GEOLOCATION-BASED PICTOGRAPHS

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/052,405, entitled “GEOLOCATION-BASED PICTOGRAPHS,” filed Sep. 18, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to mobile computing technology and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to geolocation-based pictographs.

[0003] Emojis are a popular form of expression in digital communications. As a result of this popularity, there is an ever-increasing variety of emojis for countless expressions. Choosing a particular emoji among such a variety can become challenging for users. Selecting an emoji from a static list that provides an overwhelming number of choices can be a slow and frustrating experience for users.

[0025] The headings provided herein are merely for convenience and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the terms used.

[0026] The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques, instruction sequences, and computing machine program products that embody illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide an understanding of various embodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be evident, however, to those skilled in the art, that embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. In general, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniques are not necessarily shown in detail.

[0027] Person to person communication via text-based messages (which, for purposes of the examples described herein, can include video or image-based messages) can often lead to miscommunication as gestures, vocal intonation, facial expressions, and body language are absent from such communications. For instance, a recipient of a text-based communication can misinterpret or inject an emotional connotation perhaps not intended by a sender of the communication (e.g., a sarcastic message being interpreted as terse). Emoticons (also referred to as emojis) are expressive images, ideograms, or pictographs used to convey an emotion or other connotation in association with a variety of communications. Emojis are increasingly being used in text-based communication mediums to enhance and supplement text-based communication. In some instances, emojis are used to promote products or services (e.g., an emoji that references or alludes to a product or service). As there are a vast number of emojis for a wide spectrum of expressions, selecting a suitable emoji for a particular occasion or to convey a particular sentiment can be difficult. Current embodiments contemplate the use of emojis in any form of visual communication or message, including, e.g., video or picture-based communications. For example, any of the current concepts may be utilized with or added as annotations or overlays to an image, picture or video.

[0028] To assist a user in identifying a suitable emoji or to provide the user access to an exclusive emoji, in various embodiments, pictographs are identified (i.e., selected from a predetermined list) based on a current geolocation of a user device (herein, geolocation-based emojis are also referred to as geomojis). In an embodiment, a third party entity (e.g., a company, organization, or individual) configures a geomoji by providing a custom pictograph, a geographic indication (described below), and other geomoji configuration data (e.g., rules or criteria for providing access to or restricting access from a particular geomoji). For example, the third party entity generates a custom pictograph (e.g., a graphical symbol or animation) and provides a geographic indication corresponding to the custom pictograph. The geographic indication comprises a particular geolocation, geo-fence parameters (virtual boundaries or perimeters corresponding to a physical geographic location), or other geographic indicators.

[0029] In a specific example, a local coffee shop creates a custom pictograph that illustrates their products or services (e.g., an image of a coffee mug including the local coffee shop logo or an animation of steam rising from a coffee mug). The local coffee shop uploads or submits the custom pictograph along with the geographic indication (e.g., a specified geolocation that is a real-world physical location of the local coffee shop) to a geolocation pictograph system.

[0030] Once the geomoji is configured by the third party entity (e.g., the local coffee shop), a user (e.g., a coffee shop patron) may access the geomoji in the following manner. The user device sends in real time a request for a relevant pictograph to a geomoji server. The request includes a current geolocation of the user device (e.g., as determined by a Global Positioning System (GPS) component of the mobile device). In response to the request, the geomoji server identifies the custom pictograph (e.g., the coffee mug including the local coffee shop logo) based on the current geolocation of the user device and the geographic indication (in this example, a specified geolocation provided by the local coffee shop). For instance, if the current geolocation of the user device is within a distance of the specified geolocation provided by the third party entity, the geomoji server communicates the custom pictograph to the user device or the user device is otherwise provided access to the custom pictograph (e.g., the custom pictograph is stored on the user device). Subsequently, the user device presents the custom pictograph on a user interface of the user device. For example, the user device includes, inserts, or embeds the custom pictograph into a virtual keyboard of the user device allowing the user of the user device to select the custom pictograph for a particular communication.

[0031] In some embodiments, the virtual keyboard is a portable virtual keyboard that can be used by third party applications of the user device. For instance, the portable virtual keyboard replaces or is an alternative to the default system keyboard of the user device and can be used in conjunction with the third party applications or system applications of the user device. In other words, the portable virtual keyboard can operate alongside third party applications of the user device and the third party applications can receive or access input generated at the portable virtual keyboard for use within the third party applications. The portable virtual keyboard can include standard text inputs (e.g., alphanumeric characters) and the custom pictograph of a particular geomoji. In this way, the third party applications of the user device can receive, access, or otherwise use geomojis via the portable virtual keyboard.

[0032] In some situations, the third party entity providing one or more specified geolocations for the custom pictograph can be difficult if there are many geolocations for the custom pictograph. Another difficulty that can arise is the specified geolocation becoming outdated (e.g., a business changes location). This particular difficulty can become more pronounced when dealing with a large number of geolocations such as in a situation with a particular geomoji for a large franchise with many locations.

[0033] To mitigate these difficulties, consistent with some embodiments, the third party entity can provide the geographic indication that includes a geo-identifier other than a particular geolocation. For example, the geographic indication can include a specified entity name (e.g., a business name), a specified geolocation type (e.g., a historical landmark, a soccer field, or an educational institution), or another geo-identifier operable to identify a particular geolocation. In these embodiments, a geospatial data service, hosted by the geomoji server or a third party server (e.g., a third party server that maintains a frequently updated geospatial database), provides information in response to a geolocation-based query. For instance, the geomoji server or the user device queries the geospatial data service for information corresponding to the current geolocation of the user device. The geospatial data service provides information such as an entity name, a geolocation type, or other information corresponding to the current geolocation. The geomoji server compares the information provided by the geospatial data service with the geographic indication to identify the custom pictograph.

[0034] In a specific example, a large coffee shop franchise (e.g., STARBUCKS®), with thousands of locations, configures a geomoji with the geographic indication including the specified entity name. The geomoji server or the user device sends a geolocation-based query for a current entity name corresponding to the current geolocation of the user device to a third party server (e.g., a geospatial data service provided by a third party). After the third party server identifies the current entity name corresponding to the current location, the geomoji server matches the current entity name with the specified entity name to identify the custom pictograph.

[0035] These embodiments are similar to those described above regarding the geographic indication including the specified geolocation, but an intermediate identifier is employed to identify the custom pictograph based on the current geolocation. In this way, the third party entity can configure geomojis without explicitly providing geolocation data in the geomoji configuration data. This can be useful in situations where there are hundreds or thousands of geolocations corresponding to a particular entity and the same pictographs are to correspond to each of the geolocations. In further embodiments, a combination of different geographic indications can be used to identify one or more pictographs associated with the current geolocation.

[0036] FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a network system 100 having a client-server architecture configured for exchanging data over a network, according to one embodiment. For example, the network system 100 may be a messaging system where clients may communicate and exchange data within the network system 100. The data may pertain to various functions (e.g., sending and receiving text and media communication, determining geolocation, etc.) and aspects (e.g., publication of geomojis, management of geomojis, etc.) associated with the network system 100 and its users. Although illustrated herein as client-server architecture, other embodiments may include other network architectures, such as peer-to-peer or distributed network environments.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 1, the network system 100 may include a social messaging system 130. The social messaging system 130 is generally based on a three-tiered architecture, consisting of an interface layer 124, an application logic layer 126, and a data layer 128. As is understood by skilled artisans in the relevant computer and Internet-related arts, each module or engine shown in FIG. 1 represents a set of executable software instructions and the corresponding hardware (e.g., memory and processor) for executing the instructions. To avoid obscuring the inventive subject matter with unnecessary detail, various functional modules and engines that are not germane to conveying an understanding of the inventive subject matter have been omitted from FIG. 1. Of course, additional functional modules and engines may be used with a social messaging system, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, to facilitate additional functionality that is not specifically described herein. Furthermore, the various functional modules and engines depicted in FIG. 1 may reside on a single server computer, or may be distributed across several server computers in various arrangements. Moreover, although the social messaging system 130 is depicted in FIG. 1 as a three-tiered architecture, the inventive subject matter is by no means limited to such an architecture.

