CAPACITANCE TO CODE CONVERTER WITH SIGMA-DELTA MODULATOR

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/600,255, filed on Nov. 14, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] This invention relates to the field of user interface devices and, in particular, to capacitive touch-sensor devices.

[0003] Computing devices, such as notebook computers, personal data assistants (PDAs), and mobile handsets, have user interface devices, which are also known as human interface device (HID). One user interface device that has become more common is a touch-sensor pad. A basic notebook touch-sensor pad emulates the function of a personal computer (PC) mouse. A touch-sensor pad is typically embedded into a PC notebook for built-in portability. A touch-sensor pad replicates mouse x/y movement by using two defined axes which contain a collection of sensor elements that detect the position of a conductive object, such as a finger. Mouse right/left button clicks can be replicated by two mechanical buttons, located in the vicinity of the touchpad, or by tapping commands on the touch-sensor pad itself. The touch-sensor pad provides a user interface device for performing such functions as positioning a pointer, or selecting an item on a display. These touch-sensor pads may include multi-dimensional sensor arrays for detecting movement in multiple axes. The sensor array may include a one-dimensional sensor array, detecting movement in one axis. The sensor array may also be two dimensional, detecting movements in two axes.

[0004] Another user interface device that has become more common is a touch screen. Touch screens, also known as touchscreens, touch panels, or touchscreen panels are display overlays which are typically either pressure-sensitive (resistive), electrically-sensitive (capacitive), acoustically-sensitive (SAW—surface acoustic wave) or photo-sensitive (infra-red). The effect of such overlays allows a display to be used as an input device, removing the keyboard and/or the mouse as the primary input device for interacting with the display's content. Such displays can be attached to computers or, as terminals, to networks. There are a number of types of touch screen technology, such as optical imaging, resistive, surface wave, capacitive, infrared, dispersive signal, and strain gauge technologies. Touch screens have become familiar in retail settings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs, on mobile handsets, on game consoles, and on PDAs where a stylus is sometimes used to manipulate the graphical user interface (GUI) and to enter data.

[0005] FIG. 1A illustrates a conventional touch-sensor pad. The touch-sensor pad 100 includes a sensing surface 101 on which a conductive object may be used to position a pointer in the x- and y-axes, or to select an item on a display. Touch-sensor pad 100 may also include two buttons, left and right buttons 102 and 103, respectively. These buttons are typically mechanical buttons, and operate much like a left and right button on a mouse. These buttons permit a user to select items on a display or send other commands to the computing device.

[0006] FIG. 1B illustrates a conventional linear touch-sensor slider. The linear touch-sensor slider 110 includes a surface area 111 on which a conductive object may be used to position a pointer in the x-axes (or alternatively in the y-axes). The construct of touch-sensor slider 110 may be the same as that of touch-sensor pad 100. Touch-sensor slider 110 may include a one-dimensional sensor array. The slider structure may include one or more sensor elements that may be conductive traces. Each trace may be connected between a conductive line and a ground. By being in contact or in proximity on a particular portion of the slider structure, the capacitance between the conductive lines and ground varies and can be detected. The capacitance variation may be sent as a signal on the conductive line to a processing device. For example, by detecting the capacitance variation of each sensor element, the position of the changing capacitance can be pinpointed. In other words, it can be determined which sensor element has detected the presence of the conductive object, and it can also be determined the motion and/or the position of the conductive object over multiple sensor elements.

[0007] One difference between touch-sensor sliders and touch-sensor pads may be how the signals are processed after detecting the conductive objects. Another difference is that the touch-sensor slider is not necessarily used to convey absolute positional information of a conducting object (e.g., to emulate a mouse in controlling pointer positioning on a display) but, rather, may be used to actuate one or more functions associated with the sensing elements of the sensing device.

[0008] FIG. 1C illustrates a conventional sensing device having three touch-sensor buttons. Conventional sensing device 120 includes button 121, button 122, and button 123. These buttons may be capacitive touch-sensor buttons. These three buttons may be used for user input using a conductive object, such as a finger.

[0009] In general, capacitive touch sensors are intended to replace mechanical buttons, knobs, and other similar mechanical user interface controls. Capacitive sensor allows eliminating the complicated mechanical switches and buttons, providing the reliable operation under harsh conditions. Also, capacitive sensors are widely used in the modern customer applications, providing new user interface options in the exiting products.

[0010] Many conventional methods exist for capacitance sensing or measuring. Some conventional methods have been briefly described below.

[0011] FIG. 1D illustrates a conventional relaxation oscillator for capacitance measurement. The relaxation oscillator 150 is formed by the capacitance to be measured on capacitor 151, a charging current source 152, a comparator 153, and a reset switch 154. It should be noted that capacitor 151 is representative of the capacitance measured on a sensor element of a sensor array. The relaxation oscillator is coupled to drive a charging current (Ic) 157 in a single direction onto sensing capacitor Cx, capacitor 151.

[0012] FIG. 1E illustrates a variant of the conventional relaxation oscillator of FIG. 1D. In this case, the dedicated reset switch is not used. Relaxation oscillator 160 includes a hysteresis comparator 153, and inverter 161. Comparator 153 operates as similar to the comparator describe above. The inverter 161 is configured to control the switches 162, which are configured to charge and discharge of the sensor element (e.g., capacitor 151).

[0013] Using either conventional relaxation oscillators described above, the capacitance change causes the output frequency variation, which can be easily detected, such as using a digital counter. The disadvantage of using these conventional relaxation oscillators is that they operate at a fixed frequency and include high-impedance signal paths (for example, current source that charges small sensing capacitor Cx.

[0014] FIG. 1F illustrates another conventional method for measuring capacitance is by phase shift measurement. The circuit 170 includes a voltage source, resistor, and phase shift meter, which are coupled to the capacitance sensor element. The changing of the capacitance on the sensor element varies the phase shift between a reference signal and a measured signal. The output of the phase shift meter can be converted to a code. Driving the capacitance through a fixed-value resistor yields voltage and current waveforms that are out of phase by a predictable amount. The drive frequency can be adjusted to keep the phase measurement in a readily measured range.

[0015] FIG. 1G illustrates another conventional capacitance measurement scheme based on charging the sensor capacitor from constant current source. Circuit 180 includes a comparator, a constant current source, and a time measurement circuit, such as a counter or a timer. In this conventional design, the capacitor is charged from the constant current source, and the time required for getting the demanded threshold voltage is measured by using the counter or timer. Another similar conventional capacitance sensing device based on charging the sensor capacitor from constant current source charges and discharges the capacitor using the constant current source. A description of this type of conventional design can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,889.

[0016] FIG. 1H illustrates a conventional capacitive voltage divider circuit 190 for capacitance sensing. Capacitive voltage divider. Multiple implementations are possible for the capacitive voltage divider circuit, but FIG. 1H illustrates only one of these implementations. The circuit includes an AC source and two capacitors connected in series. In this case, the voltage on sensing capacitor is inversely proportional to the capacitance. Also, illustrated in FIG. 1H, is a method for measuring the capacitance on the capacitance voltage divider circuit using a peak detector 191, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,205. The voltage can be measured using the synchronous demodulator, peak detector, root mean square (RMS) detector, or other suitable technique. FIG. 1H includes a conventional peak detector circuit 191 for measuring the voltage. It should be noted that in some implementations where a DC source is used instead AC source, the capacitors should be reset before DC voltage applying using some switches.

[0017] Two other conventional capacitive measuring schemes are the resistor-capacitor charge timing, capacitive bridge divider. The resistor-capacitor charge timing may include charging the capacitor through a fixed resistor and measuring timing on the voltage ramp. Small capacitor values may require very large resistors for reasonable timing. The capacitive bridge divider may include driving the capacitor under test through a fixed reference capacitor. The reference capacitor and the capacitor under test form a voltage divider. The voltage signal is recovered with a synchronous demodulator, which may be done in a processing device.

[0018] Another class of methods for measuring capacitance on a sensor element is switching capacitor methods. In these methods, the sensing capacitor is charged at one phase and is discharged to some charge reception device at a second stage. A subclass of this class is charge accumulation. Methods of charge accumulation methods include transferring charge accumulated on the sensing capacitor to the charge-accumulation capacitor or integrator with capacitor in the feedback loop. These methods may have a key advantage in that charge-accumulation circuits have low sensitivity for radio-frequency (RF) fields and noise because the sensing capacitor is charged from a low-impedance source and charge is transferred to a low-impedance accumulator (e.g., integrator capacitor or charge-accumulation capacitor).

[0019] FIG. 1I illustrates a conventional charge-accumulation circuit 192. The conventional charge-accumulation circuit 192 includes the sensing circuit 194, the integration capacitor 195, switches 196 and 197, and the voltage source 193. The conventional charge-accumulation circuit 192 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,730,165. Switches SW₁ and SW₂ 196 are operating in the non-overlapping way, providing series of sensing capacitor Cx 194 cycles. Capacitance measurement is implemented in the several steps. First, the integration capacitor C_int 195 is reset in the initial stage by using the some external switch Sw₃ 197. Next, the switches Sw₁, Sw₂ 196 start to operate in two non-overlapping phases, providing charge-discharge cycles to the sensing capacitor Cx 194. Consequently, the integration capacitor C_int 195 voltage starts rising. The sensed capacitance value is determined by measuring number of cycles, required for the voltage accumulated on the integration capacitor C_int 195 to a reference threshold voltage or by measuring the voltage on the integration capacitor C_int 195 after a predefined number of charge transfer cycles. In the conventional method, the voltage on the integration capacitor C_int 195 is represented by the following Equation (1):

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{Cint}}=V_{\mathrm{dd}}\left(1-{}^{-N\frac{C_x}{C_{\mathrm{int}}}}\right)& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where the term V_Cint is the voltage on the integration capacitor C_int 195, the term N is the cycle count, the term C_x is the sensing capacitance value, the term Cint is the integrator capacitor value, and the term V_dd is the power supply voltage.

[0020] FIG. 1J illustrates another conventional charge-accumulation circuit 198, including an integrator. Charge-accumulation circuit 198 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846. The charge-accumulation circuit 198 of FIG. 1J operates similarly to the charge-accumulation circuit 192 of FIG. 1I; however, the integration capacitor voltage rises in the linear way with respect to the number of cycles by placing the integration capacitor in the feedback of an operational amplifier.

