UNIVERSAL DOCK FOR CONTEXT SENSITIVE COMPUTING DEVICE

[0001] Computing devices have become nearly ubiquitous and are used by people to perform many business and personal tasks. To support a wide range of functions, computing devices have been made smaller such that users can carry them from place to place. Smart phones, net books, laptop computers and slate computers are all examples of computing devices that have been designed to be carried by users.

[0002] Such computing devices may be programmed with applications that, when run, can control the computing device to perform many different operations. For example, a smart phone may run an application that provides route guidance or traffic data. A computer with a slate form factor may display pictures or serve as a game board.

[0003] An experience for a user of a portable computing device may be improved by equipping the computing device to configure itself based on its context. The computing device may use proximity-based communication to determine its location and a desired configuration for that location. Based on an ability to communicate with a tag using proximity-based communication, the computing device may determine that it is in close proximity to the tag. The tag may communicate to the computing device a value that may reveal to the computing device a desired operation for that location.

[0004] The computing device may then launch an application or take other action to configure itself. Such actions may include, for example, establishing communication with another device in the location. The specific actions taken, or specific action launched may be based on the value read from the tag.

[0005] To facilitate determination of a user intent to express a desired action associated with a location, a support structure may be provided to act as a dock into which a computing device may be placed. The dock may have a surface with one or tags positioned adjacent the surface such that a computing device placed on the surface may read a value from at least one of the tags.

[0006] The support structure may be configured to provide a universal dock usable with computing devices of any of a plurality of form factors. To provide a universal dock, an array of tags may be distributed across the surface of the support structure such that a proximity-based radio of a computing device placed on the surface will be close enough to at least one of the tags to read a value, regardless of the specific form factor of the computing device. In addition, the dock may be equipped with a non-contact power supply, for which a computing device may have a corresponding power pick-up component, such that a computing device placed on the dock may receive power without requiring the computing device to have a power connector that mates with a power connector on the dock.

[0007] The foregoing is a non-limiting summary of the invention, which is defined by the attached claims.

[0018] The inventors have recognized and appreciated that an experience for a user of a portable computing device may be significantly enhanced by operating the computing device in a way that is context dependent. The context, and hence a desired operation of the computing device, may be determined based on the location of the computing device and actions from which intent of the user may be inferred. Such operation may be achieved with a computing device that can sense its position relative to locations that have been designated as being associated with a desired configuration of the computing device.

[0019] For example, a computing device placed on a nightstand in a bedroom may automatically configure itself as an alarm clock. The same computing device placed near a television may automatically configure itself to stream audio-video content for display on the television. In other instances, a computing device may sense its proximity to a desk in an office and attempt to form a wireless connection with a wireless keyboard and mouse. As yet another example, a computing device may sense that it is positioned on a table in a restaurant and download an application from the restaurant that displays menu options and receives an order from a user.

[0020] In some embodiments, the context of a computing device may be determined by reading values from tags using a proximity-based radio. The tags may be passive tags, responding the radiation emitted by the computing device. Though, active tags that respond to low level signals transmitted by the computing device may also be used. Regardless of the specific mechanism by which the tags operate, an ability for a computing device to read a tag signifies that the computing device is positioned close to the tag. The value read from the tag may additionally signify a desired action in that location. Accordingly, tags may be attached to locations in which a computer may be placed by a user as a signal of the user's content.

[0021] In some embodiments, the tags may be affixed to a support structure that positions the computing device in a desired orientation for its desired operation. Tags configured to transmit different values may be used with different types of support structures. For example, a support structure for a bedroom where the computing device is intended to operate as a clock may hold the computing device with its display vertically and may contain a tag that signifies that the computing device should configure itself as a clock. In contrast, a support structure in a location where the computing device is intended to operate as a game table may hold the computing device with its display horizontal and may contain a tag that signifies that the computing device should configure itself as a game table.

[0022] In addition to providing a place for affixing tags and, in some embodiments, orienting the computing device, a support structure may provide other functions. In some embodiments, a support structure may supply power to a computing device placed on the support structure. Power may be supplied through a non-contact power transfer mechanism, such as inductive or capacitive coupling. With such an approach, any computing device with a suitable non-contact power pick-up mechanism may obtain power when placed on the support structure. By appropriate positioning of tags, possibly in multiple locations over the support structure, any device placed on the support structure may also read a value from one of the tags. In this way, the support structure may act as a form of universal dock for a portable computing device.

[0023] A computing device placed on such a dock may configure itself automatically by selecting and launching an application based on a value read from at least one of the tags on the dock. Such a capability may be particularly desirable for a computing device with a slate form factor. Such devices are likely to be carried by uses from place to place, and the experience for those users may be greatly enhanced by configuring the computing device for operations based on context.

[0024] Turning to FIG. 1, an example of an environment in which a computing device that configures itself based on context is illustrated. FIG. 1 illustrates a user 20 with a portable computing device 30. In this example, computing device 30 is formatted with a slate form factor. Such a computing device may have a relatively large display 32. Display 32 may be touch-sensitive, providing a user interface with computing device 30. Though embodiments of the invention may be useful with a computing device having a slate form factor, the specific form factor of computing device 30 is not a limitation on the invention.

[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates that user 20 may interact with computing device 30 in multiple locations 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D. The nature of the interactions that user 20 desires to have with computing device 30 may be different in each of the locations. As an example, locations 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D may be locations within the home of user 20 where the user desires to have the computer configured for different operations. Location 10A may represent a location at which user 20 generally desires to interact with computing device 30 through its touch screen interface. In contrast, location 10B may represent a bedroom where user 20 would like computing device 30 to operate as an alarm clock. Location 10C, for example, may represent a home office where user 20 would like to use computing device 30 like a conventional desktop computer. Location 10D may represent a family room where user 20 would like for computing device 30 to be configured for playing a game.

