Medical risk stratifying method and system

[0001] This disclosure relates generally to computer based process modeling techniques and, more particularly, to methods and systems for stratifying medical risk using process models.

[0002] Medical-related information comes from many different sources, such as clinical data or non-clinical data. Medical-related information may be used by health care professionals for the prescription and analysis of tests and/or for the diagnosis and treatment of medical events. Medical-related information may also be used to analyze medical risks. Medical risk analysis may be an important tool to analyze the possibility of a certain type of medical risk based on certain types of medical-related information. For example, medical risk analysis may be used to analyze the possibility of lung disease based on whether or not a person is a smoker.

[0003] Process models and algorithms may be used to perform medical risk analysis. For example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20040122703 to Walker et al. discloses a technique for developing a model of medical conditions and situations from medical data by using database techniques and neural network methods. However, such conventional techniques often fail to address inter-correlation between individual medical records, especially at the time of generation and/or optimization of process models, used for correlating medical information to medical risks.

[0004] Methods and systems consistent with certain features of the disclosed systems are directed to solving one or more of the problems set forth above.

[0005] One aspect of the present disclosure includes a method for a medical risk stratification system. The method may include establishing a medical risk process model indicative of interrelationships between a plurality of medical risks and a plurality of health parameters and obtaining a set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters. The method may also include calculating the values of the plurality of medical risks simultaneously based upon the set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters and the medical risk process model and presenting the values of the plurality of medical risks.

[0006] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a computer system. The computer may include a database containing data records associating a plurality of medical risks and a plurality of health parameters and a processor. The processor may be configured to establish a medical risk process model indicative of interrelationships between the plurality of medical risks and the plurality of health parameters and to obtain a set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters. The processor may also be configured to calculate the values of the plurality of medical risks simultaneously based upon the set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters and the medical risk process model, to present the values of the plurality of medical risks, and to optimize the plurality of health parameters to minimize the plurality of medical risks simultaneously.

[0007] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a computer-readable medium for use on a computer system configured to perform a medical risk stratification procedure. The computer-readable medium may have computer-executable instructions for performing a method. The method may include establishing a medical risk process model indicative of interrelationships between a plurality of medical risks and a plurality of health parameters and obtaining a set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters. The method may also include calculating the values of the plurality of medical risks simultaneously based upon the set of values corresponding to the plurality of health parameters and the medical risk process model and presenting the values of the plurality of medical risks.

[0008] FIG. 1 is a pictorial illustration of an exemplary medical risk stratification process environment consistent with certain disclosed embodiments;

[0009] FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of a computer system consistent with certain disclosed embodiments;

[0010] FIG. 3 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary medical risk stratification model generation and optimization process consistent with certain disclosed embodiments;

[0011] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary individual perspective process consistent with certain disclosed embodiments;

[0012] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an exemplary graphical user interface consistent with certain disclosed embodiments;

[0013] FIG. 6 shows an exemplary group perspective process consistent with certain disclosed embodiments; and

[0014] FIG. 7 shows another block diagram of an exemplary graphical user interface consistent with certain disclosed embodiments.

[0015] Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates a flowchart diagram of an exemplary medical risk stratification process modeling environment 100. As shown in FIG. 1, a medical risk stratification (MRS) process model 104 may be established to build interrelationships between input parameters 102 and output parameters 106. After MRS process model 104 is established, values of input parameters 102 may be provided to MRS process model 104 to predict values of output parameters 106 based on the given values of input parameters 102 and the interrelationships.

[0017] Input parameters 102 may include any appropriate type of data associated with a medical application. For example, input parameters 102 may include medical records from hospitals or other health institutions. Output parameters 106, on the other hand, may correspond to certain medical risks or any other types of output parameters used by the particular medical application.