[0021] FIG. 1K illustrates another conventional charge-accumulation circuit 199, including an integrating low-pass filter. Charge-accumulation circuit 198 is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846. The charge-accumulation circuit 199 of 90

[0022] The charge-accumulation circuit 199 of FIG. 1K operates similarly to the charge-accumulation circuit 192 of FIGS. 1I and 198 of FIG. 1J; however, the charge-accumulation circuit 199 operates as capacitance to the voltage converter of the integrating low-pass filter output voltage that is measured by an analog-to-digital (ADC). The conventional charge-accumulation circuit 199 of FIG. 1K requires an additional ADC, which increases the total system complexity and cost. Furthermore, the additional ADC may introduce additional noise, such as quantization noise. Also, an additional operation amplifier is required for the integrator that increases the total cost of implementation.

[0023] FIG. 1L illustrates another switching capacitor design, called the successful approximation. Switches SW1 and SW2 and the capacitance sensor CX form a switched capacitor network with an equivalent circuit of a resistor to ground. With the iDAC set to a calibrated level, and SW1 and SW2 switching, the average voltage on CMOD settles at a level that varies with the value of capacitance on the capacitance sensor C_X. Setting the iDAC to a low current level with SW2 open, the voltage on CMOD ramps up. The time for the ramp voltage on CMOD to reach VREF is an indication of the value of Cx. The timer on the output of the comparator converts the ramp time to a digital value. Self-calibration of the system is accomplished through a successive approximation binary search to determine iDAC setting necessary to keep voltage on CMOD at VREF when no finger is present. Individual calibrated iDAC settings are stored for all sensors. When a finger is present, the voltage on CMOD settles at a lower voltage, requiring more time to reach the threshold voltage VREF, as shown in FIG. 1M. If (t2−t1) is long enough, the button state is in finger present state, otherwise the button is in the finger absent state.

[0024] Other convention charge-accumulation circuits are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,888,536, U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,707, U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557, U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,200, U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,036, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,514.

[0025] The conventional charge-accumulation circuits and methods described above operate in a cycle-based mode (e.g., FIGS. 1I and 1J), including resetting, integrating, measuring. The cycle-based mode does not allow flexibility in changes to the conversion time. The cycle-based mode also does not allow for tracking dynamic capacitance changes, which are common in game accessories, for example.

[0026] Most conventional charge accumulation methods have several stages that are executed in series: reset, integrate, and measure. Therefore, in order to track the faster capacitance changes, the conversion time can be reduced by using smaller integration capacitor, which reduces the accuracy as well. Also, the conventional charge accumulation methods cannot provide its output to different digital filters at the same time.

[0027] Another conventional charge accumulation design includes a sigma-delta modulator for capacitance measurement, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,970,126. This design is illustrated in FIG. 1N. This modulator includes the switching signal generator 59 that forms the phase switching signals. These signals are used for setting the sensing capacitor drive switches 86 and 88 for setting levels Vh and Vl during different phases. The sensing capacitor c_sensor is placed between the excitation source switches 86 and 88 and the modulator input switches 44 and 46. The excitation source switches 86 and 88 and the modulator input switches 44 and 46 are controlled by the switching signal generator 59f. The output of the modulator is feedback to the voltage reference 30f to control the polarity of the reference voltage applied to the reference capacitor Cref 24f. The sensing capacitor c_sensor 90f is not in the feedback loop of the modulator. The sensing capacitor charge is integrated using the differential integrator 20 and passed to the zero-cross detector comparator 12. The zero cross detector comparator controls the reference capacitor switching using switches 32/34 and controlled reference voltage source Vref+. The modulator bitstream is passed to the digital filter. The disadvantages of this conventional solution are that this design requires a dual electrode system with excitation source, and the hardware complexity. The two-electrode system requires one wire for exciting the sensing capacitor (e.g., excitation bus) and one wire for sensing the capacitance (e.g., sense line). This design cannot work in a single wire configuration. Also, the full-scale range of this conventional solution is set by using the reference capacitor Cref value. This makes design less useful for applications when the full scale should be changed dynamically during device operation or large capacitance values need to be measured, taking into account that capacitors require more die space during IC manufacturing. This design requires a multiphase clock source, multiple switches, a differential integrator, a comparator, etc, which increase the hardware complexity, as well as the die space and overall cost of the end design.

[0068] Described herein is a method and apparatus converting a capacitance measured on a sensor element to a digital code. The following description sets forth numerous specific details such as examples of specific systems, components, methods, and so forth, in order to provide a good understanding of several embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that at least some embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components or methods are not described in detail or are presented in simple block diagram format in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present invention. Thus, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. Particular implementations may vary from these exemplary details and still be contemplated to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0069] Embodiments of a method and apparatus are described to convert a capacitance measured on a sensor element to a digital code. In one embodiment, the method may include measuring a capacitance on a sensor element of a sensing device using a sigma-delta modulator, and converting the capacitance measured on the sensor element to a digital code. In one embodiment, the apparatus may include a switching capacitor as a sensor element of a sensing device, and a sigma-delta modulator coupled to the sensor element to convert a capacitance measured on the sensor element to a digital code. The switching capacitor is in a feedback loop of the sigma-delta modulator. The output of the sigma-delta modulator is used to control the switching operation of the switching capacitor, instead of using an external switching signal generator, as done conventionally. Also, the switching capacitor is place between the inputs of the sigma-delta modulator and ground, instead of between an excitation source and the inputs of the sigma-delta modulator, as done conventionally. The embodiments described herein may use a one-wire configuration for exciting the sensing capacitor and one wire for sensing the capacitance, instead of a two-wire configuration as done conventionally in the configurations where both ends of the sensing capacitor are used. The proposed invention uses the sigma-delta modulator with sensing capacitor, connected by one terminal to ground. Also, unlike the conventional capacitance sensing methods that utilize a sigma-delta modulator, the embodiments described herein do not include an operational amplifier with feedback capacitors (e.g., integrator), and a separate comparator. In addition, the embodiments described herein do not include a separate terminal for excitation voltage supply, as done conventionally.

[0070] Most conventional charge accumulation methods have several stages that are executed in series: reset, integrate, and measure. Therefore, in order to track the faster capacitance changes, the conversion time can be reduced by using smaller integration capacitor, which reduces the accuracy as well. In the embodiments described herein, the delta-sigma modulator operates continuously, permitting adjustments to the conversion time versus resolution. Also, the modulator bit stream data can be passed to different digital filters at same time, one can track the fast capacitance changes at low resolution, second perform high-precision absolute values measurement, which is not possible with the conventional charge accumulation methods described above.

[0071] In one embodiment, the method includes measuring the capacitance on a sensor element. This may include charging the capacitance on the sensor element on a line coupled to one end of the switching capacitor, measuring the capacitance using the same line that is coupled to the one end of the switching capacitor. In one embodiment, the switching capacitor is switched in and out of the feedback loop of the sigma-delta modulator using a switching circuit. The switching circuit may be controlled by the output of the sigma-delta modulator. Alternatively, the switching circuit may be controlled by a clock source, such as a spread spectrum clock source, in conjunction with the output of the sigma-delta modulator.

[0072] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of an electronic system having a processing device for detecting a presence of a conductive object. Electronic system 200 includes processing device 210, touch-sensor pad 220, touch-sensor slider 230, touch-sensor buttons 240, host processor 250, embedded controller 260, and non-capacitance sensor elements 270. The processing device 210 may include analog and/or digital general purpose input/output (“GPIO”) ports 207. GPIO ports 207 may be programmable. GPIO ports 207 may be coupled to a Programmable Interconnect and Logic (“PIL”), which acts as an interconnect between GPIO ports 207 and a digital block array of the processing device 210 (not illustrated). The digital block array may be configured to implement a variety of digital logic circuits (e.g., DAC, digital filters, digital control systems, etc.) using, in one embodiment, configurable user modules (“UMs”). The digital block array may be coupled to a system bus. Processing device 210 may also include memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 205 and program flash 204. RAM 205 may be static RAM (SRAM), and program flash 204 may be a non-volatile storage, which may be used to store firmware (e.g., control algorithms executable by processing core 202 to implement operations described herein). Processing device 210 may also include a memory controller unit (MCU) 203 coupled to memory and the processing core 202.

[0073] The processing device 210 may also include an analog block array (not illustrated). The analog block array is also coupled to the system bus. Analog block array also may be configured to implement a variety of analog circuits (e.g., ADC, analog filters, etc.) using, in one embodiment, configurable UMs. The analog block array may also be coupled to the GPIO 207.

[0074] As illustrated, capacitance sensor 201 may be integrated into processing device 210. Capacitance sensor 201 may include analog I/O for coupling to an external component, such as touch-sensor pad 220, touch-sensor slider 230, touch-sensor buttons 240, and/or other devices. Capacitance sensor 201 and processing device 202 are described in more detail below.

[0075] It should be noted that the embodiments described herein are not limited to touch-sensor pads for notebook implementations, but can be used in other capacitive sensing implementations, for example, the sensing device may be a touch screen, a touch-sensor slider 230, or a touch-sensor button 240 (e.g., capacitance sensing button). It should also be noted that the embodiments described herein may be implemented in other sensing technologies than capacitive sensing, such as resistive, optical imaging, surface wave, infrared, dispersive signal, and strain gauge technologies. Similarly, the operations described herein are not limited to notebook pointer operations, but can include other operations, such as lighting control (dimmer), volume control, graphic equalizer control, speed control, or other control operations requiring gradual or discrete adjustments. It should also be noted that these embodiments of capacitive sensing implementations may be used in conjunction with non-capacitive sensing elements, including but not limited to pick buttons, sliders (ex. display brightness and contrast), scroll-wheels, multi-media control (ex. volume, track advance, etc) handwriting recognition and numeric keypad operation.

[0076] In one embodiment, the electronic system 200 includes a touch-sensor pad 220 coupled to the processing device 210 via bus 221. Touch-sensor pad 220 may include a multi-dimension sensor array. The multi-dimension sensor array includes multiple sensor elements, organized as rows and columns. In another embodiment, the electronic system 200 includes a touch-sensor slider 230 coupled to the processing device 210 via bus 231. Touch-sensor slider 230 may include a single-dimension sensor array. The single-dimension sensor array includes multiple sensor elements, organized as rows, or alternatively, as columns. In another embodiment, the electronic system 200 includes a touch-sensor button 240 coupled to the processing device 210 via bus 241. Touch-sensor button 240 may include a single-dimension or multi-dimension sensor array. The single- or multi-dimension sensor array includes multiple sensor elements. For a touch-sensor button, the sensor elements may be coupled together to detect a presence of a conductive object over the entire surface of the sensing device. Alternatively, the touch-sensor button 240 has a single sensor element to detect the presence of the conductive object. In one embodiment, the touch-sensor button 240 may be a capacitance sensor element. Capacitance sensor elements may be used as non-contact sensor elements. These sensor elements, when protected by an insulating layer, offer resistance to severe environments.

