×SSC, 1% SDS, incubating at 65° C., with wash in 0.2×SSC, and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

[0115] “Substantially complementary” as used herein means that a first sequence is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the complement of a second sequence over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540, or more nucleotides or amino acids, or that the two sequences hybridize under stringent hybridization conditions.

[0116] “Substantially identical” as used herein means that a first and second sequence are at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 180, 270, 360, 450, 540 or more nucleotides or amino acids, or with respect to nucleic acids, if the first sequence is substantially complementary to the complement of the second sequence.

[0117] “Subtype” or “serotype”: as used herein, interchangeably, and in reference to HBV, means genetic variants of an HBV such that one subtype is recognized by an immune system apart from a different subtype.

[0118] “Variant” used herein with respect to a nucleic acid means (i) a portion or fragment of a referenced nucleotide sequence; (ii) the complement of a referenced nucleotide sequence or portion thereof; (iii) a nucleic acid that is substantially identical to a referenced nucleic acid or the complement thereof; or (iv) a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the referenced nucleic acid, complement thereof, or a sequences substantially identical thereto.

[0119] “Variant” with respect to a peptide or polypeptide that differs in amino acid sequence by the insertion, deletion, or conservative substitution of amino acids, but retain at least one biological activity. Variant can also mean a protein with an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to a referenced protein with an amino acid sequence that retains at least one biological activity. A conservative substitution of an amino acid, i.e., replacing an amino acid with a different amino acid of similar properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, degree and distribution of charged regions) is recognized in the art as typically involving a minor change. These minor changes can be identified, in part, by considering the hydropathic index of amino acids, as understood in the art. Kyte et al., J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-132 (1982). The hydropathic index of an amino acid is based on a consideration of its hydrophobicity and charge. It is known in the art that amino acids of similar hydropathic indexes can be substituted and still retain protein function. In one aspect, amino acids having hydropathic indexes of ±2 are substituted. The hydrophilicity of amino acids can also be used to reveal substitutions that would result in proteins retaining biological function. A consideration of the hydrophilicity of amino acids in the context of a peptide permits calculation of the greatest local average hydrophilicity of that peptide, a useful measure that has been reported to correlate well with antigenicity and immunogenicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, incorporated fully herein by reference. Substitution of amino acids having similar hydrophilicity values can result in peptides retaining biological activity, for example immunogenicity, as is understood in the art. Substitutions can be performed with amino acids having hydrophilicity values within ±2 of each other. Both the hyrophobicity index and the hydrophilicity value of amino acids are influenced by the particular side chain of that amino acid. Consistent with that observation, amino acid substitutions that are compatible with biological function are understood to depend on the relative similarity of the amino acids, and particularly the side chains of those amino acids, as revealed by the hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and other properties.

[0120] “Vector” as used herein means a nucleic acid sequence containing an origin of replication. A vector can be a viral vector, bacteriophage, bacterial artificial chromosome or yeast artificial chromosome. A vector can be a DNA or RNA vector. A vector can be a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector, and preferably, is a DNA plasmid.

[0121] The present invention is directed to a Hepatitis B vaccine. The Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) can comprise a nucleic acid encoding a HBV core antigen, a HBV surface antigen, or a combination thereof, a HBV core antigen, a HBV surface antigen, or combination thereof, or a combination of (1) nucleic acid encoding a HBV core antigen, a HBV surface antigen, and (2) a HBV core antigen, a HBV surface antigen, or (3) combinations thereof. The HBV core antigen can comprise a consensus protein derived from the amino acid sequences of core proteins from multiple HBV genotypes. Similarly, the HBV surface antigen can comprise a consensus protein derived from the amino acid sequences of surface antigens from multiple HBV genotypes. Such consensus HBV core proteins and consensus HBV surface antigens are unique and have similarity to core and surface antigens, respectively, across multiple HBV genotypes. As such, the vaccine of the present invention is applicable to multiple types of HBV and is useful for widespread populations. Additionally, the vaccine of the present invention can be tailored to particular nucleic acids encoding consensus HBV core protein, consensus HBV surface protein, or a combination thereof. In other words, the vaccine of the present invention can be designed to control the level or strength of the immune response in the subject against one or more HBV serotypes.

[0122] The vaccine can be a DNA vaccine. DNA vaccines are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,972, 5,739,118, 5,817,637, 5,830,876, 5,962,428, 5,981,505, 5,580,859, 5,703,055, and 5,676,594, which are incorporated herein fully by reference. The DNA vaccine can further comprise elements or reagents that inhibit it from integrating into the chromosome.

[0123] The vaccine can be an RNA of the HBV core protein and/or the HBV surface antigen protein. The RNA vaccine can be introduced into the cell.

[0124] a. HBV Core Antigen

[0125] The vaccine of the present invention can comprise a HBV core protein. The HBV core protein is an important target for immune mediated viral clearance by inducing 1) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, 2) T helper cell responses, and/or 3) B cell responses, or preferably all of the aforementioned, for cross presentation.

[0126] Table 2 shows the similarities across genotypes for core antigen from HBV-A, HBV-B, HBV-C, HBV-D and HBV-E genotypes with the consensus HBV core proteins, referred to in the chart as “HBV-M-core”. For some embodiments, the HBV M Core construct was designed to have increased homologies for broad HBV core targets. Similarities in the genotypes for Core Antigen with designed M-Core construct—increased homologies for broad HBV core targets. All genotypes should be represented in a universal immune therapeutic vaccine for HBV.

TABLE 2
Percent Identities of HBV Core Proteins
Percent Identity
Divergence	1		96.2	96.2	97.8	95.6	98.4	1 - HBV-A-
								ConCore
	2	3.9		100	95.6	93.4	96.7	2 - HBV-B-
								ConCore
	3	3.9	0		95.6	93.4	96.7	3 - HBV-C-
								ConCore
	4	2.2	4.5	4.5		97.8	97.8	4 - HBV-D-
								ConCore
	5	4.5	6.9	6.9	2.2		95.6	5 - HBV-E-
								ConCore
	6	1.7	3.4	3.4	2.2	4.5		6 - HBV-M-
								Core
		1	2	3	4	5	6

[0127] The antigen can comprise core protein epitopes that make them particularly effective as immunogens against which anti-HBV immune responses can be induced. The HBV antigen can comprise the full length translation product, a variant thereof, a fragment thereof or a combination thereof.

[0128] The HBV core antigen can comprise a consensus protein. The HBV consensus core antigen induces antigen-specific T-cell and high titer antibody responses both systemically and in the liver. As such, a protective immune response is provided to the liver by vaccines comprising the HBV consensus core antigen. Accordingly, any user can design a vaccine of the present invention to include an HBV consensus core antigen to provide immune-based therapy and/or protection to the liver.

[0129] Particularly in the induced immune response, the HBV consensus core antigen stimulates splenocytes, specifically CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells, to secrete or produce similar amounts of interferon-gamma (INF-γ), but different amounts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Interestingly, the induced immune response differs in the spleen and liver. In the spleen, more CD8+ cells produce both INF-γ and TNF-α than CD4+ cells, however in the liver, the opposite occurs. In other words, more CD4+ cells produce both INF-γ and TNF-α than CD8+ cells in the liver. Additionally, in the liver, more antigen-specific IgA than IgG is produced, and the protective immune response surprisingly and unexpectedly includes an antigen-specific CTL response, which does not cause liver damage. Accordingly, a vaccine of the present invention comprising an HBV consensus core antigen can be delivered in the periphery to establish an antigen-specific targeting the liver to clear or eliminate HBV infected cells without causing damage to or inflammation of the liver.

[0130] The nucleic acid sequences encoding the consensus HBV core proteins are SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3, and SEQ ID NO:5. SEQ ID NO:1 encodes an HBV consensus core protein. SEQ ID NO:3 encodes the HBV consensus core protein linked to an IgE leader. SEQ ID NO:5 encodes the HBV consensus core protein linked to the IgE leader and an HA tag.

[0131] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins homologous to the HBV consensus protein, immunogenic fragment of the HBV consensus protein, and immunogenic fragments of homologous proteins. Such nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have up to 95% homology to a consensus sequence, up to 96% homology to a consensus sequence, up to 96% homology to a consensus sequence, up to 97% homology to a consensus sequence, up to 98% homology to a consensus sequence and up to 99% can be provided. Likewise, nucleic acid sequences encoding the immunogenic fragments set forth herein and the immunogenic fragments of proteins homologous to the proteins set forth herein are also provided.

[0132] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 95% homology to the nucleic acid coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 96% homology to the nucleic acid coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 97% homology to the nucleic acid coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 98% homology to the nucleic acid coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 99% homology to the nucleic acid coding sequences herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules with coding sequences disclosed herein that are homologous to a coding sequence of a consensus protein disclosed herein include sequences encoding an IgE leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequence encoding the homologous protein sequences disclosed herein.

[0133] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins with a particular percent identity to the full length HBV core consensus protein, immunogenic fragment of the HBV core consensus protein, and immunogenic fragments of HBV core consensus proteins. Such nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have up to 80% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 85% identity to a full length consensus sequence, up to 90% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 91% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 92% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 93% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 94% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 95% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 96% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 97% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 98% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence, up to 99% identity to a full length HBV core consensus sequence can be provided. Likewise, nucleic acid sequences encoding the immunogenic fragments set forth herein and the immunogenic fragments of proteins with similar percent identities as indicated above to the HBV core proteins set forth herein are also provided.

