Impregnation Section with Tension Adjustment Device and Method for Impregnating Fiber Rovings

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/480,508, filed Apr. 29, 2011, and which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] Fiber rovings have been employed in a wide variety of applications. For example, such rovings have been utilized to form fiber-reinforced composite rods. The rods may be utilized as lightweight structural reinforcements. For example, power umbilicals are often used in the transmission of fluids and/or electric signals between the sea surface and equipment located on the sea bed. To help strengthen such umbilicals, attempts have been made to use pultruded carbon fiber rods as separate load carrying elements.

[0003] Another application that is particularly suited for the use of fiber rovings is in the formation of profiles. Profiles are pultruded parts with a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes, and may be employed as a structural member for window lineals, decking planks, railings, balusters, roofing tiles, siding, trim boards, pipe, fencing, posts, light posts, highway signage, roadside marker posts, etc. Hollow profiles have been formed by pulling (“pultruding”) continuous fiber rovings through a resin and then shaping the fiber-reinforced resin within a pultrusion die.

[0004] Further, fiber rovings may generally be utilized in any suitable applications to form, for example, suitable fiber reinforced plastics. As is generally known in the art, rovings utilized in these applications are typically combined with a polymer resin.

[0005] There are many significant problems, however, with currently known rovings and the resulting applications that utilize such rovings. For example, many rovings rely upon thermoset resins (e.g., vinyl esters) to help achieve desired strength properties. Thermoset resins are difficult to use during manufacturing and do not possess good bonding characteristics for forming layers with other materials. Further, attempts have been made to form rovings from thermoplastic polymers in other types of applications. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0186410 to Bryant, et al., for instance, describes attempts that were made to embed carbon fibers into a thermoplastic resin to form a composite core of an electrical transmission cable. Unfortunately, Bryant, et al. notes that these cores exhibited flaws and dry spots due to inadequate wetting of the fibers, which resulted in poor durability and strength. Another problem with such cores is that the thermoplastic resins could not operate at a high temperature.

[0006] As such, a need currently exists for an improved impregnation section of a die and method for impregnating a fiber roving. Specifically, a need currently exists for an impregnation section and method that produce fiber rovings which provide the desired strength, durability, and temperature performance demanded by a particular application.

[0007] In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an impregnation section of a die is disclosed for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin. The impregnation section includes an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the roving with the resin. The impregnation zone includes a plurality of contact surfaces. The impregnation section further includes a device positioned upstream of the impregnation zone in a run direction of the roving. The device is configured to reduce tension in the roving.

[0008] In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, a method is disclosed for impregnating at least one fiber roving with a polymer resin. The method includes tensioning a fiber roving, reducing the tension in the roving, coating the roving with a polymer resin, and traversing the coated roving through an impregnation zone to impregnate the roving with the resin. The impregnation zone includes a plurality of contact surfaces.

[0009] Other features and aspects of the present invention are set forth in greater detail below.

[0033] Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.

[0034] It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the present discussion is a description of exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended as limiting the broader aspects of the present invention.

[0035] Generally speaking, the present invention is directed to an impregnation section for a die and a method for impregnating fiber rovings with a polymer resin. The impregnated fiber rovings may be utilized in composite rods, profiles, or any other suitable fiber reinforced plastic applications. The impregnation section generally includes an impregnation zone configured to impregnate the rovings with the resin. Thus, the impregnation zone includes a plurality of contact surfaces. The rovings are impregnated with the resin as they are traversed over the contact surfaces. Further, the impregnation section includes at least one device configured to adjust the tension of the rovings. Thus, the device in general is a tension adjustment device, such as a plurality of rollers. For example, in exemplary embodiments, a device may reduce the tension in the rovings before the rovings enter the impregnation zone, which may allow for better impregnation of the rovings. Additionally, a second device may increase the tension in the rovings within impregnation zone or after the rovings exit the impregnation zone. Thus, the tension device may enhance the impregnation of the rovings with the resin.

[0036] According to further aspects of the present invention, an extrusion device may be employed in conjunction with the die to impregnate the rovings with the polymer. Among other things, the extrusion device further facilitates the ability of the polymer to be applied to the entire surface of the fibers, as discussed below.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 1, one embodiment of such an extrusion device is shown. More particularly, the apparatus includes an extruder 120 containing a screw shaft 124 mounted inside a barrel 122. A heater 130 (e.g., electrical resistance heater) is mounted outside the barrel 122. During use, a polymer feedstock 127 is supplied to the extruder 120 through a hopper 126. The feedstock 127 is conveyed inside the barrel 122 by the screw shaft 124 and heated by frictional forces inside the barrel 122 and by the heater 130. Upon being heated, the feedstock 127 exits the barrel 122 through a barrel flange 128 and enters a die flange 132 of an impregnation die 150.