[0026] Accordingly, each of the locations 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D is associated with a context. In this example, the context is defined both by location and user intent, representing the desired operation of computing device 30 in the location. In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, computing device 30 is adapted to identify its context and automatically configure itself for that context. For example, in location 10A, computing device 30 may present a user interface, such as may appear on a desktop of a conventional computer. In contrast, at location 10B, computing device 30 may execute an application that presents on display 32 a representation of a clock and may present a user interface through which a user may set or cancel an alarm. In location 10C, computing device 30 may form a connection with one or more peripherals through which the user 20 may control computing device 30 like a conventional desktop computer. In this example, location 10C includes a wireless keyboard 60 that may perform a paring ceremony with computing device 30 to form a connection between keyboard 60 and computing device 30. In this way, a user may type on keyboard 60 to provide input to computing device 30. Computing device 30 may also be programmed to form connections with different or additional peripherals. Though not illustrated in FIG. 1, location 10C may include a mouse and a printer, or other devices of the type conventionally used in a home office. In the context illustrated in FIG. 10C, computing device 30 may form connections with any or all of these devices to con itself to perform as a conventional desktop computer.

[0027] At location 10D, computing device 30 may configure itself so that it may be used by user 20, and possibly user 22 or other users, in playing a game. As an example, in location 10D, computing device 30 may launch an application that presents on display 32 game pieces 72A and 72B. The application launched in location 10D may perform other operations as part of the game played by user's 20 and 22. For example, such an application may receive input from either user 20 or 22 specifying moves to be made as part of the game, may keep score, may render graphics or other content as entertainment during the game or perform any other suitable operation.

[0028] Computing device 30 may use any suitable technique to determine its context such that it can then automatically select how to configure itself to perform operations desired by a user in that context. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, tags are used to indicate context. Each tag may be a device that can communicate information to computing device 30. This information, for example, may include at least one value that can directly or indirectly indicate a desired configuration of a computing device, such as computing device 30. The tags may be passive or active devices. An example of a passive device may be an RFID tag. As is known in the art, an RFID tag may absorb radiation of a particular frequency and re-radiated encoded with information. That information, in this example, may be a value indicating a desired configuration of the computing device. An example of an active tag may be a small semiconductor chip incorporating a radio and a microcontroller. The microcontroller may operate the transmitter, periodically or in response to an event, to transmit information that may indicate to a computing device a configuration desired.

[0029] Regardless of the nature of the tag, the tag may be configured for proximity-based communication. Proximity-based communication may limit the locations in which computing device 30 can access information from a tag. For example, when a radio within a computing device is configured to emit near-field radiation of the type to which an RFID tag will respond, the computing device generally must be within a few inches of the RFID tag to detect a response. In this way, an ability to read a value from the tag identifies the context of computing device 30 by indicating both a desired configuration of the computing device and that the computing device is positioned in a location where that configuration is desired.

[0030] In this example, proximity-based communication is achieved by using low power levels for at least a portion of the communication between computing device 30 and the tag. Even if active tags are used, proximity-based communication may be implemented by using relatively low power communication for at least a portion of the interaction between computing device 30 and the tag. Though, it should be appreciated that other techniques may be used to implement proximity-based communication. For example, visible light, infrared or other types of radiation that relies on line of sight may be used to implement a proximity-based radio. Also, a signal conveyed only when devices physically contact each other may serve as another form of proximity-based communication.

[0031] In the example of FIG. 1, tags are used to enable computing device 30 to identify different contexts corresponding with different locations 10B, 10C and 10D. Accordingly, FIG. 1 illustrates one or more tags in each of locations 10B, 10C and 10D. In location 10B, tags 52B₁ and 52B₂ are shown. In location 10C, tags 52C₁ and 52C₂ are shown. In location 10D, tags 52D₁ and 52D₂ are shown. The tags in each location may be encoded with values that identify a desired configuration of computing device 30 when in that location. In the example illustrated, each of the locations 10B, 10C and 10D contains multiple tags. In this embodiment, each of the tags at the same location may be encoded with the same value. In this way, even if computing device 30 is not precisely positioned relative to a single tag at that location, computing device 30 may nonetheless receive a value from at least one of the tags. Though, tags in different locations may be encoded with different values to signify to computing device 30 different contexts based on the values read from the tags.

[0032] No tag is explicitly shown in location 10A. The absence of a tag in this location may signal to computing device 30 that a default configuration is desired. The default configuration may entail presentation of a “desktop” as in a conventional computing device or may entail some other operating state based on user inputs.

[0033] Each of the tags may be positioned in a desired location in any suitable way. The specific approach used for positioning each tag may depend on its physical characteristics. For example, it is known that an RFID tag may be packaged in a wrapper with an adhesive surface that acts like a sticker. Though, it should be appreciated that any suitable mechanism for affixing a tag in a desired location may be used.

[0034] In the examples illustrated in FIG. 1, tags, such as tags 52B₁, 52B₂, 52C₁ and 52C₂, 52D₁ and 52D₂, may be imbedded in a structural component that acts as a support for computing device 30. Such a component may form a “dock” for computing device 30 when in a location where computing device 30 is desired to configure itself based on context. In the example of FIG. 1, docks 50B, 50C and 50D are illustrated in locations 10B, 10C and 10D, respectively. As shown, dock 50B contains multiple tags, of which tags 52B₁ and 52B₂ are illustrated. Similarly, dock 50C contains multiple tags, of which tags 52C₁ and 52C₂ are visible. Dock 50D also contains multiple tags, of which 52D₁ and 52D₂ are visible.

