Classes of Steels for Tubular Products

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/750,606 filed Jan. 9, 2013.

[0002] This application deals with new classes of advanced steel alloys which may be used for tubular product production. The new classes of advanced steel have unique chemistries and operable mechanisms leading to advanced mechanical properties.

[0003] Steels have been used by mankind for at least 3,000 years and are widely utilized in industry comprising over 80% by weight of all metallic alloys in industrial use. Existing steel technology is based on manipulating the eutectoid transformation. The first step is to heat up the alloy into the single phase region (austenite) and then cool or quench the steel at various cooling rates to form multiphase structures which are often combinations of ferrite, austenite, and cementite. Depending on the cooling rate of the steel at solidification or thermal treatment, a wide variety of characteristic microstructures (i.e. pearlite, bainite, and martensite) can be obtained with a wide range of properties. This manipulation of the eutectoid transformation has resulted in the wide variety of steels available nowadays.

[0004] Non-stainless steels may be understood herein to contain less than 10.5% of chromium and are typically represented by plain carbon steel which is by far the most widely used kind of steel. The properties of carbon steel depend primarily on the amount of carbon it contains. With very low carbon content (below 0.05% C), these steels are relatively ductile and have properties similar to pure iron. They cannot be modified by heat treatment. They are inexpensive, but engineering applications may be restricted to non-critical components and general paneling work.

[0005] Pearlite structure formation in most alloy steels requires less carbon than in ordinary carbon steels. The majority of these alloy steels is low carbon material and alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts of between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties. Lowering the carbon content to the range of 0.10% to 0.30%, along with some reduction in alloying elements increases the weldability and formability of the steel while maintaining its strength. Such alloys are classed as a high-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) exhibiting tensile strengths from 270 to 700 MPa.

[0006] Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS) steels may have tensile strengths greater than 700 MPa and include types such as martensitic steels (MS), dual phase (DP) steels, transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, and complex phase (CP) steels. As the strength level increases, the ductility of the steel generally decreases. For example, low-strength steel (LSS), high-strength steel (HSS) and AHSS may indicate tensile elongations at levels of 25% to 55%, 10% to 45% and 4% to 30%, respectively.

[0007] Much higher strength (up to 2500 MPa) has been achieved in maraging steels which are carbon free iron-nickel alloys with additions of cobalt, molybdenum, titanium and aluminum. The term maraging is derived from the strengthening mechanism, which is transforming the alloy to martensite with subsequent age hardening. The common, non stainless grades of maraging steels contain 17% to 18% nickel, 8% to 12% cobalt, 3% to 5% molybdenum and 0.2% to 1.6% titanium. The relatively high price of maraging steels (they are several times more expensive than the high alloy tool steels produced by standard methods) significantly restricts their application in many areas (for example, automotive industry). They are highly sensitive to nonmetallic inclusions, which act as stress raisers and promote nucleation of voids and microcracks leading to a decrease in ductility and fracture toughness of the steel. To minimize the content of nonmetallic inclusions, the maraging steels are typically melted under vacuum resulting in high cost processing.

[0008] The present disclosure relates to a method for producing metallic alloys of selected elemental composition. The alloys may include: (1) Fe—Cr—Ni—B—Si alloys which optionally may include one or more of V, Zr, Mn, W, Ti, Mo, Nb, Al, Cu, V and C; (2) Fe—Ni—B—Si alloys which optionally include Cu or Mn; (3) Fe—Cr—B—Si alloys which optionally include Cu, C or Mn; and (4) Fe—B—Si—Mn alloys which optionally include Cu or C. The atomic ratios of the identified elements may add up to 100. Impurities may be present at levels up to 10 atomic percent.

[0047] The alloys described herein may be employed for use in tubular products for different applications, such as pipes, tubes, casings, and rods with different profiles. They can be directly cast into tubular products by centrifugal casting or used in a powder form for further production steps including but not limited to cold/hot extrusion, pressing, forging towards final products. The alloys herein in powder form can be used as initial precursor or may be pre-compacted into billets (preforms).

[0048] Tubular products for drilling applications may include use as a drill collars (a component that provides weight on a bit for drilling), drill pipe (hollow wall pipe used on drilling rigs to facilitate drilling), tool joints (i.e. the threaded ends of drill pipe), protective well casings, and wellheads (i.e. the component of a surface or an oil or gas well that provides the structural and pressure-containing interface for drilling and production equipment) including but not limited to ultra-deep and ultra-deep water and extended reach (ERD) well exploration. The alloys herein may also be produced in a tubular form for the automotive industry, for example, as air bag tubes.

[0049] A number of production methods are envisioned for seamless tubular products. Centrifugal casting can be used to produce a pipe form directly from a liquid melt. The as-cast pipe can be post processed by various methods including hot extrusion, cold extrusion, hot pilgering, and/or cold pilgering in order to eliminate defects, change metallurgical structure, reduce surface or internal porosity, and increase pipe uniformity and quality. Another route is to utilize a powder metallurgy compact which involves atomization by several methods including gas, water, or centrifugal atomization etc. followed by compacting into a billet. Compacting can be done by several methods including powder extrusion, cold isostatic processing (CIP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), etc. The compacts can then be processed through a number of different post processing strategies to yield a tubular form including piercing, pierce and roll, hot extrusion, cold extrusion, hot pilgering, cold pilgering, etc. The tubes produced are envisioned to be seamless but can be welded consistent with the good weld properties of the Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 steel characteristics. However, the greatest usage of the new steel classes would be envisioned to be in the production of seamless tubes which have homogenous walls without any weld or joint along its length. The homogenous wall and smooth inner surface of the tube is not subjected to weaknesses caused by welding and the potential deleterious effects of the heat affected zone. The largest benefit to using seamless steel pipe is the increased pressure ratings that significantly broadening up the areas of application for ultra-deep and ultra-deep water and extended reach (ERD) well exploration. Seamless pipes are also in high demand for industrial boilers including power industry. Seamless tubes find application in the manufacture of bearings, automobile parts, drill pipes, hydraulic cylinders, gas cylinders, etc.

[0050] Centrifugal casting is a commercially available manufacturing process for producing a wide variety of cylindrically symmetrical parts from simple shapes such as pipes, tubes and tubular components to complex shapes such as valve balls or flanges. The process consists of pouring a molten metal liquid into a rapidly rotating cylindrical mold. The centripetal acceleration of the cylindrical mold causes the metal liquid to be pushed radially outward against the inner surface of the mold. The apparent centrifugal force acting on the metal liquid is proportional to the radius of rotation and to the square of the rotational speed along with the mass. Thus the pressure applied to the liquid can be significant because of the rapid rotation and larger diameter molds will have a greater pressure exerted on the liquid. The pressure can be engineered for the process in order for the produced part to be fully dense and thus defect free. This gives centrifugal casting an advantage over other casting techniques in which porosity can routinely occur and cannot be avoided. In addition any metal oxide material or slag entrained in the molten liquid will be separated from the metal liquid because of the oxide material or slag has lower density than the metal alloy and these impurities will “float” to the center of the rotation where there is minimal pressure. If the casting shape is a tube or pipe then any oxide material will segregate to the inner diameter surface of the tube or pipe where it can be easily removed by post casting boring or machining.

[0051] The mold is water quenched on the outside, which causes the molten metal to be rapidly solidified on the inner diameter of the mold where the pressure is the greatest because it is at the maximum radius and the solidification propagates radially towards the center axis of rotation. The result is that there is refined grain size microstructure on the outer surface, which will provide higher strength in the material. Also because the mold is spun rapidly until solidification is complete therefore the pressure is continuously applied and there is no possibility of any shrinkage during the solidification process, which occurs in other casting techniques.

[0052] The design of the part to be cast determines the amount of molten liquid metal to be poured into the mold. For pipes or tubes the molten metal volume is less than the total volume of the mold and is carefully regulated in the manufacturing process to ensure part reproducibility. There is therefore insufficient molten metal to fill up the mold completely. Consequently, a symmetrical bore hole forms in the center along the axis of symmetry. The amount of liquid metal controls the diameter of the bore hole. For low volumes the bore hole will have a large diameter meaning that the part has a thin wall. Thus the same mold can produce different thicknesses simply by changing the volume of metal liquid used to cast the pipe, which means that a range of pipe thicknesses can easily be produced with the same mold. Centrifugal casting production begins with weighing out commercial grade feedstock constituents that are then alloyed together in a furnace. The molten liquid metal is then transferred to a tundish that is moved to the casting location. The mold is rotated at a fixed speed and the tundish is poured into a spout that feeds the liquid metal into one end of the mold. The liquid metal flows along the mold because of the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid reservoir in the spout while simultaneously fans out on the inner diameter surface of the mold because of the rotation of the mold. Once the liquid metal has flowed to the desired length cooling water is applied to the outside of the mold causing the molten metal to solidify. Centrifugal casting is conducted with either vertical or horizontal oriented molds. The choice of orientation used in the manufacturing process is mainly dictated by the length of the mold along its axis of symmetry. For short mold lengths, the mold is vertical while for tubes or pipes for which the length of the axis of symmetry is significantly longer than the diameter then the mold is oriented horizontally. A major driving factor for mold orientation is the mechanical method used to rotate the mold with most casting done with horizontal molds. This allows for mechanical drive wheels to be contact on the outside of the mold in order to precisely control the rotational speed. A centrifugal casting machine is schematically presented in FIG. 1.