[0134] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic protein that have 80% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic protein that have 83% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 85% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 90% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 91% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 92% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 93% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 94% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 95% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 96% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 97% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 98% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 99% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV core protein coding sequences herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules with coding sequences disclosed herein that are homologous to a coding sequence of a consensus HBV core protein disclosed herein include sequences encoding an IgE leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequence encoding the homologous protein sequences disclosed herein.

[0135] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is free of coding sequence that encodes a leader sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is free of coding sequence that encodes the IgE leader.

[0136] Some embodiments relate to fragments of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5. Fragments can be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5. Fragments can be at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98% or at least 99% homologous to fragments of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5. Fragments can be at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity to fragments of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, fragments include sequences that encode a leader sequence, such as for example, an immunoglobulin leader, such as the IgE leader. In some embodiments, fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence, such as for example, the IgE leader.

[0137] Furthermore, the amino acid sequence of the consensus HBV core protein is SEQ ID NO:2. The amino acid sequence of the consensus HBV core protein linked to an IgE leader is SEQ ID NO:4. Particularly, in SEQ ID NO:4, the IgE leader is linked to the amino terminus of the consensus HBV core protein. The amino acid sequence of the consensus HBV core protein linked to the IgE leader and an HA tag is SEQ ID NO:6. In SEQ ID NO:6, the IgE leader and HA tag are linked to the amino and carboxy termini, respectively, of the consensus HBV core protein.

[0138] Some embodiments relate to proteins that are homologous to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, and SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 95% homology to the consensus protein sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 96% homology to the consensus protein sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 97% homology to the consensus protein sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 98% homology to the consensus protein sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 99% homology to the consensus protein sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6.

[0139] Some embodiments relate to proteins that are identical to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 80% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 85% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 90% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 91% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 92% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 93% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 94% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, or SEQ ID NO:6.

[0140] In some embodiments, the protein is free of a leader sequence. In some embodiments, the protein is free of the IgE leader. Fragments of consensus proteins can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of a consensus protein. Immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6 can be provided. Immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, such as for example, an immunoglobulin leader, such as the IgE leader. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence, such as for example, the IgE leader.

[0141] Immunogenic fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences homologous to immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6 can be provided. Such immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 96% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 97% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 98% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 99% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. In some embodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, such as for example, an immunoglobulin leader, such as the IgE leader. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence, such as for example, the IgE leader.

[0142] Immunogenic fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences identical to immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO:6 can be provided. Such immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of proteins that are 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% identical to the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, fragments include a leader sequence, such as for example, an immunoglobulin leader, such as the IgE leader. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of a leader sequence, such as for example, the IgE leader.

[0143] As referred to herein with regard to linking a signal peptide or leader sequence to the N terminus of a protein, the signal peptide/leader sequence replaces the N terminal methionine of a protein which is encoded by the start codon of the nucleic acid sequence than encodes the protein without a signal peptide coding sequences. Thus for example, SEQ ID NO:4 is SEQ ID NO:2 with the signal peptide/leader sequence linked at the N terminal of SEQ ID NO:2, i.e. SEQ ID NO:4 is a protein comprising a signal peptide linked to the N terminus of SEQ ID NO:2. The first residue in SEQ ID NO:2, “Xaa”, is typically methionine when no signal peptide is present. However, proteins that comprise signal peptides linked to SEQ ID NO:2, such as SEQ ID NO:4, replace the residue 1 methionine at Xaa with the residue that links the signal peptide to the protein. Accordingly, the N terminal residue of SEQ ID NO:2 can be anything but if it is encoded by an initiation sequence it is methionine. The linkage of the signal peptide/leader sequence at the N terminal of SEQ ID NO:2 typically eliminates the N terminal methionine. As used herein, it is intended that SEQ ID NO:4 comprises SEQ ID NO:2 with a signal peptide/leader sequence linked at the N terminal of SEQ ID NO:2 notwithstanding the elimination of the N terminus Xaa residue of SEQ ID NO:2. Similarly, the coding sequences for SEQ ID NO:4 comprise coding sequences for SEQ ID NO:2 with coding sequences for a signal peptide/leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:2. The initiation codon can be the “nnn” in the coding sequences for SEQ ID NO:2 but it is eliminated when the coding sequences for a signal peptide/leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequences encoding SEQ ID NO:2. As used herein, it is intended that coding sequences for SEQ ID NO:4 comprises coding sequences for SEQ ID NO:2 with coding sequences for a signal peptide/leader sequence linked at the 5′ end of the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 where nnn occurs. Thus, for example, it is intended that SEQ ID NO:3 comprises SEQ ID NO:1 with coding sequences for a signal peptide/leader sequence linked at the 5′ end of SEQ ID NO:1, in place of the nnn. In some embodiments, the nnn is an initiation codon at the 5′ end of SEQ ID NO:1.

[0144] b. HBV Surface Antigen

[0145] The vaccine can comprise a HBV surface antigen. Provided herein are HBV surface antigens capable of eliciting an immune response in a mammal against one or more HBV serotypes. The surface antigens can comprise surface protein epitopes that make them particularly effective as immunogens against which anti-HBV immune response can be induced. The HBV surface antigen can comprise the full length translation product, a variant thereof, a fragment thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0146] The HBV surface antigen can comprise a consensus protein. Consensus HBV surface antigens were generated from the sequences of surface antigens from primary isolates of either HBV genotype A or C. Particularly, the consensus HBV surface antigens include S protein or the combination of S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S 1 (FIGS. 3 and 4). Endoproteolytic cleavage sites were introduced into the consensus HBV surface antigens to provide for proper protein folding and better CTL processing. The codon usage in the consensus HBV surface antigens was modified to reflect the codon bias of human genes. Additionally, regions of very high (e.g., greater than 80 percent) or very low (e.g., less than 30 percent) GC content were avoided, as where cis-acting motifs such as internal TATA-boxes, repetitive sequences, and structured sequences. A Kozak sequence was introduced into the consensus HBV surface antigens to increase translational initiation and an IgE leader sequence was added to increase protein expression.

[0147] The nucleic acid sequence encoding the consensus HBV surface antigens are SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, and SEQ ID NO:15. SEQ ID NO:9 encodes a long consensus HBV surface antigen protein derived from genotype A and including S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S1 (LHBs-A). SEQ ID NO:11 encodes a long consensus HBV surface antigen protein derived from genotype C and including S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S1 (LHBs-C). SEQ ID NO:13 encodes a short consensus HBV surface antigen protein derived from genotype A and including S protein (SHBs-A). SEQ ID NO:15 encodes a short consensus HBV surface antigen protein derived from genotype C and including S protein (SHBs-C).

[0148] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins homologous to the consensus HBV surface antigens, immunogenic fragments of the consensus HBV surface antigens, and immunogenic fragments of homologous proteins. Thus, nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have up to 95% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence, up to 96% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence, up to 96% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence, up to 97% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence, up to 98% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence, and up to 99% homology to a consensus HBV surface antigen sequence can be provided. Likewise, nucleic acid sequences encoding the immunogenic fragments set forth herein and the immunogenic fragments of proteins homologous to the HBV surface antigen proteins set forth herein are also provided.

[0149] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 95% homology to the nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 96% homology to the nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 97% homology to the nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 98% homology to the nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 99% homology to the nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules with coding sequences disclosed herein that are homologous to a coding sequence of a consensus HBV surface antigen protein disclosed herein include sequences encoding an IgE leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequence encoding the homologous protein sequences disclosed herein.

[0150] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid sequences encoding proteins with a particular percent identity to the full length HBV surface antigen consensus protein, immunogenic fragment of the HBV surface antigen consensus protein, and immunogenic fragments of HBV surface antigen consensus proteins. Such nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have up to 80% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 85% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 90% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 91% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 92% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 93% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 94% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 95% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 96% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 97% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 98% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence, up to 99% identity to a full length HBV surface antigen consensus sequence can be provided. Likewise, nucleic acid sequences encoding the immunogenic fragments set forth herein and the immunogenic fragments of proteins with similar percent identities as indicated above to the HBV surface antigen proteins set forth herein are also provided.

[0151] Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 80% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 83% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 85% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 90% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 91% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 92% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 93% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 94% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 95% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 96% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 97% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 98% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to nucleic acid molecules that encode immunogenic proteins that have 99% identity to the full length nucleic acid HBV surface antigen coding sequences herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules with coding HBV surface antigen sequences disclosed herein that are homologous to a coding sequence of a consensus HBV surface antigen protein disclosed herein include sequences encoding an IgE leader sequence linked to the 5′ end of the coding sequence encoding the homologous protein sequences disclosed herein.

[0152] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is free of coding sequence that encodes a leader sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is free of coding sequence that encodes the IgE leader.

[0153] Some embodiments relate to fragments of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO:13, and SEQ ID NO:15. Fragments can be at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15. Fragments can be at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97% at least 98% or at least 99% homologous to fragments of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:13, or SEQ ID NO:15. Fragments can be at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identity to fragments of SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO:15. In some embodiments, fragments include sequences that encode a leader sequence, such as for example, an immunoglobulin leader, such as the IgE leader. In some embodiments, fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence. In some embodiments, fragments are free of coding sequences that encode a leader sequence, such as the IgE leader.