[0018] MRS process model 104 may include any appropriate type of mathematical or physical model indicating interrelationships between input parameters 102 and output parameters 106. For example, MRS process model 104 may be a neural network based mathematical model that is trained to capture interrelationships between input parameters 102 and output parameters 106. Other types of mathematic models, such as fuzzy logic models, linear system models, and/or non-linear system models, etc., may also be used. MRS process model 104 may be trained and validated using data records collected from a particular application for which MRS process model 104 is established. That is, MRS process model 104 may be established according to particular rules corresponding to a particular type of model using the data records, and the interrelationships of MRS process model 104 may be verified by using part of the data records.

[0019] After MRS process model 104 is trained and validated, MRS process model 104 may be optimized to define a desired input space of input parameters 102 and/or a desired distribution of output parameters 106. The validated or optimized MRS process model 104 may used to produce corresponding values of output parameters 106 when provided with a set of values of input parameters 102. For example, MRS process model 104 may be used to produce individual risk prediction 122 based on individual data 112. Further, MRS process model 104 may also be used to find group risk prediction 124 based on group data 114.

[0020] The establishment and operations of MRS process model 104 may be carried out by one or more computer systems. FIG. 2 shows a functional block diagram of an exemplary computer system 200 that may be used to perform these modeling processes and operations.

[0021] As shown in FIG. 2, computer system 200 may include a processor 202, a random access memory (RAM) 204, a read-only memory (ROM) 206, a console 208, input devices 210, network interfaces 212, databases 214-1 and 214-2, and a storage 216. It is understood that the type and number of listed devices are exemplary only and not intended to be limiting. The number of listed devices may be changed and other devices may be added.

[0022] Processor 202 may include any appropriate type of general purpose microprocessor, digital signal processor, or microcontroller. Processor 202 may execute sequences of computer program instructions to perform various processes as explained above. The computer program instructions may be loaded into RAM 204 for execution by processor 202 from a read-only memory (ROM), or from storage 216. Storage 216 may include any appropriate type of mass storage provided to store any type of information that processor 202 may need to perform the processes. For example, storage 216 may include one or more hard disk devices, optical disk devices, or other storage devices to provide storage space.

[0023] Console 208 may provide a graphic user interface (GUI) to display information to users of computer system 200. Console 208 may include any appropriate type of computer display device or computer monitor. Input devices 210 may be provided for users to input information into computer system 200. Input devices 210 may include a keyboard, a mouse, or other optical or wireless computer input devices, etc. Further, network interfaces 212 may provide communication connections such that computer system 200 may be accessed remotely through computer networks via various communication protocols, such as transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP), hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.

[0024] Databases 214-1 and 214-2 may contain model data and/or any information related to data records under analysis, such as training and testing data. Databases 214-1 and 214-2 may include any type of commercial or customized databases. Databases 214-1 and 214-2 may also include analysis tools for analyzing the information in the databases. Processor 202 may also use databases 214-1 and 214-2 to determine and store performance characteristics of MRS process model 104.

[0025] Processor 202 may perform a medical risk stratification model generation and optimization process to generate and optimize MRS process model 104. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary model generation and optimization process performed by processor 202.

[0026] As shown in FIG. 3, at the beginning of the model generation and optimization process, processor 202 may obtain data records associated with input parameters 102 and output parameters 106 (step 302). The data records may include information characterizing individuals or a population, genetic information, medical events and states, treatments, diagnosis, and prognosis characterizations, etc. In particular, the data records may include demographic data (e.g., age, race, sex, work place, residence, life style, etc.), self-reported data (e.g., surveys captured intermittently from individuals or members of a population), prescription drug information (e.g., types and/or amount of prescription drugs taken by an individual or a population), diagnostic records (e.g., clinical tests and results), and treatment data (e.g., illness, treatment, hospital, and/or doctor, etc.).

[0027] For example, the data records may include information about parameters related to an individual patient's blood, urine, saliva and other fluid analysis (e.g., gastrointestinal, reproductive, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis). The data records may also include data obtained from various medical analysis systems, such as polymerase (PCR) chain reaction analysis systems, genetic marker analysis systems, radioimmunoassay systems, chromatography analysis systems, and/or receptor assay systems, etc. Data from other analysis systems, such as tissue analysis systems, cytology and tissue typing systems, and immunocytochemistry and histopathological analysis systems may also be included.