[0053] Conventional processing of pipe would involve continuous casting into thick rods which will be cut as preforms or billets to be used as feedstock for the pipe making process. Due to the unique metallurgy including the chemistry, operable mechanisms and targeted structures, the Class 1, 2, and 3 steels described in this application cannot be made by continuous casting of thick blocks or rods. However, there are a number of methods envisioned to produce pipe using a powder metallurgy process and one of the methods is described in FIG. 2. The first step is to atomize to produce powder which can be done by various techniques including but not limited to gas, water, and centrifugal atomization. The next step is to consolidate the powder into a near full density billet. As shown this can be done using HIPing but alternate methods can also be used such as CIPing, powder extrusion, powder forging etc. The consolidated billet can then be produced into a pipe using hot extrusion processes which would be Step #3.

[0054] Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed, cross-sectional profile and is widely used for seamless pipe and tube production. The main goal in tube extrusion is to manufacture consistent products with minimal dimensional variation. A material is pushed or drawn through a die of the desired cross-section. Extrusion is in most cases a hot working operation but can also be carried out in cold mode. The working temperatures in hot extrusion are typically 0.7-0.9 T_m, where T_m is the melting temperature. In steel extrusion, glass lubrication is commonly used when a layer of glass between the billet and the container, between the billet and the mandrel, and between the billet and the die is applied. Each billet is heated to the extrusion temperature and then rolled in a powder of glass during transportation to the extrusion chamber. Glass powder is also applied inside the billet to assure good lubrication between billet and mandrel. Lubrication through the die is provided by a thick disc of compacted glass, the glass pad, which is placed between the billet and the die. During extrusion, the glass pad is pressed against the die by the hot metal. The glass pad will deform with the billet and melt progressively to surround the extrusion with a lubricant glass film. The billet heating is an important stage in the manufacturing of steel tubes and pipes. The aim is to heat the material to a specified temperature that is suitable for hot forming. It is often desired to have a uniform temperature distribution within the heated billet. Heating prior to extrusion is carried out in gas-fueled rotary hearth furnaces, in induction furnaces, or in a combination of both.

[0055] FIG. 2a describes additional alternate powder metallurgy approaches to produce seamless pipe. After billet preparation, the billet can be extruded, pilgered or processed through a pierce-and-roll process. The extrusion process was described previously and can be done hot or cold. In the pilgering process, the preform billet, which can be heated up to a target process temperature, is forced through a die which generally results in reduction of both the outside and inner diameters. In the pierce and roll process, seamless pipe is produced in a typical four step process. The heated ingot/billet is first pierced to create room for the insertion of the mandrel and pipe is produced through what has been termed the Mannesman effect. Next a mandrel is inserted which maintains the inner diameter of the tube while it goes through the mandrel mill, which forms the outer diameter through a series of perpendicular orientated pairs of rolling mills. Next the pipe is further reheated and then goes through a stretching/finishing mill where pairs of rollers offset by 120 degrees are utilized to achieve final finishing/tolerances. Afterward, the pipe is often heat treated by various processes to hit the targeted structures and final properties and then is straightened.

[0056] The alloys herein are such that they are capable of formation of what is described as Class 1, Class 2 Steel or Class 3 Steel which are preferably crystalline (non-glassy) with identifiable crystalline grain size morphology. The ability of the alloys to form Class 1, Class 2 or Class 3 Steels herein is described in detail. However, it is useful to first consider a description of the general features of Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 Steels, which is initially provided below.

[0057] The formation of Class 1 Steel herein is illustrated in FIG. 3. As shown therein, a Modal structure is initially formed which modal structure is the result of starting with a liquid melt of the alloy and solidifying by cooling, which provides nucleation and growth of particular phases having particular grain sizes. Reference herein to modal may therefore be understood as a structure having at least two grain size distributions. Grain size herein may be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Accordingly, Structure #1 of the Class 1 Steel may be preferably achieved by processing through either laboratory scale procedures and/or through industrial scale methods such as powder atomization or alloy casting.

[0058] The Modal Structure of Class 1 Steel will therefore initially indicate, when cooled from the melt, the following grain sizes: (1) matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm containing austenite and/or ferrite; (2) boride grain size of 25 nm to 500 nm (i.e. non-metallic grains such as M₂B where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to B). The boride grains may also preferably be “pinning” type phases which is reference to the feature that the matrix grains will effectively be stabilized by the pinning phases which resist coarsening at elevated temperature. Note that the metal boride grains have been identified as exhibiting the M₂B stoichiometry but other stoichiometries are possible and may provide pinning including M₃B, MB (M₁B₁), M₂₃B₆, and M₇B₃.

[0059] The Modal Structure of Class 1 Steel may be subjected to thermomechanical deformation and/or heat treatment, resulting in some variation in properties, but the Modal Structure may be maintained.

[0060] When the Class 1 Steel noted above is exposed to a mechanical stress, the observed stress versus strain diagram is illustrated in FIG. 4. It is therefore observed that the Modal Structure undergoes what is identified as Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation leading to a second type structure for the Class 1 Steel which is Modal Nanophase Structure. Such Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation is therefore triggered when the alloy experiences a yield under stress, and it has been found that the yield strength of Class 1 Steels which undergo Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation may preferably occur at 400 MPa to 1300 MPa. Accordingly, it may be appreciated that Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation occurs due to the application of mechanical stress that exceeds such indicated yield strength. Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation itself may be understood as the formation of a further identifiable phase in the Class 1 Steel which is termed a precipitation phase with an associated grain size. That is, the result of such Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation is to form an alloy which still indicates identifiable matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm, boride pinning grain size of 25 nm to 500 nm, along with the formation of precipitation grains which contain hexagonal phases and grains of 1.0 nm to 200 nm. As noted above, the grain sizes therefore do not coarsen when the alloy is stressed, but does lead to the development of the precipitation grains as noted.

[0061] Reference to the hexagonal phases may be understood as a dihexagonal pyramidal class hexagonal phase with a P6₃mc space group (#186) and/or a ditrigonal dipyramidal class with a hexagonal P6bar2C space group (#190). In addition, the mechanical properties of such second type structure of the Class 1 Steel are such that the tensile strength is observed to fall in the range of 700 MPa to 1400 MPa, with an elongation of 10-50%. Furthermore, the second type structure of the Class 1 Steel is such that it exhibits a strain hardening coefficient from 0.1 to 0.4 that is nearly flat after undergoing the indicated yield. The strain hardening coefficient is reference to the n-value in the formula σ=Kεⁿ, where σ represents the applied stress on the material, ε is the strain and K is the strength coefficient. The value of the strain hardening exponent n lies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 means that the alloy is a perfectly plastic solid (i.e. the material undergoes non-reversible changes to applied force), while a value of 1 represents a 100% elastic solid (i.e. the material undergoes reversible changes to an applied force).

[0062] Table 1A below provides a comparison and performance summary for Class 1 Steel herein.

TABLE 1A
Comparison of Structure and Performance for Class 1 Steel
	Class 1 Steel
Property/	Structure Type #1	Structure Type #2
Mechanism	Modal Structure	Modal Nanophase Structure
Structure	Starting with a liquid melt,	Dynamic Nanophase Precipitation
Formation	solidifying this liquid melt and	occurring through the application of
	forming directly	mechanical stress
Transformations	Liquid solidification followed by	Stress induced transformation involving
	nucleation and growth	phase formation and precipitation
Enabling Phases	Austenite and/or ferrite with	Austenite, optionally ferrite, boride
	boride pinning	pinning phases, and hexagonal phase(s)
		precipitation
Matrix Grain	500 to 20,000 nm	500 to 20,000 nm
Size	Austenite and/or ferrite	Austenite optionally ferrite
Boride Grain Size	25 to 500 nm	25 to 500 nm
	Non metallic (e.g. metal boride)	Non-metallic (e.g. metal boride)
Precipitation	—	1 nm to 200 nm
Grain Sizes		Hexagonal phase(s)
Tensile Response	Intermediate structure;	Actual with properties achieved based
	transforms into Structure #2	on structure type #2
	when undergoing yield
Yield Strength	300 to 600 MPa	400 to 1300 MPa
Tensile Strength	—	700 to 1400 MPa
Total Elongation	—	10 to 70%
Strain Hardening	—	Exhibits a strain hardening coefficient
Response		between 0.1 to 0.4 and a strain hardening
		coefficient as a function of strain which
		is nearly flat or experiencing a slow
		increase until failure

[0063] The formation of Class 2 Steel herein is illustrated in FIG. 5. Class 2 steel may also be formed herein from the identified alloys, which involves two new structure types after starting with Structure type #1, Modal Structure, followed by two new mechanisms identified herein as Static Nanophase Refinement and Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening. The new structure types for Class 2 Steel are described herein as Nanomodal Structure and High Strength Nanomodal Structure. Accordingly, Class 2 Steel herein may be characterized as follows: Structure #1—Modal Structure (Step #1), Mechanism #1—Static Nanophase Refinement (Step #2), Structure #2—Nanomodal Structure (Step #3), Mechanism #2—Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Step #4), and Structure #3—High Strength Nanomodal Structure (Step #5).

[0064] As shown therein, Structure #1 is initially formed in which Modal Structure is the result of starting with a liquid melt of the alloy and solidifying by cooling, which provides nucleation and growth of particular phases having particular grain sizes. Grain size herein may again be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Accordingly, Structure #1 of the Class 2 Steel may be preferably achieved by processing through either laboratory scale procedures and/or through industrial scale methods such as powder atomization or alloy casting.