[0154] Furthermore, the amino acid sequences of the consensus HBV surface antigens, LHBs-A, LHBs-C, SHBs-A, and SHBs-C, are SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, and SEQ ID NO:16, respectively.

[0155] Proteins can be homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO: 12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 95% homology to the consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 96% homology to the consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 97% homology to the consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 98% homology to the consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have 99% homology to the consensus protein sequences herein.

[0156] Some embodiments relate to proteins that are identical to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 80% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 85% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 90% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 91% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 92% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 93% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 94% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 95% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 96% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 97% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 98% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic proteins that have an amino acid sequence that is 99% identical to the full length consensus amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO: 14 or SEQ ID NO:16.

[0157] Fragments of consensus proteins can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of a consensus protein. Immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, and SEQ ID NO:16 can be provided. Immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16.

[0158] Immunogenic fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences homologous to immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 can be provided. Such immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16.

[0159] Immunogenic fragments of proteins with amino acid sequences homologous to immunogenic fragments of SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16 can be provided. Such immunogenic fragments can comprise at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50% or at least 55% at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% of proteins that are 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:16. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 96% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 97% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 98% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein. Some embodiments relate to immunogenic fragments that have 99% homology to the immunogenic fragments of consensus protein sequences herein.

[0160] c. Combination of HBV Core and Surface Antigens

[0161] The vaccine can comprise a combination of the HBV core and surface antigens as described above. This combination of HBV antigens is capable of eliciting an immune response in a mammal against one or more HBV serotypes. The vaccine can be designed or tailored to have a particular combination of HBV antigens, which in turn provides the ability to control the level or strength of an immune response in the mammal.

[0162] The combinations can comprise one or more nucleic acids encoding (1) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, SHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (2) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, SHBs-A, and LHBs-C; (3) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, and SHBs-A; (4) HBV-M-Core and LHBs-A; (5) HBV-M-Core, SHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (6) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (7) HBV-M-Core and SHBs-C; (8) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (9) HBV-M-core, LHBs-A, and SHBs-C; (10) HBV-M-Core and SHBs-C; (11) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, SHBs-A, and SHBs-C; (12) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, and SHBs-C; (13) HBV-M-Core, SHBs-A, and SHBs-C; (14) LHBs-A, SHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHbs-C; (15) LHBs-A, SHBs-A, and LHBs-C; (16) LHBs-A and SHBs-A; (17) SHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (18) LHBs-C and SHBs-C; (19) LHBs-A, LHBs-C, and SHBs-C; (20) LHBs-A and SHBs-C; (21) LHBs-A, SHBs-A, and SHBs-C; (22) LHBs-A and SHBs-C; (23) SHBs-A and SHBs-C; (24) HBV-M-Core and SHBs-A; (25) HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A and LHBs-C; or (26) LHBs-A and LHBs-C.

[0163] An exemplary embodiment relates to a vaccine including one or more nucleic acids encoding HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, and LHBs-C. Another exemplary embodiment relates to vaccine including one or more nucleic acids encoding HBV-M-Core, SHBs-A, and SHBs-C. Yet another exemplary embodiment relates to a vaccine including one or more nucleic acids encoding HBV-M-Core, LHBs-A, and LHBs-C, and adjuvant such as IL-12.

[0164] The combinational vaccine also comprises one or more consensus HBV core protein and/or HBV surface antigen protein in the form of one or more protein subunits, one or more killed viral particles comprising one or more consensus HBV core protein and/or consensus HBV surface antigen protein, or one or more attenuated viral particles comprising one or more consensus HBV core protein and/or HBV surface antigen protein. The attenuated vaccine can be attenuated live vaccines, killed vaccines and vaccines that use recombinant vectors to deliver foreign genes that encode one or more consensus HBV core protein and/or HBV surface antigen protein, and well as subunit and glycoprotein vaccines. Examples of attenuated live vaccines, those using recombinant vectors to deliver foreign antigens, subunit vaccines and glycoprotein vaccines are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,510,245; 4,797,368; 4,722,848; 4,790,987; 4,920,209; 5,017,487; 5,077,044; 5,110,587; 5,112,749; 5,174,993; 5,223,424; 5,225,336; 5,240,703; 5,242,829; 5,294,441; 5,294,548; 5,310,668; 5,387,744; 5,389,368; 5,424,065; 5,451,499; 5,453,364; 5,462,734; 5,470,734; 5,474,935; 5,482,713; 5,591,439; 5,643,579; 5,650,309; 5,698,202; 5,955,088; 6,034,298; 6,042,836; 6,156,319 and 6,589,529, which are each incorporated herein by reference.

[0165] d. Vaccine Constructs and Plasmids

[0166] The vaccine can comprise nucleic acid constructs or plasmids that encode the HBV core proteins, the HBV surface antigens, and combinations of the HBV core proteins/surface antigens. Provided herein are genetic constructs that can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the HBV core antigen disclosed herein including consensus protein sequences, sequences homologous to consensus protein sequences, fragments of consensus protein sequences and sequences homologous to fragments of consensus protein sequences. Additionally, provided herein are genetic constructs that can comprise a nucleic acid sequence that encodes the HBV surface antigen disclosed herein including consensus protein sequences, sequences homologous to consensus protein sequences, fragments of consensus protein sequences and sequences homologous to fragments of consensus protein sequences. The genetic construct can be present in the cell as a functioning extrachromosomal molecule. The genetic construct can be a linear minichromosome including centromere, telomeres or plasmids or cosmids.

[0167] The genetic construct can also be part of a genome of a recombinant viral vector, including recombinant adenovirus, recombinant adenovirus associated virus and recombinant vaccinia. The genetic construct can be part of the genetic material in attenuated live microorganisms or recombinant microbial vectors which live in cells.

[0168] The genetic constructs can comprise regulatory elements for gene expression of the coding sequences of the nucleic acid. The regulatory elements can be a promoter, an enhancer an initiation codon, a stop codon, or a polyadenylation signal.

[0169] The nucleic acid sequences can make up a genetic construct that can be a vector. The vector can be capable of expressing an antigen in the cell of a mammal in a quantity effective to elicit an immune response in the mammal. The vector can be recombinant. The vector can comprise heterologous nucleic acid encoding the antigen. The vector can be a plasmid. The vector can be useful for transfecting cells with nucleic acid encoding an antigen, which the transformed host cell is cultured and maintained under conditions wherein expression of the antigen takes place.

[0170] Coding sequences can be optimized for stability and high levels of expression. In some instances, codons are selected to reduce secondary structure formation of the RNA such as that formed due to intramolecular bonding.

[0171] The vector can comprise heterologous nucleic acid encoding an antigen and can further comprise an initiation codon, which can be upstream of the antigen coding sequence, and a stop codon, which can be downstream of the antigen coding sequence. The initiation and termination codon can be in frame with the antigen coding sequence. The vector can also comprise a promoter that is operably linked to the antigen coding sequence. The promoter operably linked to the antigen coding sequence can be a promoter from simian virus 40 (SV40), a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promoter such as the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, a Moloney virus promoter, an avian leukosis virus (ALV) promoter, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter such as the CMV immediate early promoter, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) promoter, or a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter. The promoter can also be a promoter from a human gene such as human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine, or human metalothionein. The promoter can also be a tissue specific promoter, such as a muscle or skin specific promoter, natural or synthetic. Examples of such promoters are described in U.S. patent application publication no. US20040175727, the contents of which are incorporated herein in its entirety.

[0172] The vector can also comprise a polyadenylation signal, which can be downstream of the HBV core protein coding sequence. The polyadenylation signal can be a SV40 polyadenylation signal, LTR polyadenylation signal, bovine growth hormone (bGH) polyadenylation signal, human growth hormone (hGH) polyadenylation signal, or human β-globin polyadenylation signal. The SV40 polyadenylation signal can be a polyadenylation signal from a pCEP4 vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.).

[0173] The vector can also comprise an enhancer upstream of the consensus HBV core protein coding sequence or the consensus HBV surface antigen protein coding sequence. The enhancer can be necessary for DNA expression. The enhancer can be human actin, human myosin, human hemoglobin, human muscle creatine or a viral enhancer such as one from CMV, HA, RSV or EBV. Polynucleotide function enhances are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,972, 5,962,428, and WO94/016737, the contents of each are fully incorporated by reference.

[0174] The vector can also comprise a mammalian origin of replication in order to maintain the vector extrachromosomally and produce multiple copies of the vector in a cell. The vector can be pVAX1, pCEP4 or pREP4 from Invitrogen (San Diego, Calif.), which can comprise the Epstein Barr virus origin of replication and nuclear antigen EBNA-1 coding region, which can produce high copy episomal replication without integration. The vector can be pVAX1 or a pVax1 variant with changes such as the variant plasmid described herein. The variant pVax1 plasmid is a 2998 basepair variant of the backbone vector plasmid pVAX1 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.). The CMV promoter is located at bases 137-724. The T7 promoter/priming site is at bases 664-683. Multiple cloning sites are at bases 696-811. Bovine GH polyadenylation signal is at bases 829-1053. The Kanamycin resistance gene is at bases 1226-2020. The pUC origin is at bases 2320-2993.