[0077] The electronic system 200 may include any combination of one or more of the touch-sensor pad 220, touch-sensor slider 230, and/or touch-sensor button 240. In another embodiment, the electronic system 200 may also include non-capacitance sensor elements 270 coupled to the processing device 210 via bus 271. The non-capacitance sensor elements 270 may include buttons, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and other user interface devices, such as a mouse, a keyboard, or other functional keys that do not require capacitance sensing. In one embodiment, buses 271, 241, 231, and 221 may be a single bus. Alternatively, these buses may be configured into any combination of one or more separate buses.

[0078] The processing device may also provide value-added functionality such as keyboard control integration, LEDs, battery charger and general purpose I/O, as illustrated as non-capacitance sensor elements 270. Non-capacitance sensor elements 270 are coupled to the GPIO 207.

[0079] Processing device 210 may include internal oscillator/clocks 206 and communication block 208. The oscillator/clocks block 206 provides clock signals to one or more of the components of processing device 210. Communication block 208 may be used to communicate with an external component, such as a host processor 250, via host interface (UF) line 251. Alternatively, processing block 210 may also be coupled to embedded controller 260 to communicate with the external components, such as host 250. Interfacing to the host 250 can be through various methods. In one exemplary embodiment, interfacing with the host 250 may be done using a standard PS/2 interface to connect to an embedded controller 260, which in turn sends data to the host 250 via low pin count (LPC) interface. In some instances, it may be beneficial for the processing device 210 to do both touch-sensor pad and keyboard control operations, thereby freeing up the embedded controller 260 for other housekeeping functions. In another exemplary embodiment, interfacing may be done using a universal serial bus (USB) interface directly coupled to the host 250 via host interface line 251. Alternatively, the processing device 210 may communicate to external components, such as the host 250 using industry standard interfaces, such as USB, PS/2, inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus, or system packet interfaces (SPI). The host 250 and/or embedded controller 260 may be coupled to the processing device 210 with a ribbon or flex cable from an assembly, which houses the sensing device and processing device.

[0080] In one embodiment, the processing device 210 is configured to communicate with the embedded controller 260 or the host 250 to send and/or receive data. The data may be a command or alternatively a signal. In an exemplary embodiment, the electronic system 200 may operate in both standard-mouse compatible and enhanced modes. The standard-mouse compatible mode utilizes the HID class drivers already built into the Operating System (OS) software of host 250. These drivers enable the processing device 210 and sensing device to operate as a standard pointer control user interface device, such as a two-button PS/2 mouse. The enhanced mode may enable additional features such as scrolling (reporting absolute position) or disabling the sensing device, such as when a mouse is plugged into the notebook. Alternatively, the processing device 210 may be configured to communicate with the embedded controller 260 or the host 250, using non-OS drivers, such as dedicated touch-sensor pad drivers, or other drivers known by those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0081] In one embodiment, the processing device 210 may operate to communicate data (e.g., commands or signals) using hardware, software, and/or firmware, and the data may be communicated directly to the processing device of the host 250, such as a host processor, or alternatively, may be communicated to the host 250 via drivers of the host 250, such as OS drivers, or other non-OS drivers. It should also be noted that the host 250 may directly communicate with the processing device 210 via host interface 251.

[0082] In one embodiment, the data sent to the host 250 from the processing device 210 includes click, double-click, movement of the pointer, scroll-up, scroll-down, scroll-left, scroll-right, step Back, and step Forward. In another embodiment, the data sent to the host 250 include the position or location of the conductive object on the sensing device. Alternatively, other user interface device commands may be communicated to the host 250 from the processing device 210. These commands may be based on gestures occurring on the sensing device that are recognized by the processing device, such as tap, push, hop, and zigzag gestures. Alternatively, other commands may be recognized. Similarly, signals may be sent that indicate the recognition of these operations.

[0083] In particular, a tap gesture, for example, may be when the finger (e.g., conductive object) is on the sensing device for less than a threshold time. If the time the finger is placed on the touchpad is greater than the threshold time it may be considered to be a movement of the pointer, in the x- or y-axes. Scroll-up, scroll-down, scroll-left, and scroll-right, step back, and step-forward may be detected when the absolute position of the conductive object is within a pre-defined area, and movement of the conductive object is detected.

[0084] Processing device 210 may reside on a common carrier substrate such as, for example, an integrated circuit (IC) die substrate, a multi-chip module substrate, or the like. Alternatively, the components of processing device 210 may be one or more separate integrated circuits and/or discrete components. In one exemplary embodiment, processing device 210 may be a Programmable System on a Chip (PSoC™) processing device, manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, San Jose, Calif. Alternatively, processing device 210 may be one or more other processing devices known by those of ordinary skill in the art, such as a microprocessor or central processing unit, a controller, special-purpose processor, digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like. In an alternative embodiment, for example, the processing device may be a network processor having multiple processors including a core unit and multiple microengines. Additionally, the processing device may include any combination of general-purpose processing device(s) and special-purpose processing device(s).

[0085] It should also be noted that the embodiments described herein are not limited to having a configuration of a processing device coupled to a host, but may include a system that measures the capacitance on the sensing device and sends the raw data to a host computer where it is analyzed by an application. In effect, the processing that is done by processing device 210 may also be done in the host.

[0086] In one embodiment, the method and apparatus described herein may be implemented in a fully self-contained touch-sensor pad, which outputs fully processed x/y movement and gesture data signals or data commands to a host. In another embodiment, the method and apparatus may be implemented in be a touch-sensor pad, which outputs x/y movement data and also finger presence data to a host, and where the host processes the received data to detect gestures. In another embodiment, the method and apparatus may be implemented in a touch-sensor pad, which outputs raw capacitance data to a host, where the host processes the capacitance data to compensate for quiescent and stray capacitance, and calculates x/y movement and detects gestures by processing the capacitance data. Alternatively, the method and apparatus may be implemented in a touch-sensor pad, which outputs pre-processed capacitance data to a host, where the touchpad processes the capacitance data to compensate for quiescent and stray capacitance, and the host calculates x/y movement and detects gestures from the pre-processed capacitance data.

[0087] In one embodiment, the electronic system that includes the embodiments described herein may be implemented in a conventional laptop touch-sensor pad. Alternatively, it may be implemented in a wired or wireless keyboard integrating a touch-sensor pad, which is itself connected to a host. In such an implementation, the processing described above as being performed by the “host” may be performed in part or in whole by the keyboard controller, which may then pass fully processed, pre-processed or unprocessed data to the system host. In another embodiment, the embodiments may be implemented in a mobile handset (e.g., cellular phone or mobile phone) or other electronic devices where the touch-sensor pad may operate in one of two or more modes. For example, the touch-sensor pad may operate either as a touch-sensor pad for x/y positioning and gesture recognition, or as a keypad or other array of touch-sensor buttons and/or sliders.

[0088] Capacitance sensor 201 may be integrated into the IC of the processing device 210, or alternatively, in a separate IC. Alternatively, descriptions of capacitance sensor 201 may be generated and compiled for incorporation into other integrated circuits. For example, behavioral level code describing capacitance sensor 201, or portions thereof, may be generated using a hardware descriptive language, such as VHDL or Verilog, and stored to a machine-accessible medium (e.g., CD-ROM, hard disk, floppy disk, etc.). Furthermore, the behavioral level code can be compiled into register transfer level (“RTL”) code, a netlist, or even a circuit layout and stored to a machine-accessible medium. The behavioral level code, the RTL code, the netlist, and the circuit layout all represent various levels of abstraction to describe capacitance sensor 201.

[0089] It should be noted that the components of electronic system 200 may include all the components described above. Alternatively, electronic system 200 may include only some of the components described above.

[0090] In one embodiment, electronic system 200 may be used in a notebook computer. Alternatively, the electronic device may be used in other applications, such as a mobile handset, a personal data assistant (PDA), a keyboard, a television, a remote control, a monitor, a handheld multi-media device, a handheld video player, a handheld gaming device, or a control panel.

[0091] In one embodiment, capacitance sensor 201 may be a capacitance-to-code converter with a sigma-delta modulator (CCSD). The CCSD may have an array of capacitive touch sensor elements using a sigma-delta modulator, an analog multiplexer, digital counting functions, and high-level software routines to compensate for environmental and physical sensor element variations. The sensor array may include combinations of independent sensor elements, sliding sensor elements (e.g., touch-sensor slider), and touch-sensor sensor element pads (e.g., touch pad) implemented as a pair of orthogonal sliding sensor elements. The CCSD may include physical, electrical, and software components. The physical component may include the physical sensor element itself, typically a pattern constructed on a printed circuit board (PCB) with an insulating cover, a flexible membrane, or a transparent overlay. The electrical component may include an oscillator or other means to convert a charged capacitance into a measured signal. The electrical component may also include a counter or timer to measure the oscillator output. The software component may include detection and compensation software algorithms to convert the count value into a sensor element detection decision (also referred to as switch detection decision). For example, in the case of slider sensor elements or X-Y touch-sensor sensor element pads, a calculation for finding position of the conductive object to greater resolution than the physical pitch of the sensor elements may be used.

[0092] FIG. 3A illustrates a varying capacitance sensor element. In its basic form, a capacitive sensor element 300 is a pair of adjacent plates 301 and 302. There is a small edge-to-edge capacitance Cp, but the intent of sensor element layout is to minimize the base capacitance Cp between these plates. When a conductive object 303 (e.g., finger) is placed in proximity to the two plates 301 and 302, there is a capacitance between one electrode 301 and the conductive object 303 and a similar capacitance between the conductive object 303 and the other electrode 302. The capacitance between the electrodes when no conductive object 303 is present is the base capacitance Cp. This may be stored as a baseline value. There is also a total capacitance (Cp+Cf) on the sensor element 300 when the conductive object 303 is present on the sensor element 300. The baseline capacitance value Cp may be subtracted from the total capacitance when the conductive object 303 is present to determine the change in capacitance (e.g., capacitance variation Cf) when the conductive object 303 is present and when the conductive object 303 is not present on the sensor element. The capacitance variation Cf may include a capacitance caused by the capacitance with respect to a floating ground of a human body.