[0065] The Modal Structure of Class 2 Steel will therefore initially indicate, when cooled from the melt, the following grain sizes: (1) matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm containing austenite and/or ferrite; (2) boride grain size of 25 nm to 500 nm (i.e. non-metallic grains such as M₂B where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to B). The boride grains may also preferably be “pinning” type phases which are referenced to the feature that the matrix grains will effectively be stabilized by the pinning phases which resist coarsening at elevated temperature. Note that the metal boride grains have been identified as exhibiting the M₂B stoichiometry but other stoichiometries are possible and may provide pinning including M₃B, MB (M₁B₁), M₂₃B₆, and M₇B₃ and which are unaffected by Mechanisms #1 or #2 noted above). Reference to grain size is again to be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, Structure #1 of Class 2 steel herein includes austenite and/or ferrite along with such boride phases.

[0066] In FIG. 6, a stress strain curve is shown that represents the non-stainless steel alloys herein which undergo a deformation behavior of Class 2 steel. The Modal Structure is preferably first created (Structure #1) and then after the creation, the Modal Structure may now be uniquely refined through Mechanism #1, which is a Static Nanophase Refinement mechanism, leading to Structure #2. Static Nanophase Refinement is reference to the feature that the matrix grain sizes of Structure 1 which initially fall in the range of 500 nm to 20,000 nm are reduced in size to provide Structure 2 which has matrix grain sizes that typically fall in the range of 100 nm to 2000 nm. Note that the boride pinning phase can change size significantly in some alloys, while it is designed to resist matrix grain coarsening during the heat treatments. Due to the presence of these boride pinning sites, the motion of a grain boundaries leading to coarsening would be expected to be retarded by a process called Zener pinning or Zener drag. Thus, while grain growth of the matrix may be energetically favorable due to the reduction of total interfacial area, the presence of the boride pinning phase will counteract this driving force of coarsening due to the high interfacial energies of these phases.

[0067] Characteristic of the Static Nanophase Refinement Mechanism #1 in Class 2 steel, the micron scale austenite phase (gamma-Fe) which was noted as falling in the range of 500 nm to 20,000 nm is partially or completely transformed into new phases (e.g. ferrite or alpha-Fe). The volume fraction of ferrite (alpha-iron) initially present in the Modal Structure (Structure 1) of Class 2 steel is 0 to 45%. The volume fraction of ferrite (alpha-iron) in Structure #2 as a result of Static Nanophase Refinement Mechanism #2 is typically from 20 to 80%. The static transformation preferably occurs during elevated temperature heat treatment and thus involves a unique refinement mechanism since grain coarsening rather than grain refinement is the conventional material response at elevated temperature.

[0068] Accordingly, grain coarsening does not occur with the alloys of Class 2 Steel herein during the Static Nanophase Refinement mechanism. Structure #2 is uniquely able to transform to Structure #3 during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening and as a result Structure #3 is formed and indicates tensile strength values in the range from 800 to 1800 MPa with 5 to 65% total elongation.

[0069] Depending on alloy chemistries, nano-scale precipitates can form during Static Nanophase Refinement and the subsequent thermal process in some of the non-stainless high-strength steels. The nano-precipitates are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm, with the majority (>50%) of these phases 10˜20 nm in size, which are much smaller than the boride pinning phase formed in Structure #1 for retarding matrix grain coarsening. Also, during Static Nanophase Refinement, the boride grain sizes grow larger to a range from 200 to 2500 nm in size.

[0070] Expanding upon the above, in the case of the alloys herein that provide Class 2 Steel, when such alloys exceed their yield point, plastic deformation at constant stress occurs followed by a dynamic phase transformation leading toward the creation of Structure #3. More specifically, after enough strain is induced, an inflection point occurs where the slope of the stress versus strain curve changes and increases (FIG. 6) and the strength increases with strain indicating an activation of Mechanism #2 (Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening).

[0071] With further straining during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening, the strength continues to increase but with a gradual decrease in strain hardening coefficient value up to nearly failure. Some strain softening occurs but only near the breaking point which may be due to reductions in localized cross sectional area at necking. Note that the strengthening transformation that occurs at the material straining under the stress generally defines Mechanism #2 as a dynamic process, leading to Structure #3. By dynamic, it is meant that the process may occur through the application of a stress which exceeds the yield point of the material. The tensile properties that can be achieved for alloys that achieve Structure 3 include tensile strength values in the range from 800 to 1800 MPa and 5 to 65% total elongation. The level of tensile properties achieved is also dependent on the amount of transformation occurring as the strain increases corresponding to the characteristic stress strain curve for a Class 2 steel.

[0072] Thus, depending on the level of transformation, tunable yield strength may also now be developed in Class 2 Steel herein depending on the level of deformation and in Structure #3 the yield strength can ultimately vary from 400 MPa to 1700 MPa. That is, conventional steels outside the scope of the alloys here exhibit only relatively low levels of strain hardening, thus their yield strengths can be varied only over small ranges (e.g., 100 to 200 MPa) depending on the prior deformation history. In Class 2 steels herein, the yield strength can be varied over a wide range (e.g. 400 to 1700 MPa) as applied to Structure #2 transformation into Structure #3, allowing tunable variations to enable both the designer and end users in a variety of applications, and utilize Structure #3 in various applications such as crash management in automobile body structures.

[0073] With regards to this dynamic mechanism shown in FIG. 5, new and/or additional precipitation phase or phases are observed that indicates identifiable grain sizes of 1 nm to 200 nm. In addition, there is the further identification in said precipitation phase a dihexagonal pyramidal class hexagonal phase with a P6₃mc space group (#186), a ditrigonal dipyramidal class with a hexagonal P6bar2C space group (#190), and/or a M₃Si cubic phase with a Fm3m space group (#225). Accordingly, the dynamic transformation can occur partially or completely and results in the formation of a microstructure with novel nanoscale/near nanoscale phases providing relatively high strength in the material. That is, Structure #3 may be understood as a microstructure having matrix grains sized generally from 100 nm to 2000 nm which are pinned by boride phases which are in the range of 200 to 2500 nm and with precipitate phases which are in the range of 1 nm to 200 nm. The initial formation of the above referenced precipitation phase with grain sizes of 1 nm to 200 nm starts at Static Nanophase Refinement and continues during Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening leading to Structure 3 formation. The volume fraction of the precipitation phase with grain size from 1 nm to 200 nm in Structure 2 increases in Structure 3 and assists with the identified strengthening mechanism. It should also be noted that in Structure 3, the level of gamma-iron is optional and may be eliminated depending on the specific alloy chemistry and austenite stability.

[0074] Note that dynamic recrystallization is a known process but differs from Mechanism #2 (FIG. 5) since it involves the formation of large grains from small grains so that it is not a refinement mechanism but a coarsening mechanism. Additionally, as new undeformed grains are replaced by deformed grains no phase changes occur in contrast to the mechanisms presented here and this also results in a corresponding reduction in strength in contrast to the strengthening mechanism here. Note also that metastable austenite in steels is known to transform to martensite under mechanical stress but, preferably, no evidence for martensite or body centered tetragonal iron phases are found in the new steel alloys described in this application. Table 1B below provides a comparison of the structure and performance features of Class 2 Steel herein.

TABLE 1B
Comparison Of Structure and Performance of Class 2 Steel
	Class 2 Steel
			Structure Type #3
Property/	Structure Type #1	Structure Type #2	High Strength
Mechanism	Modal Structure	Nanomodal Structure	Nanomodal Structure
Structure	Starting with a liquid	Static Nanophase	Dynamic Nanophase
Formation	melt, solidifying this	Refinement mechanism	Strengthening mechanism
	liquid melt and forming	occurring during heat	occurring through application of
	directly	treatment	mechanical stress
Transformations	Liquid solidification	Solid state phase	Stress induced transformation
	followed by nucleation	transformation of	involving phase formation and
	and growth	supersaturated gamma iron	precipitation
Enabling Phases	Austenite and/or	Ferrite, austenite, boride	Ferrite, optionally austenite,
	ferrite with boride	pinning phases, and	boride pinning phases,
	pinning phases	hexagonal phase	hexagonal and additional phases
		precipitation	precipitation
Matrix Grain	500 to 20000 nm	Grain Refinement	Grain size remains refined at 100 nm
Size	Austenite	(100 nm to 2000 nm)	to 2000 nm/
		Austenite to ferrite and	Additional precipitation
		precipitation phase	formation
		transformation
Boride Grain	25 to 500 nm	200 to 2500 nm	200 to 2500 nm
Size	borides (e.g. metal	borides (e.g. metal boride)	borides (e.g. metal boride)
	boride)
Precipitation	—	1 nm to 200 nm	1 nm to 200 nm
Grain Sizes
Tensile	Actual with properties	Intermediate structure;	Actual with properties achieved
Response	achieved based on	transforms into Structure #3	based on formation of structure
	structure type #1	when undergoing yield	type #3 and fraction of
			transformation.
Yield Strength	300 to 600 MPa	300 to 800 MPa	400 to 1700 MPa
Tensile Strength	—	—	800 to 1800 MPa
Total Elongation	—	—	5 to 65%
Strain	—	After yield point, exhibit a	Strain hardening coefficient may
Hardening		strain softening at initial	vary from 0.2 to 1.0 depending
Response		straining as a result of phase	on amount of deformation and
		transformation, followed by	transformation
		a significant strain
		hardening effect leading to a
		distinct maxima

[0075] Class 3 steel is associated with formation of a High Strength Lamellae Nanomodal Structure through a multi-step process as now described herein.