[0175] Based upon the sequence of pVAX1 available from Invitrogen, the following mutations were found in the sequence of pVAX1 that was used as the backbone for plasmids 1-6 set forth herein:

[0176] C>G241 in CMV promoter

[0177] C>T1942 backbone, downstream of the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal (bGHpolyA)

[0178] A>−2876 backbone, downstream of the Kanamycin gene

[0179] C>T3277 in pUC origin of replication (Ori) high copy number mutation (see Nucleic Acid Research 1985)

[0180] G>C 3753 in very end of pUC Ori upstream of RNASeH site

[0181] Base pairs 2, 3 and 4 are changed from ACT to CTG in backbone, upstream of CMV promoter.

[0182] The backbone of the vector can be pAV0242. The vector can be a replication defective adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector.

[0183] The vector can also comprise a regulatory sequence, which can be well suited for gene expression in a mammalian or human cell into which the vector is administered. The consensus HBV coding sequence can comprise a codon, which can allow more efficient transcription of the coding sequence in the host cell.

[0184] The vector can be pSE420 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif), which can be used for protein production in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The vector can also be pYES2 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), which can be used for protein production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains of yeast. The vector can also be of the MAXBAC™ complete baculovirus expression system (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), which can be used for protein production in insect cells. The vector can also be pcDNA I or pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.), which maybe used for protein production in mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The vector can be expression vectors or systems to produce protein by routine techniques and readily available starting materials including Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning and Laboratory Manual, Second Ed., Cold Spring Harbor (1989), which is incorporated fully by reference.

[0185] In some embodiments the vector can comprise the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:20, or SEQ ID NO:21. SEQ ID NO:17 encodes a consensus HBV core protein and SEQ ID NOS:18-21 encodes a consensus HBV surface antigen. The vector maps of SEQ ID NOS:17-21 are shown in FIGS. 5-9, respectively.

[0186] e. Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Vaccine

[0187] The vaccine can be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition can comprise the vaccine.

[0188] The pharmaceutical compositions can comprise about 5 nanograms to about 10 mg of the vaccine DNA. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise about 25 nanogram to about 5 mg of vaccine DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 50 nanograms to about 1 mg of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1 to about 500 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1 to about 350 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 5 to about 250 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 10 to about 200 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 15 to about 150 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 20 to about 100 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 25 to about 75 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 30 to about 50 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 35 to about 40 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 100 to about 200 microgram DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 10 microgram to about 100 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 20 micrograms to about 80 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 25 micrograms to about 60 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 30 nanograms to about 50 micrograms of DNA. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise about 35 nanograms to about 45 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 0.1 to about 500 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 1 to about 350 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 25 to about 250 micrograms of DNA. In some preferred embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions contain about 100 to about 200 microgram DNA.

[0189] In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention comprise at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 nanograms of DNA of the vaccine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can comprise at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95,100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, 450, 455, 460, 465, 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495, 500, 605, 610, 615, 620, 625, 630, 635, 640, 645, 650, 655, 660, 665, 670, 675, 680, 685, 690, 695, 700, 705, 710, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 740, 745, 750, 755, 760, 765, 770, 775, 780, 785, 790, 795, 800, 805, 810, 815, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 845, 850, 855, 860, 865, 870, 875, 880, 885, 890, 895. 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950, 955, 960, 965, 970, 975, 980, 985, 990, 995 or 1000 micrograms of DNA of the vaccine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise at least 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 mg or more of DNA of the vaccine.

[0190] In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise up to and including 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 nanograms of DNA of the vaccine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise up to and including 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, 250, 255, 260, 265, 270, 275, 280, 285, 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315, 320, 325, 330, 335, 340, 345, 350, 355, 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385, 390, 395, 400, 405, 410, 415, 420, 425, 430, 435, 440, 445, 450, 455, 460, 465, 470, 475, 480, 485, 490, 495, 500, 605, 610, 615, 620, 625, 630, 635, 640, 645, 650, 655, 660, 665, 670, 675, 680, 685, 690, 695, 700, 705, 710, 715, 720, 725, 730, 735, 740, 745, 750, 755, 760, 765, 770, 775, 780, 785, 790, 795, 800, 805, 810, 815, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 845, 850, 855, 860, 865, 870, 875, 880, 885, 890, 895. 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, 930, 935, 940, 945, 950, 955, 960, 965, 970, 975, 980, 985, 990, 995, or 1000 micrograms of DNA of the vaccine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise up to and including 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 mg of DNA of the vaccine.

[0191] The pharmaceutical composition can further comprise other agents for formulation purposes according to the mode of administration to be used. In cases where pharmaceutical compositions are injectable pharmaceutical compositions, they are sterile, pyrogen free and particulate free. An isotonic formulation is preferably used. Generally, additives for isotonicity can include sodium chloride, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol and lactose. In some cases, isotonic solutions such as phosphate buffered saline are preferred. Stabilizers include gelatin and albumin. In some embodiments, a vasoconstriction agent is added to the formulation.

[0192] The vaccine can further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be functional molecules as vehicles, adjuvants, carriers, or diluents. The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be a transfection facilitating agent, which can include surface active agents, such as immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freunds incomplete adjuvant, LPS analog including monophosphoryl lipid A, muramyl peptides, quinone analogs, vesicles such as squalene and squalene, hyaluronic acid, lipids, liposomes, calcium ions, viral proteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other known transfection facilitating agents.

[0193] The transfection facilitating agent is a polyanion, polycation, including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid. The transfection facilitating agent is poly-L-glutamate, and more preferably, the poly-L-glutamate is present in the vaccine at a concentration less than 6 mg/ml. The transfection facilitating agent can also include surface active agents such as immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS), Freunds incomplete adjuvant, LPS analog including monophosphoryl lipid A, muramyl peptides, quinone analogs and vesicles such as squalene and squalene, and hyaluronic acid can also be used administered in conjunction with the genetic construct. In some embodiments, the DNA vector vaccines can also include a transfection facilitating agent such as lipids, liposomes, including lecithin liposomes or other liposomes known in the art, as a DNA-liposome mixture (see for example WO9324640), calcium ions, viral proteins, polyanions, polycations, or nanoparticles, or other known transfection facilitating agents. Preferably, the transfection facilitating agent is a polyanion, polycation, including poly-L-glutamate (LGS), or lipid. Concentration of the transfection agent in the vaccine is less than 4 mg/ml, less than 2 mg/ml, less than 1 mg/ml, less than 0.750 mg/ml, less than 0.500 mg/ml, less than 0.250 mg/ml, less than 0.100 mg/ml, less than 0.050 mg/ml, or less than 0.010 mg/ml.

[0194] The pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be an adjuvant. The adjuvant can be other genes that are expressed in alternative plasmid or are delivered as proteins in combination with the plasmid above in the vaccine. The adjuvant can be selected from the group consisting of: α-interferon(IFN-α), β-interferon (IFN-β), γ-interferon, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ, GM-CSF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine (CTACK), epithelial thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK), mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC), IL-12, IL-15, MHC, CD80,CD86 including IL-15 having the signal sequence deleted and optionally including the signal peptide from IgE. The adjuvant can be IL-12, IL-15, IL-28, CTACK, TECK, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ, GM-CSF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, or a combination thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the adjuvant is IL-12.

[0195] Other genes which can be useful adjuvants include those encoding: MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1p, IL-8, RANTES, L-selectin, P-selectin, E-selectin, CD34, GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1, LFA-1, VLA-1, Mac-1, p150.95, PECAM, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, CD2, LFA-3, M-CSF, G-CSF, IL-4, mutant forms of IL-18, CD40, CD40L, vascular growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, IL-7, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, Fas, TNF receptor, Flt, Apo-1, p55, WSL-1, DR3, TRAMP, Apo-3, AIR, LARD, NGRF, DR4, DR5, KILLER, TRAIL-R2, TRICK2, DR6, Caspase ICE, Fos, c-jun, Sp-1, Ap-1, Ap-2, p38, p65Rel, MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6, IkB, Inactive NIK, SAP K, SAP-1, JNK, interferon response genes, NFkB, Bax, TRAIL, TRAILrec, TRAILrecDRC5, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4, RANK, RANK LIGAND, Ox40, Ox40 LIGAND, NKG2D, MICA, MICB, NKG2A, NKG2B, NKG2C, NKG2E, NKG2F, TAP1, TAP2 and functional fragments thereof.

[0196] f. Methods of Vaccine Delivery

[0197] Provided herein is a method for delivering the pharmaceutical formulations for providing genetic constructs and proteins of the HBV core protein and/or HBV surface antigen which comprise epitopes that make them particular effective immunogens against which an immune response to HBV viral infections can be induced. The method of delivering the vaccine, or vaccination, can be provided to induce a therapeutic and/or prophylactic immune response. The vaccination process can generate in the mammal an immune response against a plurality of HBV genotypes. The vaccine can be delivered to an individual to modulate the activity of the mammal's immune system and enhance the immune response. The delivery of the vaccine can be the transfection of the HA antigen as a nucleic acid molecule that is expressed in the cell and delivered to the surface of the cell upon which the immune system recognizes and induces a cellular, humoral, or cellular and humoral response. The delivery of the vaccine can be use to induce or elicit an immune response in mammals against a plurality of HBV viruses by administering to the mammals the vaccine as discussed herein.