[0038] As shown in FIG. 1, the interface layer 124 consists of interface module(s) (e.g., a web server) 140, which receives requests from various client-computing devices and servers, such as client device(s) 110 executing client application(s) 112, and third party server(s) 120 executing third party application(s) 122. In response to received requests, the interface module(s) 140 communicates appropriate responses to requesting devices via a network 104. For example, the interface module(s) 140 can receive requests such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests, or other web-based, Application Programming Interface (API) requests.

[0039] The client device(s) 110 can execute conventional web browser applications or applications (also referred to as “apps”) that have been developed for a specific platform to include any of a wide variety of mobile computing devices and mobile-specific operating systems (e.g., IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® PHONE). In an example, the client device(s) 110 are executing the client application(s) 112. The client application(s) 112 can provide functionality to present information to a user 106 and communicate via the network 104 to exchange information with the social messaging system 130. Each of the client device(s) 110 can comprise a computing device that includes at least a display and communication capabilities with the network 104 to access the social messaging system 130. The client device(s) 110 comprise, but are not limited to, remote devices, work stations, computers, general purpose computers, Internet appliances, hand-held devices, wireless devices, portable devices, wearable computers, cellular or mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones, tablets, ultrabooks, netbooks, laptops, desktops, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, game consoles, set-top boxes, network PCs, mini-computers, and the like. One or more user(s) 106 can be a person, a machine, or other means of interacting with the client device(s) 110. In some embodiments, the user(s) 106 interact with the social messaging system 130 via the client device(s) 110. The user(s) 106 may not be part of the networked environment, but may be associated with the client device(s) 110.

[0040] As shown in FIG. 1, the data layer 128 has one or more database server(s) 132 that facilitate access to one or more information storage repositories or database(s) 134. The database(s) 134 are storage devices that store data such as member profile data, social graph data (e.g., relationships between members of the social messaging system 130), and other user data.

[0041] An individual can register with the social messaging system 130 to become a member of the social messaging system 130. Once registered, a member can form social network relationships (e.g., friends, followers, or contacts) on the social messaging system 130 and interact with a broad range of applications provided by the social messaging system 130.

[0042] The application logic layer 126 includes various application logic module(s) 150, which, in conjunction with the interface module(s) 140, generate various user interfaces with data retrieved from various data sources or data services in the data layer 128. Individual application logic module(s) 150 may be used to implement the functionality associated with various applications, services, and features of the social messaging system 130. For instance, a social messaging application can be implemented with one or more of the application logic module(s) 150. The social messaging application provides a messaging mechanism for users of the client device(s) 110 to send and receive messages that include text and media content such as pictures and video. The client device(s) 110 may access and view the messages from the social messaging application for a specified period of time (e.g., limited or unlimited). In an example, a particular message is accessible to a message recipient for a predefined duration (e.g., specified by a message sender) that begins when the particular message is first accessed. After the predefined duration elapses, the message is deleted and is no longer accessible to the message recipient. Of course, other applications and services may be separately embodied in their own application server module(s) 150.

[0043] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the social messaging system 130 includes a geolocation pictograph system 160. In various embodiments, the geolocation pictograph system 160 can be implemented as a standalone system and is not necessarily included in the social messaging system 130. The geolocation pictograph system 160 is shown to include a communication module 162, a presentation module 164, a geolocation module 166, a data module 168, a pictograph module 170, and a management module 172. All, or some, of the modules 162-172, communicate with each other, for example, via a network coupling, shared memory, and the like. Each module of modules 162-172 can be implemented as a single module, combined into other modules, or further subdivided into multiple modules. Other modules not pertinent to example embodiments can also be included, but are not shown.

[0044] The communication module 162 provides various communications functionality. For example, the communication module 162 receives configuration data for geomojis, such as pictograph data (e.g., an image file) and geographic indications (e.g., a particular latitude and longitude). The communication module 162 exchanges network communications with the database server(s) 132, the client device(s) 110, and the third party server(s) 120. The information retrieved by the communication module 162 includes data associated with the user (e.g., member profile data from an online account or social network service data) or other data to facilitate the functionality described herein.

[0045] The presentation module 164 provides various presentation and user interface functionality operable to interactively present and receive information to and from the user. For instance, the presentation module 164 can cause presentation of one or more pictographs on a user interface or in a display of a user device (e.g., include the one or more pictographs in a virtual keyboard user interface of the user device). In various embodiments, the presentation module 164 presents or causes presentation of information (e.g., visually displaying information on a screen, acoustic output, haptic feedback). Interactively presenting information is intended to include the exchange of information between a particular device and the user. The user may provide input to interact with the user interface in many possible manners, such as alphanumeric, point based (e.g., cursor), tactile, or other input (e.g., touch screen, tactile sensor, light sensor, infrared sensor, biometric sensor, microphone, gyroscope, accelerometer, or other sensors), and the like. The presentation module 164 provides many other user interfaces to facilitate functionality described herein. The term “presenting” as used herein is intended to include communicating information or instructions to a particular device that is operable to perform presentation based on the communicated information or instructions.

[0046] In various embodiments, the presentation module 164 generates and manages a portable virtual keyboard that can be used in conjunction with various third party applications of the user device. “Third party applications,” as used herein, are intended to include applications developed and provided by entities other than a provider or developer of the geolocation pictograph system 160. For example, the third party applications can include system applications (e.g., a text messaging application or note taking application pre-installed on the user device) or applications downloaded from an application store (e.g., GOOGLE® PLAY, APP STORE, or WINDOWS® STORE). In some embodiments, the user of the user device provides permission or otherwise enables the portable virtual keyboard to access various user device preferences, settings, data, or other features (e.g., allowing access to geolocation services of the user device).

[0047] The geolocation module 166 provides location services functionality such as receiving or determining the current geolocation of the client device(s) 110 in real time. The client device(s) 110 include position components such as location sensors (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitude sensors (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure, from which altitude can be derived), orientation sensors (e.g., magnetometers that provide magnetic field strength along the x, y, and z axes), and the like. The position components can provide data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, and a time stamp at a regular update rate (e.g., a sampling rate). The geolocation module 166 receives, monitors, or otherwise obtains geolocation data from the position components of the client device(s) 110. In other embodiments, the geolocation module 166 obtains or derives geolocation data of the client device(s) 110 using other location services such as Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, WI-FI® signal triangulation, BLUETOOTH® beacon signal detections that can indicate a particular location, and so forth.

[0048] The term “real-time data,” as used herein, is intended to include data associated with an event currently happening. For example, the geolocation module 166 receiving the current geolocation of the client device(s) 110 in real time includes a particular geolocation detected at the client device(s) 110 after a delay interval (e.g., due to transmission delay or other delays such as data being temporarily stored at an intermediate device). Thus, in some instances, receiving the current geolocation in real time is intended to include geolocations of the client device(s) 110 from the past. This discussion of real time applies equally throughout the specification in relation to other uses of the term “real time.”

[0049] The data module 168 provides various data functionality such as exchanging information with databases or servers. For example, the data module 168 accesses member profiles of the social messaging system 130 that include profile data from the database(s) 134 (e.g., social graph data of the user that indicates contact members of the user on the social messaging system 130 or another social messaging service). In another example, the data module 168 stores a user preference, a user setting, or other user data in the databases(s) 134. In some embodiments, the data module 168 exchanges information with the third party server(s) 120, the client device(s) 110, or other sources of information.

[0050] The pictograph module 170 provides functionality to identify one or more pictographs based on a geographic indication. For example, the pictograph module 170 identifies a pictograph by comparing a current geolocation of the client device(s) 110 to a specified geolocation corresponding to a pictograph. In this example, if the pictograph module 170 determines that the current geolocation of the client device(s) 110 is within a distance or within a perimeter (examples could include a city block, neighborhood, college campus, office complex, individual buildings, parks, and/or any regular or irregularly shaped area) of the specified geolocation, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph corresponding to the specified geolocation.