[0076] In order to achieve a tensile response involving high strength with adequate ductility in non-stainless carbon-free steel alloys, a preferred seven-step process is now disclosed and shown in FIG. 7. Structure development starts from the Structure #1—Modal Structure (Step #1). However, Mechanism #1 in Class 3 steel is now related to Lath Phase Creation (Step #2) that leads to Structure #2—Modal Lath Phase Structure (Step #3), which through Mechanism #2—Lamellae Nanophase Creation (Step #4) transforms into Structure #3—Lamellae Nanomodal Structure (Step #5). Deformation of Structure #3 results in activation of Mechanism #3—Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Step #6) which leads to formation of Structure #4—High Strength Lamellae Nanomodal Structure (Step #7). Reference is also made to Table 1C below.

[0077] Structure #1 involving the formation of the Modal Structures (i.e. bi, tri, and higher order) may be achieved in the alloys with the referenced chemistries in this application by processing through the laboratory scale as shown and/or through industrial scale methods involving chill surface processing such as twin roll casting or thin slab casting. The Modal Structure of Class 3 Steel will therefore initially indicate, when cooled from the melt, the following grain sizes: (1) matrix grain size of 500 nm to 20,000 nm containing ferrite or alpha-Fe (required) and optionally austenite or gamma-Fe; and (2) boride grain size of 100 nm to 2500 nm (i.e. non-metallic grains such as M₂B where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to B); (3) yield strengths of 350 to 1000 MPa; (4) tensile strengths of 200 to 1200 MPa; and total elongation of 0-3.0%. It will also indicate dendritic growth morphology of the matrix grains. The boride grains may also preferably be “pinning” type phases which is reference to the feature that the matrix grains will effectively be stabilized by the pinning phases which resist coarsening at elevated temperature. Note that the metal boride grains have been identified as exhibiting the M₂B stoichiometry but other stoichiometries are possible and may provide pinning including M₃B, MB (M₁B₁), M₂₃B₆, and M₇B₃ and which are unaffected by Mechanism #1, #2 or #3 noted above). Reference to grain size is again to be understood as the size of a single crystal of a specific particular phase preferably identifiable by methods such as scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy. Accordingly, Structure #1 of Class 3 steel herein includes ferrite along with such boride phases.

[0078] Structure #2 involves the formation of the Modal Lath Phase Structure with uniformly distributed precipitates from Modal Structure (Structure 1) with dendritic morphology though Mechanism #1. Lath phase structure may be generally understood as a structure composed from plate-shaped crystal grains. Reference to “dendritic morphology” may be understood as tree-like and reference to “plate shaped” may be understood as sheet like. Lath structure formation preferably occurs at elevated temperature (e.g. at temperatures of 700° C. to 1200° C.) through plate-like crystal grain formation with: (1) lath structural grain sizes typically from 100 to 10,000 nm; (2) boride grain size of 100 nm to 2,500 nm; (3) yield strengths of 350 MPa to 1400 MPa; (4) tensile strengths of 350 MPa to 1600 MPa; (5) elongation of 0-12%. Structure #2 also contains alpha-Fe and gamma-Fe remains optional.

[0079] A second phase of boride precipitates with a size typically from 100 to 1000 nm may be found distributed in the lath matrix as isolated particles. The second phase of boride precipitates may be understood as non-metallic grains of different stoichiometry (M₂B, M₃B, MB (M₁B₁), M₂₃B₆, and M₇B₃) where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to Boron. These boride precipitates are distinguished from the boride grains in Structure #1 with little or no change in size.

[0080] Structure #3 (Lamellae Nanomodal Structure) involves the formation of the lamellae morphology as a result of static transformation of ferrite into one or several phases through Mechanism #2 identified as Lamellae Nanophase Creation. Static transformation is a decomposition of the parent phase into new phase or several new phases due to alloying elements distribution by diffusion during elevated temperature heat treatment, which may preferably occur in the temperature range from 700° C. to 1200° C. Lamellae (or layered) structure is composed of alternating layers of two phases whereby individual lamellae exist within a colony connected in three dimensions. A schematic illustration of lamellae structure is shown in FIG. 8 to illustrate the structural make-up of this structure type. White lamellae are arbitrarily identified as Phase 1 and black lamellas are arbitrarily identified as Phase 2. In Class 3 alloys, Lamellae Nanomodal Structure contains: (1) lamellas of 100 nm to 1000 nm wide with a thickness in the range of 100 nm to 10,000 nm and with a length of 0.1 to 5 microns; (2) boride grains of 100 nm to 2500 nm of different stoichiometry (M₂B, M₃B, MB (M₁B₁), M₂₃B₆, and M₇B₃) where M is the metal and is covalently bonded to Boron, (3) precipitation grains of 1 nm to 100 nm; (4) yield strength of 350 MPa to 1400 MPa. The Lamellae Nanomodal Structure continues to contain alpha-Fe and gamma-Fe remains optional.

[0081] Lamellae Nanomodal Structure (Structure #3) transforms into Structure #4 through Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening (Mechanism #3, exposure to mechanical stress) during plastic deformation (i.e. exceeding the yield stress for the material) displaying relatively high tensile strengths in the range of 1000 MPa to 2000 MPa. In FIG. 9, a stress-strain curve is shown that represents the alloys with Structure #3 herein which undergo a deformation behavior of Class 3 steel as compared to that of Class 2. As illustrated in FIG. 9, Structure #3, upon application of stress, provides the indicated curve, resulting in Structure #4 of Class 3 steel.

[0082] The strengthening during deformation is related to phase transformation that occurs as the material strains under stress and defines Mechanism #3 as a dynamic process. For the alloy to display high strength at the level described in this application, lamellae structure is preferably formed prior to deformation. Specific to this mechanism, the micron scale austenite phase is transformed into new phases with reductions in microstructural feature scales generally down to the nanoscale regime. Some fraction of austenite may initially form in some Class 3 alloys during casting and then may remain present in Structure #1 and Structure #2. During straining when stress is applied, new or additional phases are formed with nanograins typically in a range from 1 to 100 nm.

[0083] In the post-deformed Structure #4 (High Strength Lamellae Nanomodal Structure), the ferrite grains contain alternating layers with nanostructure composed from new phases formed during deformation. Depending on the specific chemistry and the stability of the austenite, some austenite may be additionally present. In contrast with layers in Structure #3 where each layer represents a single or just few grains, in Structure #4, a large number of nanograins of different phases are present as a result of Dynamic Nanophase Strengthening. Since nanoscale phase formation occurs during alloy deformation, it represents a stress induced transformation and defined as a dynamic process. Nanoscale phase precipitations during deformation are responsible for extensive strain hardening of the alloys. The dynamic transformation can occur partially or completely and results in the formation of a microstructure with novel nanoscale/near nanoscale phases specified as High Strength Lamellae Nanomodal Structure (Structure #4) that provides high strength in the material. Thus the Structure #4 can be formed with various levels of strengthening depending on specific chemistry and the amount of strengthening achieved by Mechanism #3. Table 1C below provides a comparison of the structure and performance features of Class 3 Steel herein.

TABLE 1C
Comparison of Structure and Performance of New Structure Types
	Class 3 Steel
				Structure Type #4
			Structure Type #3	High Strength
		Structure Type #2	Lamellae	Lamellae
Property/	Structure Type #1	Modal Lath	Nanomodal	Nanomodal
Mechanism	Modal Structure	Phase Structure	Structure	Structure
Structure	Starting with a liquid	As-cast structural	Lath phase dissolution	Nanoprecipitate phase
Formation	melt, solidifying on a	homogenization and	and Lamellae	formation and high
	chill surface	lath phase formation	Nanomodal Structure	strength structure
		during high	creation during heat	formation through
		temperature heat	treatment	application of stress
		treatment optionally
		with pressure
Transformations	Liquid solidification	Morphology change	Solid state phase	Stress induced
	followed by nucleation	(dendrites to laths)	transformation of	transformation
	and growth		supersaturated alpha	involving phase
			iron	formation and
				precipitation
Enabling Phases	Ferrite, optionally	Ferrite, optionally	Ferrite, optionally	Ferrite, optionally
	austenite with boride	austenite with boride	austenite, boride, and	austenite, boride, and
	pinning phases	pinning phases	additional phase	additional phase
			precipitations	precipitations
Matrix Grain	500 to 20,000 nm	100 to 10,000 nm	100 to 10,000 nm	100 to 5000 nm,
Size			thick lamellae, 0.1-5.0	non-uniform grains
			microns in length and
			100 nm-1000 nm in
			width
Boride Grain Size	100 to 2,500 nm	100 to 2,500 nm	100 to 2,500 nm	100 to 2,500 nm
Precipitate	N/A	N/A	1 to 100 nm	1 to 100 nm
Grains
Tensile Response	Actual with properties	Actual with	Intermediate structure;	Actual with properties
	achieved based on	properties achieved	transforms into	achieved based on
	structure type #1	based on structure	Structure #4 during	formation of structure
		type #2	tensile testing	type #3 and fraction of
				transformation
Yield Strength	350 to 1000 MPa	300 to 1400 MPa	350 to 1400 MPa	500 to 1800 MPa
Tensile Strength	200 to 1200 MPa	350 to 1600 MPa	—	1000 to 2000 MPa
Total Elongation	0 to 3%	0 to 12%	—	0.5 to 15%
Strain Hardening	Exhibits limited	Strain hardening	After yield point,	Strain hardening
Response	hardening resulted in	coefficient may vary	exhibit a high strain	coefficient may vary
	low ductility	from 0.09 to 0.73	hardening coefficient	from 0.1 to 0.9
		depending on alloy	at initial straining and	depending on amount
		chemistry and level	a strain hardening	of deformation and
		of structural	coefficient as a	transformation
		formation	function of strain
			which is experiencing
			a decrease until failure

[0084] The formation of Modal Structure (MS) in either Class 1, Class 2 or Class 3 Steel herein can be made to occur at various stages of the production process. Accordingly, the formation of MS may depend specifically on the solidification sequence and thermal cycles (i.e. temperatures and times) that the alloy is exposed to during the production process. The MS may be preferably formed by heating the alloys herein at temperatures in the range of above their melting point and in a range of 1100° C. to 2000° C. and cooling below the melting temperature of the alloy, which corresponds to preferably cooling in the range of 11×10³ to 4×10⁻² K/s. FIG. 9 illustrates in general that starting with a particular chemical composition for the alloys herein, and heating to a liquid, and solidifying on a chill surface, and forming Modal Structure, one may then convert to either Class 1 Steel, Class 2 Steel or Class 3 Steel as noted herein (FIG. 10).