[0038] A continuous fiber roving 142 or a plurality of continuous fiber rovings 142 may be supplied from a reel or reels 144 to die 150. The rovings 142 may be spread apart before being supplied for impregnation, and may be supplied vertically, horizontally, or at any suitable angle. After being supplied, the rovings 142 may be generally positioned side-by-side, with minimal to no distance between neighboring rovings, before impregnation. The feedstock 127 may further be heated inside the die by heaters 133 mounted in or around the die 150. The die is generally operated at temperatures that are sufficient to cause and/or maintain the proper melt temperature for the polymer, thus allowing for the desired level of impregnation of the rovings by the polymer. Typically, the operation temperature of the die is higher than the melt temperature of the polymer, such as at temperatures from about 200° C. to about 450° C. When processed in this manner, the continuous fiber rovings 142 become embedded in the polymer matrix, which may be a resin 214 (FIGS. 4 through 6) processed from the feedstock 127. The mixture may then exit the impregnation die 150 as wetted composite or extrudate 152.

[0039] As used herein, the term “roving” generally refers to a bundle of individual fibers. The fibers contained within the roving can be twisted or can be straight. The rovings may contain a single fiber type or different types of fibers. Different fibers may also be contained in individual rovings or, alternatively, each roving may contain a different fiber type. The continuous fibers employed in the rovings possess a high degree of tensile strength relative to their mass. For example, the ultimate tensile strength of the fibers is typically from about 1,000 to about 15,000 Megapascals (“MPa”), in some embodiments from about 2,000 MPa to about 10,000 MPa, and in some embodiments, from about 3,000 MPa to about 6,000 MPa. Such tensile strengths may be achieved even though the fibers are of a relatively light weight, such as a mass per unit length of from about 0.05 to about 2 grams per meter, in some embodiments from about 0.4 to about 1.5 grams per meter. The ratio of tensile strength to mass per unit length may thus be about 1,000 Megapascals per gram per meter (“MPa/g/m”) or greater, in some embodiments about 4,000 MPa/g/m or greater, and in some embodiments, from about 5,500 to about 20,000 MPa/g/m. Such high strength fibers may, for instance, be metal fibers, glass fibers (e.g., E-glass, A-glass, C-glass, D-glass, AR-glass, R-glass, S1-glass, S2-glass, etc.), carbon fibers (e.g., amorphous carbon, graphitic carbon, or metal-coated carbon, etc.), boron fibers, ceramic fibers (e.g., alumina or silica), aramid fibers (e.g., Kevlar® marketed by E. I. duPont de Nemours, Wilmington, Del.), synthetic organic fibers (e.g., polyamide, polyethylene, paraphenylene, terephthalamide, polyethylene terephthalate and polyphenylene sulfide), and various other natural or synthetic inorganic or organic fibrous materials known for reinforcing thermoplastic and/or thermoset compositions. Carbon fibers are particularly suitable for use as the continuous fibers, which typically have a tensile strength to mass ratio in the range of from about 5,000 to about 7,000 MPa/g/m. The continuous fibers often have a nominal diameter of about 4 to about 35 micrometers, and in some embodiments, from about 9 to about 35 micrometers. The number of fibers contained in each roving can be constant or vary from roving to roving. Typically, a roving contains from about 1,000 fibers to about 50,000 individual fibers, and in some embodiments, from about 5,000 to about 30,000 fibers.

[0040] Any of a variety of thermoplastic or thermoset polymers may be employed to form the polymer matrix in which the continuous fibers are embedded. For example, suitable thermoplastic polymers for use in the present invention may include, for instance, polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene, propylene-ethylene copolymers, etc.), polyesters (e.g., polybutylene terephalate (“PBT”)), polycarbonates, polyamides (e.g., Nylon™), polyether ketones (e.g., polyetherether ketone (“PEEK”)), polyetherimides, polyarylene ketones (e.g., polyphenylene diketone (“PPDK”)), liquid crystal polymers, polyarylene sulfides (e.g., polyphenylene sulfide (“PPS”), poly(biphenylene sulfide ketone), poly(phenylene sulfide diketone), poly(biphenylene sulfide), etc.), fluoropolymers (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether polymer, perfluoro-alkoxyalkane polymer, petrafluoroethylene polymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene polymer, etc.), polyacetals, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, styrenic polymers (e.g., acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (“ABS”)), and so forth.

[0041] The properties of the polymer matrix are generally selected to achieve the desired combination of processability and performance. For example, the melt viscosity of the polymer matrix is generally low enough so that the polymer can adequately impregnate the fibers. In this regard, the melt viscosity typically ranges from about 25 to about 1,000 Pascal-seconds (“Pa-s”), in some embodiments from 50 about 500 Pa-s, and in some embodiments, from about 60 to about 200 Pa-s, determined at the operating conditions used for the polymer (e.g., about 360° C.). Likewise, when the impregnated rovings are intended for applications involving high temperatures (e.g., high voltage transmission cables), a polymer is employed that has a relatively high melting temperature. For example, the melting temperature of such high temperature polymers may range from about 200° C. to about 500° C., in some embodiments from about 225° C. to about 400° C., and in some embodiments, from about 250° C. to about 350° C.