[0051] The management module 172 provides functionality for third party entities to submit geomojis. For example, the third party entities can submit geomoji configuration data to the management module 172 by inputting geomoji configuration data into a user interface configured to receive the geomoji configuration data. The management module 172 further allows the third party entities to submit a custom pictograph and the geographic indication corresponding to the custom pictograph, provide rules and criteria associated with the custom pictograph, make payments for use of the geolocation pictograph system 160, receive payments for revenue resulting from the custom pictographs submitted to the geolocation pictograph system 160, and so forth.

[0052] Referring now to FIG. 2, a diagram 200 illustrating an example of the geolocation pictograph system 160 providing pictographs corresponding to a current geolocation of a user device (e.g., the client device(s) 110) is shown. In the diagram 200, a map 202 represents a particular geographic area, such as Los Angeles. Geo-fences 204 are virtual boundaries or perimeters corresponding to physical geographic locations. A third party entity (e.g., a company, organization, or individual) provides geomoji configuration data, such as a particular geolocation, a pictograph for the particular geolocation, and other configuration data (e.g., rules or criteria such as a specifying a perimeter surrounding the particular geolocation) to the management module 172. In the example of the diagram 200, the geo-fences 204 are specified by the third party entity and correspond to specified pictographs. The geomoji configuration data is received at the management module 172 or the communication module 162 and stored by the data module 168 (e.g., in database(s) 134) for subsequent access.

[0053] A scene 206 illustrates an enlarged view of a particular geolocation represented in the map 202. The scene 206 includes a user 208, a geo-fence 210, and a merchant store 212. In the example of the diagram 200, the user 208 is going to the merchant store 212. As shown in a scene 214, the user 208 is operating a user device 216 (e.g., a geolocation enabled smart phone). As further illustrated in a scene 220, the user device 216 is displaying a user interface 222 including a message 224 and one or more pictographs 226. The user device 216 is communicatively coupled to the network 104 and the social messaging system 130 via a communication link 218 allowing for exchange of data between the geolocation pictograph system 160 and the user device 216.

[0054] The user device 216 may operatively detect the current geolocation via a positioning component such as a GPS component of the user device 216. The user device 216 periodically communicates geolocation data, as determined by the positioning component, to the geolocation pictograph system 160, to be received at the geolocation module 166, via the network 104. When the user device 216 is within the geo-fence 210, the pictograph module 170 of the geolocation pictograph system 160 identifies the custom pictograph corresponding to the geo-fence 210 as specified by the geomoji configuration data provided by the third party entity. That is to say, the pictograph module 170 provides the user device 216 with access to the custom pictograph corresponding to the geo-fence 210 when the pictograph module 170 determines that the user device 216 is within the geo-fence 210 perimeter.

[0055] In a specific example, the merchant store 212 is a coffee shop and the user 208 is a patron of the coffee shop. In this example, the user 208 is stopping by the coffee shop and wants to share the experience with contacts (e.g., friends or followers) on the social messaging system 130. The user 208 captures an image or video (e.g., via an image sensor of the user device) and composes the message 224 using a social messaging application executing on the user device 216 (e.g., SNAPCHAT®). The geolocation pictograph system 160 receives the current geolocation of the user device 216 and identifies the one or more pictographs 226 associated with the current geolocation. The merchant store 212 previously provided the geolocation pictograph system 160 with the custom pictograph (e.g., an image featuring a product or service of the merchant store 212) and specified the geo-fence 210 surrounding the physical location of the merchant store 212. Once the geolocation pictograph system 160 identifies the one or more pictographs 226, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the one or more pictographs 226 and other pictographs on the user interface 222 of the user device 216. For example, the one or more pictographs 226 are inserted into a virtual keyboard of the user interface 222. Subsequently, the user 208 can select at least one of the one or more pictographs 226 to be included in the message 224.

[0056] The user can then cause transmission of the message, including the at least one selected pictographs, to one or more message recipients who can view the message and the at least one selected pictographs. In some embodiments, pictographs included in the message 224 are image assets that are transmitted along with contents of the message 224. In other embodiments, the pictograph included in the message 224 is a character code that a recipient device uses to identify the pictograph included in the message 224 when the message 224 is received (e.g., the pictograph is stored on the recipient device prior to receipt of the message 224 or is accessible to the recipient device upon receipt of the message 224).

[0057] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method 300 for identifying and causing presentation of pictographs based on a geolocation. The operations of the method 300 may be performed by components of the geolocation pictograph system 160, and are so described below for the purposes of illustration.

[0058] At operation 310, the communication module 162 or the management module 172 receives the custom pictograph and the geographic indication. The third party entity (e.g., a company, organization, or individual) may provide geomoji configuration data such as a particular geolocation, the custom pictograph for the particular geolocation, and other configuration data (e.g., rules or criteria such as a specifying a perimeter surrounding the particular geolocation). A host of the geolocation pictograph system 160 may also provide geomoji configuration data, as well as the third party entity.

[0059] Referring now to FIG. 4, an example user interface 400 configured to receive geomoji configuration data is illustrated. The third party entity inputs the geomoji configuration data into the user interface 400 at a configuration device (e.g., a computer or mobile device of the third party entity). The user interface 400 is configured to receive geolocations and geolocation parameters such as a specified perimeter surrounding a particular geolocation. For instance, when the third party entity activates a user interface element 470, the third party entity can specify geo-fences 410, 420, 425, and 430. In a specific example, the third party entity provides geolocation data 440 and a radius to define the geo-fence 410. In other examples, the third party entity inputs a polygon (e.g., the geo-fence 420) defined with points that are geolocations or an irregular shape (e.g., the geo-fence 425). Although not shown in FIG. 4, the third party entity can define geo-fences with three-dimensional geometries (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and altitude). Thus, using altitude information, a geo-fence could be implemented to cover a particular floor(s) in a building. As shown in the user interface 400, geo-fences can overlap and be inside of one another. In some embodiments, the geographic indication is an area, a city, a region, a state, a country, and so forth. The geomoji configuration data can include a wide variety of statically defined geo-fences and dynamically defined geo-fences.

[0060] The user interface 400 is also configured to receive the custom pictograph generated by the third party entity. For example, a pictograph 450 is uploaded to the geolocation pictograph system 160, received at the communication module 162 or the management module 172, and stored by the data module 168 (e.g., stored in database(s) 134) when the user activates a user interface element 460. Although the user interface 400 shows one pictograph, the third party entity can specify multiple pictographs for a particular geolocation or a particular geo-fence.

[0061] In further embodiments, the geomoji configuration data includes geomoji rules or geomoji criteria, specified by the third party entity, corresponding to the custom pictograph. In some instances, the purpose of the geomoji criteria is to create an exclusive pictograph that is available to users that meet the geomoji criteria. In an example, the geomoji criteria include a criterion based on a user action to be taken by the user to access the custom pictograph. For example, the user action includes scanning a particular RFID tag or QR code, lingering near a particular geolocation (e.g., within a specified or dynamically determined vicinity of the particular geolocation) for a specified period of time, scanning a barcode of a receipt from a purchase made at a particular merchant store for a particular item at a particular time, attaining a certain user status (e.g., raising a heart rate level to exceed a threshold level indicative of vigorous physical activity of the user as determined by a biometric sensor of the user device), and so forth. In another example, the geomoji criteria include a criterion that prevents the use of the geomoji outside of a particular geo-fence. For instance, the custom pictograph can be included in a particular message when the user device is within a particular geo-fence and cannot be included in a particular message when the user device is outside of the particular geo-fence. In other examples, the geomoji criteria include a criterion for a time period when the custom pictograph is available (e.g., available during normal business hours, or available for the next sixty days), a member profile feature criterion (e.g., the custom pictograph is available to users above a specified age), and so on.

[0062] In still further embodiments, the geomoji criteria include a criterion based on a temperature, velocity, or other sensor data detected at the user device. For instance, a particular geomoji becomes available to the user when a specified velocity is attained (e.g., as determined by changes in geolocation provided by a GPS component of the user device). In this instance, the user may be biking on a bike path and the user gains access to the particular geomoji if the user reaches the specified velocity on the bike path.