[0198] Upon delivery of the vaccine to the mammal, and thereupon the vector into the cells of the mammal, the transfected cells will express and secrete consensus HBV core protein and consensus HBV surface antigen. These secreted proteins, or synthetic antigens, will be recognized as foreign by the immune system, which will mount an immune response that can include: antibodies made against the antigens, and T-cell response specifically against the antigen. In some examples, a mammal vaccinated with the vaccines discussed herein will have a primed immune system and when challenged with an HBV viral strain, the primed immune system will allow for rapid clearing of subsequent HBV viruses, whether through the humoral, cellular, or both. The vaccine can be delivered to an individual to modulate the activity of the individual's immune system thereby enhancing the immune response.

[0199] Methods of delivering the DNA of a vaccine are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,036,006, both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

[0200] The vaccine can be administered to a mammal to elicit an immune response in a mammal. The mammal can be human, non-human primate, cow, pig, sheep, goat, antelope, bison, water buffalo, bovids, deer, hedgehogs, elephants, llama, alpaca, mice, rats, or chicken, and preferably human, cow, pig, or chicken.

[0201] g. Delivery of Vaccine with Adjuvants

[0202] The pharmaceutical compositions, preferably vaccines described herein, can be administered in combination with proteins or genes encoding adjuvants, which can include: α-interferon(IFN-α), β-interferon (IFN-β), γ-interferon, IL-12, IL-15, IL-28, CTACK, TECK, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), TNFα, TNFβ, GM-CSF, epidermal growth factor (EGF), IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, MCP-1, MIP-1a, MIP-1p, IL-8, RANTES, L-selectin, P-selectin, E-selectin, CD34, GlyCAM-1, MadCAM-1, LFA-1, VLA-1, Mac-1, p150.95, PECAM, ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, CD2, LFA-3, M-CSF, G-CSF, IL-4, mutant forms of IL-18, CD40, CD40L, vascular growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, IL-7, nerve growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, Fas, TNF receptor, Flt, Apo-1, p55, WSL-1, DR3, TRAMP, Apo-3, AIR, LARD, NGRF, DR4, DR5, KILLER, TRAIL-R2, TRICK2, DR6, Caspase ICE, Fos, c-jun, Sp-1, Ap-1, Ap-2, p38, p65Rel, MyD88, IRAK, TRAF6, IkB, Inactive NIK, SAP K, SAP-1, JNK, interferon response genes, NFkB, Bax, TRAIL, TRAILrec, TRAILrecDRC5, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4, RANK, RANK LIGAND, Ox40, Ox40 LIGAND, NKG2D, MICA, MICB, NKG2A, NKG2B, NKG2C, NKG2E, NKG2F, TAP1, or TAP2, or functional fragments thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the adjuvant is IL-12.

[0203] h. Method of Generating an Immune Response with the Vaccine

[0204] The vaccine can be used to generate an immune response in a mammal, including therapeutic or prophylactic immune response. The immune response can generate antibodies and/or killer T cells which are directed to the HBV core antigen, HBV surface antigen, or the combination thereof. Such antibodies and T cells can be isolated.

[0205] Some embodiments provide methods of generating immune responses against HBV core proteins, HBV surface antigen proteins, and the combination thereof, which comprise administering to an individual the vaccine. Some embodiments provide methods of prophylactically vaccinating an individual against HBV infection, which comprise administering the vaccine. Some embodiments provide methods of therapeutically vaccinating an individual that has been infected with HBV, which comprise administering the vaccine. Diagnosis of HBV infection prior to administration of the vaccine can be done routinely.

[0206] i. Method of Treatment with the Vaccine

[0207] The vaccine can be used to generate an immune response in a mammal that is protective of the liver. The immune response can generate an antigen-specific CTL response that does not cause damage to or inflammation of the liver. In some embodiments, the vaccine can be delivered to the periphery to establish an antigen-specific immune response targeting the liver to clear or eliminate HBV infected cells without damaging or causing inflammation of the liver. In some embodiments, treatment can include delivery of a vaccine comprising an HBV consensus core antigen to the periphery to establish an antigen-specific immune response targeting the liver to clear or eliminate HBV infected cells without causing damage to or inflammation of the liver.

[0208] The vaccine or pharmaceutical composition can be administered by different routes including orally, parenterally, sublingually, transdermally, rectally, transmucosally, topically, via inhalation, via buccal administration, intrapleurally, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intranasal intrathecal, and intraarticular or combinations thereof. For veterinary use, the composition can be administered as a suitably acceptable formulation in accordance with normal veterinary practice. The veterinarian can readily determine the dosing regimen and route of administration that is most appropriate for a particular animal. The vaccine can be administered by traditional syringes, needleless injection devices, “microprojectile bombardment gone guns”, or other physical methods such as electroporation (“EP”), “hydrodynamic method”, or ultrasound.

[0209] The vector of the vaccine can be delivered to the mammal by several well known technologies including DNA injection (also referred to as DNA vaccination) with and without in vivo electroporation, liposome mediated, nanoparticle facilitated, recombinant vectors such as recombinant adenovirus, recombinant adenovirus associated virus and recombinant vaccinia. The HBV antigen can be delivered via DNA injection and along with in vivo electroporation.

a. Electroporation

[0210] The vaccine or pharmaceutical composition can be administered by electroporation. Administration of the vaccine via electroporation can be accomplished using electroporation devices that can be configured to deliver to a desired tissue of a mammal a pulse of energy effective to cause reversible pores to form in cell membranes, and preferable the pulse of energy is a constant current similar to a preset current input by a user. The electroporation device can comprise an electroporation component and an electrode assembly or handle assembly. The electroporation component can include and incorporate one or more of the various elements of the electroporation devices, including: controller, current waveform generator, impedance tester, waveform logger, input element, status reporting element, communication port, memory component, power source, and power switch. The electroporation can be accomplished using an in vivo electroporation device, for example CELLECTRA® EP system (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, Pa.) or Elgen electroporator (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) to facilitate transfection of cells by the plasmid.

[0211] Examples of electroporation devices and electroporation methods that can facilitate delivery of the DNA vaccines of the present invention, include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963 by Draghia-Akli, et al., U.S. Patent Pub. 2005/0052630 submitted by Smith, et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Other electroporation devices and electroporation methods that can be used for facilitating delivery of the DNA vaccines include those provided in co-pending and co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/874,072, filed Oct. 17, 2007, which claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Applications Ser. Nos. 60/852,149, filed Oct. 17, 2006, and 60/978,982, filed Oct. 10, 2007, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.

[0212] U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963 by Draghia-Akli, et al. describes modular electrode systems and their use for facilitating the introduction of a biomolecule into cells of a selected tissue in a body or plant. The modular electrode systems can comprise a plurality of needle electrodes; a hypodermic needle; an electrical connector that provides a conductive link from a programmable constant-current pulse controller to the plurality of needle electrodes; and a power source. An operator can grasp the plurality of needle electrodes that are mounted on a support structure and firmly insert them into the selected tissue in a body or plant. The biomolecules are then delivered via the hypodermic needle into the selected tissue. The programmable constant-current pulse controller is activated and constant-current electrical pulse is applied to the plurality of needle electrodes. The applied constant-current electrical pulse facilitates the introduction of the biomolecule into the cell between the plurality of electrodes. The entire content of U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963 is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0213] U.S. Patent Pub. 2005/0052630 submitted by Smith, et al. describes an electroporation device which can be used to effectively facilitate the introduction of a biomolecule into cells of a selected tissue in a body or plant. The electroporation device comprises an electro-kinetic device (“EKD device”) whose operation is specified by software or firmware. The EKD device produces a series of programmable constant-current pulse patterns between electrodes in an array based on user control and input of the pulse parameters, and allows the storage and acquisition of current waveform data. The electroporation device also comprises a replaceable electrode disk having an array of needle electrodes, a central injection channel for an injection needle, and a removable guide disk. The entire content of U.S. Patent Pub. 2005/0052630 is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0214] The electrode arrays and methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963 and U.S. Patent Pub. 2005/0052630 can be adapted for deep penetration into not only tissues such as muscle, but also other tissues or organs. Because of the configuration of the electrode array, the injection needle (to deliver the biomolecule of choice) is also inserted completely into the target organ, and the injection is administered perpendicular to the target issue, in the area that is pre-delineated by the electrodes. The electrodes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,963 and U.S. Patent Pub. 2005/005263 are preferably 20 mm long and 21 gauge.

[0215] Additionally, contemplated in some embodiments that incorporate electroporation devices and uses thereof, there are electroporation devices that are those described in the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,525 issued Dec. 28, 1993, U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,161 issued Aug. 29, 2000, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,281 issued Jul. 17, 2001, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,060 issued Oct. 25, 2005, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,939,862 issued Sep. 6, 2005. Furthermore, patents covering subject matter provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,697,669 issued Feb. 24, 2004, which concerns delivery of DNA using any of a variety of devices, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,328,064 issued Feb. 5, 2008, drawn to method of injecting DNA are contemplated herein. The above-patents are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0216] Provided herein are methods for preparing the DNA plasmids that comprise the vaccines discussed herein. The DNA plasmids, after the final subcloning step into the mammalian expression plasmid, can be used to inoculate a cell culture in a large scale fermentation tank, using known methods in the art.