[0042] Polyarylene sulfides are particularly suitable for use in the present invention as a high temperature matrix with the desired melt viscosity. Polyphenylene sulfide, for example, is a semi-crystalline resin that generally includes repeating monomeric units represented by the following general formula:

[0043] These monomeric units typically constitute at least 80 mole %, and in some embodiments, at least 90 mole %, of the recurring units, in the polymer. It should be understood, however, the polyphenylene sulfide may contain additional recurring units, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,381 to Gotoh, et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference thereto for all purposes. When employed, such additional recurring units typically constitute no more than about 20 mole % of the polymer. Commercially available high melt viscosity polyphenylene sulfides may include those available from Ticona, LLC (Florence, Ky.) under the trade designation FORTRON®. Such polymers may have a melting temperature of about 285° C. (determined according to ISO 11357-1,2,3) and a melt viscosity of from about 260 to about 320 Pascal-seconds at 310° C.

[0044] A pressure sensor 137 (FIGS. 2 and 3) may sense the pressure near the impregnation die 150 to allow control to be exerted over the rate of extrusion by controlling the rotational speed of the screw shaft 124, or the feed rate of the feeder. That is, the pressure sensor 137 is positioned near the impregnation die 150, such as upstream of the manifold assembly 220, so that the extruder 120 can be operated to deliver a correct amount of resin 214 for interaction with the fiber rovings 142. After leaving the impregnation die 150, the extrudate 152, or impregnated fiber rovings 142, may enter an optional pre-shaping or guiding section (not shown) before entering a nip formed between two adjacent rollers 190. Although optional, the rollers 190 can help to consolidate the extrudate 152 into the form of a ribbon, as well as enhance fiber impregnation and squeeze out any excess voids. Alternatively, the extrudate 152 may be in the form of a consolidated ribbon directly upon exiting the die 150. In addition to the rollers 190, other shaping devices may also be employed, such as a die system. Regardless, the resulting consolidated ribbon 156 is pulled by tracks 162 and 164 mounted on rollers. The tracks 162 and 164 also pull the extrudate 152 from the impregnation die 150 and through the rollers 190. If desired, the consolidated ribbon 156 may be wound up at a section 171. Generally speaking, the resulting ribbons are relatively thin and typically have a thickness of from about 0.05 to about 1 millimeter, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 0.8 millimeters, and in some embodiments, from about 0.2 to about 0.4 millimeters.

[0045] Perspective views of one embodiment of a die 150 according to the present disclosure are further shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown, resin 214 is flowed into the die 150 as indicated by resin flow direction 244. The resin 214 is distributed within the die 150 and then interacted with the rovings 142. The rovings 142 are traversed through the die 150 in roving run direction 282, and are coated with resin 214. The rovings 142 are then impregnated with the resin 214, and these impregnated rovings 142 exit the die 150.

[0046] Within the impregnation die, it is generally desired that the rovings 142 are traversed through an impregnation zone 250 to impregnate the rovings with the polymer resin 214. In the impregnation zone 250, the polymer resin may be forced generally transversely through the rovings by shear and pressure created in the impregnation zone 250, which significantly enhances the degree of impregnation. This is particularly useful when forming a composite from ribbons of a high fiber content, such as about 35% weight fraction (“Wf”) or more, and in some embodiments, from about 40% Wf or more. Typically, the die 150 will include a plurality of contact surfaces 252, such as for example at least 2, at least 3, from 4 to 7, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 30, from 2 to 40, from 2 to 50, or more contact surfaces 252, to create a sufficient degree of penetration and pressure on the rovings 142. Although their particular form may vary, the contact surfaces 252 typically possess a curvilinear surface, such as a curved lobe, pin, etc. The contact surfaces 252 are also typically made of a metal material.

[0047] FIGS. 4 through 6 show cross-sectional views of an impregnation die 150. As shown, the impregnation die 150 may include a manifold assembly 220 and an impregnation section. The impregnation section includes an impregnation zone 250 and at least one device 300 configured to adjust the tension of the rovings 142. In some embodiments, the impregnation section additionally includes a gate passage 270. The manifold assembly 220 is provided for flowing the polymer resin 214 therethrough. For example, the manifold assembly 220 may include a channel 222 or a plurality of channels 222. The resin 214 provided to the impregnation die 150 may flow through the channels 222.

[0048] As shown in FIGS. 7 through 13, in exemplary embodiments, at least a portion of each of the channels 222 may be curvilinear. The curvilinear portions may allow for relatively smooth redirection of the resin 214 in various directions to distribute the resin 214 through the manifold assembly 220, and may allow for relatively smooth flow of the resin 214 through the channels 222. Alternatively, the channels 222 may be linear, and redirection of the resin 214 may be through relatively sharp transition areas between linear portions of the channels 222. It should further be understood that the channels 222 may have any suitable shape, size, and/or contour.

[0049] The plurality of channels 222 may, in exemplary embodiments as shown in FIGS. 7 through 13, be a plurality of branched runners 222. The runners 222 may include a first branched runner group 232. The first branched runner group 232 includes a plurality of runners 222 branching off from an initial channel or channels 222 that provide the resin 214 to the manifold assembly 220. The first branched runner group 232 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from the initial channels 222.