[0063] After the third party entity specifies the geomoji configuration data, the third party entity submits the geomoji configuration data to the management module 172. For instance, the third party entity activating a user interface element 480 initiates a submission process. Submitting geomojis for use in conjunction with a social messaging application may be free. In other example embodiments, the management module 172 employs various fee structures to charge the third party entity for submitting or uploading geomojis for use by the geolocation pictograph system 160. In one example, the third party entity pays a flat fee for submitting the geomojis (e.g., a fixed cost per submission or for all submissions). In another example, the management module 172 employs a fee structure based on geolocation (e.g., higher fee associated with higher-valued geolocations such as geolocations corresponding to a high count of message sends or high number of active users of the social messaging service), area dimensions (e.g., higher fee for larger area encompassed by a geo-fence), pay-per-use (e.g., a fee is accrued for each user who selects a particular geomoji for use in a message), pay-per-recipient (e.g., a fee is accrued based on a number of recipients who receive a message that includes the geomoji), or any suitable combination thereof. In still a further example, the management module 172 employs a bidding system that allows bidding between third party entities for an exclusive, or partially exclusive, use of a particular geolocation in connection with a pictograph. In an example, the custom pictograph for a highest bidder in connection with a particular geolocation can be more conspicuously presented to the user as compared to a lower bidder (e.g., pictographs for a particular geolocation may be sorted by bid amount, with the pictograph corresponding to the highest bidder being first so as to promote the use of that pictograph over other pictographs).

[0064] The third party entity may generate revenue from the custom pictograph submitted to the management module 172. For instance, the third party entity can specify a fee for use by an end user of a particular pictograph submitted to the management module 172. In some cases, a portion of the fee is directed to a host of the geolocation pictograph system 160 (e.g., the fee is divided among the host and the third party entity). In other cases, the host of the geolocation pictograph system 160 can generate revenue by selling access to geomojis based on use count (e.g., providing a specified number of uses of geomojis for a fixed or dynamically determined price), geographic regions (e.g., providing access to geomojis in specified geographic regions for a fixed or dynamically determined price), and other metrics.

[0065] Referring now to FIG. 5, another example user interface 500 configured to receive geomoji configuration data is illustrated. Similar to the user interface 400 of FIG. 4, the user interface 500 is configured to receive a pictograph 510 (the custom pictograph) uploaded or submitted using a user interface element 520. In contrast to the user interface 400, in the user interface 500, the third party entity submits, by activating a user interface element 530, geomoji configuration data that includes a specified entity identifier 540. For example, the specified entity identifier 540 is a company name that the pictograph module 170 subsequently uses to identify the custom pictograph corresponding to the company name. In other examples, the specified entity identifier 540 can be a facility name (e.g., a soccer field, a stadium, or a school), a geolocation type (e.g., a historical landmark), a geographic attribute, characteristics, or feature (e.g., a specified number of users being at a geo-location at the same time), or another identifier operable to identify particular geolocations. Using the user interface 500, the third party entity can provide the geomoji configuration data without expressly specifying geographic data (e.g., latitude and longitude).

[0066] The geomoji configuration data shown in FIG. 5 can allow for various fee structures to charge the third party entity in addition to those described above. For instance, the third party entity can be charged per location of use of the geomoji (e.g., where the geographic indication is associated with multiple geolocations), pay for exclusive, or partially exclusive, use of the custom pictograph in association with a geolocation type (e.g., the custom pictograph being identified in connection with determining the user device is at a sport related geolocation like a baseball diamond), and so on.

[0067] Referring back to FIG. 3, at operation 320, the geolocation module 166 receives the current geolocation of a user device in real time. For example, the user device is a geolocation enabled smart phone that includes a GPS component operable to detect geolocation data such as latitude, longitude, altitude, and a time stamp. In this example, the geolocation module 166 monitors, tracks, receives, requests, accesses, or otherwise obtains the geolocation data from the user device at periodic intervals. In other embodiments, the geolocation module 166 receives the geolocation data from the user device with the request for the relevant pictograph and does not receive the geolocation data at periodic intervals.

[0068] In other embodiments, the geolocation module 166 obtains or derives geolocation data of the user device using other location services such as Internet Protocol (IP) geolocation, WI-FI® signal triangulation, BLUETOOTH® beacon signal detections that can indicate a particular location, and so forth. In an example, a particular merchant store employs a BLUETOOTH® beacon. When the BLUETOOTH® beacon is detected by the user device, an indication of the detection is communicated to the geolocation module 166. In this example, the geolocation of the BLUETOOTH® beacon is known or is accessible via a lookup of a beacon identifier included in the indication of the beacon detection. Based on the indication of the beacon detection and the beacon identifier, the geolocation module 166 infers that the user device is within a communication distance (e.g., a short distance such as a communication range of approximately ten meters for class 2 BLUETOOTH®) of the BLUETOOTH® beacon. In this way, the geolocation module 166 infers the current geolocation of the user device based on detection of the BLUETOOTH® beacon. In a similar manner, the current geolocation of the user device can be inferred from other signal detections originating from a known location (e.g., BLUETOOTH® detection of a peer device whose current geolocation can be ascertained or other near field communication signal detections).

[0069] At operation 330, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph based on the current geolocation of the user device and the geographic indication specified in the geomoji configuration data. In an example, multiple third party entities submit multiple custom pictographs to the geolocation pictograph system 160. The pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictographs associated with the current geolocation of the user device from among the multiple custom pictographs. In this way, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictographs that are relevant to the current geolocation of the user device. Further aspects of the operation 330 are discussed below in connection with FIGS. 6-10.

[0070] At operation 340, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the custom pictograph on a user interface of the user device. For example, the custom pictograph is inserted, included, or otherwise incorporated into a virtual keyboard of the user interface of the user device. In some instances, the virtual keyboard is a system keyboard provided by an operating system of the user device that allows for custom characters and symbols. In other instances, the virtual keyboard is generated by the presentation module 164 and includes the custom pictograph along with standard alphanumeric keys and other functions.

[0071] In some embodiments, the virtual keyboard comprises a portable virtual keyboard used in conjunction with the third party applications of the user device. For instance, the portable virtual keyboard can execute concurrently with the third party applications and the third party applications can receive, access, or otherwise obtain input generated at the portable virtual keyboard. In a specific example, a particular third party application (e.g., a publication application such as a blogging application or a social networking application) can employ the portable virtual keyboard for textual input. In this specific example, the portable virtual keyboard includes the custom pictograph and the particular third party application receives the custom pictograph in response to a user selection of the custom pictograph on the portable virtual keyboard. In this way, the third party applications of the user device can receive, access, or otherwise obtain the custom pictograph from the geolocation pictograph system 160.

[0072] In other embodiments, the virtual keyboard is an add-on or addition to a system keyboard of the user device. For instance, the system keyboard of the user device can provide standard inputs (e.g., alphanumeric character inputs) and the virtual keyboard can be used in addition to the system keyboard to provide additional characters or symbols such as the custom pictograph. In these embodiments, the third party applications of the user device can access the custom pictograph via the system keyboard.

[0073] Once the custom pictograph is included in the virtual keyboard of the user device, the user can select the custom pictograph from among characters and symbols of the virtual keyboard. In various embodiments, selecting the custom pictograph renders the custom pictograph into a particular message that the user is composing. In these embodiments, the pictograph is rendered alongside other characters rendered or generated in response to key selections from the virtual keyboard. In some embodiments, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the custom pictograph on the user interface of the user device by transmitting the custom pictograph to the user device with instructions to cause presentation of the custom pictograph. Further aspects of presenting the custom pictographs on the user interface of the user device are discussed below in connection with FIGS. 11-18.

[0074] In various embodiments, the user device caches or otherwise stores the custom pictograph for subsequent use. For example, if the user frequently visits a particular geolocation, the user device can store the custom pictograph corresponding to the particular location upon a first or subsequent visit to the particular geolocation. In this example, the user device storing the custom pictograph allows for omission of transmitting the custom pictograph to the user device for subsequent visits to the particular geolocation.

[0075] In other embodiments, the user device can automatically download or otherwise obtain the custom pictograph upon entering or breaching a particular geo-fence corresponding to the custom pictograph (e.g., downloading the custom pictograph in a background process of the user device). In still other embodiments, the user device can preemptively download or otherwise obtain certain custom pictographs for certain geolocations the user is likely to visit (e.g., geolocations within a radius of frequently visited geolocations of the user or predicted geolocations of the user such as geolocations visited by users similar to the user on the social messaging service).