[0085] Subsequent thermal cycles and/or deformation at production including but not limited to HIP consolidation of powder into billets, hot extrusion, hot pressing, forging, as well as, post-production heat treatment will lead to Modal Nanophase structure formation in Class 1 alloys, Nanomodal or High Strength Nanomodal Structure formation in Class 2 alloys, and Lamellae Nanomodal or High Strength Lamellae Nanomodal Structure in Class 3 alloys. Depending on the Class of the alloy, its chemical composition and type of the microstructure formed at the production cycle, tubular products with wide variety of properties can be produced.

[0086] The chemical composition of the alloys studied is shown in Table 2 which provides the preferred atomic ratios utilized. In Case Examples below, the processability of the alloys in Table 2 by different technological methods and advanced property combinations can be achieved in the tubular products.

TABLE 2
Chemical Composition of the Alloys (atomic %)
Alloy	Fe	Cr	Ni	B	Si	W	Mo	Nb	Ti	Al	Cu	V	Zr	Mn	C
Alloy 1	59.35	17.43	14.05	4.77	4.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 2	58.35	17.43	14.05	4.77	4.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	—
Alloy 3	54.52	17.43	14.05	7.00	7.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 4	53.52	17.43	14.05	7.00	5.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	—
Alloy 5	55.52	17.43	14.05	7.00	5.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—
Alloy 6	60.22	17.43	11.05	5.00	6.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 7	77.05	0.00	11.05	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 8	58.92	17.43	11.05	5.60	7.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 9	58.27	17.43	11.05	5.90	7.35	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 10	59.25	17.43	11.05	5.45	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 11	59.25	17.43	8.29	5.45	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 12	61.25	15.43	5.53	5.45	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.52	—
Alloy 13	63.62	17.43	7.05	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 14	63.22	17.43	7.05	5.00	6.30	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 15	66.35	17.43	7.05	4.77	4.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 16	62.22	19.43	7.05	5.00	6.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 17	59.90	22.03	6.17	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 18	61.67	19.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 19	66.95	10.75	10.40	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 20	60.97	18.99	7.14	6.05	6.85	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 21	61.67	18.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 22	61.67	18.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 23	61.67	18.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 24	61.67	18.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	—
Alloy 25	61.67	19.21	6.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 26	61.67	18.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	1.00						—
Alloy 27	61.67	19.21	6.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	—	—
Alloy 28	63.08	15.95	4.54	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.53	—
Alloy 29	61.10	19.21	5.85	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.94	—
Alloy 30	62.11	20.31	4.26	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.42	—
Alloy 31	68.70	15.00	5.00	5.00	6.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 32	77.05	—	11.05	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 33	68.72	7.93	11.45	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 34	61.67	19.21	7.22	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 35	76.45	—	11.05	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 36	75.05	—	11.05	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	—	—
Alloy 37	72.45	—	15.05	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 38	72.45	—	13.05	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	—	—
Alloy 39	73.05	—	7.53	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.52	—
Alloy 40	72.45	—	7.53	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.52	—
Alloy 41	76.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 42	64.42	15.99	6.24	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.45	—
Alloy 43	63.53	17.06	6.09	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.42	—
Alloy 44	62.64	18.14	5.94	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	1.38	—
Alloy 45	61.74	19.21	5.80	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.35	—
Alloy 46	62.91	16.89	6.90	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.40	—
Alloy 47	62.02	17.96	6.75	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	1.37	—
Alloy 48	61.14	19.03	6.60	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	1.33	—
Alloy 49	61.44	19.27	6.69	4.97	6.28	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	1.35	—
Alloy 50	60.95	18.89	6.55	5.44	6.85	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	1.32	—
Alloy 51	64.08	15.81	6.17	5.20	7.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.44
Alloy 52	76.53	—	6.18	5.25	6.71	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.33	—
Alloy 53	72.98	3.66	6.16	5.24	6.71	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.25	—
Alloy 54	77.23	3.66	3.52	5.23	6.73	—	—	—	—	—	—			3.63
Alloy 55	76.89	1.83	4.84	5.24	6.72	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.48	—
Alloy 56	80.85	0.00	2.64	5.24	6.73	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.54	—
Alloy 57	79.42	1.47	2.64	5.23	6.73	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.51	—
Alloy 58	77.93	2.34	2.63	5.21	7.42	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.47	—
Alloy 59	77.06	2.34	3.51	5.21	7.42	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.46	—
Alloy 60	77.13	2.18	3.50	5.80	6.95	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.44	—
Alloy 61	76.88	1.09	4.82	5.81	6.95	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.45	—
Alloy 62	76.64	—	6.14	5.82	6.94	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.46	—
Alloy 63	74.93	—	6.14	5.81	6.94	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.18	—
Alloy 64	73.54	5.08	2.53	5.78	6.96	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.11	—
Alloy 65	60.74	19.43	6.60	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 66	61.44	18.73	6.60	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 67	60.79	19.03	6.95	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 68	61.49	19.03	6.25	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 69	61.44	19.03	6.60	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.03	—
Alloy 70	60.74	19.03	6.60	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.73	—
Alloy 71	61.64	19.03	6.60	4.80	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 72	60.49	19.03	6.60	5.95	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 73	61.64	19.03	6.60	5.30	6.10	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 74	60.74	19.03	6.60	5.30	7.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 75	72.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 76	72.45	—	9.79	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.26	—
Alloy 77	76.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 78	77.05	—	8.29	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 79	77.65	—	8.29	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 80	74.87	2.18	8.29	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 81	74.27	2.18	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 82	61.30	18.90	6.80	5.50	6.60	—				—				0.90	—
Alloy 83	60.69	18.71	6.73	5.45	6.53	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.89	1.00
Alloy 84	60.08	18.52	6.66	5.39	6.47	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.88	2.00
Alloy 85	61.85	18.90	6.80	5.40	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.45	—
Alloy 86	62.30	18.90	6.80	5.40	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Alloy 87	61.00	18.90	6.80	5.80	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 88	74.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.76	—
Alloy 89	75.05	—	8.29	4.10	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.76	—
Alloy 90	75.65	—	8.29	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.76	—
Alloy 91	73.05	—	8.29	4.10	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 92	73.65	—	8.29	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 93	74.85	—	8.29	3.50	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 94	72.15	—	8.59	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 95	72.75	—	8.59	4.10	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 96	73.35	—	8.59	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 97	72.75	—	7.99	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 98	73.35	—	7.99	4.10	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 99	73.95	—	7.99	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 100	73.25	—	8.29	4.70	7.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 101	71.65	—	8.29	4.70	8.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 102	72.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 103	72.45	—	9.79	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.26	—
Alloy 104	76.45	—	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 105	77.05	—	8.29	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 106	77.65	—	8.29	3.50	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 107	74.87	2.18	8.29	5.30	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 108	74.27	2.18	8.29	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.76	—
Alloy 109	71.75	—	8.59	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.16	—
Alloy 110	71.35	—	8.59	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.56	—
Alloy 111	70.95	—	8.59	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.96	—
Alloy 112	72.15	—	8.19	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.16	—
Alloy 113	72.15	—	7.79	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.56	—
Alloy 114	72.15	—	7.39	4.70	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.96	—
Alloy 115	72.55	—	8.59	4.70	7.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 116	71.75	—	8.59	5.10	7.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 117	72.15	—	8.59	5.10	7.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 118	73.15	—	8.59	4.10	7.40	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.76	—
Alloy 119	69.52	1.79	5.28	4.78	7.35	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.28	—
Alloy 120	67.59	1.78	3.51	4.77	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.01	—
Alloy 121	65.64	1.78	1.75	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	18.74	—
Alloy 122	69.85	3.37	5.27	4.77	7.35	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.39	—
Alloy 123	67.88	3.37	3.51	4.77	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.13	—
Alloy 124	65.95	3.36	1.75	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.85	—
Alloy 125	70.15	4.96	5.27	4.77	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.51	—
Alloy 126	68.21	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 127	66.27	4.94	1.75	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14.97	—
Alloy 128	70.46	6.54	5.27	4.76	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.63	—
Alloy 129	68.51	6.53	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.36	—
Alloy 130	66.58	6.52	1.75	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.09	—
Alloy 131	70.78	8.12	5.26	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.75	—
Alloy 132	68.85	8.10	3.50	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.48	—
Alloy 133	66.89	8.09	1.75	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.21	—
Alloy 134	65.86	6.93	4.82	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	10.30	—
Alloy 135	64.41	6.92	3.50	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.10	—
Alloy 136	62.96	6.91	2.19	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.88	—
Alloy 137	68.70	5.94	4.83	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.44	—
Alloy 138	67.22	5.94	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 139	65.78	5.93	2.19	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14.03	—
Alloy 140	66.77	7.91	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.42	—
Alloy 141	65.31	7.90	3.50	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.22	—
Alloy 142	63.85	7.89	2.19	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14.01	—
Alloy 143	71.53	4.96	4.83	4.77	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.57	—
Alloy 144	70.08	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.37	—
Alloy 145	68.61	4.95	2.19	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.17	—
Alloy 146	69.60	6.93	4.82	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.56	—
Alloy 147	68.14	6.92	3.50	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.36	—
Alloy 148	66.69	6.91	2.19	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.15	—
Alloy 149	67.65	8.90	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 150	66.20	8.89	3.50	4.75	7.31	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.35	—
Alloy 151	64.76	8.88	2.18	4.74	7.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.14	—
Alloy 152	72.42	5.95	4.83	4.77	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.69	—
Alloy 153	70.97	5.94	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	7.49	—
Alloy 154	69.51	5.93	2.19	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	10.29	—
Alloy 155	73.33	6.93	4.83	4.76	7.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.81	—
Alloy 156	71.85	6.93	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.62
Alloy 157	70.40	6.92	2.19	4.75	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.42	—
Alloy 158	59.35	18.87	5.06	5.51	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.61	—
Alloy 159	57.45	18.84	3.32	5.50	6.59	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.30	—
Alloy 160	55.56	18.81	1.58	5.49	6.58	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.98	—
Alloy 161	60.70	12.70	4.94	5.39	11.77	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.50	—
Alloy 162	58.84	12.68	3.24	5.38	11.75	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.11	—
Alloy 163	56.98	12.66	1.55	5.37	11.73	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.71	—
Alloy 164	65.10	13.05	5.08	5.53	6.62	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.62	—
Alloy 165	63.18	13.03	3.33	5.52	6.61	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	8.33	—
Alloy 166	61.24	13.01	1.59	5.52	6.61	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.03	—