[0050] If desired, the runners 222 may include a second branched runner group 234 diverging from the first branched runner group 232, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 9 through 13. For example, a plurality of runners 222 from the second branched runner group 234 may branch off from one or more of the runners 222 in the first branched runner group 232. The second branched runner group 234 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from runners 222 in the first branched runner group 232.

[0051] If desired, the runners 222 may include a third branched runner group 236 diverging from the second branched runner group 234, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 10 through 11. For example, a plurality of runners 222 from the third branched runner group 236 may branch off from one or more of the runners 222 in the second branched runner group 234. The third branched runner group 236 may include 2, 3, 4 or more runners 222 branching off from runners 222 in the second branched runner group 234.

[0052] In some exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 7 through 13, the plurality of branched runners 222 have a symmetrical orientation along a central axis 224. The branched runners 222 and the symmetrical orientation thereof generally evenly distribute the resin 214, such that the flow of resin 214 exiting the manifold assembly 220 and coating the rovings 142 is substantially uniformly distributed on the rovings 142. This desirably allows for generally uniform impregnation of the rovings 142.

[0053] Further, the manifold assembly 220 may in some embodiments define an outlet region 242. The outlet region 242 is that portion of the manifold assembly 220 wherein resin 214 exits the manifold assembly 220. Thus, the outlet region 242 generally encompasses at least a downstream portion of the channels or runners 222 from which the resin 214 exits. In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 7 through 12, at least a portion of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 have an increasing area in a flow direction 244 of the resin 214. The increasing area allows for diffusion and further distribution of the resin 214 as the resin 214 flows through the manifold assembly 220, which further allows for substantially uniform distribution of the resin 214 on the rovings 142. Additionally or alternatively, various channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 may have constant areas in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214, as shown in FIG. 13, or may have decreasing areas in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214.

[0054] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 7 through 11, each of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 is positioned such that resin 214 flowing therefrom is combined with resin 214 from other channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242. This combination of the resin 214 from the various channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 produces a generally singular and uniformly distributed flow of resin 214 from the manifold assembly 220 to substantially uniformly coat the rovings 142. Alternatively, as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, various of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 may be positioned such that resin 214 flowing therefrom is discrete from the resin 214 from other channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242. In these embodiments, a plurality of discrete but generally evenly distributed resin flows 214 may be produced by the manifold assembly 220 for substantially uniformly coating the rovings 142.

[0055] As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, at least a portion of the channels or runners 222 disposed in the outlet region 242 have curvilinear cross-sectional profiles. These curvilinear profiles allow for the resin 214 to be gradually directed from the channels or runners 222 generally downward towards the rovings 142. Alternatively, however, these channels or runners 222 may have any suitable cross-sectional profiles.

[0056] It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the above disclosed embodiments of the manifold assembly 220. Rather, any suitable manifold assembly 220 is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. In particular, manifold assemblies 220 which may provide generally even, uniform distribution of resin 214, such as coat-hanger, horseshoe, flex-lip, or adjustable slot manifold assemblies, are within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

[0057] As further illustrated in FIGS. 4 through 7, after flowing through the manifold assembly 220, the resin 214 may flow through gate passage 270. Gate passage 270 is positioned between the manifold assembly 220 and the impregnation zone 250, and is provided for flowing the resin 214 from the manifold assembly 220 such that the resin 214 coats the rovings 142. Thus, resin 214 exiting the manifold assembly 220, such as through outlet region 242, may enter gate passage 270 and flow therethrough. The resin 214 may then exit the gate passage 270 through an outlet of the gate passage 270.

[0058] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the gate passage 270 extends vertically between the manifold assembly 220 and the impregnation zone 250. Alternatively, however, the gate passage 270 may extend at any suitable angle between vertical and horizontal such that resin 214 is allowed to flow therethrough.

[0059] Further, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, in some embodiments at least a portion of the gate passage 270 has a decreasing cross-sectional profile in the flow direction 244 of the resin 214. This taper of at least a portion of the gate passage 270 may increase the flow rate of the resin 214 flowing therethrough before it contacts the rovings 142, which may allow the resin 214 to impinge on the rovings 142. Initial impingement of the rovings 142 by the resin 214 provides for further impregnation of the rovings, as discussed below. Further, tapering of at least a portion of the gate passage 270 may increase backpressure in the gate passage 270 and the manifold assembly 220, which may further provide more even, uniform distribution of the resin 214 to coat the rovings 142. Alternatively, the gate passage 270 may have an increasing or generally constant cross-sectional profile, as desired or required.

[0060] Upon exiting the manifold assembly 220 and the gate passage 270 of the die 150 as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the resin 214 contacts the rovings 142 being traversed through the die 150. As discussed above, the resin 214 may substantially uniformly coat the rovings 142, due to distribution of the resin 214 in the manifold assembly 220 and the gate passage 270. Further, in some embodiments, the resin 214 may impinge on an upper surface of each of the rovings 142, or on a lower surface of each of the rovings 142, or on both an upper and lower surface of each of the rovings 142. Initial impingement on the rovings 142 provides for further impregnation of the rovings 142 with the resin 214. Impingement on the rovings 142 may be facilitated by the velocity of the resin 214 when it impacts the rovings 142, the proximity of the rovings 142 to the resin 214 when the resin exits the manifold assembly 220 or gate passage 270, or other various variables.