[0076] In yet other embodiments, the user device downloads or otherwise obtains a library of custom pictographs that includes various custom pictographs for certain geolocations or certain geolocation types. In some embodiments, the library of custom pictographs is preloaded and is periodically updated by the geolocation pictograph system 160. In these embodiments, the user device identifies a particular custom pictograph from among the library of custom pictographs without communicating with a server. In further embodiments, the preloaded library of pictographs can act as a default when a particular custom pictograph cannot be accessed by the user device.

[0077] Referring now to FIG. 6, a flow diagram illustrating further example operations for identifying the custom pictograph based on the geographic indication is shown. Subsequent to the geolocation module 166 receiving the current geolocation of the user device at the operation 320, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph based on the current geolocation at the operation 330. In some embodiments, the operation 330 includes the additional operations of FIG. 6.

[0078] At operation 610, the pictograph module 170 compares the current geolocation and the specified geolocation corresponding to the custom pictograph, consistent with some embodiments. As described in connection with FIG. 4 above, in these embodiments, the geographic indication indicates the specified geolocation (the geomoji configuration data including the specified geolocation provided by the third party entity along with the custom pictograph).

[0079] At operation 620, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph based on determining that the user device is within a perimeter of the specified geolocation. That is to say, when the current geolocation is within a virtual boundary of the specified geolocation, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph corresponding to the specified geolocation. For example, when the management module 172 receives the specified geolocation and the custom pictograph from the third party entity, the management module 172 stores the custom pictograph in a geospatial database such as the database(s) 134 (e.g., a databased optimized for spatial queries) searchable by geolocation. In this example, the pictograph module 170 queries the geospatial database for the custom pictograph using the current geolocation.

[0080] To help illustrate the concepts of FIG. 6, FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating identifying the custom pictograph based on the geographic indication. A scene 700 shows a particular geographic area. Geolocation data 710 is data corresponding to a particular geolocation of the particular geographic area. In various embodiments, the geolocation data 710 includes a latitude, a longitude, an altitude, and a time stamp. In an embodiment, the geolocation data 710 is received from the user device in real time. Geolocations 720 are instances of location data, such as the geolocation data 710, received at the geolocation module 166.

[0081] In some instances, the pictograph module 170 uses density clustering techniques or averaging techniques to determine that the user device is within a geo-fence 730. For example, if the geolocation data 710 indicates that the user device is temporarily or momentarily within the geo-fence 730, in an embodiment, the pictograph module 170 does not cause presentation of the custom pictograph. In some embodiments, the pictograph module 170 uses a wait period when determining that the user device is within a perimeter of the specified geolocation. For instance, if the user device is within the perimeter of the specified geolocation for a period of time (e.g., twenty seconds), the pictograph module 170 causes presentation of the custom pictograph. However, if the user device is within the perimeter but does not satisfy the wait period, the pictograph module 170 does not cause presentation of the custom pictograph. In some embodiments, once available, the pictographs can be used permanently or for a limited amount of time (as determined, optionally, by a third party entity).

[0082] In a specific example, a coffee shop 740 created a geomoji to promote their business. The geomoji configuration data provided by the coffee shop 740 includes the geo-fence 730 and a pictograph 750. When a particular geolocation of the geolocations 720 is within the geo-fence 730, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph 750 included in the geomoji configuration data. In another example, a gaming store 770 created another geomoji with geomoji configuration data including a geo-fence 760 and a pictograph 780. When the current geolocation of the user device is within the geo-fence 760, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph 780. In the scene 700, the geolocations 720 of the user device indicate that the user device was not within the geo-fence 760 and the pictograph module 170 would not identify the pictograph 780.

[0083] The specified geolocation of the geomoji configuration data can drive social behavior (e.g., similar to location hacking type social behavior). For example, attaining access to a particular pictograph exclusively available at a particular geolocation can create an incentive for users to visit the particular geolocation. In a specific example, a particular geomoji is configured such that it is exclusively accessible when within a geo-fence surrounding the observation deck of the Empire State Building. In this example, merely being at the base of the Empire State Building would not be sufficient to access the particular geomoji as the geo-fence surrounding the observation deck includes an altitude parameter. A variety of geolocation based achievements or attainments can be incentivized using various geomojis (e.g., attaining access to a particular geomoji when a top of a particular summit is reached).

[0084] To illustrate various communications between devices of the method 300, FIG. 8 is an interaction diagram 800 showing example operations at various devices. At operation 840, a configuration device 830 (e.g., a computer of the third party entity specifying the geomoji configuration data) provides the geomoji configuration data including the custom pictograph and the specified geolocation to the geolocation pictograph system 160. At the operation 310, the communication module 162 or the management module 172 receives the custom pictograph and the specified, selected, or otherwise designated geolocation from the configuration device 830.

[0085] Subsequent to the operation 310, at operation 850, a user device 810 detects the current geolocation and communicates the current geolocation to the geolocation pictograph system 160. At the operation 320, the geolocation module 166 receives the current geolocation from the user device 810.

[0086] After receiving the current geolocation, at the operation 330, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph received at the operation 310. In some embodiments, the operation 330 includes the operation 610 and the operation 620. At the operation 610, the pictograph module 170 compares the current geolocation to the specified geolocation. At the operation 620, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph if the current geolocation is within the perimeter of the specified geolocation. In some embodiments, the custom pictograph is stored in a geospatial database 820 and the pictograph module 170 queries the geospatial database 820 for the custom pictograph. In some embodiments, the geospatial database 820 is part of the geolocation pictograph system 160, and in other embodiments, the geospatial database 820 is independent of the geolocation pictograph system 160. At operation 860, the geospatial database 820 provides the custom pictograph for the current geolocation in response to a query from the geolocation pictograph system 160.

[0087] Once the custom pictograph is identified, at the operation 340, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the custom pictograph to the user device 810. At operation 870, the user device 810 presents the custom pictograph to the user. For instance, the custom pictograph is embedded, inserted, or included in a virtual keyboard of a user interface on the user device 810.

[0088] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating further example operations for identifying a pictograph based on a geographic indication. Subsequent to the geolocation module 166 receiving the current geolocation of the user device at the operation 320, the pictograph module 170 identifies the pictograph based on the current geolocation at the operation 330. In some embodiments, the operation 330 includes the additional operations of FIG. 9.

[0089] At operation 910, the pictograph module 170 performs a query for an entity identifier corresponding to the current geolocation. For example, the pictograph module 170 requests the entity identifier at a third party geospatial service or a geospatial service hosted by the geolocation pictograph system 160. In this example, the request includes the current geolocation and the third party geospatial service responds with an entity identifier such as an entity name. For example, if the current geolocation of the user device is at STARBUCKS®, the geospatial service responds to a request that includes the current geolocation with the entity name STARBUCKS®.

[0090] At operation 920, the pictograph module 170 compares the entity identifier with the specified entity corresponding to the custom pictograph. In the example above, if the entity identifier is an entity name such as STARBUCKS®, the pictograph module 170 simply compares the entity name to a specified entity name included in the geomoji configuration data.

[0091] At operation 930, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph based on a match between the entity identifier and the specified entity identifier. Continuing with the example above, if the geomoji configuration data specifies the custom pictograph for a particular entity name such as STARBUCKS®, then the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph based on a match between the specified entity name and an entity name corresponding to the current geolocation.

[0092] To illustrate the interactions between devices of FIG. 9, FIG. 10 is an interaction diagram 1000 showing example operations at various devices. At operation 1050, a configuration device 1040 (e.g., a computer of the third party entity specifying the geomoji configuration data) provides the geomoji configuration data including the custom pictograph and the specified entity identifier to the geolocation pictograph system 160. At the operation 310, the communication module 162 or management module 172 receives the custom pictograph and the specified, selected, or otherwise designated entity identifier from the configuration device 1040.

[0093] Subsequent to the operation 310, at operation 1060, a user device 1010 detects the current geolocation and communicates the current geolocation to the geolocation pictograph system 160. At the operation 320, the geolocation module 166 receives the current geolocation from the user device 1010.