[0035] In this example, each of the docks 50B, 50C and 50D is shown schematically to be positioning computing device 30 in an orientation that is appropriate for intended operations in that location. For example, dock 50B is shown holding computing device 30 in an orientation in which user 20 may readily observe the clock on display 32. In location 10C, dock 50C is holding computing device 30 in an orientation, relative to a surface of a desk or table (not shown), in which user 20 may observe information presented on display 32 while using keyboard 60. In location 10D, dock 50D is holding computing device 30 in an orientation in which users 20 and 22 may view game pieces 72A and 72B on display 32 while playing a game.

[0036] Though not illustrated by the example of FIG. 1, any of the docks 50B, 50C or 50D may include features to aid in holding computing device 30 in a desired orientation. Such features may include tabs, shelves, clips, hooks or other positioning or holding mechanisms. The positioning or holding mechanisms may be specifically designed to conform to complementary features on computing device 30. Though, it is not necessary that a dock be specifically designed to receive a computing device of any particular size or shape. To the contrary, a dock may be configured to receive a computing device of any contemplated shape such that a universal dock may be provided.

[0037] Incorporation of multiple tags may facilitate construction of such a universal dock. Because low level radiation may be used to read a value from a tag, to enable computing device 30 to reliably determine context when placed in a dock, one of the tags should be close enough to an antenna of a radio within computing device 30 that senses and/or transmits radiation used in proximity-based communication. Having multiple tags in a dock, preferably positioned in a pattern across a surface against which computing device 30 will rest, can ensure that an antenna within computing device 30 used for proximity-based communication will be close enough to a tag to ensure reliable communication.

[0038] FIG. 1 also illustrates other capabilities that may be incorporated into a dock. As illustrated by dock 50C, a dock may be connected to a power source, such as outlet 56. The power source may be used to supply power to an active tag within the dock. Alternatively or additionally, the power source may be used to supply power for other purposes. As one example, a dock, such as dock 50C, may incorporate a power supply 54 that may be used to supply power to computing device 30 when placed on dock 50C.

[0039] Power may be coupled from power supply 54 to a power consuming portion of computing device 30 in any suitable way. In the embodiment illustrated, though, power supply 54 is a non-contact power supply, capable of radiating power for use by computing device 30. Computing device 30 may include a power pick up component to receive and use that power. Use of such a non-contact power supply may further facilitate use of dock 50C as a universal dock. Any computing device configured with a non-contact power pick up may receive power when placed in dock 50C without requiring a connector adapted to mate with a connector on power supply 54.

[0040] Turning to FIG. 2, additional details of computing device 30 are illustrated. FIG. 2 shows computing device 30 schematically in cross section. As shown, computing device 30 has a surface 220 that may be placed on a surface 222 of a dock 230. A radio 210, configured for proximity-based communications is positioned adjacent surface 220.

[0041] Dock 230 has a support structure, which may be made of metal, plastic or other suitable material. The support structure may contain tags, of which tags 232A and 232B are visible, or may provide attachment locations for such tags. As shown, the tags may be positioned adjacent surface 222. Though FIG. 2 shows only two such tags, tags 232A and 232B may form a portion of an array that extends in two dimensions across surface 222 such that, regardless of where adjacent surface 220 that radio 210 is positioned, radio 210 will be close enough to one of the tags to engage in proximity-based communication.

[0042] In this example, tags 232A and 232B are passive tags. Proximity-based communication may be performed using near field radiation 240. In operation, radio 210 may emit near field radiation 240 that may excite tag 232A. Tag 232A may reradiate near field radiation 240 modulated to represent information to be conveyed from tag 232A through radio 210 to processing circuitry within computing device 30.

[0043] In this example, tag 232A may be an RFID tag and radio 210 may be a near field radio that emits RF energy for reading an RFID tag as is known in the art. Though, any suitable proximity-based radio and compatible tag may be used.

[0044] In some embodiments, such as when computing device 30 emits radiation to excite a passive tag, it may be desirable to limit the period of time during which radiation, such as radiation 240, is emitted. Limiting the amount of time that radiation is emitted may reduce the drain of a battery in computing device 30. Accordingly, computing device 30 may be operated such that radio 210 is only triggered to emit radiation 240 when computing device 30 is likely in the proximity of a tag that may provide context information. Computing device 30 may utilize sensors 212 for this purpose.

[0045] Sensors 212 may be sensors specifically added to computing device 30 for the purpose of sensing conditions that would indicate proximity to a tag. Though, in some embodiments, sensors 212 may be sensors of the type conventionally incorporated in a portable computing device. For example, many portable computing devices include accelerometers. Such sensors may be incorporated in a computing device to detect an orientation of the computing device for purposes of configuring a display. Though, such sensors may be used for multiple other purposes, including to facilitate applications that provide route guidance or other motion-based applications.

[0046] In the example illustrated, computing device 30 may include CPU circuitry 214 that may execute operating system services and applications. Such circuitry may be programmed to control radio 210 based on the outputs of one or more sensors 212. In operation, CPU circuitry 214 may execute a program that monitors the outputs of sensors 212 to detect when computing device 30 is placed on a surface.

[0047] Such a detection may be based on sensing a parameter, including pressure or capacitance, that indicates contact with a surface. Alternatively or additionally, such a detection may be based on a detecting motion or acceleration of the computing device. In response to detecting such positioning of computing device 30, CPU circuitry 214 may enable radio 210 to emit radiation 240. Radio 210 may be controlled to emit radiation 240 to determine whether there is a tag in the proximity of radio 210. If a value can be read from a tag while radio 210 is emitting radiation 240, computing device 30 may determine that it is in a context in which it is intended to configure itself for the context indicated by the value read from the tag. If, after some period of time, which may be a fixed interval or a dynamically selected interval based on noise or other criteria, if no tag is detected, CPU circuitry 214 may turn off radio 210. This process of turning on radio 210 to detect a tag may be repeated each time the output of sensors 212 indicate a possibility of computing device 30 being placed against a surface that may contain a tag.