[0093] The values introduced by the human body may range between approximately 100-300 pF. Effectively, the capacitance variation Cf can be measured to determine whether a conductive object 303 is present or not (e.g., sensor activation) on the sensor element 300. Capacitive sensor element 300 may be used in a capacitance sensor array. The capacitance sensor array is a set of capacitors where one side of each is grounded to a system ground. Thus, the active capacitor (as represented in FIG. 3C as capacitor 351) has only one accessible side. The presence of the conductive object 303 increases the capacitance (Cp+Cf) of the sensor element 300. Determining sensor element activation is then a matter of measuring change in the capacitance (CO or capacitance variation. Sensor element 300 is also known as a grounded variable capacitor. In one exemplary embodiment, Cp may range from approximately 10-300 picofarads (pF), and Cf may be approximately 0.5% of Cp. Alternatively, Cf may be orders of magnitude smaller than Cp. Alternatively, other ranges and values, such as Cf may range between 0.1 to 30 pF, may be used.

[0094] In another embodiment, capacitance sensor element is able to operate without surrounding ground plane because human has own relatively large capacitance that can be considered connected between sensing electrode and some internal net that has fixed potential.

[0095] The conductive object 303 in this embodiment has been illustrated as a finger. Alternatively, this technique may be applied to any conductive object, for example, a conductive door switch, position sensor, or conductive pen in a stylus tracking system (e.g., stylus).

[0096] FIG. 3B illustrates one embodiment of a capacitive sensor element 307 coupled to a processing device 210. Capacitive sensor element 307 illustrates the capacitance as seen by the processing device 210 on the capacitance sensing pin 306. As described above, when a conductive object 303 (e.g., finger) is placed in proximity to one of the metal plates 305, there is a capacitance, Cf, between the metal plate and the conductive object 303 with respect to ground. This ground, however, may be a floating ground. Also, there is a capacitance, Cp, between the two metal plates, with one of the metal plates being ground to a system ground. The ground plate may be coupled to the processing device 210 using GPIO pin 308. In one embodiment, the ground plate may be an adjacent sensor element. Alternatively, the ground plate may be other grounding mechanisms, such as a surrounding ground plane. Accordingly, the processing device 210 can measure the change in capacitance, capacitance variation Cf, as the conductive object is in proximity to the metal plate 305. Above and below the metal plate that is closest to the conductive object 303 is dielectric material 304. The dielectric material 304 above the metal plate 305 can be the overlay, as described in more detail below. The overlay may be non-conductive material used to protect the circuitry from environmental conditions and to insulate the user's finger (e.g., conductive object) from the circuitry. Capacitance sensor element 307 may be a sensor element of a touch-sensor pad, a touch-sensor slider, or a touch-sensor button.

[0097] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of an electronic device 400 including a processing device that includes capacitance sensor 201 with a sigma-delta modulator for measuring the capacitance on a sensor array 410. The electronic device 400 of FIG. 4 includes a sensor array 410 (also known as a switch array), processing device 210, and host 250. Sensor array 410 includes sensor elements 355(1)-355(N), where N is a positive integer value that represents the number of rows (or alternatively columns) of the sensor array 410. Each sensor element is represented as a capacitor, as described above with respect to FIG. 3B. The sensor array 410 is coupled to processing device 210 via an analog bus 401 having multiple pins 401(1)-401(N). In one embodiment, the sensor array 410 may be a single-dimension sensor array including the sensor elements 355(1)-355(N), where N is a positive integer value that represents the number of sensor elements of the single-dimension sensor array. The single-dimension sensor array 410 provides output data to the analog bus 401 of the processing device 210 (e.g., via lines 231). Alternatively, the sensor array 410 may be a multi-dimension sensor array including the sensor elements 355(1)-355(N), where N is a positive integer value that represents the number of sensor elements of the multi-dimension sensor array. The multi-dimension sensor array 410 provides output data to the analog bus 401 of the processing device 210 (e.g., via bus 221).

[0098] In one embodiment, the capacitance sensor 201 includes a selection circuit (not illustrated). The selection circuit is coupled to the sensor elements 355(1)-355(N) and the sigma-delta modulator of the capacitance sensor 201. Selection circuit may be used to allow the sigma-delta modulator to measure capacitance on multiple sensor elements (e.g., rows or columns). The selection circuit may be configured to sequentially select a sensor element of the multiple sensor elements to provide the charge current and to measure the capacitance of each sensor element. In one exemplary embodiment, the selection circuit is a multiplexer array. Alternatively, selection circuit may be other circuitry inside or outside the capacitance sensor 201 to select the sensor element to be measured. In another embodiment, the capacitance sensor 201 may include one sigma-delta modulator for measuring capacitance on all of the sensor elements of the sensor array. Alternatively, capacitance sensor 201 may include multiple sigma-delta modulator to measure capacitance on the sensor elements of the sensor array, for example, one sigma-delta modulator per sensor array. The multiplexer array may also be used to ground the sensor elements that are not being measured. This may be done in conjunction with a dedicated pin in the GP10 port 207.

[0099] In another embodiment, the capacitance sensor 201 may be configured to simultaneously scan the sensor elements, as opposed to being configured to sequentially scan the sensor elements as described above. For example, the sensing device may include a sensor array having multiple rows and columns. The rows may be scanned simultaneously, and the columns may be scanned simultaneously.

[0100] In one exemplary embodiment, the voltages on all of the rows of the sensor array are simultaneously moved, while the voltages of the columns are held at a constant voltage, with the complete set of sampled points simultaneously giving a profile of the conductive object in a first dimension. Next, the voltages on all of the rows are held at a constant voltage, while the voltages on all the rows are simultaneously moved, to obtain a complete set of sampled points simultaneously giving a profile of the conductive object in the other dimension.

[0101] In another exemplary embodiment, the voltages on all of the rows of the sensor array are simultaneously moved in a positive direction, while the voltages of the columns are moved in a negative direction. Next, the voltages on all of the rows of the sensor array are simultaneously moved in a negative direction, while the voltages of the columns are moved in a positive direction. This technique doubles the effect of any transcapacitance between the two dimensions, or conversely, halves the effect of any parasitic capacitance to the ground. In both methods, the capacitive information from the sensing process provides a profile of the presence of the conductive object to the sensing device in each dimension. Alternatively, other methods for scanning known by those of ordinary skill in the art may be used to scan the sensing device.

[0102] In one embodiment, the processing device 210 further includes a decision logic block 402. The operations of decision logic block 402 may be implemented in firmware; alternatively, it may be implemented in hardware or software. The decision logic block 402 may be configured to receive the digital code or counts from the capacitance sensor 201, and to determine the state of the sensor array 410, such as whether a conductive object is detected on the sensor array, where the conductive object was detected on the sensor array (e.g., determining the X-, Y-coordinates of the presence of the conductive object), determining absolute or relative position of the conductive object, whether the conductive object is performing a pointer operation, whether a gesture has been recognized on the sensor array 410 (e.g., click, double-click, movement of the pointer, scroll-up, scroll-down, scroll-left, scroll-right, step Back, step Forward, tap, push, hop, zigzag gestures, or the like), or the like.

[0103] In another embodiment, instead of performing the operations of the decision logic 402 in the processing device 210, the processing device 201 may send the raw data to the host 250, as described above. Host 250, as illustrated in FIG. 4, may include decision logic 451. The operations of decision logic 451 may also be implemented in firmware, hardware, and/or software. Also, as described above, the host may include high-level APIs in applications 452 that perform routines on the received data, such as compensating for sensitivity differences, other compensation algorithms, baseline update routines, start-up and/or initialization routines, interpolations operations, scaling operations, or the like. The operations described with respect to the decision logic 402 may be implemented in decision logic 451, applications 452, or in other hardware, software, and/or firmware external to the processing device 210.

[0104] In another embodiment, the processing device 210 may also include a non-capacitance sensing actions block 403. This block may be used to process and/or receive/transmit data to and from the host 250. For example, additional components may be implemented to operate with the processing device 210 along with the sensor array 410 (e.g., keyboard, keypad, mouse, trackball, LEDs, displays, or the like).

[0105] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a capacitance sensor 201 including a sigma-delta modulator 420. Capacitance sensor 201 couples to sensor array 410 via analog bus 401, as previously described. Capacitance sensor 201 includes sigma-delta modulator 420, digital filter 430, switching circuit 450, and clock generation circuit 440. As previously described, sensor array has one or more sensor elements (represented as capacitors) on which capacitance can be measured. The switching capacitor is also referred to as a sensing capacitor, variable-switch capacitor, or variable sensing capacitor. The sigma-delta modulator 420 includes a modulator capacitor, which is configured to receive a transferred charge, accumulated on the switching capacitor (e.g., sensor element). Transferring charge, accumulated on the switching capacitor to the modulator capacitor may provide an advantage because modulator circuits have low sensitivity for RF fields and noise because the sensing capacitor is charged from a low-impedance source and charge is transferred to a low-impedance modulator capacitor.

[0106] In one embodiment, the sigma-delta modulator 420 may also include a comparator. The output of the comparator may be configured to toggle when the voltage on the modulator capacitor crosses a reference voltage. The reference voltage may be a pre-programmed value, and may be configured to be adjustable. In another embodiment, the sigma-delta modulator 420 may also include a latch coupled to the output of the comparator. The latch may be configured to latch the output of the comparator based on a clock signal from the clock generation circuit 440. In another embodiment, the sigma-delta modulator 420 may include a synchronized latch that operates to latch an output of the comparator for a length of time. The output of the comparator may be latched for measuring or sampling the output signal of the comparator by the digital filter 430. The latch may be used to set the sigma-delta modulator sample frequency. The sigma-delta modulator 420 may also include additional components as described below in the various embodiments.

[0107] Clock source circuit 440 is configured to provide the clock to the switching circuit for the switching operation of the switching capacitor. The clock generation circuit 440 may also provide a clock signal to the sigma-delta modulator 420 for latching the output of the comparator. The clock circuit 440 may be configured to set a sample frequency and/or an output bitstream frequency of the sigma-delta modulator. The clock circuit 440 may include a clock source, such as an oscillator, or a pseudo-random signal (PRS) counter. The clock circuit 440 may also include additional components as described below in the various embodiments. In one embodiment, to minimize noise, the same number of switching capacitor cycles can be implemented in each conversion cycle. This may be achieved by using a single clock source for the modulator and the switching capacitor circuit, without requiring any synchronization circuit.

[0108] The modulator output is single bit bit-stream, which can be filtered and converted to the numerical values using a digital filter. The digital filter 430 is coupled to receive the output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420. The digital filter 430 is configured to obtain desired characteristics, such as resolution, sample rate, low-pass or high-pass type filtering, or the like. The output 421 may be a single bit bit-stream, which can be filtered and/or converted by the digital filter 430 to numerical values, such as multi-bit values. In one embodiment, the digital filter is a single integrator (e.g., counter). Alternatively, other standard ADC digital filters can be used, for example, SincN filter (where N is the order of the Sinc filter), or the like.