[0217] The DNA plasmids for use with the EP devices of the present invention can be formulated or manufactured using a combination of known devices and techniques, but preferably they are manufactured using an optimized plasmid manufacturing technique that is described in a US published application no. 20090004716, which was filed on May 23, 2007. In some examples, the DNA plasmids used in these studies can be formulated at concentrations greater than or equal to 10 mg/mL. The manufacturing techniques also include or incorporate various devices and protocols that are commonly known to those of ordinary skill in the art, in addition to those described in U.S. Ser. No. 60/939,792, including those described in a licensed patent, U.S. Pat. No. 7,238,522, which issued on Jul. 3, 2007. The above-referenced application and patent, U.S. Ser. No. 60/939,792 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,238,522, respectively, are hereby incorporated in their entirety.

[0218] The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples. It should be understood that these examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, is given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and the examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

[0219] A consensus HBV core protein, also referred to as HBV modified or M-core construct, was designed from epitope sequences from HBV genotypes A, B, C, D and E. HBV core protein sequences from these genotypes were selected for inclusion in a construction of a consensus core that would induce immunity against a broad range of genotypes, thus providing a universal vaccine for HBV. In some embodiments, modifications of the M-core construct included addition of an IgE leader sequence. In some embodiments, the M-core protein is encoded using codon optimization and RNA optimization for enhanced expression.

[0220] An HBV genotype A, B, C, D, and E Core consensus nucleotide sequence was constructed by generating consensus sequences of core genes for each genotype and then generating a consensus sequence of all five genotype consensuses, thus a bias toward heavily sequenced genotypes was avoided. Additionally, the sequences were collected from different countries to avoid sampling bias towards heavily sequenced genotypes. The sequences were aligned using clustal X software to develop the final HBcAg consensus sequence. As shown in FIG. 10, there was an observed relative closeness of the multi-genotype consensus HBcAg sequence to all sampled sequences from different genotypes.

[0221] After the consensus sequence was generated, several modifications were performed to increase the antigen expression levels from plasmids. Particularly, a highly efficient IgE leader sequence and a C-terminal HA tag were added, and the construct was RNA and codon optimized. This resulted in a nucleic acid sequence encoding M-core sequence with IgE leader and HA Tag (SEQ ID NO:5), which was digested with EcoRI and NotI, and cloned into the expression vector pVAX (Invitrogen) under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter. The resulting construct was then named as pMCore (SEQ ID NO:17).

[0222] In vitro expression tests were done using the pMcore construct and pVAX, which was used as a control. The results showing positive expression are depicted in the gel images shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B.

[0223] Additionally, the HBcAg protein was expressed by transfecting pMCore DNA plasmid containing the core gene of hepatitis B (FIG. 12). Expression of pMCore was detected using TNT® Quick Coupled Expression of Transcription/Translation System containing ³⁵S-methionine (Promega, Madison, Wis.). The synthesized gene product was immuno-precipitated using an anti-HA monoclonal antibody targeting an encoded HA epitope, Clone HA-7 (Sigma-Aldrich). The immuno-precipitated protein was electrophoresed on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel and subsequently fixed and dried. The synthesized protein with incorporation of radioactive ³⁵S was detected by autoradiography. This in vitro translation assay on lysate showed detectable HBcAg at an expected molecular weight of 28 kDa (FIG. 13).

[0224] The expression was further confirmed using anti-HA tagged monoclonal antibody by immunofluorescent assay. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell lines were transfected with pMCore using TURBOFECT (Thermo Scientific) according to the manufacturer's guidelines. The cells were first fixed with 2% formaldehyde and then assayed for protein expression. The fixed cells were incubated with rabbit monoclonal HA tag (Invitrogen) diluted in ‘primary standard solution’ (0.1% BSA, 0.2% saponin, 0.02% sodium azide) for an hours at room temperature. The cells were subsequently incubated with DyLight 594-labeled anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Thermo Scientific) for 20 minutes at room temperature. Confocal imaging was used to visualize HBcAg in the cytoplasm and around the nucleus of transfected RD cells as shown in FIG. 14. The expression pattern confirmed that a DNA plasmid carrying the consensus core gene could be highly expressed in different cells in vitro. Specifically, images were obtained using a Zeiss Axiovert 100 inverted confocal microscope. Analysis and quantification of florescence intensities were conducted using Image J software (NIH, Rockville, Md.).

[0225] C57BL/6 transgenic mice were separated into two groups of four mice each and using electroporation immunized three times with 20 μg DNA at biweekly intervals (group 1-pVAX vector control; group 2 pM-core). Mice were immunized on Day 0, Day 14, Day 28 and sacrificed on Day 35. Spleens, liver and sera were harvested from sacrificed the animals.

[0226] Additionally, and to evaluate the generation of T and B cell immune responses, Balb/c mice were immunized and measured for both responses in various peripheral tissues. Mice received three intramuscular immunizations of 30 μg of pMcore or pVax followed by electroporation as depicted in the immunization scheme (FIG. 15). Particularly, six to eight week old female Balb/c mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories. Animals were maintained in accordance with the National Institutes of Health and the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. For DNA immunization studies, eight animals were divided into two groups. Each animal in the immunized group received a total of three immunizations of 30 μg of pMCore two weeks apart in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Each immunization was accompanied by in vivo electroporation with the CELLECTRA adaptive constant current electroporation device (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pa.). Two 0.2 Amp constant current square-wave pulses were delivered through a triangular 3-electrode array consisting of 26-gauge solid stainless steel electrodes completely inserted into muscle. Each pulse was 52 milliseconds in length with a 1 second delay between pulses.

[0227] In vivo studies of Balb/C mice strains indicated enhancement in the magnitude of secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interferon gamma T-cell (IFN-γ) and the CD107a in the CD8 and CD4 T-cells taken from the spleen. FIGS. 16 and 17 demonstrate that vaccination of Balb/C mice with pM-Core enhanced the magnitude of IFN-γ secretion in CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells from the spleens. FIGS. 18 and 19 demonstrate that vaccination of Balb/C mice with pM-Core enhanced the magnitude of TNF-α secretion in CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells from the spleens. FIGS. 20 and 21 demonstrate that vaccination of Balb/C mice with pM-Core enhanced the magnitude of CD 107a secretion in CD8+ and CD4+ T Cells from the spleens.

[0228] In additional experiments, IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion were examined in T cells. To harvest splenocytes for these additional experiments, mice were sacrificed one week after the last immunization and spleens were harvested and placed in R10 media (RPMI media supplemented with 10% FBS and 1× Antibiotic-Antimycotic). The spleens were individually crushed, strained with a 40 μM cell strainer, and treated with 1 mL ACK lysis buffer for 5 min to lysis erythrocytes. The splenocytes were resuspended in a complete R10 media and used for further immunological assays.

[0229] A subset of splenocytes was resuspended in R10 media at a concentration of 10⁷ per mL and 100 μL was plated onto a 96 well round bottom plate. 100 μL of media containing pMCore pooled peptides or 10 ng/ml PMA (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) and 500 ng/ml ionomycin (Calbiochem, Novabiochem, La Jolla, Calif., USA) mix as a positive control or 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) as a negative control. All wells contained 5 uL/mL of two protein transport inhibitors, brefeldin A (GolgiPlug) and monensin (Golgistop) (All from BD Bioscience). The cells were incubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 5 hours and stained with LIVE/DEAD Fixable Dead Cell Stain (invitrogen) for 10 min at 37° C. Extracellular staining was performed using antibodies specific to mouse CD3, CD4 and CD8. Splenocytes were then permeabilized and washed using BD CYTOFIX/CYTOPERM and PERM/WASH (BD Bioscience) respectively. Intracellular cytokines were then stained with antibodies to mouse Interferon-gamma and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.

[0230] Conjugated anti-mouse antibodies were used during the extracellular and intracellular staining including: CD3-Phycoerythrin/Cy7 (PE/Cy7), CD4-peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP), CD8-allophycocyanin (APC), IFN-γ-Alexa Fluor 700, TNF-a-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and IL-2-phycoerythryin cyanine (PE) (all from BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.).

[0231] The average HBcAg-specific IFN-γ T cell response induced was robust at 2000 (±210) SFU per million splenocytes. Interestingly, intracellular staining of stimulated splenocytes revealed that both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells produce almost the similar amount of antigen-specific IFN-γ, 0.74 and 0.94, respectively, but and different levels of TNF-α with about 0.3% and 1.5% of the CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells, respectively (FIG. 22). A similar trend was observed with cells that were double positive for both cytokines. There were lesser double positive CD4⁺ cells, about 0.2%, in the spleen than double positive CD8⁺ cells, which averages 0.7% (FIG. 23).

[0232] HBV specific T-cell migration to the liver was also demonstrated in animals administered the pM-Core DNA vaccine. Targeting HBV core antigen specific T cells with high frequency and effector function to the liver is an important goal for development of an HBV immune therapy. Following immunization, animals were sacrificed and their livers were removed and HBV specific effector T cell migration to the liver was determined. The results show that the pM-Core vaccine drives effector T cells to the liver in vivo. FIGS. 24 and 25 demonstrate interferon-γ T cell liver response, and FIGS. 26 and 27 demonstrate Tumor Necrosis Factor-α liver immune response, and the elevated response that results from vaccination with pM-Core.