[0061] As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the coated rovings 142 are traversed in run direction 282 through impregnation zone 250. The impregnation zone 250 is in fluid communication with the manifold assembly 220, such as through the gate passage 270 disposed therebetween. The impregnation zone 250 is configured to impregnate the rovings 142 with the resin 214.

[0062] For example, as discussed above, in exemplary embodiments as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6 and 14 through 18, the impregnation zone 250 includes a plurality of contact surfaces 252. The rovings 142 are traversed over the contact surfaces 252 in the impregnation zone. Impingement of the rovings 142 on the contact surface 252 creates shear and pressure sufficient to impregnate the rovings 142 with the resin 214 coating the rovings 142.

[0063] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, the impregnation zone 250 is defined between two spaced apart opposing plates 256 and 258. First plate 256 defines a first inner surface 257, while second plate 258 defines a second inner surface 259. The impregnation zone 250 is defined between the first plate 256 and the second plate 258. The contact surfaces 252 may be defined on or extend from both the first and second inner surfaces 257 and 259, or only one of the first and second inner surfaces 257 and 259.

[0064] In exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 15, 17, and 18, the contact surfaces 252 may be defined alternately on the first and second surfaces 257 and 259 such that the rovings alternately impinge on contact surfaces 252 on the first and second surfaces 257 and 259. Thus, the rovings 142 may pass contact surfaces 252 in a waveform, tortuous or sinusoidual-type pathway, which enhances shear.

[0065] Angle 254 at which the rovings 142 traverse the contact surfaces 252 may be generally high enough to enhance shear and pressure, but not so high to cause excessive forces that will break the fibers. Thus, for example, the angle 254 may be in the range between approximately 1° and approximately 30°, and in some embodiments, between approximately 5° and approximately 25°.

[0066] As stated above, contact surfaces 252 typically possess a curvilinear surface, such as a curved lobe, pin, etc. Further, in many exemplary embodiments, the impregnation zone 250 has a waveform cross-sectional profile. In one exemplary embodiment as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 14, 15, 17, and 18, the contact surfaces 252 are lobes that form portions of the waveform surfaces of both the first and second plates 256 and 258 and define the waveform cross-sectional profile. FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of the second plate 258 and the various contact surfaces thereon that form at least a portion of the impregnation zone 250 according to these embodiments.

[0067] In other embodiments, as shown in FIG. 16, the contact surfaces 252 are lobes that form portions of a waveform surface of only one of the first or second plate 256 or 258. In these embodiments, impingement occurs only on the contact surfaces 252 on the surface of the one plate. The other plate may generally be flat or otherwise shaped such that no interaction with the coated rovings occurs.

[0068] In other alternative embodiments, the impregnation zone 250 may include a plurality of pins (or rods), each pin having a contact surface 252. The pins may be static, freely rotational, or rotationally driven. Further, the pins may be mounted directly to the surface of the plates defining the impingement zone, or may be spaced from the surface. It should be noted that the pins may be heated by heaters, or may be heated individually or otherwise as desired or required. Further, the pins may be contained within the die, or may extend outwardly from the die and not be fully encased therein.

[0069] In further alternative embodiments, the contact surfaces 252 and impregnation zone 250 may comprise any suitable shapes and/or structures for impregnating the rovings 142 with the resin 214 as desired or required.

[0070] To further facilitate impregnation of the rovings 142, they may also be kept under tension while present within the die 150, and specifically within the impregnation zone 250. The tension may, for example, range from about 5 to about 300 Newtons, in some embodiments from about 50 to about 250 Newtons, and in some embodiments, from about 100 to about 200 Newtons per roving 142 or tow of fibers.

[0071] As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, and 15 through 18, the impregnation section according to the present disclosure further includes at least one device 300 that is configured to adjust the tension in a roving 142 or rovings 142 as the rovings 142 are traversed through the impregnation section. For example, the device 300 may reduce the tension in the rovings 142 or increase the tension in the rovings 142. To reduce the tension in a roving 142, the device 300 may overfeed the roving 142. In other words, the device 300 may operate at a faster speed than other devices, such as pulling devices of pultrusion systems, as discussed below, that are feeding the rovings 142 through the impregnation section. This may cause an extra amount of the roving 142 to be constantly feed through the device 300, thus reducing the tension in the roving 142 past the device 300. Oppositely, to increase the tension in a roving 142, the device 300 may underfeed the roving 142. In other words, the device 300 may operate at a slower speed than other devices, such as pulling devices of pultrusion systems, as discussed below, that are feeding the rovings 142 through the impregnation section. This may cause a lesser amount of the roving 142 to be constantly feed through the device 300, thus increasing the tension in the roving 142 past the device 300.