Alloy 167	67.21	4.95	3.51	5.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 168	69.21	4.95	3.51	3.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 169	69.21	4.95	3.51	4.76	6.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 170	70.21	4.95	3.51	3.76	6.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 171	69.66	3.50	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 172	66.21	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 173	66.71	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.24	1.50
Alloy 174	66.65	8.90	4.82	5.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 175	68.65	8.90	4.82	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 176	68.65	8.90	4.82	4.76	6.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 177	69.65	8.90	4.82	3.76	6.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 178	71.60	4.95	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 179	73.05	3.50	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 180	65.65	8.90	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 181	66.15	8.90	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.55	1.50
Alloy 182	67.73	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	9.72	—
Alloy 183	65.21	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 184	67.49	4.95	3.51	4.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	8.96	—
Alloy 185	70.32	4.95	4.10	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 186	68.60	4.95	4.82	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 187	69.68	4.95	3.74	4.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 188	68.73	4.95	3.51	3.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	9.72	—
Alloy 189	66.21	4.95	3.51	3.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 190	68.49	4.95	3.51	3.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	8.96	—
Alloy 191	71.32	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 192	69.60	4.95	4.82	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 193	70.68	4.95	3.74	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 194	67.21	4.95	3.51	3.76	7.33	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	11.24	—
Alloy 195	71.32	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 196	69.60	4.95	4.82	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 197	70.68	4.95	3.74	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 198	71.82	4.95	4.10	3.26	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 199	70.10	4.95	4.82	3.26	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 200	71.18	4.95	3.74	3.26	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 201	72.32	4.95	4.10	2.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 202	70.60	4.95	4.82	2.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 203	71.68	4.95	3.74	2.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 204	72.82	3.45	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 205	71.10	3.45	4.82	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 206	72.18	3.45	3.74	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 207	70.32	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 208	71.82	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	1.50	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 209	71.10	4.95	4.82	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	1.50	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 210	72.18	4.95	3.74	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	1.50	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 211	71.82	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.05	—
Alloy 212	72.32	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	5.55	—
Alloy 213	71.62	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 214	71.92	4.95	4.10	3.76	6.72	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 215	72.12	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	6.05	—
Alloy 216	60.47	19.43	6.60	5.29	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	0.28	—	—	1.33	—
Alloy 217	69.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 218	70.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	9.55	—
Alloy 219	71.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 220	72.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	7.55	—
Alloy 221	69.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	6.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 222	70.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	5.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 223	71.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	4.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 224	72.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 225	69.62	6.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 226	73.62	2.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 227	71.12	4.95	2.60	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 228	72.12	4.95	1.60	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 229	71.12	4.95	2.10	4.26	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 230	72.12	4.95	2.10	3.26	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 231	70.92	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.72	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 232	72.32	4.95	2.10	3.76	6.32	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 233	71.12	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.50	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 234	72.12	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	1.50	—	—	8.55	—
Alloy 235	70.12	4.95	1.60	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 236	70.62	4.95	1.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 237	66.62	7.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 238	68.12	6.45	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 239	68.22	4.95	2.10	3.76	8.42	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 240	68.92	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.72	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 241	68.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 242	70.62	4.95	2.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 243	69.12	4.95	1.60	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 244	69.62	4.95	1.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	3.00	—	—	10.55	—
Alloy 245	59.97	7.36	—	5.43	6.80	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	20.44	—
Alloy 246	60.80	3.63	—	5.35	10.07	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	20.15	—
Alloy 247	61.60	0.00	—	5.28	13.25	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	19.87	—
Alloy 248	61.87	5.41	—	5.44	6.81	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	20.47	—
Alloy 249	62.48	2.67	—	5.38	9.22	—	—	—	—	—		—	—	20.25	—
Alloy 250	63.02	0.00	—	5.32	11.62	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	20.04	—
Alloy 251	63.79	3.45	—	5.44	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	20.50	—
Alloy 252	64.19	1.71	—	5.41	8.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	20.36	—
Alloy 253	64.49	0.00	—	5.37	9.92	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	20.22	—
Alloy 254	63.67	7.37	—	5.43	6.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.73	—
Alloy 255	64.44	3.63	—	5.36	10.07	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.50	—
Alloy 256	65.20	0.00	—	5.28	13.26	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.26	—
Alloy 257	65.58	5.41	—	5.44	6.81	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.76	—
Alloy 258	66.13	2.68	—	5.38	9.23	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.58	—
Alloy 259	66.64	—	—	5.33	11.62	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.41	—
Alloy 260	67.50	3.45	—	5.45	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.78	—
Alloy 261	67.88	1.71	—	5.41	8.33	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.67	—
Alloy 262	68.15	—	—	5.37	9.93	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16.55	—
Alloy 263	67.36	7.37	—	5.44	6.81	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.02	—
Alloy 264	68.09	3.63	—	5.36	10.08	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.84	—
Alloy 265	68.80	—	—	5.28	13.26	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.66	—
Alloy 266	69.30	5.41	—	5.44	6.81	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.04	—
Alloy 267	69.80	2.68	—	5.39	9.23	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.90	—
Alloy 268	70.27	—	—	5.33	11.63	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.77	—
Alloy 269	71.22	3.45	—	5.45	6.82	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.06	—
Alloy 270	71.56	1.71	—	5.42	8.34	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.97	—
Alloy 271	71.81	—	—	5.38	9.93	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.88	—
Alloy 272	59.70	18.00	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	2.50	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 273	57.20	21.00	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	2.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 274	55.20	23.50	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	1.50	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 275	53.20	26.00	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	1.00	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 276	50.70	29.00	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	0.50	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 277	48.20	32.00	6.80	5.50	6.60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 278	67.36	10.70	1.25	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56	—
Alloy 279	67.90	10.80	0.80	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.25	—	—	10.12	—
Alloy 280	78.06	—	1.25	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56	—
Alloy 281	78.31	—	1.00	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56	—
Alloy 282	78.56	—	0.75	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56	—
Alloy 283	78.81	—	0.50	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56	—
Alloy 284	77.69	—	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18	—
Alloy 285	78.07	—	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.80	—
Alloy 286	78.43	—	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.44	—
Alloy 287	78.81	—	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.06	—
Alloy 288	74.69	3.00	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18	—
Alloy 289	75.07	3.00	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.80
Alloy 290	75.43	3.00	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.44
Alloy 291	75.81	3.00	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.06
Alloy 292	68.36	10.70	1.25	4.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 293	69.36	10.70	1.25	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 294	67.36	10.70	1.25	4.00	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 295	67.36	10.70	1.25	3.00	6.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 296	76.06	—	1.25	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	12.56
Alloy 297	75.69	—	—	5.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	15.18
Alloy 298	73.69	3.00	—	5.00	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18
Alloy 299	74.69	3.00	—	4.00	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18
Alloy 300	73.69	3.00	—	4.00	6.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18
Alloy 301	74.69	3.00	—	3.00	6.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.18
Alloy 302	80.07	—	—	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.80
Alloy 303	78.07	—	—	3.00	6.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	12.80
Alloy 304	73.06	7.00	1.25	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 305	76.56	3.50	1.25	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 306	80.06	—	1.25	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	10.56
Alloy 307	83.02	—	1.22	1.55	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	0.75	—	—	9.33	—
Alloy 308	73.25	—	2.27	3.67	8.55	—	—	—	—	—	1.30	—	—	10.24	0.72
Alloy 309	74.99	2.13	4.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 310	67.63	6.22	8.55	2.52	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	0.90	—	—	6.49	3.56
Alloy 311	66.90	7.88	5.52	5.65	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	2.56	—	—	4.76	2.60
Alloy 312	66.00	11.30	0.77	7.88	1.20	—	—	—	—	—	3.55	—	—	9.30	—
Alloy 313	87.05	—	4.58	3.05	3.07	—	—	—	—	—	0.25	—	—	1.74	0.26
Alloy 314	76.19	3.00	—	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13.68	—
Alloy 315	75.69	3.00	—	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14.18	—
Alloy 316	75.19	3.00	—	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14.68	—
Alloy 317	76.03	2.13	4.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	—
Alloy 318	73.95	2.13	4.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	2.08
Alloy 319	76.99	2.13	2.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 320	79.37	2.13	0.00	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 321	72.99	2.13	4.38	1.94	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 322	70.99	2.13	4.38	1.94	6.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 323	77.12	—	4.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 324	74.96	—	—	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	18.38	1.04
Alloy 325	80.69	3.00	—	2.00	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	11.18	1.00
Alloy 326	77.39	2.13	2.38	1.54	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 327	72.61	4.95	4.10	3.76	7.02	—	—	—	—	—	2.00	—	—	5.56	—
Alloy 328	76.23	3.00	1.00	3.00	4.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.00	—	—	11.64
Alloy 329	75.49	2.13	2.38	1.94	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	1.12	—
Alloy 330	73.99	2.13	2.38	1.94	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	2.25	—
Alloy 331	76.39	2.13	2.38	1.94	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	4.50	—
Alloy 332	74.89	2.13	2.38	1.94	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	2.25	—
Alloy 333	73.39	2.13	2.38	1.94	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	1.12	—
Alloy 334	77.39	2.13	2.38	1.54	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	2.25	—
Alloy 335	75.89	2.13	2.38	1.54	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	0.90	—
Alloy 336	74.39	2.13	2.38	1.54	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	6.55	—
Alloy 337	76.79	2.13	2.38	1.54	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 338	75.29	2.13	2.38	1.54	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 339	73.79	2.13	2.38	1.54	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 340	76.49	2.13	2.38	2.44	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	12.44	1.04
Alloy 341	74.99	2.13	2.38	2.44	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	12.44	1.04
Alloy 342	73.49	2.13	2.38	2.44	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	12.44	1.04
Alloy 343	75.89	2.13	2.38	2.44	2.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 344	74.39	2.13	2.38	2.44	3.63	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04
Alloy 345	72.89	2.13	2.38	2.44	5.13	—	—	—	—	—	1.55	—	—	11.84	1.04