[0094] After the current geolocation is received, at the operation 330, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph received at the operation 310. In some embodiments, the operation 330 includes the operation 910, the operation 920, and the operation 930. At the operation 910, the pictograph module 170 performs a query for the entity identifier corresponding to the current geolocation. For example, the pictograph module 170 requests the entity identifier from a third party geospatial service 1030. At operation 1070, the third party geospatial service 1030 responds to the request by identifying the entity identifier based on the current geolocation included in the request and communicating the entity identifier to the pictograph module 170.

[0095] At the operation 920, the pictograph module 170 compares the specified entity identifier included in the geomoji configuration data with the entity identifier corresponding to the geolocation. At the operation 930, the pictograph module 170 identifies the custom pictograph based on a match between the entity identifier and the specified entity identifier. For instance, the pictograph module 170 queries an entity database 1020 for the custom pictograph using the entity identifier corresponding to the current geolocation. At operation 1080, the entity database 1020 provides the custom pictograph for the matching entity identifier to the pictograph module 170. In some embodiments, the entity database 1020 is hosted by the geolocation pictograph system 160 (e.g., the database(s) 134).

[0096] Once the custom pictograph is identified, at the operation 340, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the custom pictograph to the user device 1010. At operation 1090, the user device 1010 presents the custom pictograph to the user. For instance, the custom pictograph is embedded in a virtual keyboard of a user interface on the user device 1010.

[0097] FIG. 11 depicts an example user device 1100 (e.g., smart phone) displaying an example user interface 1110 that includes various pictographs identified based on a geographic indication. Although user interfaces described herein (e.g., FIGS. 4, 5, 11, 13, 16, and 18) depict specific example user interfaces and user interface elements, these are merely non-limiting examples and many other alternate user interfaces and user interface elements can be generated by the presentation module 164 and presented to the user. It will be noted that alternate presentations of the displays described herein include additional information, graphics, options, and so forth; other presentations include less information, or provide abridged information for easy use by the user.

[0098] In various example embodiments, the user interface 1110 is an example of a message composition user interface of a social messaging app executing on a mobile device. In an embodiment, the user interface 1110 includes message content comprising an image 1120 (still photos/pictures or video) (e.g., captured by a camera sensor of the user device 1100), a text 1130, a pictograph 1140, a sorting element 1150, a plurality of pictographs 1160, and a category element 1170. The plurality of pictographs 1160 include standard emojis (e.g., provided by an operating system of the user device 1100) and geomojis received from the geolocation pictograph system 160. In various embodiments, the plurality of pictographs 1160 is scrollable (e.g., more pictographs can be viewed in response to a scroll touch gesture of the user). In some embodiments, the sorting element 1150 provides an option to sort the plurality of pictographs 1160, or otherwise navigate the plurality of pictographs 1160, according to various schemes such as sorting based on recentness (e.g., based on temporal information such as creation dates corresponding to the respective pictographs), price (e.g., if the pictographs are for sale), relevancy of the respective pictographs to various data, or other metrics.

[0099] Activating (e.g., the user tapping on the pictograph on a touch screen display) a particular pictograph of the plurality of pictographs renders the pictograph alongside characters generated in response to key selections of a virtual keyboard of the user device 1100. For instance, the pictograph 1140 is rendered in accordance with characters rendered in response to a particular key selection of the virtual keyboard. In this way, the pictographs of the plurality of pictographs 1160 are similar to additional keys or characters of the virtual keyboard and operate in a similar manner.

[0100] FIG. 12 is a flow diagram illustrating further operations for causing presentation of pictographs on a user interface. In various embodiments, the operation 340 for causing presentation of the custom pictograph described above includes the additional operations of FIG. 12.

[0101] At operation 1210, the presentation module 164 identifies a display parameter. For example, the display parameter can comprise a display resolution, a display text size, a display image size, and so on.

[0102] At operation 1220, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of or renders the custom pictograph based on the display parameter. For example, if the display parameter comprises the display text size, the presentation module 164 renders the custom pictograph to match the display text size. In another example, if the display parameter comprises the display image size, the presentation module 164 renders the custom pictograph proportionally to the display image size (e.g., a larger message image results in a larger rendering of the custom pictograph). In yet another example, the presentation module 164 adapts the resolution of the pictograph to the display resolution.

[0103] To further illustrate the concepts of FIG. 12, FIG. 13 depicts an example user device 1300 displaying an example user interface 1310 that includes pictographs rendered based on a display parameter. The user interface 1310 includes an image 1320, text 1330, a pictograph 1340, a display text size 1350, and a plurality of pictographs 1360. In this example, the presentation module 164 identifies the display text size 1350. The presentation module 164 can then render the pictograph 1340 to match the display text size 1350. In a similar manner, the presentation module 164 can identify an image size for the image 1320 and render the pictograph 1340 proportionate to the image 1320. In some embodiments, the presentation module 164 renders the pictograph 1340 based on multiple display parameters (e.g., resolution and display text size). In this way, the presentation module 164 adaptively renders the pictograph 1340 based on various display parameters.

[0104] FIG. 14 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method 1400 for storing an indication of a selection of a pictograph to be used for subsequent analysis. At operation 1410, the communication module 162 receives an indication of a selected pictograph. For instance, if the user decides to include a particular pictograph in a particular message, the user can select the pictograph by providing input to the user device. Once the user indicates a selection, the user device communicates the indication of the selected pictograph to the communication module 162.

[0105] At operation 1420, the data module 168 stores the indication of the selected pictograph in association with the user of the user device. For instance, the data module 168 can store the indication of the selected pictograph in database(s) 134 to be used in subsequent analysis by the geolocation pictograph system 160.

[0106] At operation 1430, the pictograph module 170 determines a subsequent portion of the plurality of pictographs according to the stored indication of the selected pictographs. For instance, the pictograph module 170 can identify frequently used pictographs of the user and then determine a portion of the plurality of pictographs based on the frequency of use of respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs. In other embodiments, the pictograph module 170 ranks or sorts the plurality of pictographs according to the stored indication of the selected pictograph. In some embodiments, the pictograph module 170 determines the subsequent portion of the plurality of pictographs based on stored indications of selected pictographs of other users. For instance, the pictograph module 170 can identify the portion of the plurality of pictographs according to frequently used pictographs of other users. In further embodiments, the pictograph module 170 identifies similar users that are similar to the user (e.g., particular users with a same or similar age, gender, or other demographic information). In these embodiments, the pictograph module 170 identifies the portion of the plurality of pictographs based on the indication of the selected pictographs associated with the similar users.

[0107] FIG. 15 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method 1500 for causing presentation of a plurality of pictographs based on a metric. At operation 1510, the pictograph module 170 determines a metric for respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs. For instance, the pictograph module 170 determines the metric comprising at least one of a user preference based on user data, a user status based on device data, a metric based on situational data, a popularity based on a use count, or other metrics.

[0108] For example, the data module 168 accesses user data of the user from the database(s) 134. The pictograph module 170 analyzes the user data to determine a user preference. For instance, an age of the user indicated by the user data can be used to determine a preference for certain pictographs (e.g., a school-aged person may be interested in school-related pictographs).

[0109] In another example, the communication module 162 receives the device data from the user device. The pictograph module 170 analyzes the device data to determine a user status. For instance, the user may be in a noisy environment. The communication module 162 receives ambient audio data of the user device and the pictograph module 170 determines the user status of being in a noisy environment based on an analysis of the ambient audio data. The pictograph module 170 can determine a variety of other user statuses such as a particular user activity (e.g., watching a movie or television), riding in a car, being indoors or outdoors, and so on.

[0110] In yet another example, the data module 168 accesses situational data pertaining to the current geolocation and a current time. For instance, if the current geolocation is that of a stadium, the data module 168 can access situation data pertaining to the stadium for the current time. In this instance, the situational data might indicate that the stadium is hosting a game and the current score of the game.

[0111] In still another example, the pictograph module determines a popularity of the respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs based on a use count of the respective pictographs. For instance, a use count is maintained by the geolocation pictograph system 160 by incrementing a count for each use of a particular pictograph.