[0072] In some embodiments, the tension in a roving 142 may be reduced or increased by a device 300 by approximately 1% or less, approximately 2% or less, approximately 5% or less, approximately 10% or less, or approximately 20% or less. Additionally or alternatively, the linear velocity of a roving 142 may be reduced or increased by a device 300 by approximately 1% or less, approximately 2% or less, approximately 5% or less, approximately 10% or less, or approximately 20% or less. However, it should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the above disclosed percentages and ranges, and rather that any suitable reduction or increase of the tension or linear velocity of a roving 142 is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

[0073] Further, in some embodiments, the impregnation section may include at least one first device 300 and at least one second device 300. The first device 300 may be configured to reduce the tension in the rovings 142, while the second device 300 may be configured to increase the tension in the rovings 142.

[0074] A device 300, such as a first device 300, may in some embodiments be positioned upstream of the impregnation zone 250 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6. For example, the device 300 may be positioned upstream of the outlet of the gate passage 270, as shown in FIG. 4, or adjacent to the outlet as shown in FIG. 5, or downstream of the gate passage 270 as shown in FIG. 6, as discussed in more detail for certain exemplary embodiment below.

[0075] Additionally or alternatively, a device 300, such as a second device 300, may in some embodiments be positioned within or downstream of the impregnation zone 250, as discussed in more detail for certain exemplary embodiment below.

[0076] In exemplary embodiments, a device 300 may include a plurality of rollers 301. The rollers 301 may be configured to adjust the tension in the rovings 142. For example, as rovings 142 are traversed through the die 150, the rovings 142 are traversed past the rollers 301. As the rovings 142 pass by the rollers 301, the rovings 142 contact the outer surfaces of the rollers 301. This contact generates pressure and/or shear on the rovings 142. Further, the rovings 142 may be driven at a speed faster or slower than the traversal rate of the rovings 142, in order to increase or decrease the tension in the rovings 142 as discussed above.

[0077] Further, in some embodiments, various rollers 301 may be configured to impregnate the rovings 142 with resin 214. For example, the pressure and/or shear generated by contact between a roller 301 and a roving 142 may be sufficient to impregnate resin 214 coating the rovings 142 into the rovings 142. Advantageously, the rollers may allow such impregnation with only minimal drag flow and/or damage to the rovings 142. Additionally, in some exemplary embodiments, the rollers 301 may further be utilized to meter resin 214 onto the rovings 142, as discussed below.

[0078] A roller 301 according to the present disclosure is rotatable about a central axis 302. It should be understood that the roller 301 may be concentric or eccentric with respect to the central axis 302. This rotational movement may, as discussed above, allow tension adjustment and, optionally, impregnation, of rovings 142 with only minimal drag flow and/or damage to the rovings 142. Further, in exemplary embodiments, as discussed above, the roller 301 is rotationally driven. In these embodiments, a motor or other suitable drive device, which is generally separate from other devices associated with the rovings 142 such as pulling device in pultrusion systems, as discussed below, may be connected to the roller 301 to rotatably drive the roller 301, and the roller 301 may rotate independent of contact with the rovings 142. The rotational speed of the roller 301 may be faster or slower than the speed of the rovings 142 traversing past the roller 301 as desired or required for suitable tension adjustment of the rovings 142.

[0079] In exemplary embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6 and 15 through 18, the rollers 301 may include at least one pair of rollers 301. A pair of rollers 301 may be generally oppositely aligned with respect to the path of the rovings 142 through the die 150 such that rovings 142 traversing past the rollers 301 contact both rollers 301 in the pair of rollers 301 at substantially the same time. Thus, the pair of rollers 301 may be configured to adjust the tension in and, optionally impregnate, the rovings 142, with each roller 301 in the pair of rollers 301 contacting a roving 142 from an opposing side. The rollers 301 may include one pair of rollers 301, two pairs of rollers 301, three pairs of rollers 301, four pairs or rollers 301, or five or more pairs of rollers 301. Further, in embodiments wherein the impregnation section includes a first device 301 and a second device 301, each device 301 may include one pair or rollers 301, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6 and 15 through 18, or two or more pairs of rollers 301

[0080] Additionally or alternatively, the rollers 301 may include alternating rollers 301. The rollers 301 may be positioned alternately on or adjacent to the first and second surfaces 257 and 259, for example. Thus, the rovings 142 may pass the rollers 301 in a waveform, tortuous or sinusoidual-type pathway, which enhances shear.

[0081] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 14, 15, and 16, the rollers 301 may be positioned in cavities 304. The cavities 304 may be defined, for example, in the first and/or second plates 256 and 258, thus disrupting the first and second surfaces 257 and 259. In exemplary embodiments, a portion of a roller 301 positioned in a cavity protrudes from the cavity 304 such that rovings 142 traversing past the roller 301 may contact the roller 301. Additionally or alternatively, a roller 301 may be mounted directly to a surface, such as first surface 257 or second surface 159, or may be spaced from the surface as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18.