[0087] From the above, it can be seen that the targeted composition ranges (atomic percent) include Fe present at 48.00 to 88.00, Cr 0 to 32.00, Ni 0 to 16.00, Mn 0 to 21.00, B at 1.00 to 8.00 and Si at 1.00 to 14.00 atomic percent. The alloys maybe employed to provide a relatively wide range of strength and ductility depending upon whether or not such alloys form Class 1, 2 or 3 Steel as noted herein. The alloys may be used to form seamless tubular components by various methods, such as centrifugal casting.

[0088] After processing through centrifugal casting it is expected that the resulting pipe, tube, or tubular component may need to be post heat treated. The heat treatments can be one stage (such as 700 to 1200° C. for 5 minutes to 24 hours) or multiple stage (such as 850 to 1200° C. for 5 minutes to 24 hours, followed by a 200 to 1000° C. heat treatment for 5 minutes to 48 hours) depending on the property targets and the specific alloy response to the thermal exposure.

[0089] In the new alloys, melting occurs in one or multiple stages with initial melting from ˜1000° C. depending on alloy chemistry and final melting temperature might be up to ˜1500° C. Variations in melting behavior reflect a complex phase formation at chill surface processing of the alloys depending on their chemistry. The density of the alloys varies from 7.2 g/cm³ to 8.2 g/cm³. The mechanical characteristic values in the alloys from each Class will depend on alloy chemistry and processing/treatment condition. For Class 1 Steels, the ultimate tensile strength values may vary from 700 to 1500 MPa with tensile elongation from 5 to 40%. The yield stress is in a range from 400 to 1300 MPa. For Class 2 Steels, the ultimate tensile strength values may vary from 800 to 1800 MPa with tensile elongation from 5 to 40%. The yield stress is in a range from 400 to 1700 MPa. For Class 3 Steels, the ultimate tensile strength values may vary from 1000 to 2000 MPa with tensile elongation from 0.5 to 15%. The yield stress is in a range from 500 to 1800 MPa. Additional classes of steel are anticipated with possible yield strengths, tensile strengths, and elongation values outside of the limits listed above.

[0090] In the oil and gas industry there are four steel grades used for drill pipe and five common steel grades for casing and tubing whose properties are shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Properties for a selected Class 2 steel alloy, Alloy 82 (Table 2), from present application are included for comparison. Alloy 82 was cast in a copper die as a plate with thickness of 1.8 mm with subsequent thermal mechanical treatment.

TABLE 3
Tensile Properties of Drill Pipe Steel Grades
	Yield Strength	Tensile Strength
	Min	Max	Min
	MPa	PSI	MPa	PSI	MPa	PSI
E75	517	75,000	724	105,000	689	100,000
X97	655	95,000	862	125,000	724	105,000
G105	724	105,000	931	135,000	793	115,000
S135	931	135,000	1138	165,000	1000	145,000
Alloy 82	460	66,717	480	69,618	1200	174,045

TABLE 4
Tensile Properties of Casing and Tubing Pipe Steel Grades
	Yield Strength	Tensile Strength
	Min	Max	Min
	MPa	PSI	MPa	PSI	MPa	PSI
J55	379	55,000	552	80,000	517	75,000
L80	552	80,000	655	95,000	655	95,000
N80	552	80,000	758	110,000	689	100,000
C90	620	90,000	723	105,000	689	100,000
P110	758	110,000	965	140,000	862	125,000
Alloy 82	460	66,717	480	69,618	1200	174,045

[0091] Based on the data in Tables 3 and 4, Alloy 82 is close to being comparable to E75 drill pipe in yield strength yet is nearly twice as strong and would easily be comparable to J55 casing pipe and yet is over twice as strong. A stainless steel Alloy 82 is likely to have an additional advantage over both drill pipe and casing pipe grades in terms of higher corrosion resistance.

[0092] Because these tensile properties would be achievable in a pipe with a wall thickness of 2.1 mm (0.083 inch) there would be a significant weight savings for the different pipes as shown in Tables 5 and 6. Note that the largest outer diameter (OD) drill pipe from Alloy 82 would have lower in mass per unit length of the smallest diameter API spec drill pipe and a pipe from Alloy 82 would be nearly two and half to ten times lighter than any casing pipe in API spec. There would be a significant cost savings to drilling operations if the pipes used were substantially lighter. Additionally, much lighter pipe weight might be achieved by utilizing high strength Class 3 alloys or new classes of steel.

TABLE 5
Drill Pipe Weight Comparison
Drill Pipe OD	API-5D Spec	Alloy 82	Weight Difference
in.	lbs./ft.	lbs./ft.	lbs./ft.
2.375	6.65	1.96	−4.69
2.875	10.4	2.38	−8.02
3.5	13.3	2.91	−10.39
3.5	15.5	2.91	−12.59
4	14	3.34	−10.66
4	15.7	3.34	−12.36
4.5	16.6	3.77	−12.83
4.5	20	3.77	−16.23
5	19.5	4.2	−15.3
5	25.6	4.2	−21.4
5.5	21.9	4.62	−17.28
5.5	24.7	4.62	−20.08
6.625	25.2	5.58	−19.62
6.625	27.7	5.58	−22.12

TABLE 6
Seamless Casing J55 Grade Pipe Weight Comparison
Casing Pipe OD	API-5CT Spec	Alloy 82	Weight Difference
in.	lbs./ft.	lbs./ft.	lbs./ft.
4.5	9.5	3.77	−5.73
4.5	10.5	3.77	−6.73
4.5	11.5	3.77	−7.73
5	11.5	4.2	−7.3
5	13	4.2	−8.8
5	15	4.2	−10.8
5.5	14	4.62	−9.38
5.5	15.5	4.62	−10.88
5.5	17	4.62	−12.38
6.625	20	5.58	−14.42
6.625	24	5.58	−18.42
7	20	5.9	−14.1
7	23	5.9	−17.1
7	26	5.9	−20.1

[0093] Raw feedstock material prepared in accordance with atomic ratios for Alloy 82 (Table 2) was heated in a furnace until melting. Upon homogenization, the molten liquid metal was transferred to a tundish that was moved to the mold location. The permanent mold was rotated continuously about its axis at a fixed speed as the molten metal was poured from the tundish. The molten metal was centrifugally thrown towards the inside mold wall where it solidified during cooling forming a pipe. The view of the cast pipe is shown in FIG. 11. Outer diameter (OD) of the as-cast pipe was 25.6 cm with a total length of 66 cm. Pipe wall thickness was 5.5 cm with the total weight in as-cast state of 172 kg. From the centrifugally cast pipe, 5 cm thick rings were cut from the pipe for testing and microstructural studies as shown in FIG. 11.

[0094] The density of the pipe produced by centrifugal casting from Alloy 82 (Table 2) was measured using the Archimedes method in a specially constructed balance allowing weighing in both air and distilled water. Experimental results have revealed that the accuracy of this technique is ±0.01 g/cm³. The samples were cut by EDM from the pipe ring close to the outer diameter (OD) surface, close to the inner diameter (ID) surface and from the middle of the pipe wall. The density data are listed in Table 7 for each sample. As it can be seen, the density of the pipe is uniform through the volume.