[0233] The M-core consensus immunogen encoded by the pM-core DNA construct drives strong balanced CD4+/CD8+ T cell immune responses. Induced T cells traffic to the liver at high frequency and exhibit the correct effector phenotype for immune clearance post HBV infection supporting further development of this immune therapeutic vaccine.

[0234] The cytokine producing capabilities of intrahepatic antigen-specific T cells after DNA immunization was also examined. Each liver was perfused by directly injecting 1 mL of PBS into the hepatic vein of each mouse. Particularly, livers were harvested, crushed and resuspended in 5 mL of 44% isotonic percoll. The mixtures were underlied with 3 mL 66% isotonic percoll and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2000 rpm for gradient separation. Lymphocytes were collected and washed in 10 mL R10 and treated with ACK lysis buffer as necessary. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells isolated from the liver produce IFN-γ and TNF-α when stimulated in vitro with HBcAg peptide (FIGS. 28 and 29). While the CD4 T cells showed a high percentage of double producers, the CD8 showed little to no IFN-γ+TNF-α+ producing cells. Instead, a majority of the CD8 T cells produced only IFN-γ or TNF-α. An enrichment of HBcAg-specific CD4 T cells in the liver was observed, which was opposite to that of the spleen. The percent HBcAg-specific CD4 T double positive in the resting liver were comparable to that observed in the spleen. Moreover, peripheral CD8 T cells were confirmed to be better double producers than liver resident CD8 T cells. It was also observed that antibody-producing capabilities of liver resident B cells from immunized mice. Interestingly, the liver as a mucosal organ produced higher antigen-specific IgA than IgG (FIG. 30), an important observation that has not been previously been studied.

[0235] FIG. 31 shows Cellular Immune responses Induced by pM-Core using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. Splenocytes were stimulated with two pools of 15-mer peptides spanning the entire length of pMCore and over lapping by 8 amino acids. 200,000 splenocytes in R10 media were plated in a 96 well IFN-γ capture antibody (R&D system) coated plate and stimulated overnight in the presence of a specific peptide pool at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Cells were washed out and plates were incubated overnight with biotinylated anti-mouse IFN-γ detection antibody (R&D system). Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3′-indolylphosphate p-toluidine salt and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride were subsequently used to develop spots. Spots were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader (CTL Limited). As shown in FIG. 31, immunization with pMCore could induce strong cellular immune responses. Although, the dominant epitopes are yet to be mapped, it was clear from the data that the dominant epitopes were biased towards peptide pool 2. The average HBcAg-specific IFN-γ T cell responses were about 2000 (±210) SFU per million splenocytes.

[0236] The ELISPOT assay was used to further examine IFN-γ. Particularly, splenocytes were stimulated with two pools of 15-mer peptides spanning the entire length of HBcAg and over lapping by 8 amino acids. There were 33 total individual peptides, which were pooled randomly with the first 17 peptides going into pool 1 and last 16 in pool 2. The IgELs and HA tag were excluded to make the peptide as close to the natural antigen as possible. 200,000 splenocytes in R10 media were plated in a 96 well IFN-γ capture antibody (R&D system) coated plate and stimulated overnight in the presence of a specific peptide pool at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. Cells were washed out and plates were incubated overnight with biotinylated anti-mouse IFN-γ detection antibody (R&D system). Streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3′-indolylphosphate p-toluidine salt and nitro blue tetrazolium chloride were subsequently used to develop spots. Spots were counted using an automated ELISPOT reader (CTL Limited). It was observed that one week after the final immunization, pMCore immunized mice showed evidence of strong HBcAg T cell responses as identified by the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay following ex vivo stimulation. FIG. 32 clearly showed the dominant epitopes are biased towards peptide pool 2.

[0237] In vivo cytotoxicity assay studies were performed using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling combined with flow cytometry. Cell division at among cells of cell populations we assessed. Splenocytes were isolated from naïve mice and divided into two populations. One population, CFSE high labeled, was pulsed with relevant peptide (e.g. HBV core peptides). The other population, CFSE low labeled, was pulsed with irrelevant peptide (e.g. HCV NS3 peptides). The labeled, peptide treated cells were combined and used in adoptive transfer experiments in which flow analysis was performed. The combined populations of treated, labeled target cells were administered to two groups of mice, a control group and an immunized group. Splenocytes were isolated from each group of mice and samples were run on a flow cytometer. The amount of CFSE was measured. Typically, in such experiments, two peaks form, the first being the irrelevant peptide; the second being the immunizing peptide in the peak indicating greater CFSE.

[0238] FIG. 33 demonstrate that CD8 T cell induced by vaccination can specifically eliminate target cells in vivo. The results demonstrate that samples of spleen and liver from naïve mice contained nearly equal amounts of cells which were in the irrelevant peptide and relevant peptide peaks while the results clearly showed that among immunized groups, the peaks for cells derived from those pulsed with the relevant peptide were significantly less than irrelevant peptide. These data demonstrate that target cells treated with the HBV peptide were specifically eliminated in mice immunized with the HBV vaccine but not in the non-immunized mice. Any elimination of target cells treated with the irrelevant peptide, if it occurred at all, was the same in mice immunized with the HBV vaccine and the non-immunized mice and significantly less than elimination of target cells treated with the HBV peptide.

[0239] The ability of HBV-specific CD8 T cells induced after DNA immunization to specifically eliminate target cells in vivo was further examined. Human CTLs that target the core antigen are important in acute clearance of HBV versus chronic infection. One week after the final immunization, 4 mice from each of the two groups, pVax or pMCore immunized, were adoptively transferred with target splenocytes that had either been pulsed with HBcAg (relevant) or HCV-NS3/4A (irrelevant) peptides. Briefly, splenocytes from naïve mice were stained with either 1 μM or 1 nM CFDA SE (invitrogen). The labeled splenocytes were then coated with indicated peptides (1 μM) and 10⁷ cells of each population intravenously injected into naïve or immunized mice. After 24 or 90 hours cells from the spleen and liver were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The percent killing was calculated as follows: 100−([(% relevant peptide pulsed in infected/% irrelevant peptide pulsed in infected)/(% peptide pulsed in uninfected/% irrelevant peptide pulsed in uninfected)]×100). By gating on CFSE labeled splenocytes to track killing, it was observed that the pMCore vaccinated mice were able to induce strong specific killing of antigen-pulsed target cells as shown in FIG. 34. Average percent killing observed in the spleen was about 83% while the average in the liver was 76%, showing that vaccine-induced CTLs that migrate to and are retained in the liver are capable of killing HBV peptide pulsed target cells. This was the first study to show induction of HBcAg-specific CTL responses in the liver, by any method and specifically by systemic immunization. This data provided evidence that peripheral immunization can induce effector cells that can migrate to the liver and lyses target cells.

[0240] FIG. 35 shows the data collected from the T cell Proliferation Assay using CFSE labeling. Percent proliferation of CD3+CD4+ cells and CD3+CD8+ treated with pVax vector (control) or with plasmid pMCore which expresses HBV M-core were compared. Briefly, the isolated splenocytes were stained with the carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) Cell Tracer Kit (Invitrogen) per the manufacturer's instructions. Stained cells were washed three times with saline and stimulated with the pMCore-specific overlapping peptides. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 96 hours. After 48 hours, 50% of the culture media were removed and replaced with fresh R10. At day 4, cells were harvested and stained with CD3, CD4 and CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies (BD Pharmingen). Cells were fixed with PBS with 1% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) and acquired on a FACScalibur (Becton Dickinson). The data were analyses using FlowJo program. CFSE low and CFSE medium population was considered as proliferated cells. As shown in FIG. 35, the CD3+CD8+ T cells isolated from the spleen proliferated more compared to the CD3+CD4+ T cells.

[0241] Further experiments with the T cell proliferation assay also used CFSE labeling. Particularly, isolated splenocytes were stained with the carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFDA-SE) Cell Tracer Kit (Invitrogen) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Stained cells were washed three times with saline and plated in a 96-well U-bottomed plate in a total volume of 200 μL of media containing HBcAg pooled peptides at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 96 hours. After 48 hours, 50% of the culture media were removed and replaced with fresh R10. The difference in the cytokine production between both CD4 and CD8 T cells as discussed above was comparable to their ultimate proliferation capacity. After 4 days of stimulation with antigen specific peptides, the CD8⁺T cells proliferated more than 2 fold higher than the CD4⁺ cells (FIG. 36) demonstrate a clear CD8 T cell bias in the response.

[0242] FIGS. 37A and 37B are ELISA data showing a comparison of anti-HBV core antibody in serial dilution of sera from animals treated with pVax vector (control) or with plasmid pMCore which expresses HBV M-core. Briefly, high-binding ELISA plates (Costar, Corning, N.Y.) were coated with 1 μg/ml HBcAg protein in PBS, at 4° C. for 24 h and then were washed with PBS-Tween and blocked with PBS containing 1% BSA for 2 h at room temperature. Serially diluted serum samples were added to the wells and incubated for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, bound serum Antibody was revealed by HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG (FIG. 37A) or IgA (FIG. 37B). The peroxidase-conjugated Abs were detected using tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich) as the substrate, and OD at 450 nm was measured with the Multiscan ELISA Plate Reader. The antigen-specific humoral response in sera collected from immunized mice were observed.