[0109] When a finger or other type of conductive object is placed on or near the switch, the capacitance increases from C_p to C_p+C_X which cause a change in the output 421. In one embodiment, the sigma-delta modulator 420 operates as a capacitance-to-duty-cycle converter. As the capacitance on the switching capacitor increase or decrease, the duty-cycle of the sigma-delta modulator subsequently changes. The duty cycle of the sigma-delta modulator 420 may be measured by the digital filter to provide a digital code 431.

[0110] FIG. 6A illustrates a schematic of one embodiment of a circuit 600 including a sigma-delta modulator 420 and a digital filter 430 for measuring capacitance on a sensor element 611. Circuit 600 includes a switching circuit 450, clock source 440, sigma-delta modulator 420, and digital filter 430 for measuring the capacitance on sensor element 611. Sensor element 611 may be a sensor element of sensor array 410, and is represented as a switching capacitor 611 in the modulator feedback loop. Alternatively, sensor element 611 may be a single element, such as a touch-sensor button. Switching circuit 450 includes two switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652. The switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652 operate in two, non-overlapping phases (also known as break-before-make configuration). These switches together with sensing capacitor C_x 611 form the switching capacitor equivalent resistor, which provides the modulator capacitor C_mod 623 of sigma-delta modulator 420 charge current (as illustrated in FIG. 6A) or discharge current (as illustrated in FIG. 6B) during one of the two phases.

[0111] The sigma-delta modulator 430 includes the comparator 621, latch 622, modulator capacitor C_mod 623, modulator feedback resistor 625, which may also be referred to as bias resistor 625, and voltage source 626. The output of the comparator may be configured to toggle when the voltage on the modulator capacitor 623 crosses a reference voltage 624. The reference voltage 624 may be a pre-programmed value, and may be configured to be adjustable. The sigma-delta modulator 420 also includes a latch 622 coupled to the output of the comparator 621 to latch the output of the comparator 621 for a given amount of time, and provide as an output, output 421. The latch may be configured to latch the output of the comparator based on a clock signal from the gate circuit 440 (e.g., oscillator signal from the oscillator 641). In another embodiment, the sigma-delta modulator 420 may include a synchronized latch that operates to latch an output of the comparator for a pre-determined length of time. The output of the comparator may be latched for measuring or sampling the output signal of the comparator 621 by the digital filter 430.

[0112] Sigma-delta modulator 420 is configured to keep the voltage on the modulator capacitor 623 close to reference voltage V_ref 624 by alternatively connecting the switching capacitor resistor (e.g., switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652 and sensing capacitor C_x 611) to the modulator capacitor 623. The output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 (e.g., output of latch 622) is feedback to the gate circuit 440, which controls the timing of the switching operations of switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652 of switching circuit 450. For example, in this embodiment, the clock source circuit 440 includes an oscillator 641 and gate 642. The output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 is used with an oscillator signal to gate a control signal 643, which switches the switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652 in a non-overlapping manner (e.g., two, non-overlapping phases). The output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 is also output to digital filter 430, which filters and/or converts the output into the digital code 431.

[0113] In one embodiment of the method of operation, at power on, the modulator capacitor 623 has zero voltage and switching capacitor resistor (formed by sensing capacitor Cx 611, and switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652) is connected between Vdd line 626 and modulator capacitor 623. This connection allows the voltage on the modulator capacitor 623 to rise. When this voltage reaches the comparator reference voltage, V_ref 624, the comparator 621 toggles and gates the control signal 643 of the switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652, stopping the charge current. Because the current via bias resistors R_b 625 continues to flow, the voltage on modulator capacitor 623 starts dropping. When it drops below the reference voltage 624, the output of the comparator 621 switches again, enabling the modulator 623 to start charging. As previously mentioned, the latch 622 and the comparator 621 set sample frequency of the sigma-delta modulator 420.

[0114] The digital filter 430 is coupled to receive the output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420. The output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 may be a single bit bit-stream, which can be filtered and/or converted to the numerical values using a digital filter 430. In one embodiment, the digital filter 430 is a counter. In the other embodiment, the standard Sinc digital filter can be used. Alternatively, other digital filters may be used for filtering and/or converting the output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 to provide the digital code 431. It should also be noted that the output 421 may be output to the decision logic 402 or other components of the processing device 210, or to the decision logic 451 or other components of the host 250 to process the bitstream output of the sigma-delta modulator 420.

[0115] Described below are the mathematical equations that represent the operations of FIG. 6A. During a normal operation mode, the sigma-delta modulator 420 keeps these currents equal in the average by keeping the voltage on the modulator 623 equal to, or close to, the reference voltage V_ref 624. The current of the bias resistor R_b 625 is:

$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{\mathrm{Rb}}=\frac{V_{c\mathrm{mod}}}{R_b}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

The sensing capacitor C_x 611 in the switched-capacitor mode has equivalent resistance:

$\begin{array}{cc}{R}_c=\frac{1}{f_sC_x}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

where f_s is the operation frequency of the switches (e.g., switching circuit 450). If the output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 has a duty cycle of d_mod, the average current of the switching capacitor 611 can be expressed in the following equation (4):

$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_c=d_{\mathrm{mod}}\frac{V_{\mathrm{dd}}-V_{C\mathrm{mod}}}{R_c}& \left(4\right)\\ \mathrm{In}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{operation}\mathrm{mode},I_{\mathrm{Rb}}=I_c,V_{C\mathrm{mod}}=V_{\mathrm{ref}}\mathrm{or}\text{:}\frac{V_{\mathrm{ref}}}{R_b}=d_{\mathrm{mod}}\frac{V_{\mathrm{dd}}-V_{\mathrm{ref}}}{R_c}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$

or taking into account that the reference voltage 624 is part of supply voltage:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{ref}}=k_dV_{\mathrm{dd}};k_d=\frac{R_1}{R_1+R_2}& \left(6\right)\end{array}$

The Equation (5) can be rewritten in the following form:

$\begin{array}{cc}{d}_{\mathrm{mod}}=\frac{R_c}{R_b}\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}=\frac{1}{f_sR_b}\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}\frac{1}{C_x}& \left(7\right)\end{array}$

[0116] The Equation (7) determines the minimum sensing capacitance value, which can be measured with the proposed method at given parameters set:

$\begin{array}{cc}{d}_{\mathrm{mod}}\le 1,\mathrm{or}\text{:}C_{\mathrm{xmin}}=\frac{1}{f_sR_b}\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

[0117] The resolution of this method may be determined by the sigma-delta modulator duty cycle measurement resolution, which is represented in the following equations:

$\begin{array}{cc}\Delta d_{\mathrm{mod}}=\beta \frac{\Delta C_x}{C_x^2};\beta =\frac{1}{f_sR_b}\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}& \left(9\right)\end{array}$

or after rewriting relatively ΔC_x, we obtain:

$\begin{array}{cc}\Delta C_x=\frac{1}{\beta }\Delta d_{\mathrm{mod}}C_x^2& \left(10\right)\end{array}$

[0118] In one exemplary embodiment, the resistance of the bias resistor 625 is 20K Ohms (R_b=20 k), the operation frequency of the switches is 12 MHz (f_s=12 MHz), the capacitance on the switching capacitor 611 is 15 picofarads (C_x=15 pF), and the ratio between Vdd 626 and the voltage reference 624 is 0.25 (k_d=0.25), the duty cycle has a 12-bit resolution and the capacitance resolution is 0.036 pF.

[0119] In some embodiments of capacitive sensing applications, it may be important to get fast data measurements. For example, the modulator can operate at sample frequency 10 MHz (period is 0.1 microseconds (us)), for the 12-bit resolution sample, and digital filter as single-type integrator/counter the measurement time is approximately 410 us (e.g., 2¹²*0.1 us=410 us). For faster measurement speeds at same resolutions, other types of digital filters may be used, for example, by using the Sinc2 filter, the scanning time at the same resolution may be reduced approximately 4 times. To do this the sensing method should have suitable measurement speed. In one embodiment, a good measurement rate may be accomplished by using a double integrator as the digital filter 430.

[0120] FIG. 6B illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit 625 including a sigma-delta modulator 420 and a digital filter 430 for measuring capacitance on a sensor element 611. Circuit 625 is similar to the circuit 600, as describe above, except the bias resistor 627 is located between the V_dd voltage line 626 and the modulator capacitor 623, instead of between ground and the modulator capacitor 623 (as illustrated in FIG. 6A). Even though this configuration includes a lower switch configuration, it can still have the same positive effect on the noise immunity of the system.

[0121] FIG. 6C illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit 650 including a sigma-delta modulator 420 and a digital filter 430 for measuring capacitance on a sensor element 611. Circuit 650 is similar to the circuit 600, as describe above, except the bias resistor 625 is switched in and out by a third switch S_W3 628, which is controlled by the output 421 of the sigma-delta modulator 420 via control line 629. Circuit 650 is also dissimilar to circuit 600 in that the clock generation 440 includes a clock source 644 (instead of gate 642) and the oscillator 641. In one embodiment, the clock source 644 is a conventional frequency divider or counter. For better noise immunity, the clock source 644 may be a spread-spectrum clock source, such as a pseudo-random signal (PRS) source, which includes a PRS generator. Alternatively, other clock sources may be used, such as clock dithering, or the like. The oscillator 641 generates an oscillator signal and outputs it to the PRS source 644, which generates control signal 643. The switches Sw₁ 651 and Sw₂ 652 of switching circuit 440 operate in two, non-overlapping phases, as controlled by the control signal 643. Using the control signal 643, the switching circuit 440 operates to provide a charge current to the switching capacitor 611 in one phase (e.g., activating switch Sw₁ 651), and to transfer charge from the switching capacitor 611 in a second phase (e.g., activating switch Sw₂ 652). Using the control signal 629, the sigma-delta modulator 420 operates to switch, in and out, the connection of bias resistor 625 to the charge modulator capacitor 623 to discharge and charge the modulator capacitor 623. The circuits described with respect to FIG. 6C differ from the embodiments described above in that they differ in operational capacitance range and resolution. In the embodiments of FIGS. 6A and 6B, the duty cycle is inversely proportional to the sensing capacitance and the resolution is not constant. In contrast, the embodiments of FIG. 6C and FIG. 6D include a duty cycle that is linearly proportional to the sensing capacitance and the resolution is constant. These embodiments may be used to keep the resolution constant in the operational capacitance range.