[0048] CPU circuitry 214 may be any suitable circuitry that controls the operation of computing device 30. CPU circuitry 214 may contain one or more hardware components acting as processors. These processors may be programmed to receive and process outputs of sensors 212, and to control radio 210. These processors may also be programmed to perform other actions, such as to receive a value that radio 210 reads from a tag. Any suitable response may be taken in response to reading a value from a tag. Such a response may include determining a desired configuration of computing device 30 based on the value read from the tag and then controlling computing device 30 to automatically assume that configuration.

[0049] Any suitable steps may be taken to configured computing device 30. Those steps may include adjusting operational parameters of any suitable hardware or software components within computing device 30. Alternatively or additionally, steps to configure computing device 30 may include establishing connections to one or more other devices. Those devices may be near the tag from which the value was read. Though, communication may be established in any suitable way. For example, FIG. 2 illustrates that computing device 30 may have a second radio 216. While radio 210 is configured for proximity-based communications, radio 216 may be configured for communication at a greater distance. For example, radio 216 may be a radio of the type used to communicate with a wireless LAN or wireless wWAN as are known in the art. Accordingly, a remote device to which a connection is established may be located virtually anywhere. In the example of FIG. 2, CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to, in response to a value read from a tag, control radio 216 to connect to an external network 260 through an access point 250. External network 260, for example, may be the Internet such that, in response to a value read from a tag, computing device 30 may download information or software to configure computing device 30 from a server accessible over the Internet.

[0050] As a specific example, dock 230 may be attached to a table in a restaurant. When placed on dock 230, computing device 30 may read a value from a tag, such as tag 232A. CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to identify that value as indicating that CPU circuitry 214 should download a program that configures computing device 30 to present a menu for the restaurant. Such a program may also configure computing device 30 to perform other operations desired in that context. For example, computing device 30 may be programmed to receive through a user interface user input reflecting an order for food from that restaurant. That program downloaded into computing device 30 in response to reading a value from a tag may further control computing device 30 to communicate the order information via radio 216 through access point 250 to a computer that can make the order information available to the restaurant. In this way, computing device 30 may perform operations appropriate for the context, which in this example is being placed on a table in a restaurant.

[0051] It should be appreciated that the specific configuration assumed by computing device 30 in response to reading a value of a tag may depend on the specific value read. FIG. 3 illustrates various types of information that may form a portion of a tag. One or more of these types of information may form a value read from a tag. In the example illustrated, value 310 includes multiple fields, such as fields 312, 314, 316, 318 and 320. Field 312 may contain information representing a type of tag. If a type field 312 is present in a value, that information may specify a type of operation desired for the computing device in the context. The type information may specify, for example, generally that the computing device 30 should configure itself as a media controller or should seek to pair with other devices near the tag. Such a field may be used for example, when computing device 30 is to configure itself to perform a generic operation. Other fields may be used to more specifically identify operations that are desired in a context.

[0052] As an example of a more specific value, field 314 may include an identification value for the tag. Tags may be assigned IDs in accordance with a scheme that ensures that tags have unique identifiers. CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to associate specific actions with a specific tag identification read in a field 314.

[0053] As another example, field 316 may include an identification of an application to be executed in the context. CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to respond to a tag containing an application ID such as in field 316 by launching an application having that application ID. That application may already be installed on computing device 30. In that scenario, upon identifying such an application, CPU circuitry 214 may access computer executable instructions stored in memory (not shown in FIG. 2) of computing device 30. Using known techniques, CPU circuitry 214 may then launch an application corresponding to those computer executable instructions.

[0054] Any suitable mechanism may be used to identify an application having an application ID as specified in the field 316. For example, CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to search through a manifest, or other store of information, such as a registry, identifying software components installed on computing device 30. Upon detecting a software component with an identification matching the value in field 316, CPU circuitry 214 may launch that software component.

[0055] As another example of a mechanism for identifying an application to execute, value 310 may include a field 318 identifying a location where software defining that application may be accessed. In this example, the location from which the application can be obtained in indicated by an address of a location on a network from which computer executable instructions defining that application may be downloaded. In this example, the address on the network may be expressed as a URL for a web server.

[0056] In response to receiving a value 310 with a field 318, CPU circuitry 214 may engage a network interface that can communicate over the network from which the software defining the application can be obtained. That network interface may be a wireless network interface and may incorporate a radio different than the proximity-based radio 210 used to read a value from a tag. In the example of FIG. 2, upon reading a value 310 with a field 318 containing an application URL, CPU circuitry 214 may communicate through radio 216 to an access point 250. CPU circuitry 214 may then download software defining the application from network 260. Once downloaded, this application software may be launched by CPU circuitry 214, configuring computing device 30 to perform desired operations for the context in which value 310 was read from a tag.

[0057] Other information may be encoded in the value 310. That information may be used for purposes other than to identify an application to launch in the context. In the example of FIG. 3, value 310 includes a field 320. Field 320 includes information that may enhance the reliability of the information read from a tag. In this example, field 320 includes error correcting bits. To reduce errors during communication of the value, the information in value 310 may be encoded with an error correcting code, resulting in additional bits being added to value 310. Field 320 represents those additional error correction bits. Though, it should be appreciated that FIG. 3 is a conceptual illustration of error correction bits associated with value 310. In some embodiments, in which the total number of bits in value 310 may be increased through the use of an error correcting code, those bits may be dispersed throughout the value rather than appearing as a separately identifiable field.

[0058] Regardless of how those bits are encoded in value 310, upon receipt of value 310, CPU circuitry 314 may decode the value using the error correcting code, such that any errors introduced in transmission can be corrected. Use of error correcting coding may be beneficial in the application illustrated in which multiple tags may be positioned across surface 222. In that environment, radio 210 may be positioned closer to one of the tags than the others in the array. Nonetheless, radiation 240 emitted by radio 210 may reach other tags in the array, exciting those tags in addition to the closest tag. As a result, radio 210 may detect values from multiple tags. The values from the more distant tags may be weaker than the values from the nearest tag. Nonetheless, those values from the more distant tags will be out of phase with the value from the nearest tag, and have the potential to disrupt communication between radio 210 and the nearest tag. Using an error correcting code may reduce the chances of that disruption.