TABLE 7
Density Data
Samples	Cut Off Position	Density (g/cm3)
1	Close to outer surface	7.55
2	Middle of the piper wall	7.55
3	Close to inner surface	7.57
Overage	7.56

[0095] Rockwell C hardness was measured on a cross sectional sample cut from the pipe produced by centrifugal casting from Alloy 82 (Table 2). Measurements were done by using a Newage Versitron manual Rockwell hardness tester and are listed in Table 8 and displayed as a function of distance in FIG. 12. The hardness ranges from 31.0 HRC near the outer diameter (OD) surface and 33.1 HRC near the inner diameter (ID) surface.

TABLE 8
Hardness Results for Prototype Pipe
		Rockwell
	Distance from	Hardness
	OD (mm)	(HRc)
	1.3	31.0
	8.8	32.8
	11.4	31.0
	16.4	30.5
	21.3	31.5
	26.2	32.2
	30.0	30.3
	34.5	31.6
	40.9	31.6
	46.6	30.8
	51.2	33.1

[0096] Cross section plates with about 2 mm thickness were cut from the pipe produced by centrifugal casting from Alloy 82 (Table 2). The tensile specimens were cut from cross sectional plates using wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). The tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held ridged and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture. The tensile test results for the as cast pipe as a function of distance from the outer diameter (OD) surface are shown Table 9 with the tensile strength profile shown in FIG. 13 and the elongation profile shown in FIG. 14. The maximum tensile strength occurred near the outer surface and dropped slightly but remained constant until very close to the inner surface. The elongation showed a similar trend in that the elongation was constant through most of the pipe until near the inner surface where it dropped substantially. Typically the centrifugal cast pipe is cast with a greater wall thickness because the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe is bored out. This will remove the otherwise deleterious layer in order for the tensile properties to be uniform. From the tensile data the ID should be bored with a minimum of 10 mm of thickness removed.

TABLE 9
Tensile Test Results for As Cast Centrifugal Casting
		Distance
		from	Tensile	Tensile
		OD	Strength	Elongation
	Sample	(mm)	(MPa)	(%)
	1	3.2	770	4.2
	2	8.3	760	4.0
	3	13.6	738	4.1
	4	19.0	739	4.3
	5	24.3	735	4.4
	6	29.5	748	3.8
	7	34.9	750	4.0
	8	40.2	744	3.8
	9	45.1	728	2.7
	10	50.3	536	0.8

[0097] Tensile specimens cut from cross sectional plates of the pipe were heat treated from 1100° C. to 1200° C. for 1 hour and another set were subsequently heat treated at 1200° C. for 1.5 hours to see if the tensile properties improved. The as cast and heat treated tensile results are listed in Table 10 and shown in FIG. 15. With higher temperature there was an improvement in elongation (it increased by a factor of 3) but not a significant improvement in tensile strength.

TABLE 10
Tensile Test Results for Heat Treated Centrifugal Casting
		Annealing	Tensile	Tensile
	Temperature	Time	Strength	Elongation
	(° C.)	(hr)	(MPa)	(%)
	1200	1.5	820	11.7
	1200	1.5	758	9.4
	1200	1	812	10.7
	1200	1	872	10.9
	1200	1	511	1.1
	1150	1	779	9.4
	1150	1	711	5.7
	1100	1	761	8.7
	1100	1	747	6.7

[0098] SEM samples from the outer diameter (OD) region were cut from the pipe produced by centrifugal casting from Alloy 82 (Table 2). Samples were mechanically polished to a mirror finish and examined with a Zeiss Scanning Electron Microscope that has a maximum of 30kV accelerating voltage. The microstructure of the OD region is shown in FIG. 16. The microstructure was characterized as an iron matrix in which boride pinning phase had formed that had a needle like morphology. The needles clustered together for which the needles pointed in the same direction. It was observed that the center microstructure could be converted through heat treatment into Modal Structure. The microstructure of the pipe specimen heat treated at 1200° C. for 1 hour is shown in FIG. 17. The boride pinning phases in the cluster regions appeared to be broken up into smaller structures and more closely resembling a Modal Structure.

[0099] A prototype pipe was produced from Alloy 82 (Table 2) by hot extrusion of the billet consolidated from alloy powder by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP). Powder was produced by atomization process from the melt using industrial centrifugal atomizer. Raw feedstock material prepared in accordance with atomic ratios for Alloy 82 was inductively heated until melting in an inert atmosphere. Upon homogenization, the molten liquid metal was transferred to the reservoir of an industrial centrifugal atomizer. The molten liquid metal was poured continuously onto a rapidly rotating disc from which the liquid was aspirated into droplets that were rapidly cooled by an inert gas. The produced powder was collected in a chamber and processed through an air classifier that separated the powder at minus 180 μm (˜80 mesh). The alloy has good processability by powder atomization resulted in high quality powder with regular shape with yield of 60% under 180 μm in size.

[0100] The produced powder from Alloy 82 representing Class 2 steel was compacted by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) method into a cylindrical billet using high pressure inert gas at elevated temperatures in order to consolidate encapsulated powders to give fully dense materials. The billet in a form of a cylinder with 10 inches in diameter and 13.5 inches in length was prepared for extrusion by boring a 4 in. dia. hole in the center. Additionally, a protective glass lubricant was applied to the surface to aid in extrusion and to prevent oxidation during soak in atmosphere at 1193° C. for 4 hr. The as-prepared billet is shown in FIG. 18.

[0101] After soaking, the billet was removed from the oven and rolled across a woven glass cloth which adheres to the surface for additional lubrication. It was then moved to a lift which positions the billet between the hydraulic ram and the mandrel and extrusion die. During extrusion, the billet was forced through a die which reduces the outer diameter (OD) and holds the inner diameter (ID) constant by using a stationary 4 in. dia. mandrel. The material experienced an acceleration as it is forced through the die and was stretched longitudinally, reducing the cross sectional area and increasing the length. Both the die and the mandrel are preheated to 371° C. The extrusion process is illustrated in FIG. 2. An extruded prototype pipe was approximately 38 in. long with a 6¾ in. OD and a wall thickness of 1⅜ in. as shown in FIG. 19.

[0102] The density of the pipe produced by hot extrusion from Alloy 82 (Table 2) was measured using the Archimedes method in a specially constructed balance allowing weighing in both air and distilled water. Experimental results have revealed that the accuracy of this technique is ±0.01 g/cm³. The density of the extruded pipe is 7.55 g/cm³ as an average of 5 measurements.

[0103] Rockwell C hardness was measured on a cross sectional sample cut from the pipe produced by hot extrusion of HIP consolidated billet from Alloy 82 powder. Measurements were done by using a Newage Versitron manual Rockwell hardness tester and are listed in Table 12. The hardness has similar values through cross section and ranges from 29.7 HRC to 33.1 HRC.

TABLE 12
Hardness Results for Prototype Pipe
	Distance from	Rockwell Hardness
	OD (mm)	(HRc)
	1.3	31.5
	8.8	30.5
	16.4	33.1
	21.3	29.7
	30.0	30.3

[0104] Cross section plates with about 2 mm thickness were cut from the pipe produced by hot extrusion from Alloy 82 (Table 2). The tensile specimens were cut from cross sectional plates using wire electrical discharge machining (EDM). The tensile properties were measured on an Instron mechanical testing frame (Model 3369), utilizing Instron's Bluehill control and analysis software. All tests were run at room temperature in displacement control with the bottom fixture held ridged and the top fixture moving; the load cell is attached to the top fixture.

[0105] The pipe properties have been tested in the as-produced state, as well as after heat treatments at 900 for 1 hr and 1200° C. for 1.5 hours. Additionally, a study on the property values through the pipe thickness going from the internal diameter to the outer diameter has been undertaken. Tensile properties of the pipe material in different states are shown in FIG. 20. The pipe material is clearly demonstrated Class 2 behavior with high strength/high ductility combination (FIG. 21).

[0106] To evaluate a uniformity of the pipe properties through the volume, a series of tensile specimens was cut from a profile section of the extruded pipe, and then tested to determine if there is any variation in tensile properties through the pipe wall thickness from the inner diameter (ID) to the outer diameter (OD) of the pipe. All samples were heat treated at 900° C. for 1 hour. Despite some variation in property values, the properties are shown to be consistent through the thickness with most measurements above tensile strength of 1200 MPa and ductility more that 20% (FIG. 22). Slightly better properties were measured for the samples that were cut close to ID surface.

[0107] Charpy specimens were cut out from a pipe produced by hot extrusion of the billet compacted from Alloy 82 powder. Specimens were cut using wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) with two different orientations relative to the centerline axis of the pipe, which were identified as longitudinal and transverse as shown in FIG. 23. For both longitudinal and transverse orientations un-notched specimens were cut by EDM according to ASTM E23-07a protocols for Charpy impact test specimens type A. The Charpy specimens were tested on a Tinius Olsen Model 74 Charpy impact tester by an A2LA accredited independent laboratory following the protocols of ASTM E23-07a and the Charpy results are listed in Table 13. The Charpy impact energy for the un-notched specimens with longitudinal orientation ranged from 222 to 248 ft·lb. while in transverse orientation, the energy was measured from 130 to 217 ft·lb. Slight difference in Charpy impact energy in longitudinal and transverse direction might be related to structural texture formed during extrusion.

TABLE 13
Charpy Results for Extruded Pipe
	Longitudinal Un-notched	Transverse Un-notched
	Charpy Energy	Charpy Energy
Sample	(ft. lb.)	(ft. lb.)
1	222	130
2	248	192
3	224	217
4	250	203
5	232	172
Average	235	183