[0122] It should also be noted that the embodiments of FIGS. 6A and 6C use the upper switch placements, while the embodiments of FIGS. 6B and 6D use lower switch placements; however, their operations may be the same.

[0123] Described below are the mathematical equations that represent the operations of FIG. 6C. The switching capacitor 611 has equivalent resistance accordingly to the Equation (11). The current via this resistor is:

I_c=C_xf_s(V_dd−V_Cint)  (11)

The averaged current via bias resistor R_b 625 is:

$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{\mathrm{Rb}}=\frac{d_{\mathrm{mod}}V_{\mathrm{Cint}}}{R_b}& \left(12\right)\end{array}$

sigma-delta modulator 420 keeps these currents equal in the average by keeping the voltage on the modulator capacitor 623 equal to, or close to, the reference voltage V_ref 624. By I_c=I_Rb and taking into account the equation (6) we can obtain:

$\begin{array}{cc}{d}_{\mathrm{mod}}=C_xf_sR_b\left(\frac{1}{k_d}-1\right)& \left(13\right)\end{array}$

[0124] The Equation (13) determines the maximum sensing capacitance value, which can be measured with the proposed method at given parameters set: d_mod≦1, or:

$\begin{array}{cc}{C}_{\mathrm{xmax}}=\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}\frac{1}{R_bf_s}& \left(14\right)\end{array}$

[0125] The resolution for this configuration can be evaluated by the following Equation (15):

$\begin{array}{cc}\Delta C_x=\frac{k_d}{1-k_d}\frac{1}{R_bf_s}\Delta d_{\mathrm{mod}}& \left(15\right)\end{array}$

[0126] In one exemplary embodiment, by substituting the following values: k_d=0.25, Rb=1.6 k, f_s=12 MHz, the capacitance on switching capacitor 611 is measured with 12-bits resolution, the maximum sensing capacitance value is equal to 17 pF (Cxmax=17 pF), and the resolution is 0.005 pF.

[0127] The embodiment described with respect to FIG. 6C may include some advantages. These advantages may include that the duty cycle of the sigma-delta modulator 420 is linearly proportional to the capacitance on the sensor element 611, and that the sensitivity is constant regardless the capacitance value.

[0128] In one embodiment, the control signal 643 is from a spread source, such as the PRS source 644, to provide some electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity. EMI may be an electrical disturbance in a system due to natural phenomena, low-frequency waves from electromechanical devices or high-frequency waves (RFI) from chips and other electronic devices. Alternatively, other spread-clock sources can be used, such as voltage-controlled oscillators with an analog noise source, or the like.

[0129] FIG. 6D illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a sigma-delta modulator and a digital filter. Circuit 675 is similar to the circuit 650, as describe above, except the bias resistor 627 is located between the Vdd voltage line 626 and the modulator capacitor 623, instead of between ground and the modulator capacitor 623 (as illustrated in FIG. 6C). This embodiment is similar to the embodiment of FIG. 6C, however, the modulator capacitor in FIG. 6D is charged by the feedback resistor and discharged by the switching capacitor, while the modulator capacitor in FIG. 6C is charged from the switching capacitor and is discharged by the feedback resistor.

[0130] In one embodiment, the bias resistor 625 or 627 and the modulator capacitor 623 are external components to the sigma-delta modulator 420, which resides in the processing device 210. This may allow modifications to be made to these components without modifications to the processing device 210. In another embodiment, these components reside within the sigma-delta modulator 420 and the sigma-delta modulator 420 may reside external to the processing device 210. Alternatively, all components reside in the processing device 210. Similarly, in other embodiments, the components described herein may reside on a common carrier substrate such as, for example, an integrated circuit (IC) die substrate, a multi-chip module substrate, or the like. Alternatively, the components of circuits of FIGS. 6A-6D may be one or more separate integrated circuits and/or discrete components. In another embodiment, the voltage divider 829, including the two resistors R1 and R2 are external components to the sigma-delta modulator 420, as illustrated in FIG. 8A. The voltage divider 829 is configured to divide the voltage on the voltage source line 626 to provide as output, the reference voltage 624. In another embodiment, the reference voltage 624 may be provided by a bandgap voltage 824. Alternatively, other circuits known by those of ordinary skill in the art may be used to supply the circuit with the reference voltage 624.

[0131] It should be noted that the reference voltage 624 of FIGS. 6A-6D is derived from a voltage divider using two resistors (e.g., R1 and R2) and the voltage source on Vdd line 626. Alternatively, the reference voltage 624 may be set using other methods known by those of ordinary skill in the art, such as a separate voltage source, filtered PWM signal, or the like.

[0132] It should be noted that FIGS. 6A-6D are simplified schematics, and the additional components may be included in the circuits of FIGS. 6A-6D. Alternatively, the schematics may include only the components illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6D.

[0133] It should be noted that the bias resistor (e.g., bias resistor 625 or 627 of FIGS. 6A and 6C, and FIGS. 6B and 6D, respectively) can be replaced by a current source and a fixed reference voltage for the reference voltage 624 can be used. For example, the charging current may be generated in a register programmable current output DAC (also known as IDAC). Accordingly, the current source may be a current DAC or IDAC. The IDAC output current may be set by an 8-bit value provided by the processing device 210, such as from the processing core 202. The 8-bit value may be stored in a register or in memory. Alternatively, other types of current sources may be used. One advantage of using a current source may be that it can be programmable with a wide range of values, for example, the current source may be programmed in the firmware of the processing device 210. However, currents source may be unstable, and may have limited output impedance. One advantage of using resistors and the voltage source is it may have less dependence on the power supply voltage change.

[0134] In other embodiments, one of the switches 651 or 652 can be replaced by a resistor. This however, may result in performance degradation, but allows the circuit to be implement on a processing device with limited resources.

[0135] FIG. 7A illustrates a schematic of one embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. Circuit 700 is similar to the circuit 600 with respect to the switching circuit and the sigma-delta modulator 420. However, the output of the sigma-delta modulator 420 is coupled to receive a clock signal to latch 622 from a frequency divider 741 (also referred to as a prescaler), which divides an oscillator signal from oscillator 641. The output of the latch 622 is input into the enable input of a first flip-flop 742, which provides a control signal 629 to the switching circuit 450. The output of the latch 622 is also input into one input of gate 744, which also receives on the other input a signal from the pulse width modulator (PWM) 745, which generates variable-length pulses to represent the amplitude of an analog input signal). The output of the gate is input into the enable input of a second flip-flop 743, which receives the clock signal from the frequency divider 741. The output of the second flip-flop 743 includes the digital code 431,

[0136] FIG. 7B illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. Circuit 725 is similar to the circuit 700, as describe above, except a PRS source 644 is coupled between the oscillator 641 and the first flip-flop 742. As described above, the PRS source provides spread-spectrum operations.

[0137] FIG. 7C illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator and a decimator type digital filter for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. Circuit 750 is similar to the circuit 700, as describe above, except a decimator 746 is coupled to the output of the latch 622 of the sigma-delta modulator 420, instead of the PWM 745, gate 744, and second flip-flop 743. The decimator 746 is configured to provide the digital code 431. In one embodiment, the frequency divider 741 is a 1/8 frequency divider. Alternatively, other values may be used.

[0138] FIG. 7D illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator and a synchronizing and filter circuit for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. Circuit 775 is similar to the circuit 700 with respect to the switching circuit and the sigma-delta modulator 420. However, the output of the sigma-delta modulator 420 is coupled to receive a clock signal to latch 622 from a frequency divider 741, which divides an oscillator signal from oscillator 641. The output of the latch 622 is input to one input of gate 744, which also receives on the other input the output of PWM 745, which receives the same clock signal from the frequency divider 741. The output of the gate 744 is input as the enable input to the flip-flop 742, which receives the input of the PWM 745. The output of the flip-flop 742 includes the digital code 431. In addition, this embodiment includes a PRS source 644 is placed between the oscillator 641 and the switching circuit 450 to provide the control signal 629, instead of the first flip-flop 742 of circuit 700 of FIG. 7A.

[0139] FIG. 8A illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator, a clock generation circuit, and a counter-based digital filter for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. Circuit 800 includes the sigma-delta modulator 420, the switching circuit 450, the sensor element 611, as described with respect to the embodiments above of FIGS. 6A-6D, and 7A-7D. However, the clock generation circuit 440 and the digital filter 430 include different elements than the circuits described above.

[0140] The digital filter 430 includes the PWM 745, a gate 831, and counter 832. The digital filter 430 may be a simple single integrator, based on the counter 832 with enabled input. The gate receives, as inputs, the output of the sigma-delta modulator 420 (e.g., from latch 622) and the output of the PWM 745, and provides, as output, an enable signal for the counter 832. The counter 832 is clocked by the clock signal received from the VC₁ 842 of the synchronizing circuit 440. The counter 832 provides, as output, the digital code 643 to the decision logic, such as decision logic 402 or 451.

[0141] FIG. 8B illustrates a schematic of another embodiment of a circuit including a sigma-delta modulator and a decimator-type digital filter for measuring capacitance on a sensor element. The circuit 825 is similar to the circuit 800, as describe above, except the digital filter 430 includes a decimator 833. In one embodiment, the decimator 833 is a hardware decimator, second order Sinc type digital filter. Alternatively, other types of decimators may be used. Decimators are known by those of ordinary skill in the art, and according, a detailed description regarding them has not been included. Alternatively, the digital filter 430 may not include the gate 831 and PWM 745.

[0142] In the embodiments of FIGS. 8A and 8B, the clock generation circuit 440 includes an internal main oscillator (IMO) 841, clock source 844, and a frequency divider 741 (also referred to as a prescaler). The output of the clock source 844 provides the control signal 629 to control the switching operations of the switching circuit 450 (e.g., two non-overlapping switches). Alternatively, the control signal may be provided to the switching circuit 440 using other embodiments described herein. The internal main oscillator (IMO) 841 forms all clock signals. The modulator latch signal comes from frequency divider 741 (also referred to as a prescaler). The switches clock source may be built around a pseudo-random sequence (PRS) generator that is used for spread-spectrum operation.