[0059] It should be appreciated that FIG. 3 provides an example of the types of information that may appear in a value read from a tag. In any given embodiment, a value may contain only one type of information or may contain a combination of types of information that is different than expressly illustrated in FIG. 3. The specific types of information in a value read from a tag are not critical to the invention.

[0060] Turning to FIG. 4, an exemplary method for operation of a computing device, such as computing device 30 (FIG. 2) is illustrated. In the example of FIG. 4, the process begins prior to the time that the computing device is placed on a dock. The process may begin with steps that enable the computing device to take a specific response in a detected context. In this example, the process begins at block 410 where applications are registered. Registration may allow the computing device to associate specific desired applications with specific context.

[0061] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, CPU circuitry 214 may have associated with it software defining a platform that automatically configures computing device 30 to perform desired operations based on context. That platform may accept registrations from software components loaded on computing device 30 that are intended to operate in specific context. Such registration may use techniques as are known in the art. For example, registration may include providing the platform with a call back mechanism such that the platform can invoke components of the application to perform desired operations when the context is detected.

[0062] In addition, the registration may identify in some way the context in which the application, or components of the application, are to be invoked. As one example, the registration process may entail providing to the platform a tag type or tag ID. When the platform receives a value, such as value 310 with a tag type in a field 312 or a tag ID in a field 314 matching the tag type or tag ID, respectively, provided upon registration, the platform may invoke the application or component associated with that value. Though, any suitable type of information may be provided upon registration that may allow a platform to determine a context in which a particular application or component is to be executed.

[0063] This registration may be performed at any suitable time. It may occur, for example, upon start up of computing device 30 or may occur at multiple times as different applications are installed on computing device 30. Though, it should be appreciated that registration at block 410 may not occur at all in some embodiments. For example, in embodiments in which a value 310 contains an application URL or other information that is sufficient for the platform to select an application to execute based on the context defined by the value read from the tag, no explicit registration step may be performed.

[0064] Regardless of whether and how registration occurs, the process may proceed to decision block 412. At decision block 412, a check may be made whether the computing device is possibly docked. The determination made a block 412 may be made in any suitable way that determines whether the computing devices in a location that may contain a tag. As described in connection with FIG. 3, this determination may be made based on the output of one or more sensors 212.

[0065] Regardless of how the determination is made, if, as a result of processing at decision block 412, it is determined that the computing device 30 is not docked, the process may loop back until a condition is detected in which the computing device may be docked. When that condition is detected, the process may proceed to block 420. At block 420, a component for proximity based communication, such as a near field radio, may be powered on such that any tag in the proximity of the computing device may be read. In this example, radio 210 may use near field RF radiation to energize a tag and may be powered on at block 420. Though, it should be appreciated that any suitable form of energy may be used for proximity-based communication in a proximity-based radio.

[0066] Regardless of the specific type of proximity-based radio used, the process may proceed to block 422 where a value may be read from a tag that is in close proximity to the computing device. A value may be read using a process as described above in connection with FIG. 2 or in any other suitable way. Though not expressly illustrated in FIG. 4, if no value can be read, the process may return to decision block 412.

[0067] Regardless of how the value is read, the process may proceed to block 424. Block 424 may begin a sub process in which the platform controls the computing device to configure itself to perform operations as desired within the context indicated by the value read at block 422. In this example, the configuration process involves pairing with nearby devices. This pairing may entail wireless communication between the computing device and one or more near by devices according to a predetermined protocol. That wireless communication may be performed by radio 210. Though, in some embodiments, a higher power radio, such as radio 216, may be used for pairing with nearby devices. As a specific example, the pairing may be performed using a BLUETOOTH® radio or a WI-FI DIRECT® radio.

[0068] The pairing may be directed towards any suitable device. In some embodiments, pairing at block 424 may entail discovering nearby devices by broadcasting messages according to the predetermined protocol. Alternatively, the value read at block 422 may contain information identifying a specific device or specific type of device for which pairing should be performed. For example, some predefined protocols for pairing devices support service discovery. A value read at block 422 may directly or indirectly identify a type of service to be acquired from a paired device such that processing at block 424 is conditional upon a device providing an indicated service being discovered.

[0069] The information read at block 422 may also direct the pairing operation performed at block 424 in other ways. As another example, a value read at block 422 may contain credentials, such as a PIN, that may be used in a pairing ceremony. Providing credential information in connection with a value read from a tag may both ensure that pairing is performed with a desired device for the context of computing device and may reduce the burden on the user of computing device 30. Though, in some embodiments, the predetermined protocol may support re-establishing communication with a device with which computing device 30 has previously paired without user interaction. For example, the WI-FI DIRECT® protocol supports re-establishing a pairing relationship with a device without further user interaction. Accordingly, there are multiple techniques that may be employed such that processing at block 424 does not require user interaction. Though, in some embodiments, user input may be desired to confirm the pairing, supply a PIN or otherwise direct processing at block 424 by providing input through a user interface to computing device 30.

[0070] Block 424 represents one type of processing that may be performed to configure a computing device for a specific context. Other processing may alternatively or additionally be performed. As a further example, block 426 illustrates a process step in which the platform identifies an application to execute in the context. Any suitable technique, including those described above in connection with FIG. 3, may be used at block 426 to identify an application based on a value read at block 422. Regardless of the manner in which the application is identified, processing may continue to block 428 where the platform may launch the identified application.