[0028] Further, the data records may include clinically measured information of individual patients, such as clinical medical data (e.g., age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, health habit, etc.) or other clinical test data such as electroencephalographs (EEG), electrocardiographs (ECG), electromyographs (EMG), electrical impedance tomographs (EIT), nerve conduction test data, electronystagmographs (ENG), X-ray images, magnetic resonance (MR) images, computed tomography (CT) images, positron emission tomographs (PET), and/or flouorography, mammography, sonography, infrared, nuclear, and thermoacoustic images, etc.

[0029] The data records may also be collected from experiments designed for collecting such data. Alternatively, the data records may be generated artificially by other related processes, such as other medical modeling or analysis processes. The data records may also include training data used to build MRS process model 104 and testing data used to validate MRS process model 104. In addition, the data records may also include simulation data used to observe and optimize MRS process model 104.

[0030] The data records may reflect characteristics of input parameters 102 and output parameters 106, such as statistic distributions, normal ranges, and/or precision tolerances, etc. Once the data records are obtained (step 302), processor 202 may pre-process the data records to clean up the data records for obvious errors and to eliminate redundancies (step 304). Processor 202 may remove approximately identical data records and/or remove data records that are out of a reasonable range in order to be meaningful for model generation and optimization. After the data records have been pre-processed, processor 202 may select proper input parameters by analyzing the data records (step 306).

[0031] The data records may be associated with many input variables, such as variables corresponding to demographic data, self-reported data, prescription drug information, diagnostic records, and treatment data, etc. The number of input variables may be greater than the number of input parameters 102 used for MRS process model 104, that is, input parameters 102 may be a subset of the input variables. For example, the data records may be associated with several medical conditions, such as lung, liver, heart, and/or other organs; while input parameters 102 of a particular process, such as Cardiovascular disease (CVD), may only include heart related information and/or information on blood pressure, cholesterol level, and/or lifestyle, etc.

[0032] In certain situations, the number of input variables in the data records may exceed the number of the data records and lead to sparse data scenarios. Some of the extra input variables may have to be omitted in certain mathematical models. The number of the input variables may need to be reduced to create mathematical models within practical computational time limits.

[0033] Processor 202 may select input parameters 102 according to predetermined criteria. For example, processor 202 may choose input parameters 102 by experimentation and/or expert opinions. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, processor 202 may select input parameters based on a mahalanobis distance between a normal data set and an abnormal data set of the data records. The normal data set and abnormal data set may be defined by processor 202 using any appropriate method. For example, the normal data set may include characteristic data associated with input parameters 102 that produce desired output parameters. On the other hand, the abnormal data set may include any characteristic data that may be out of tolerance or may need to be avoided. The normal data set and abnormal data set may be predefined by processor 202.

[0034] Mahalanobis distance may refer to a mathematical representation that may be used to measure data profiles based on correlations between parameters in a data set. Mahalanobis distance differs from Euclidean distance in that mahalanobis distance takes into account the correlations of the data set. Mahalanobis distance of a data set X (e.g., a multivariate vector) may be represented as
MD_i=(X_i−μ_x)Σ⁻¹(X_i−μ_x)′  (1)
where μ_x is the mean of X and Σ⁻¹ is an inverse variance-covariance matrix of X. MD_i weights the distance of a data point X_i from its mean μ_x such that observations that are on the same multivariate normal density contour will have the same distance. Such observations may be used to identify and select correlated parameters from separate data groups having different variances.

[0035] Processor 202 may select a desired subset of input parameters such that the mahalanobis distance between the normal data set and the abnormal data set is maximized or optimized. A genetic algorithm may be used by processor 202 to search input parameters 102 for the desired subset with the purpose of maximizing the mahalanobis distance. Processor 202 may select a candidate subset of input parameters 102 based on a predetermined criteria and calculate a mahalanobis distance MD_normal of the normal data set and a mahalanobis distance MD_abnormal of the abnormal data set. Processor 202 may also calculate the mahalanobis distance between the normal data set and the abnormal data (i.e., the deviation of the mahalanobis distance MD_x=MD_normal−MD_abnormal). Other types of deviations, however, may also be used.