[0082] As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6 and 15 through 118, a roller 301 may be positioned upstream of the plurality of contact surfaces 252 in impregnation zone 250 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142. In some of these embodiments, one or more of the upstream rollers 301 may additionally be utilized to meter resin 214 onto the rovings 142. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the outlet of gate passage 270 may be adjacent to a roller 301, such that resin 214 flowed from the gate passage 270 may flow onto the roller 301. The resin 214 may then be coated onto the rovings 142 by the roller 301 as the rovings 142 traverse past the roller 301. The rotational speed of the roller 301 may dictate the amount of resin 214 applied to the rovings 142, such that the resin 214 is metered as desired. Additionally or alternatively, a roller 301 may be positioned upstream, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 15 through 18, or downstream, as shown in FIG. 6, of the outlet of gate passage 270, as desired or required. Further, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 15, 17, and 18, a roller 301 may be positioned downstream of the plurality of contact surfaces 252 in impregnation zone 250 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142. Still further, a roller 301 may be positioned between various of the contact surfaces 252, as shown in FIG. 16. For example, a roller 301 may be positioned downstream of one, two, three, four, five, or more contact surfaces 252, and other contact surface 252 may be provided downstream of this roller 301.

[0083] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, a roller 301 may be adjustable generally perpendicularly to run direction 282 of rovings 142, such along a generally linear or curvilinear path. It should be understood that the roller 301 according to these embodiments may be adjusted perpendicularly to the run direction 282 or at any suitable angle to perpendicular, as desired or required to provide an additional compressive force to the rovings 142. Thus, such adjustment may allow the roller 301 to, when adjusted towards the rovings 142, apply an additional compressive force to the rovings 142 to further enhance tension adjustment and, optionally, impregnation of the rovings 142. For example, a spring mechanism 306, as shown in FIG. 18, a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder, a gearing mechanism, or any other suitable adjustment mechanism may be connected to the roller 301 to move the roller 301 as desired, thus adjusting the roller 301. In some embodiments, adjustment of the roller 301 may be constant, such that a constant compressive force is applied to the rovings 142. In alternative embodiments, adjustment of the roller 301 may be intermittent, such that an intermittent compressive force is applied to the rovings 142 at any suitable speed and/or interval. Further, it should be understood that any suitable adjustment of a roller 301 is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

[0084] It should be noted that the devices 300 may be heated by heaters 133, or may be heated individually or otherwise as desired or required. Further, the devices 300 may be contained within the die 150, or may extend outwardly from the die 150 and not be fully encased therein. In exemplary embodiments, the devices 300 are not cooler than the temperature of the die 150 in general.

[0085] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 15, and 16, the impingement section may further include at least one blade 308. Each blade 308 may be in contact with a devices 300, such as a roller 301, and may be provided for removing excess resin 214 from that device 300. For example, the blade 308 may be a doctor's blade or other suitable blade. As shown, a blade 308 associated with a device 300 in exemplary embodiments may be positioned downstream of the device 300 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142. Alternatively, the blade 208 may be positioned upstream of the roller 301. During rotation of the roller 301 and after contact with rovings 142, the device 300 may contact the blade 308. The blade 208 may scrape excess resin 214 from the outer surface of the device 300.

[0086] It should be understood that the arrangement and positioning of devices 300 in the impingement section is not limited to the above disclosed examples, and rather that any suitable arrangement and positioning of devices 300 in an impingement section is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Further, it should be understood that the devices 300 of the present disclosure are not limited to rollers 301, and rather that any suitable device for adjusting the tension of rovings 142, such as a spring device or other suitable tension adjustment device, is within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure.

[0087] As shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, 19 and 20, in some embodiments, a land zone 280 may be positioned downstream of the impregnation zone 250 in run direction 282 of the rovings 142. The rovings 142 may traverse through the land zone 280 before exiting the die 150. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 19, at least a portion of the land zone 280 may have an increasing cross-sectional profile in run direction 282, such that the area of the land zone 280 increases. The increasing portion may be the downstream portion of the land zone 280 to facilitate the rovings 142 exiting the die 150. Alternatively, the cross-sectional profile or any portion thereof may decrease, or may remain constant as shown in FIG. 20.

[0088] As further shown in FIGS. 4 through 6, in some embodiments, a faceplate 290 may adjoin the impregnation zone 250. The faceplate 290 may be positioned downstream of the impregnation zone 250 and, if included, the land zone 280, in the run direction 282. Faceplate 290 is generally configured to meter excess resin 214 from the rovings 142. Thus, apertures in the faceplate 290, through which the rovings 142 traverse, may be sized such that when the rovings 142 are traversed therethrough, the size of the apertures causes excess resin 214 to be removed from the rovings 142.

[0089] Additionally, other components may be optionally employed to assist in the impregnation of the fibers. For example, a “gas jet” assembly may be employed in certain embodiments to help uniformly spread a roving of individual fibers, which may each contain up to as many as 24,000 fibers, across the entire width of the merged tow. This helps achieve uniform distribution of strength properties. Such an assembly may include a supply of compressed air or another gas that impinges in a generally perpendicular fashion on the moving rovings that pass across exit ports. The spread rovings may then be introduced into a die for impregnation, such as described above.