[0071] Once launched, the application may continue until it terminates or until the platform receives information that the computing device is no longer in the context for which the application was launched. Accordingly, FIG. 4 illustrates that the process proceeds to decision block 430 where a check is made whether the computing device has changed its position since it was determined at decision block 412 that the computing device has possibly been placed in a position in which it could be resting on a dock containing a tag. Any suitable technique may be used to determine a change in position at decision block 430. For example, an output of one or more sensors 212 indicating that the computing device 30 has moved or been separated from a surface against which it was previously resting may be used as an indication of a change in position at decision block 430. Regardless of the mechanism by which a change in position is detected, if no change is detected, the process may loop, allowing the launched application to continue to execute. In contrast, if the change in position is detected, the process may proceed to block 440. At block 440, the application launched at block 428 may be shut down. By ending the application at block 440, computing device 30 may be returned to its default state in which it is not configured for operation in any specific context. Though, any suitable action may be taken upon detecting that the computing device is no longer in a context for which an application was launched, including requesting input from the user or launching another application.

[0072] FIG. 4 illustrates that the process ends following block 440. However, in some embodiments all or portions of the process of FIG. 4 may be repeated while computing device 30 operates. For example, the processing may loop back from block 440 to decision block 412 where a further check may be made for an indication that the computing devices in proximity of additional tags that may indicate a context for which the computing device should be configured.

[0073] It should be recognized that the system configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 and the process illustrated in FIG. 4 are exemplary only and that other suitable configurations are possible. FIG. 5A illustrates one such suitable alternative configuration. FIG. 5A illustrates a computing device 530 that, like computing device 30 (FIG. 2) may have a slate form factor. Computing device 530 may contain a radio 210, sensors 212 and CPU circuitry 214 that may perform operations similar to those described in connection with FIG. 2. Those operations may include reading a value from an array of tags, which is schematically illustrated by tags 232A and 232B arrayed across a surface of a dock 532.

[0074] Dock 532 differs from dock 230 (FIG. 2) in that dock 532 contains a power supply 550. Power supply 550 may be used to transfer power from an AC source, such as outlet 56 (FIG. 1), to computing device 530. In this example, power supply 550 may be a non-contact power supply. For example, power supply 550 may use inductive or capacitive coupling to transfer power to computing device 530 when computing device 530 is placed on surface 522.

[0075] To receive the power transferred from power supply 550, computing device 530 may contain a power pick up component 540. Power pickup component 540 is, like radio 210, shown positioned adjacent a surface of computing device 530 that is intended to rest on dock 532. Such a configuration may enhance the rate of power transfer but is not a requirement of the invention. In this example, power supply 550 and power pickup 540 may be implemented using non-contact power transfer technology as is known in the art. Though, any suitable mechanism may be used to transfer power from dock 532 to computing device 530.

[0076] In the embodiment illustrated, power pickup 540 is coupled through charging circuit 542 to battery 544. Such a configuration allows battery 544 to be recharged while computing device 530 is placed against dock 532. Though, unlike a conventional computer docking station, no connectors are required on either computing device 530 or dock 532 to enable computing device 530 to charge while in the docking station. Accordingly, a computing device of arbitrary configuration may be placed on dock 532 to recharge battery 544.

[0077] To facilitate use of dock 532 by a computing device of an arbitrary configuration, dock 532 may contain a two dimensional array of tags such as tags 232A . . . 232J illustrated in FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B illustrates upper surface 522 of dock 532 from the perspective of the line B-B shown in FIG. 5A. As can be seen in FIG. 5B, the array of tags 232A . . . 232J substantially covers the surface 522 in a pattern that ensures that a proximity-based radio on a computing device placed against surface 522 will be close enough to one of the tags to reliably read a value from that tag. In this example, that two dimensional array is not regular to account for other components. Nonetheless, the tags have a distribution that covers surface 522. FIG. 5B illustrates one possible distribution of tags, but any suitable distribution may be used.

[0078] The spacing the tags in the array may be such that the distance between any point on that surface and the nearest tag is less than the distance over which proximity-based communication can be supported. For example, for a system using proximity-based communications designed to support communications over a distance of two inches or less, the tags may be positioned in an array in which tags are separated by a distance of four inches or less. Such a spacing of tags in the array may ensure that any point on the surface is spaced two inches or less from a tag. In this way, regardless of the configuration of computing device 530 and specifically where on the computing device an antenna for proximity-based communication is located, computing device 530 may reliably read a value from a tag when placed on such a dock.

[0079] In the embodiment illustrated, each of the tags 232A . . . 232J may have the same construction and may be programmed to supply the same value. With such a configuration, a computing device, such as computing device 530 may respond when placed on dock 532 in the same way, regardless of which of the tags 232A . . . 232J is closest to a radio sensing a value of a tag. Though, other embodiments are possible. For example, tags on the right side of surface 522 may be programmed with a value different than tags on the left side of surface 522. Such a configuration may result in a computing device placed in dock 532 responding differently based on the side of the dock on which the device is placed. As another example, tags, such as tags 232D, 232E, 232G and 232H, on the central portions of the surface 522 may be programmed with different values than tags, such as 232A, 232B, 232C, 232F, 2321 and 232J, closer to the perimeter of surface 522. Such an embodiment may be useful when desired operations of computing device 530 differ depending on the size of computing device 530.

[0080] In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5B, dock 532 contains a single non contact power supply 550 located generally in the center of surface 522. Such a configuration may be useful in implementing a universal dock capable of supplying power to a computing device of arbitrary configuration placed on surface 522 when the overall dimensions of surface 522 are smaller than the distance over which power from power supply 550 can be adequately received by power pick up 540 or other similar components in a computing device that may be placed on surface 522. In other embodiments, multiple power supplies or multiple radiating components associated with a single power supply may be distributed across surface 522. Alternatively, constraints may be placed on a computing device intended to obtain power from dock 532. As an example, in order to obtain power, a device may be required to have a power pick up, such as power pick up 540, near the center of the device. Alternatively or additionally, computing devices may be designed with multiple power pick up components.