[0243] To further explore the immune response induced in pMCore-immunized mice, antigen-specific IgG and IgA responses were analyzed by B cell ELISpot as well as in ELISA using splenocytes and sera, respectively, collected following vaccination. Splenocytes were isolated and purified as described above. For the ELISAs, high-binding ELISA plates (Costar, Corning, N.Y.) were coated with 1 μg/ml HBcAg protein in PBS, at 4° C. for 24 hours and then were washed with 0.1% PBS-Tween then and blocked with PBS containing 1% BSA for 2 hours at room temperature. Serially diluted serum samples were added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. After washing, bound serum Antibody was revealed by HRP-labeled goat anti-mouse IgA or IgG. The peroxidase-conjugated antibodies were detected using tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma-Aldrich) as the substrate, and OD values at 450 nm were measured with the Multiscan ELISA Plate Reader. A high IgG and IgA titer was observed in the sera of immunized mice when compared to control animals (FIG. 38). B cell ELISpot from immunized mice (FIG. 39) demonstrate HBcAg-specific IgG and IgA at approximately 200 SFU and 100 SFU per million cells, respectively. This illustrated activation of the B cell compartment by immunization with pMCore. The synthetic HBcAg plasmid effectively induced antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses after 3 immunizations.

[0244] FIG. 40 demonstrates percent TNF-α and IFN-γ from CD4+ and CD8+ spleen and liver cells.

[0245] In the absence of a small animal model for HBV, HBcAg was used to transiently transfect mouse liver through hydrodynamic injection. Immunized mice liver were either transfected with pMCore or HCV NS3/4A. Immunohistochemistry staining three days post transfection showed clearance of HBcAg-transfected hepatocytes as compared to the NS3/4A-transfected ones. ALT levels in sera were measured to ensure that the clearance induced by the immunized mice did not cause any liver damage. Results in FIG. 41 showed clearance induced by the immunized mice did not cause any liver damage.

[0246] Direct hydrodynamic injection was also used to transiently transfect mouse liver. Here, immunized or naive mouse livers were either transfected with pMCore or an irrelevant plasmid encoding hepatitis C antigens (HCV NS3/4A). Briefly, immunized mice were injected intravenously with 100 μg of plasmid in 2 mL (about 10% volume of the mouse weight) of Ringers solution within a period of 7 seconds to transiently transfect the liver. The expression or clearance of the plasmid was determined by staining the liver with anti-HA monoclonal antibodies. Immunohistochemistry staining three days post transfection (FIG. 42) showed clearance of HBcAg-transfected hepatocytes as compared to the NS3/4A-transfected animal livers. CD8 T cells isolated from the pMCore hydrodynamic injected mice in FIG. 43 showed a higher frequency of IFN-γ⁺ CD107a⁺, a marker of degranulation, as compared to immunized animals livers transfected with the irrelevant plasmid.

[0247] Since the clearance of pMCore-transfected hepatocytes seems to involve degranulation, it was considered that the killing may lead to liver damage. To examine if immunized mice were able to clear the transfected hepatocytes without inducing significant liver damage, an assay measuring the activity of the enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was used to indicate the presence of liver damage when elevated enzyme levels were in the sera (FIG. 44). Particularly, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was measured using an absorbance-based assay (Stanbio Laboratory) on a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader. Results are reported as units per liter (U/L) and represent the amount of enzyme that oxidizes one μmol/L of NADH per minute. These studies showed that the specific clearance of HBcAg-transfected hepatocytes did not increase ALT levels in transfected immunized animals beyond the normal range of 5-30 U/L (FIG. 44).

[0248] Consensus HBV surface proteins were designed from epitope sequences from primary isolates of HBV genotype A such that the resulting consensus protein had sequence identities of 94.2 percent to 99.8 percent with the surface proteins of HBV genotype A primary isolates. Particularly, two versions of such a consensus protein were designed (FIG. 4). One included the S protein and is also referred to as SHBs-A, in which SEQ ID NO:13 is the nucleic acid sequence and SEQ ID NO:14 is the amino acid sequence. The second included S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S 1 and is also referred to as LHBs-A, in which SEQ ID NO:9 is the nucleic acid sequence and SEQ ID NO:10 is the amino acid sequence.

[0249] Consensus HBV surface proteins were also designed from epitope sequences from primary isolates of HBV genotype C such that the resulting consensus protein had sequence identities of 96.5 percent to 99.8 percent with the surface proteins of HBV genotype C primary isolates. Particularly, two versions of such a consensus protein were designed (FIG. 4). One included S protein and is also referred to as SHBs-C, in which SEQ ID NO:15 is the nucleic acid sequence and SEQ ID NO:16 is the amino acid sequence. The second included S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S 1 and is also referred to LHBs-C, in which SEQ ID NO:11 is the nucleic acid sequence and SEQ ID NO:12 is the amino acid sequence.

[0250] For the above consensus HBV surface antigens, endoproteolytic cleavage sites were introduced into the consensus HBV surface antigens to provide for proper protein folding and better CTL processing (FIG. 3). The codon usage in the consensus HBV surface antigens was modified to reflect the codon bias of human genes. Additionally, regions of very high (e.g., greater than 80 percent) or very low (e.g., less than 30 percent) GC content were avoided, as where cis-acting motifs such as internal TATA-boxes, repetitive sequences, and structured sequences. A Kozak sequence was introduced into the consensus HBV surface antigens to increase translational initiation and an IgE leader sequence was added to increase protein expression (FIG. 3).

[0251] The consensus HBV surface antigens SHBs-A, LHBs-A, SHBs-C, and LHBs-C were cloned into an expression vector to yield the constructs pSHb A, pLHb A, pSHb C, and pLHb C, respectively (FIG. 4).

[0252] Rhesus Macaques monkeys were placed in groups, in which each group had 5 monkeys. One group was administered via intramuscular (IM) delivery a vaccine including 1.0 mg of each of the constructs pMCore, pSHb A, and pSHb C; this group is referred to as the ‘small’ group. A second group was administered via IM delivery a vaccine including 1.0 mg of each of the constructs pMCore, pLHb A, and pLHb C; this group is referred to as the ‘long’ group. A third group was administered via IM delivery a vaccine including 1.0 mg of each of the constructs pMCore, pLHb A, and pLHb C, and 0.4 mg of prhIL-12; this group is referred to as the ‘long+IL-12’ group. The construct prhIL-12 encodes the Rhesus macaque IL-12 protein. Particularly, monkeys in the small, long, and long+IL-12 groups were immunized with the respective vaccines at week 0, week 4, and week 12. Samples were harvested from the monkeys prior to immunization at week 0 and also after each immunization (i.e., after weeks 0, 4, and 12).

[0253] FIGS. 45-48 show the cellular immune responses induced by vaccines administered to the small, long, and long+IL-12 groups. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay was utilized to determine the cellular immune responses as detailed above in Example 1. As depicted in FIGS. 45-48, the T-cell response was boosted with each vaccination. However, the HBV core antigen was more immunogenic than HBV surface antigen A and HBV surface antigen C. The data also demonstrates that longer consensus HBV surface antigen (i.e., includes S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S1) is as immunogenic as the smaller consensus HBV surface antigen (i.e., includes S protein).

[0254] Similar to FIGS. 45-48, FIG. 49 shows the cellular immune responses induced by vaccines administered to the small, long, and long+IL-12 groups as measured by the ELISPOT assay, however, different pools of peptides covering the core antigen, surface antigen A, and surface antigen C were examined. Again, the T-cell response was boosted with each vaccination, the addition of IL-12 enhanced the cellular immune response, and the long and short consensus HBV surface antigens were similarly immunogenic.

[0255] FIG. 50 shows ELISA data comparing anti-HBV antibody responses for the small, long, and long+IL-12 groups. ELISA's were performed as detailed above in Example 1. Antigen-specific humoral responses in sera collected from the immunized monkeys were observed. Particularly, the vaccines including the long consensus surface antigen (i.e., S protein, pre-S2, and pre-S1 has a better antibody response, which can be due to the extra epitopes present in the vaccine.

[0256] FIG. 51 shows ELISA data comparing anti-HBV antibody responses for the long+IL-12 group prior to immunization (prevac) and after immunization at week 0, week 4, and week 12 (i.e., post 1^st, post 2^nd, and post 3^rd, respectively). ELISAs were performed as described above in Example 1. The data in FIG. 51 demonstrated that 2 immunizations or doses are required for measurable antibody production. Furthermore, a significant boost in the anti-HBV antibody response was observed after the third immunization or dose.

[0257] Similar to the experiments with mice in Example 2, splenocytes will be isolated from the immunized Rhesus monkeys of Example 2 to examine the levels of INF-γ and TNF-α secretion in response to administration of the combination of consensus core and consensus surface antigens. It will be determined if the CD8 and CD4 T cells of the immunized monkeys from Example 2 have similar characteristics as the mouse CD8 and CD4 T cells studied in Example 1.

[0258] CD8 and CD4 T-cells will be taken from the spleens of the Rhesus monkeys of Example 2. The CD8 and CD4 T-cells will be studied via polyfunctional and phenotypic flow analysis to examine the secretion of tumor necrosis factor, interferon gamma, and CD107a from these CD8 and CD4 T-cells.

[0259] The Rhesus monkeys of Example 2 will be used in a post-vaccination killing assay.