[0143] Embodiments described herein may include one or more of the following advantages. The embodiments may include higher sensitivity and higher resolution than conventional capacitance measuring techniques (e.g., relaxation oscillator), and better noise immunity than conventional designs because the switching capacitor 611 is charged from low-impedance source (voltage source 626) at one phase, which output impedance is less than approximately 1K Ohm, and is discharged to the low-impedance current recipient (e.g., modulator capacitor 623 is a larger value capacitor than the switching capacitor 611) at second phase. The embodiments described herein may have the ability to operate with thicker overlays than the conventional capacitance measuring techniques (e.g., thicknesses greater than approximately 5 mm). The embodiments described herein may have an improved EMI immunity than conventional designs when a spread spectrum source is used for the switching capacitor operation. The spread spectrum source allows the system to operate in a wide frequency range with the presence of noise, as compared to the fixed operation frequency systems of the conventional designs that can easily be disturbed by noise when the noise frequency is close to the operation frequency. The embodiments described herein may have low sensitivity to the sensing element resistance in series, which allows operations with high-resistive conductive materials (e.g., larger than 100 Ω/square, for example ITO panels. For example, ITO panels which have a larger sensing zone can be used because the summarized resistance is less than 1K Ohms, as compared to a thin and long ITO line that has a resistance about 30-100K Ohms, which makes capacitance sensing more difficult, especially when a high operational frequency is used. The embodiments described herein may also be expandable to the linear position sensing through conductive materials (e.g., two-wire touch-sensor sliders, three-wire rotation wheel touch-sensor slider, or a four-wire touch-sensor pad).

[0144] The embodiments of the method described herein may also include advantages over the conventional capacitance sensing methods, such as flexible configuration measurement resolution versus conversion time, flexible capacitance measurement resolution versus time, such as by properly configuring the digital filter for “decimation” ratio; provides continuous type operation. Another advantage may include filtering the modulator bitstream in the parallel by several digital filters, one can be integration digital filter with long accumulation interval for high-resolution absolute values capacitance measurements, and a second can be digital filter for tracking fast capacitance change, for example. Due to the integration nature of operation of the sigma-delta modulator 420, the sigma-delta modulator output bit-stream is passed to through a low-pass digital filter, which attenuates the noise during measurement phase, which may provide an additional advantage over conventional methods. In other embodiments that include spread-spectrum operations, even if only the counter-based clock source is used, the switching signal is modulated by sigma-delta modulator output, providing some spectrum spreading in the circuit of FIG. 6A. However, using the PRS source as switches clock source (e.g., control signal 643) for the spread spectrum operation provides a circuit that is more robust to external noise signals.

[0145] In addition, the embodiments described herein may be configured so that no precision external capacitors are used, and there may be no demands for the stable charge-accumulation capacitor to be resistant to the sharp temperature changes, as in the existing charge transfer methods.

[0146] In one embodiment, a threshold operation mode may be supported. For example, in the circuits 600 and 625 of FIGS. 6A and 6B, may be configured to set the reference voltage at a level (e.g., voltage on at which if sensing capacitance on the switching capacitor 611 is too low (e.g., the comparator input voltage is less than the reference voltage by a pre-determined value), the device can be put in a low-power or standby mode, and a subsequent touch (e.g., presence of a conductive object) brings the device from the standby mode to normal operation mode. This mode may be configured to be used as an automatic device wake-up operation, for example.

[0147] The embodiments described herein may be easy to manufacture on silicon (e.g., Easy to silicon implementations), for example, for the analog resources may be minimal (e.g., only one analog comparator with couple resistors). Also, the additional components, such as the PRS (or other spread spectrum sources), counters, decimators may be easy to manufacture using modern silicon process. In one exemplary embodiment, the embodiments are implemented in one digital block and one analog block of the (PSoC™) processing device, manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, San Jose, Calif. Also, by selecting the switching frequency properly, good environmental factor compensation may be possible, such as for humidity, water films, or the like). For example, the water influence can be reduced by using the higher operation frequencies (12 MHz or more), where water dielectric constant is reduced.

[0148] The embodiments described herein may be implemented in various capacitance sensing applications, such as linear slider sensing, plane sensing, key matrix switches implementation, and the like. Some of these embodiments have been described in additional detail below. The embodiments described herein may be implemented in a one-dimensional position sensing device, such as two-pin sliders, three-pin rotation wheel slider, keyboards by connection keys, level sensing devices (e.g., water level sensing, etc), and other one-dimensional position sensing devices. The embodiments described herein may also be implemented in multi-dimensional position sensing devices, such as various touch-sensor pads, transparent touch screens, keyboards (e.g., personal computer (PC) keyboards, industrial controller keyboards, remotes, or the like), game accessories, or other multi-dimensional position sensing devices. Alternatively, the embodiments described herein may be implemented to measure capacitance on a single sensor element, such as a touch-sensor button.

[0149] The embodiments described herein may be with conductive materials of position sensing, such as ITO materials for both single and multi-dimensional sensing devices. For example, the embodiments may be implemented in a dual layer, matrix-scanning application, such as illustrate in FIG. 9. The dual layer ITO panel example consists of non-interlaced row and column sensing zones. The ITO panel may scan the rows and columns in series (e.g., sequentially), or alternatively, in parallel (e.g., simultaneously). This design may have the following advantages over the oscillator-based methods: the capacitance measurements have no dependence on the resistor in series, which is important for scanning via high-resistance conductive materials. In the embodiments described herein, the transmitted charge amount between cycles does not depend on the resistor in series if equilibrium state is reached within each cycle.

[0150] In one embodiment, the operational frequency of the switching circuit should be selected in such as way as to provide complete row or column line re-charge each switching cycle. For example, the operation frequency can be selected to be less than 1 MHz, such as 300-400 kHz for a 50×50 mm panel with 10 mils connection and inter-segment tracks, made from 4005/square ITO material. Alternatively, other higher receptivity materials can be used, which use lower operation frequency.

[0151] Described below are embodiments of applications that may be implemented using the embodiments described above.

[0152] Some applications of capacitance sensing devices require the reliable operation in the presence of the water films or drops on the sensing device. For example, various applications, such as household appliances, automotive applications, industrial application, need sensor elements that do not provide false triggering when the presence of water, ice, humidity, or the like exists and/or changes on the sensor elements. In one embodiment, a separate shielding electrode can be used.

[0153] FIG. 9A illustrate cross-sectional and top-side views of one embodiment of a water drop on a sensing device including multiple sensor elements and a shielding electrode. The sensing device 900 includes sensor elements 901 and a shielding electrode 902 on a printed circuit board 903. The printed circuit board including an overlay 904, upon which a water drop 905 is disposed. The shielding electrode 902 may be located on the same layer of the sensor elements 901, or alternatively, on a separate layer of the PCB 903. The shielding electrode 902 may surround the sensor elements 901, or alternatively, may be adjacent to the sensor elements 901

[0154] When a water drop or water film is present on the overlay of the sensing device, the coupling between the shielding electrode 902 and the sensor elements 901 is increased. For example, when water drops are located between shielding and sensing electrodes, the C_p is increased and modulator current is reduced. The increase of coupling between the sensor elements and the shielding electrode may increase the raw counts measured by the processing device. This may result in false triggering of button activation when no button has been pressed. In one embodiment, in response to the presence of water drops, the modulator reference voltage is increased by an API in such way that the raw count increase caused from the water drops can be corrected (e.g., calibrated to be close to zero, or alternatively, slightly negative).

[0155] In this example shielding electrode plane covers button. As alternative placement example the shielding electrode can be located at the opposite PCB layer, including the plane under button. In one embodiment, a hatch pattern, as illustrated in FIG. 9A, may be used for the shielding electrode. In one embodiment, the fill ratio of the shielding electrode to sensor element is approximately 30-40%. Alternatively, other patterns and ratios may be used.

[0156] In one embodiment, the shield electrode may be in a transparent touchpad device. This may be useful to block the noise influence of the LCD drive electrodes and reduce the stray capacitance at the same time.

[0157] FIG. 9B illustrates one embodiment of a switching circuit and switching capacitor coupled to a shielding electrode. In this embodiment, the same clock signal that is used to precharge the sensor element 901 is supplied to shielding electrode 902. Here the sensor capacitance C_x is the capacitance on the sensor element (e.g., switching capacitor) and the parasitic capacitance C_p is between the shielding electrode 902 and sensor element 901. The first and third switches Sw₁ and Sw₃ are on at on at phase 1, Phi₁ phase, and the second and fourth switches Sw₂ and Sw₄ are on at phase 2, Phi₂. The C_par is discharged at Ph₁ phase and is charged at Ph₂ phase. The modulator current is algebraic sum of C_x and C_p, currents, which is represented in the following equation:

I_mod=I_C−I_Cpar=f_sC_x(V_dd−V_Cmod)−f_sC_parV_Cmod  (16)

[0158] As seen from equation (16), the modulator current is reduced with coupling increasing between electrodes, which allows separate signals from water and conductive object 303 (e.g., finger). Water drops may decrease the modulator current, and the finger touch may increase the modulator current. This may simplify the decision logic operation.

[0159] FIG. 10A illustrates one embodiment of a single layer, four-wire ITO touch panel. The ITO touch panel 1000 includes solid ITO coating with the electric filed linearization electrodes. It should be noted that some embodiments may not use the field linearization electrodes, and alternatively, the linearization may be in firmware of the processing device.

[0160] FIG. 10B illustrates another embodiment of a single layer, four-wire ITO touch panel. The ITO touch panel 1010 includes multiple resistive sliders, connected in the parallel, that provide linear electric field gradient over the panel 1010. Similarly, this topology may not use the field linearization electrodes, and the linearization may be done in firmware of the processing device.

[0161] FIG. 10C illustrates various embodiments of upper switch placements of the switches of a one-dimensional touch panel. The operation idea is charging the resistive material to some voltage at Ph₁. At the Ph₂ one edge of resistive material is connected to the ground or fixed voltage source, the second edge is connected to the sigma-delta modulator capacitor. This connection forms the resistive network that provides the modulator filter capacitor current flow path. The current value depends on the touch capacitance and its position on slider.

[0162] To find the touch position regardless its capacitance, the slider ends are reversed and measurement cycle is repeated. These stages are called Stage 1 and Stage 2.

[0163] In the Stage 1, the A edge of conductive material is connected to the fixed potential net at Ph₂ operation cycle and current is sensed from side B of conductive strip. In the Stage 2, the B edge of conductive material is connected to the fixed voltage net and signal from edge A is passed to the modulator filtering capacitor. The touch position can be found by doing relatively simple math calculations as described below.

[0164] Capacitor C_x indicates the capacity of slider and capacity introduced by finger in the touch point. This discussion, however does not consider the slider distributed parasitic capacitance and its influence on the measurement results for math simplification. It should be noted that the influence of the parasitic capacitance should be constant over one-dimensional strip during measurement cycle.