[0081] FIG. 6 illustrates a further alternative embodiment. As with dock 532, dock 632 is actively powered. Dock 632 includes a power cord for connection to an AC source of power. In addition to supplying power for a non-contact power supply 550, power input to dock 632 may power active components within the dock. In this example, dock 632 may contain a low power radio 634, which may act as a tag.

[0082] A controller 636 may be included in dock 632 to process information received by low power radio 634 and to control the timing and content of information transmitted by low power radio 634. In this example, low power radio 634 may transmit at a relatively low power level, such as −3 dBm or on the order of between 0.1 milliwatts and 1 milliwatts. At such low power levels, a standard radio for a computing device may only reliably receive information transmitted by low power radio 634 when in close proximity to the low power radio. In this way, low power radio 634 may allow radio 610 to act as a proximity-based radio in relation to information received from a low power radio 634.

[0083] Any suitable protocol may be used to allow dock 632 and computing device 630 to exchange information such that computing device 630 receives a value through low power radio 634 that indicates a context.

[0084] In this embodiment in which dock 632 is connected to a fixed source of power, low power radio 634 may transmit a signal that will initiate an interaction between computing device 630 and dock 632 that will result in computing device 630 receiving a tag value. In this scenario, though computing device 630 may incorporate sensors 212, outputs of those sensors need not be used to determine when to control radio 610 to transmit. Rather, radio 610 may be operated in a low power receive mode in which it can receive a signal transmitted by low power radio 634. Such a low power mode may be implemented simply by operating low power radio 610 with its transmitter powered off. Though, operating states in which the sensitivity of radio 610 is reduced in order to further save power may also be used.

[0085] Alternatively or additionally, low power operation of radio 610 may be achieved by reducing the time in which radio 610 is powered at all. For example, radio 610 may be normally powered off, but powered on for occasional brief intervals to detect whether computing device 630 is in the vicinity of a tag, which can be determined by attempting to receive a value transmitted by low power radio 634. Any suitable protocol may be used for radio 610 to scan for such a signal from a low power radio. For example, low power radio 634 may send a control packet, formatted as a beacon for example, at periodic intervals. Radio 610 may scan for such beacons on a periodic schedule, but for intervals long enough to detect a beacon quickly.

[0086] Once radio 610 detects the packet from low power radio 634, any suitable signals may be exchanged between computing device 630 and dock 632 to facilitate an exchange information. As one example, low power radio 634 may be controlled by controller 636 to transmit a value identifying devices in the vicinity of dock 632.

[0087] As one example of how such a signal may be used to communicate a tag value to computing device 630, controller 636 may control low power radio 634 to periodically transmit a beacon signal 654. When computing device 630 is close enough to dock 632 that hardware within radio 610 can detect such a signal, radio 610 may generate a control signal within computing device 630 to trigger CPU circuitry 214 to perform an operation, such as pairing with devices in the vicinity of dock 632. Transmission of a value may be formatted in any suitable way, for example as an information element in a control signal of a WI-FI protocol. For example, low power radio 634 may transmit a tag value as an information element in a beacon signal transmitted according to a WI-FI protocol. In this way, when radio 610 is in close proximity to low power radio 634 and CPU circuitry 214 is awake, the radio may detect the beacon 652, and that beacon may be processed by execution of controlling software within CPU circuitry 214. That processing may result in configuring computing device 630 for the context indicated by the value contained within the beacon. Configuring the computing device may include pairing with other devices, launching applications, or performing any other suitable steps.

[0088] Though, any suitable protocol may be used for a computing device placed near dock 632 to establish communication with dock 632 such that the computing device 630 may receive a tag value. FIG. 7 illustrates a process of operation of computing device 630 and dock 632 by which such a connection may be established to enable computing device 630 may determine context depended actions. The process may begin at any suitable time, such as when device 630 is powered on. Alternatively, the process may begin when sensors to 12 output an indication that computing device 630 has been placed against a surface or otherwise positioned such that it may be in proximity with a dock. Suppressing sending beacons, even low power beacons, until computing device 630 is detected to be in a position when it is likely placed in a dock may further save power on the computing device.

[0089] In the example illustrated in FIG. 7, computing device 630 may operate in a low power mode when computing device 630 is not actively performing operations for a user. In that low power mode, CPU circuitry 214 may be powered off. Radio 610 may operate in a low power mode in which it periodically emits a low power beacon and responds only to specific types of messages received.

[0090] Accordingly, the process of FIG. 7 begins at block 710 in this low power mode with radio 610 periodically sending a low power beacon. The low power beacon may be in a format that low power radio 634 may receive and controller 636 may process to identify that there is a device near dock 632 seeking a dock. The beacon may be formatted in accordance with the service discovery protocol as is known in the art or in any other suitable format. The beacon may identify generically the computing device 630 is seeking a dock, or the beacon may identify a specific type of dock, such as a dock associated with computer peripherals as illustrated in location 10C (FIG. 1).

[0091] Regardless of the format the beacon transmitted at block 710, the process may continue to decision block 712. At decision block 712, the process may branch depending on whether dock 632 detects a beacon representing a device seeking a dock. Dock 632 may detect the beacon from device 630 when device 630 is brought close enough to dock 632 such that the low power beacon may be received. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the process may loop back to block 710 if the dock 632 does not detect the beacon. As illustrated, device 630 may then send another low power beacon such that low power beacons are periodically sent. The period at which low power beacons are sent may be relatively long so as to conserve power on device 630.

[0092] When controller 636 detects a beacon, the process may continue to block 720. At block 720, controller 636 may command radio 634 to transmit a response, which may be in any suitable format, such as a control packet. That packet may be formatted with a value that may be used on computing device 630 to perform an operation, such as pairing with nearby devices.