[0090] The impregnated rovings that result from use of the die and method according to the present disclosure may have a very low void fraction, which helps enhance their strength. For instance, the void fraction may be about 3% or less, in some embodiments about 2% or less, in some embodiments about 1% or less, and in some embodiments, about 0.5% or less. The void fraction may be measured using techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the void fraction may be measured using a “resin burn off” test in which samples are placed in an oven (e.g., at 600° C. for 3 hours) to burn out the resin. The mass of the remaining fibers may then be measured to calculate the weight and volume fractions. Such “burn off” testing may be performed in accordance with ASTM D 2584-08 to determine the weights of the fibers and the polymer matrix, which may then be used to calculate the “void fraction” based on the following equations:

V_f=100*(ρ_f−ρ_c)/ρ_r

where,

[0091] V_f is the void fraction as a percentage;

[0092] ρ_c is the density of the composite as measured using known techniques, such as with a liquid or gas pycnometer (e.g., helium pycnometer);

[0093] ρ_t is the theoretical density of the composite as is determined by the following equation:

ρ_t=1/[W_f/ρ_f+W_m/ρ_m]

[0094] ρ_m is the density of the polymer matrix (e.g., at the appropriate crystallinity);

[0095] ρ_f is the density of the fibers;

[0096] W_f is the weight fraction of the fibers; and

[0097] W_m is the weight fraction of the polymer matrix.

[0098] Alternatively, the void fraction may be determined by chemically dissolving the resin in accordance with ASTM D 3171-09. The “burn off” and “dissolution” methods are particularly suitable for glass fibers, which are generally resistant to melting and chemical dissolution. In other cases, however, the void fraction may be indirectly calculated based on the densities of the polymer, fibers, and ribbon in accordance with ASTM D 2734-09 (Method A), where the densities may be determined ASTM D792-08 Method A. Of course, the void fraction can also be estimated using conventional microscopy equipment.

[0099] The present disclosure is further directed to a method for impregnating at least one fiber roving 142 with a polymer resin 214. As discussed above, the method includes tensioning the fiber roving 142, which may be accomplished through the use of a pulling device or other suitable device as discussed above. The method further includes reducing the tension in the roving 142, such as with a device 300 as discussed above. The method further includes coating the fiber roving 142 with a polymer resin 214. The method further includes traversing the coated roving 142 through an impregnation zone 250 to impregnate the roving 142 with the resin 214. The impregnation zone 250 comprising a plurality of contact surfaces 252.

[0100] Additionally, in some embodiments, the method may further include increasing the tension in the roving 142, such as with a device 300 as discussed above. Further, in some embodiments, the method may include the step of adjusting the device 300 generally perpendicularly to a run direction 282 of the roving 142, as discussed above.

[0101] In some embodiments, the rovings 142 may be under a tension of from about 5 Newtons to about 300 Newtons within the impregnation zone 250, as discussed above. Further, in some embodiments, coating the roving 142 with the resin 214 may include flowing the resin 214 through a gate passage 270.

[0102] As discussed above, after exiting the impregnation die 150, the impregnated rovings 142, or extrudate 152, may be consolidated into the form of a ribbon. The number of rovings employed in each ribbon may vary. Typically, however, a ribbon will contain from 2 to 20 rovings, and in some embodiments from 2 to 10 rovings, and in some embodiments, from 3 to 5 rovings. To help achieve the symmetric distribution of the rovings, it is generally desired that they are spaced apart approximately the same distance from each other within the ribbon. Referring to FIG. 21, for example, one embodiment of a consolidated ribbon 4 is shown that contains three (3) rovings 5 spaced equidistant from each other in the −x direction. In other embodiments, however, it may be desired that the rovings are combined, such that the fibers of the rovings are generally evenly distributed throughout the ribbon 4. In these embodiments, the rovings may be generally indistinguishable from each other. Referring to FIG. 22, for example, one embodiment of a consolidated ribbon 4 is shown that contains rovings that are combined such that the fibers are generally evenly distributed.

[0103] A pultrusion process may further be utilized according to the present disclosure for certain particular applications. For example, in some embodiments, such process may be utilized to form a rod. In these embodiments, continuous fibers of rovings 142 may be oriented in the longitudinal direction (the machine direction “A” of the system of FIG. 1) to enhance tensile strength. Besides fiber orientation, other aspects of the pultrusion process may be controlled to achieve the desired strength. For example, a relatively high percentage of continuous fibers are employed in the consolidated ribbon to provide enhanced strength properties. For instance, continuous fibers typically constitute from about 25 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 35 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the ribbon. Likewise, polymer(s) typically constitute from about 20 wt. % to about 75 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 25 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 40 wt. % to about 65 wt. % of the ribbon.

[0104] In general, ribbons may be supplied to the pultrusion system directly from impregnation die 150, or may be supplied from spindles or other suitable storage apparatus. A tension-regulating device may be employed to help control the degree of tension in the ribbons as they are drawn through the pultrusion system. An oven may be supplied in the device for heating the ribbons. The ribbons may then be provided to a consolidation die, which may operate to compress the ribbons together into a preform, and to align and form the initial shape of the desired product, such as a rod. If desired, a second die (e.g., calibration die) may also be employed that compresses the preform into a final shape. Cooling systems may additionally be incorporated between the dies and/or after either die. A downstream pulling device may be positioned to pull products through the system.

[0105] These and other modifications and variations of the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only, and is not intended to limit the invention so further described in such appended claims.