[0165] At the Ph₁, the capacitor C_x is charged by fixed voltage V_dd. Charge time should be enough for transient process finalization. At the Ph₂ the C_x is discharged. Discharge time is limited by Ph₂ duration period, mark as t_r. The sigma-delta modulator keeps the input voltage close to V_ref and this voltage can be assumed constant during operation. Quantity of charge, passed through resistor Rx will be equal to integral of current passed through this resistor, as represented in the following equations:

$\begin{array}{cc}{i}_{\mathrm{Rx}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{Cx}}\left(t\right)-V_{\mathrm{ref}}}{R_x}& \left(17\right)\\ \Delta Q={\int }_0^{\mathrm{tr}}\frac{V_{\mathrm{Cx}}\left(t\right)-V_{\mathrm{ref}}}{R_x}·t& \left(18\right)\end{array}$

[0166] The process of capacitor discharging is described by the following first order differential equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{Cx}}\left(t\right)=\frac{R_x·R_{x1}}{R_x+R_{x1}}·C_x·\frac{V_{\mathrm{Cx}}}{t}+\frac{R_{x1}}{R_x+R_{x1}}·V_{\mathrm{ref}}& \left(19\right)\end{array}$

For the initial conditions: V_Cx(0)=V_dd, V_ref=constant, the solution of equation (19) will be:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{Cx}}\left(t\right)=\frac{R_{x1}}{R_x+R_{x1}}·V_{\mathrm{ref}}+\left(V_{\mathrm{dd}}-\frac{R_{x1}}{R_x+R_{x1}}·V_{\mathrm{ref}}\right)·\exp \left(-\frac{R_x+R_{x1}}{R_x+R_{x1}}·\frac{t_r}{C_x}\right)& \left(20\right)\end{array}$

The following equation includes the resistive divider on R_x, R_x1. We can simplify it by using the following substitutions:

$\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{x1}+R_x=R;K=\frac{R_{x1}}{R};1-K=\frac{R_x}{R};\frac{R}{R_x·R_{x1}}=\frac{1}{K·\left(1-K\right)·R}& \left(21\right)\end{array}$

Now, changing equation 21, taking into account equation 20 for resistive tap, the following equation is derived:

$\begin{array}{cc}{V}_{\mathrm{Cx}}\left(t\right)=K·V_{\mathrm{ref}}+\left(V_{\mathrm{dd}}-K·V_{\mathrm{ref}}\right)\times \exp \left(-\frac{1}{K·\left(1-K\right)·R}·\frac{t}{C_x}\right)& \left(22\right)\end{array}$

[0167] By substituting the equation 22 in equation 18 and integrating over cycle time t_r we can get the following equation for charge, transferred each switching cycle with duration t_r:

$\begin{array}{cc}\Delta Q=\frac{1}{R}·V_{\mathrm{ref}}·t_r+K·C_x·\left(V_{\mathrm{dd}}-K·V_{\mathrm{ref}}\right)\times \left(\exp \left[-\frac{1}{K·\left(1-K\right)·R}·\frac{t_r}{C_x}\right]-1\right)& \left(23\right)\end{array}$

By dividing the equation (23) on Ph₂ duration time t_r, one can determine the current value via switching capacitor slider, as represented in the following equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{\mathrm{sw}}=\frac{1}{R}·V_{\mathrm{ref}}+\frac{K·C_x}{t_r}·\left(V_{\mathrm{dd}}-K·V_{\mathrm{ref}}\right)\times \left(\exp \left[-\frac{1}{K·\left(1-K\right)·R}·\frac{t_r}{C_x}\right]-1\right)& \left(24\right)\end{array}$

This equation represents two components. One component covers the resistive strip DC current (left term, that is inversely proportional to the R), and second component is caused by the presence of the conductive object (e.g., touch influence). The sigma-delta modulator converts the I_sw, current in the duty cycle.

[0168] FIG. 10D illustrates various embodiments of lower switch placements of the switches of a one-dimensional touch panel. The operation of these embodiments is similar to those described above with respect to the upper switch placements, and is apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, additional details regarding their operation have not been included.

[0169] FIG. 10E illustrates two graphs of two embodiment of the transfer function of the ITO touch panel of FIG. 10C. These embodiments include the following exemplary values: C_x=10 pF, t_r=500 ns, V_dd=5V, R=300 Ohm. Alternatively, other values may be used. As noted in the two graphs, the transfer function becomes more linear when reference voltage is lowered. For example, in the left graph the reference voltage is 1.3 V and the right graph the reference voltage is 0.05 volts, and the resulting transfer function of the graph on the right is more linear than the transfer function on the left graph. Also, by lowering the reference voltage V_ref, the resistive material current component is reduced. In one embodiment, the configuration includes connecting the second end of resistive strip to net with same potential as the modulator reference voltage V_ref. This may provide the linear transfer characteristic and no dependence from resistive strip absolute resistance value.

[0170] It should be noted that the description above may be extended for two dimension operation by increasing the number of parallel operation channels (e.g., using two or more sigma-delta modulators, operating in parallel) or by sensing the two dimensional panel as a set of one dimension sliders. In this embodiment, the two panel edges effectively are a one-dimensional slider with A,B terminals. The left two edge connectors can be left non-connected or be connected to the modulator reference voltage source, forming the different measurement schemes.

[0171] For example, a 4-wire ITO panel configuration may include four modulators with four separate digital filters, which are used at same time. If two sigma-delta modulators are running in parallel, slider touch position may be determined in one single stage, eliminating the need for two separate stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2. Running several modulators in parallel may reduce scan time and improve SNR. One disadvantage may be an increase in cost of hardware resources. Alternatively, other configurations are possible.

[0172] FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of a two-dimensional, four-wire resistive touch panel. In this mode, the two coordinates can be evaluated by doing the several measurements in series using one sigma-delta modulator. The eight conversions may be used for high-accuracy position calculation and touch capacitance compensation. If two sigma-delta modulators running in parallel modulators are used, only four measurements are made. Running four sigma-delta modulators allows the touch panel position to be made using a single conversion.

[0173] The embodiments described herein may be implemented in a matrix-scanning device, such as a keyboard.

[0174] FIG. 12A illustrates one embodiment of a matrix-scanning device. Matrix scanning, using the embodiments described herein, may reduce the number of connection lines for a keyboard, and may be useful for multi-button scanning applications, such as PC keyboards, or the like. The scanning matrix 1200 includes the N drive lines 1201 and M sense lines 1202, and each capacitive key is located at drive/sense line intersection. It should be noted that multiple implementations are possible for forming the drive signals and sensing strategy depending on the available hardware resources. In one embodiment, the drive signal is applied to the N drive lines 1201 in series or sequentially using a clock source 1203, and the M sensing lines 1202 are sensed in parallel. Alternatively, other excitation signal sources may be used. In this embodiment, there is M sigma-delta modulators running in parallel. However, alternatively, a multiplexer may be used to reduce the number of sigma-delta modulators. Alternatively, other number of sigma-delta modulators may be used. In another embodiment, the drive signals are applied to each drive line 1201 in series, and each sense line 1201 is scanned in series as well. In this embodiment, there may be one sigma-delta modulator. This embodiment includes taking N*M conversions to scan the complete matrix. Alternatively, two or more sigma-delta modulators may be used.

[0175] In one embodiment, the DC voltage source (Vdc) is used for parasitic capacitance compensation. The value of Vdc may be adjusted such that there is minimal or no modulator current when there is not presence of the conductive object (e.g., no touch is being detected). In another embodiment, the DC source voltage can be selected to be equal to zero, or alternatively, equal to V_dd (e.g., bottom lead of the third switch Sw₃ is connected to ground or V_dd). Alternatively, the DC source voltage may be equal to the reference voltage V_ref. In one exemplary embodiment, the switch can be connected to the V_dd or V_ss lines of the PSoC™ processing device, manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, San Jose, Calif. In another embodiment, DC voltage source to the first switch Sw₁, which may allow offset compensation in a circuit that includes two analog buses, such as the PSoC™ processing device, manufactured by Cypress Semiconductor Corporation, San Jose, Calif.

[0176] FIG. 12B illustrates another matrix scanning device 1250 (e.g., keyboard matrix) that does not use the excitation signal source. The matrix is formed by column and row sense lines 1204 and 1205. The touched key is determined as intersection detected row and column touched sensors.

[0177] In another embodiment, an insulated sensor element and a sigma-delta modulator may be used a liquid level metering device. The insulated sensor element may be placed inside a tank with liquid. The sensor capacitance may be configured to increase linearly in response to an increase in level of the liquid in the tank.

[0178] As described above, the embodiments described herein describe a capacitance-to-code converter that allows continuous type operation by providing a continuous output bitstream that can be filtered by one or more filters, (e.g., parallel multiple digital filters) to obtain desired characteristics, such as resolution, sample rate, low-pass or high-pass filtering, or the like. The embodiments describe herein may also be configured to provide a direct capacitance-to-code conversion using a sigma-delta modulator with linear transfer characteristic and fixed measurement time, for example, using a decimator, whose output code is directly proportional to the capacitance.

[0179] The embodiments described herein may have the advantage of keeping all benefits of existing charge transfer/accumulation methods (especially in the high immunity for RF/EMI noise signals), and may be configured for easy implementation in existing devices from hardware and software perspectives, as well as in future devices.

[0180] Embodiments of the present invention, described herein, include various operations. These operations may be performed by hardware components, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. As used herein, the term “coupled to” may mean coupled directly or indirectly through one or more intervening components. Any of the signals provided over various buses described herein may be time multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more common buses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit components or blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively be one or more single signal lines and each of the single signal lines may alternatively be buses.

[0181] Certain embodiments may be implemented as a computer program product that may include instructions stored on a machine-readable medium. These instructions may be used to program a general-purpose or special-purpose processor to perform the described operations. A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form (e.g., software, processing application) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, magnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); optical storage medium (e.g., CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read-only memory (ROM); random-access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory (e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; electrical, optical, acoustical, or other form of propagated signal (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.); or another type of medium suitable for storing electronic instructions.

[0182] Additionally, some embodiments may be practiced in distributed computing environments where the machine-readable medium is stored on and/or executed by more than one computer system. In addition, the information transferred between computer systems may either be pulled or pushed across the communication medium connecting the computer systems.

[0183] Although the operations of the method(s) herein are shown and described in a particular order, the order of the operations of each method may be altered so that certain operations may be performed in an inverse order or so that certain operation may be performed, at least in part, concurrently with other operations. In another embodiment, instructions or sub-operations of distinct operations may be in an intermittent and/or alternating manner.

[0184] In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.