[0093] CPU circuitry 214 may be programmed to respond to such a tag value by configuring itself to perform operations appropriate for the context associated with dock 632. Those operations may include any of the operations described above or any other suitable operation. Though, as a specific example, processing may proceed to block 722 where CPU circuitry may control radio 610 to pair with devices identified by the tag value. As a specific example, the tag value may identify human interface devices in the vicinity of dock 630. In this way, bringing the computing device into the vicinity of the dock may trigger the computing device to pair with human interface devices, automatically creating functionality that emulates functionality when a computer is physically coupled to a conventional dock with human interface devices wired to the dock.

[0094] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a suitable computing system environment 800 on which the invention may be implemented. The computing system environment 800 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing environment 800 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment 800.

[0095] The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

[0096] The computing environment may execute computer-executable instructions, such as program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.

[0097] With reference to FIG. 8, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing device in the form of a computer 810. Components of computer 810 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 820, a system memory 830, and a system bus 821 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 820. The system bus 821 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.

[0098] Computer 810 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 810 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 810. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.

[0099] The system memory 830 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 831 and random access memory (RAM) 832. A basic input/output system 833 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 810, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 831. RAM 832 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 820. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 8 illustrates operating system 834, application programs 835, other program modules 836, and program data 837.

[0100] The computer 810 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, FIG. 8 illustrates a hard disk drive 840 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 851 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 852, and an optical disk drive 855 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk 856 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 841 is typically connected to the system bus 821 through a non-removable memory interface such as interface 840, and magnetic disk drive 851 and optical disk drive 855 are typically connected to the system bus 821 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 850.

[0101] The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 8, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 810. In FIG. 8, for example, hard disk drive 841 is illustrated as storing operating system 844, application programs 845, other program modules 846, and program data 847. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 834, application programs 835, other program modules 836, and program data 837. Operating system 844, application programs 845, other program modules 846, and program data 847 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer 810 through input devices such as a keyboard 862 and pointing device 861, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 820 through a user input interface 860 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 891 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 821 via an interface, such as a video interface 890. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 897 and printer 896, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 895.

[0102] The computer 810 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 880. The remote computer 880 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 810, although only a memory storage device 881 has been illustrated in FIG. 8. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 8 include a local area network (LAN) 871 and a wide area network (WAN) 873, but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

[0103] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 810 is connected to the LAN 871 through a network interface or adapter 870. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 810 typically includes a modem 872 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 873, such as the Internet. The modem 872, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 821 via the user input interface 860, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 810, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 8 illustrates remote application programs 885 as residing on memory device 881. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0104] Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art.

[0105] For example, specific contexts and associated configurations have been described. These contexts and configurations should be understood to be exemplary and not limiting. There are many other possible contexts and configurations in which the techniques described above may be employed. For example, a tag may be affixed to a dashboard of a car such that when a computing device is placed on the dashboard, it operates as a GPS navigation system.

[0106] As another example, a dock may be constructed from a support structure specifically, configured to act as a dock. However, the support structure may serve other purposes. For example, the support structure may be a housing for a television set or may be a surface of a table in a restaurant modified to include components of a dock.

[0107] As another example, it is described that low power radio is placed near a surface of a computing device. In some embodiments, only an antenna for the radio may be positioned near the surface. Other components of the radio may be set back from the surface.

[0108] Moreover, it should be appreciated that examples of a support structure holding a tag have been provided for illustration only. Any suitable support structure may be used to hold a tag. Moreover, it is not necessary that the computing device be placed on a support structure for the system to operate as described above, The support structure may be an existing structure, such as a wall or a surface of an appliance. In these scenarios, simply bringing the computing device into the vicinity of the tag may be trigger a desired operation, such as launching an application.

[0109] Further, it was described that detecting a tag may cause a computing device to perform a context dependent operation. It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, a dock may be regarded as a computing device and a computing device may have a surface supporting a tag. When the computing device is brought near the dock, the dock may respond in any of the ways described above.

[0110] Accordingly, it should be appreciated that either or both of the computing device and the dock may configure themselves based on a relative distance between them. As an example, upon detecting a computing device in close proximity, a dock may power on peripherals with which the computing device may attempt to pair.

[0111] Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.

[0112] The above-described embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers. Such processors may be implemented as integrated circuits, with one or more processors in an integrated circuit component. Though, a processor may be implemented using circuitry in any suitable format.

[0113] Further, it should be appreciated that a computer may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device.

[0114] Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface include keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tablets. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible format.

[0115] Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including as a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks or fiber optic networks.

[0116] Also, the various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine.

[0117] In this respect, the invention may be embodied as a computer readable storage medium (or multiple computer readable media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs (CD), optical discs, digital video disks (DVD), magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, or other non-transitory, tangible computer storage medium) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments of the invention discussed above. The computer readable storage medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. As used herein, the term “non-transitory computer-readable storage medium” encompasses only a computer-readable medium that can be considered to be a manufacture (i.e., article of manufacture) or a machine. Alternatively or additionally, the invention may be embodied as a computer readable medium other than a computer-readable storage medium, such as a propagating signal.

[0118] The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect of this embodiment, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present invention need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present invention.

[0119] Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

[0120] Also, data structures may be stored in computer-readable media in any suitable form. For simplicity of illustration, data structures may be shown to have fields that are related through location in the data structure. Such relationships may likewise be achieved by assigning storage for the fields with locations in a computer-readable medium that conveys relationship between the fields. However, any suitable mechanism may be used to establish a relationship between information in fields of a data structure, including through the use of pointers, tags or other mechanisms that establish relationship between data elements.

[0121] Various aspects of the present invention may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments.

[0122] Also, the invention may be embodied as a method, of which an example has been provided. The acts performed as part of the method may be ordered in any suitable way. Accordingly, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments.

[0123] Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.

[0124] Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.