[0112] At operation 1520, the pictograph module 170 ranks or sorts the plurality of pictographs according to the metric. For instance, the pictograph module 170 ranks the plurality of pictographs by the popularity of the respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs with the most popular pictograph being ranked first.

[0113] At operation 1530, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the ranked plurality of pictographs. In some instances, user-specified metrics (e.g., color, size, etc.) may be used to sort or rank the plurality of pictographs. Ranking the pictographs by various metrics may assist the user in finding a suitable pictograph for a particular message.

[0114] To further illustrate the ideas of FIG. 15, FIG. 16 depicts an example user device 1600 displaying an example user interface 1610 that includes pictographs, including pictographs 1620 and 1640, presented based on a metric, according to some example embodiments. The plurality of pictographs shown in FIG. 16 are ranked according to the popularity of the respective pictographs. The pictograph 1620 is ranked first and is a most popular pictograph among the plurality of pictographs. The pictograph 1640 is ranked last and is a least popular pictograph among the plurality of pictographs. In some embodiments, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the metric in conjunction with the pictograph. For example, a user interface element 1630 is an indication of the metric. In the example of FIG. 16, the user interface element 1630 indicates a use count associated with the popularity metric for a particular pictograph.

[0115] In further example embodiments, the pictograph module 170 modifies the respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs to indicate the metric corresponding to the respective pictographs. In a specific example, the pictograph module 170 modifies the respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs to indicate the popularity of the respective pictographs of the plurality of pictographs. For instance, a more popular pictograph may be indicated by brighter coloring, although a variety of other modification can be employed.

[0116] FIG. 17 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method 1700 for predictively causing presentation of pictographs. At operation 1710, the communication module 162 receives at least a portion of a message content. For instance, the message content comprises an image and text. In this instance, the communication module 162 can receive at least a portion of the text or image.

[0117] At operation 1720, the pictograph module 170 infers a predicted preference based on the portion of the message content. For example, if the text is indicative of a particular pictograph category, the pictograph module 170 infers the predicted preference for the indicated category.

[0118] At operation 1730, the pictograph module 170 ranks the plurality of pictographs according to the predicted preference. For example, if the predicted preference indicates a particular pictograph category, the pictograph module 170 can rank the plurality of pictographs based on whether respective pictographs belong to the particular pictograph category.

[0119] At operation 1740, the presentation module 164 causes presentation of the ranked plurality of pictographs. The ranked plurality of pictographs can assist the user in identifying a suitable pictograph for a particular message.

[0120] FIG. 18 depicts an example user device 1800 displaying an example user interface 1810 that includes pictographs predictively presented. In the user interface 1810, text 1820 is a portion of a message content generated by the user of the user device 1800. The communication module 162 receives the text 1820 and the pictograph module 170 infers the predicted preference based on the text 1820. In this instance, the text 1820 is indicative of food and the pictograph module 170 ranks a plurality of pictographs 1830 based on pictographs indicative of food. In this way, the user is automatically assisted in finding a particular pictograph that is pertinent to the message content.

[0121] Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules can constitute either software modules (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium or in a transmission signal) or hardware modules. A “hardware module” is a tangible unit capable of performing certain operations and can be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computer system, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) is configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

[0122] In some embodiments, a hardware module is implemented mechanically, electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, a hardware module can include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module can be a special-purpose processor, such as a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). A hardware module may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware module can include software encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) can be driven by cost and time considerations.

[0123] Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. As used herein, “hardware-implemented module” refers to a hardware module. Considering embodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardware module comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software to become a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g., comprising different hardware modules) at different times. Software can accordingly configure a particular processor or processors, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time.

[0124] Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardware modules can be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications can be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between or among two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. For example, one hardware module performs an operation and stores the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware module can then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware modules can also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).

[0125] The various operations of example methods described herein can be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions described herein. As used herein, “processor-implemented module” refers to a hardware module implemented using one or more processors.

[0126] Similarly, the methods described herein can be at least partially processor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors being an example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations of a method can be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented modules. Moreover, the one or more processors may also operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples of machines including processors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an Application Program Interface (API)).

[0127] The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented modules are located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the processors or processor-implemented modules are distributed across a number of geographic locations.

[0128] FIG. 19 illustrates an example mobile device 1900 executing a mobile operating system (e.g., IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or other mobile operating systems), consistent with some embodiments. In one embodiment, the mobile device 1900 includes a touch screen operable to receive tactile data from a user 1902. For instance, the user 1902 may physically touch 1904 the mobile device 1900, and in response to the touch 1904, the mobile device 1900 may determine tactile data such as touch location, touch force, or gesture motion. In various example embodiments, the mobile device 1900 displays a home screen 1906 (e.g., Springboard on IOS™) operable to launch applications or otherwise manage various aspects of the mobile device 1900. In some example embodiments, the home screen 1906 provides status information such as battery life, connectivity, or other hardware statuses. The user 1902 can activate user interface elements by touching an area occupied by a respective user interface element. In this manner, the user 1902 interacts with the applications of the mobile device 1900. For example, touching the area occupied by a particular icon included in the home screen 1906 causes launching of an application corresponding to the particular icon.

[0129] Many varieties of applications (also referred to as “apps”) can be executing on the mobile device 1900, such as native applications (e.g., applications programmed in Objective-C, Swift, or another suitable language running on IOS™ or applications programmed in Java running on ANDROID™), mobile web applications (e.g., applications written in Hypertext Markup Language-5 (HTML5)), or hybrid applications (e.g., a native shell application that launches an HTML5 session). For example, the mobile device 1900 includes a messaging app, an audio recording app, a camera app, a book reader app, a media app, a fitness app, a file management app, a location app, a browser app, a settings app, a contacts app, a telephone call app, or other apps (e.g., gaming apps, social networking apps, biometric monitoring apps). In another example, the mobile device 1900 includes a social messaging app 1908 such as SNAPCHAT® that, consistent with some embodiments, allows users to exchange ephemeral messages that include media content. In this example, the social messaging app 1908 can incorporate aspects of embodiments described herein.

[0130] FIG. 20 is a block diagram 2000 illustrating an architecture of software 2002, which can be installed on any one or more of the devices described above. FIG. 20 is merely a non-limiting example of a software architecture, and it will be appreciated that many other architectures can be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. In various embodiments, the software 2002 is implemented by hardware such as machine a 2100 of FIG. 21 that includes processors 2110, memory 2130, and I/O components 2150. In this example architecture, the software 2002 can be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer may provide a particular functionality. For example, the software 2002 includes layers such as an operating system 2004, libraries 2006, frameworks 2008, and applications 2010. Operationally, the applications 2010 invoke application programming interface (API) calls 2012 through the software stack and receive messages 2014 in response to the API calls 2012, consistent with some embodiments.

[0131] In various implementations, the operating system 2004 manages hardware resources and provides common services. The operating system 2004 includes, for example, a kernel 2020, services 2022, and drivers 2024. The kernel 2020 acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the other software layers consistent with some embodiments. For example, the kernel 2020 provides memory management, processor management (e.g., scheduling), component management, networking, and security settings, among other functionality. The services 2022 can provide other common services for the other software layers. The drivers 2024 are responsible for controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware, according to some embodiments. For instance, the drivers 2024 can include display drivers, camera drivers, BLUETOOTH® drivers, flash memory drivers, serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers), WI-FI® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth.

[0132] In some embodiments, the libraries 2006 provide a low-level common infrastructure utilized by the applications 2010. The libraries 2006 can include system libraries 2030 (e.g., C standard library) that can provide functions such as memory allocation functions, string manipulation functions, mathematic functions, and the like. In addition, the libraries 2006 can include API libraries 2032 such as media libraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation of various media formats such as Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG4), Advanced Video Coding (H.264 or AVC), Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) audio codec, Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG or JPG), or Portable Network Graphics (PNG)), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL framework used to render in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) in a graphic content on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite to provide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g., WebKit to provide web browsing functionality), and the like. The libraries 2006 can also include a wide variety of other libraries 2034 to provide many other APIs to the applications 2010.

[0133] The frameworks 2008 provide a high-level common infrastructure that can be utilized by the applications 2010, according to some embodiments. For example, the frameworks 2008 provide various graphic user interface (GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level location services, and so forth. The frameworks 2008 can provide a broad spectrum of other APIs that can be utilized by the applications 2010, some of which may be specific to a particular operating system or platform.

[0134] In an example embodiment, the applications 2010 include a home application 2050, a contacts application 2052, a browser application 2054, a book reader application 2056, a location application 2058, a media application 2060, a messaging application 2062, a game application 2064, and a broad assortment of other applications such as a third party application 2066. According to some embodiments, the applications 2010 are programs that execute functions defined in the programs. Various programming languages can be employed to create one or more of the applications 2010, structured in a variety of manners, such as object-oriented programming languages (e.g., Objective-C, Java, or C++) or procedural programming languages (e.g., C or assembly language). In a specific example, the third party application 2066 (e.g., an application developed using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) by an entity other than the vendor of the particular platform) may be mobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® Phone, or another mobile operating systems. In this example, the third party application 2066 can invoke the API calls 2012 provided by the operating system 2004 to facilitate functionality described herein.

[0135] FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine 2100, according to some embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 21 shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine 2100 in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions 2116 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine 2100 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein can be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine 2100 operates as a standalone device or can be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 2100 may operate in the capacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-client network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine 2100 can comprise, but not be limited to, a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an entertainment media system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., a smart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executing the instructions 2116, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actions to be taken by the machine 2100. Further, while only a single machine 2100 is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include a collection of machines 2100 that individually or jointly execute the instructions 2116 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.

[0136] In various embodiments, the machine 2100 comprises processors 2110, memory 2130, and I/O components 2150, which can be configured to communicate with each other via a bus 2102. In an example embodiment, the processors 2110 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) includes, for example, a processor 2112 and a processor 2114 that may execute the instructions 2116. The term “processor” is intended to include multi-core processors that may comprise two or more independent processors (also referred to as “cores”) that can execute instructions contemporaneously. Although FIG. 21 shows multiple processors, the machine 2100 may include a single processor with a single core, a single processor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multiple processors with a single core, multiple processors with multiples cores, or any combination thereof.

[0137] The memory 2130 comprises a main memory 2132, a static memory 2134, and a storage unit 2136 accessible to the processors 2110 via the bus 2102, according to some embodiments. The storage unit 2136 can include a machine-readable medium 2138 on which are stored the instructions 2116 embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 2116 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 2132, within the static memory 2134, within at least one of the processors 2110 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during execution thereof by the machine 2100. Accordingly, in various embodiments, the main memory 2132, the static memory 2134, and the processors 2110 are considered machine-readable media 2138.

[0138] As used herein, the term “memory” refers to a machine-readable medium 2138 able to store data temporarily or permanently and may be taken to include, but not be limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, and cache memory. While the machine-readable medium 2138 is shown in an example embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to store the instructions 2116. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that is capable of storing instructions (e.g., instructions 2116) for execution by a machine (e.g., machine 2100), such that the instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the machine 2100 (e.g., processors 2110), cause the machine 2100 to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based” storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, one or more data repositories in the form of a solid-state memory (e.g., flash memory), an optical medium, a magnetic medium, other non-volatile memory (e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)), or any suitable combination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” specifically excludes non-statutory signals per se.

[0139] The I/O components 2150 include a wide variety of components to receive input, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchange information, capture measurements, and so on. In general, it will be appreciated that the I/O components 2150 can include many other components that are not shown in FIG. 21. The I/O components 2150 are grouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the following discussion, and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various example embodiments, the I/O components 2150 include output components 2152 and input components 2154. The output components 2152 include visual components (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g., speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor), other signal generators, and so forth. The input components 2154 include alphanumeric input components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receive alphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumeric input components), point based input components (e.g., a mouse, a touchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointing instruments), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touch screen that provides location and force of touches or touch gestures, or other tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., a microphone), and the like.

[0140] In some further example embodiments, the I/O components 2150 include biometric components 2156, motion components 2158, environmental components 2160, or position components 2162, among a wide array of other components. For example, the biometric components 2156 include components to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facial expressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measure biosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voice identification, retinal identification, facial identification, fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram based identification), and the like. The motion components 2158 include acceleration sensor components (e.g., accelerometer), gravitation sensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., gyroscope), and so forth. The environmental components 2160 include, for example, illumination sensor components (e.g., photometer), temperature sensor components (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambient temperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components (e.g., barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or more microphones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components (e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensor components (e.g., machine olfaction detection sensors, gas detection sensors to detect concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or to measure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that may provide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to a surrounding physical environment. The position components 2162 include location sensor components (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver component), altitude sensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect air pressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensor components (e.g., magnetometers), and the like.

[0141] Communication can be implemented using a wide variety of technologies. The I/O components 2150 may include communication components 2164 operable to couple the machine 2100 to a network 2180 or devices 2170 via a coupling 2182 and a coupling 2172, respectively. For example, the communication components 2164 include a network interface component or another suitable device to interface with the network 2180. In further examples, communication components 2164 include wired communication components, wireless communication components, cellular communication components, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, BLUETOOTH® components (e.g., BLUETOOTH® Low Energy), WI-FI® components, and other communication components to provide communication via other modalities. The devices 2170 may be another machine or any of a wide variety of peripheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a Universal Serial Bus (USB)).

[0142] Moreover, in some embodiments, the communication components 2164 detect identifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. For example, the communication components 2164 include Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detection components, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detect a one-dimensional bar codes such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) bar code, multi-dimensional bar codes such as a Quick Response (QR) code, Aztec Code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code, Uniform Commercial Code Reduced Space Symbology (UCC RSS)-2D bar codes, and other optical codes), acoustic detection components (e.g., microphones to identify tagged audio signals), or any suitable combination thereof. In addition, a variety of information can be derived via the communication components 2164, such as location via Internet Protocol (IP) geo-location, location via WI-FI® signal triangulation, location via detecting an BLUETOOTH® or NFC beacon signal that may indicate a particular location, and so forth.

[0143] In various example embodiments, one or more portions of the network 2180 can be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS) network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a WI-FI® network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more such networks. For example, the network 2180 or a portion of the network 2180 may include a wireless or cellular network, and the coupling 2182 may be a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) connection, or another type of cellular or wireless coupling. In this example, the coupling 2182 can implement any of a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as Single Carrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generation wireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, others defined by various standard-setting organizations, other long range protocols, or other data transfer technology.

[0144] In example embodiments, the instructions 2116 are transmitted or received over the network 2180 using a transmission medium via a network interface device (e.g., a network interface component included in the communication components 2164) and utilizing any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g., Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)). Similarly, in other example embodiments, the instructions 2116 are transmitted or received using a transmission medium via the coupling 2172 (e.g., a peer-to-peer coupling) to the devices 2170. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying the instructions 2116 for execution by the machine 2100, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of such software.

[0145] Furthermore, the machine-readable medium 2138 is non-transitory (in other words, not having any transitory signals) in that it does not embody a propagating signal. However, labeling the machine-readable medium 2138 “non-transitory” should not be construed to mean that the medium is incapable of movement; the medium should be considered as being transportable from one physical location to another. Additionally, since the machine-readable medium 2138 is tangible, the medium may be considered to be a machine-readable device.

[0146] Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein.

[0147] Although an overview of the inventive subject matter has been described with reference to specific example embodiments, various modifications and changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from the broader scope of embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individually or collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single disclosure or inventive concept if more than one is, in fact, disclosed.

[0148] The embodiments illustrated herein are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed. Other embodiments may be used and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The Detailed Description, therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of various embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along with the full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

[0149] As used herein, the term “or” may be construed in either an inclusive or exclusive sense. Moreover, plural instances may be provided for resources, operations, or structures described herein as a single instance. Additionally, boundaries between various resources, operations, modules, engines, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in a context of specific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality are envisioned and may fall within a scope of various embodiments of the present disclosure. In general, structures and functionality presented as separate resources in the example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or resource. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single resource may be implemented as separate resources. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within a scope of embodiments of the present disclosure as represented by the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.