[0036] Processor 202 may select the candidate subset of input variables 102 if the genetic algorithm converges (i.e., the genetic algorithm finds the maximized or optimized mahalanobis distance between the normal data set and the abnormal data set corresponding to the candidate subset). If the genetic algorithm does not converge, a different candidate subset of input variables may be created for further searching. This searching process may continue until the genetic algorithm converges and a desired subset of input variables (e.g., input parameters 102) is selected.

[0037] After selecting input parameters 102 (e.g., age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, health habit, etc.), processor 202 may generate MRS process model 104 to build interrelationships between input parameters 102 and output parameters 106 (step 308). In certain embodiments, MRS process model 104 may correspond to a computational model, such as, for example, a computational model built on any appropriate type of neural network. The type of neural network computational model that may be used may include back propagation, feed forward models, cascaded neural networks, and/or hybrid neural networks, etc. Particular type or structures of the neural network used may depend on particular applications. Other types of computational models, such as linear system or non-linear system models, etc., may also be used.

[0038] The neural network computational model (i.e., MRS process model 104) may be trained by using selected data records. For example, the neural network computational model may include a relationship between output parameters 106 (e.g., medical risks, etc.) and input parameters 102 (e.g., age, sex, weight, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, habit, etc.). The neural network computational model may be evaluated by predetermined criteria to determine whether the training is completed. The criteria may include desired ranges of accuracy, time, and/or number of training iterations, etc.

[0039] After the neural network has been trained (i.e., the computational model has initially been established based on the predetermined criteria), processor 202 may statistically validate the computational model (step 310). Statistical validation may refer to an analyzing process to compare outputs of the neural network computational model with actual or expected outputs to determine the accuracy of the computational model. Part of the data records may be reserved for use in the validation process.

[0040] Alternatively, processor 202 may also generate simulation or validation data for use in the validation process. This may be performed either independently of a validation sample or in conjunction with the sample. Statistical distributions of inputs may be determined from the data records used for modeling. A statistical simulation, such as Latin Hypercube simulation, may be used to generate hypothetical input data records. These input data records are processed by the computational model, resulting in one or more distributions of output characteristics. The distributions of the output characteristics from the computational model may be compared to distributions of output characteristics observed in a population. Statistical quality tests may be performed on the output distributions of the computational model and the observed output distributions to ensure model integrity.

[0041] Once trained and validated, MRS process model 104 may be used to predict values of output parameters 106 when provided with values of input parameters 102. Further, processor 202 may optimize MRS process model 104 by determining desired distributions of input parameters 102 based on relationships between input parameters 102 and desired distributions of output parameters 106 (step 312).

[0042] Processor 202 may analyze the relationships between desired distributions of input parameters 102 and desired distributions of output parameters 106 based on particular applications. For example, processor 202 may select desired ranges for output parameters 106 (e.g., likelihood of cardiovascular disease, diabetics, and/or high blood pressure, etc.). Processor 202 may then run a simulation of the computational model to find a desired statistic distribution for an individual input parameter (e.g., age, sex, weight, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, habit, etc.). That is, processor 202 may separately determine a distribution (e.g., mean, standard variation, etc.) of the individual input parameter corresponding to the normal ranges of output parameters 106. After determining respective distributions for all individual input parameters, processor 202 may combine the desired distributions for all the individual input parameters to determine desired distributions and characteristics for overall input parameters 102.

[0043] Alternatively, processor 202 may identify desired distributions of input parameters 102 simultaneously to maximize the possibility of obtaining desired outcomes. In certain embodiments, processor 202 may simultaneously determine desired distributions of input parameters 102 based on zeta statistic. Zeta statistic may indicate a relationship between input parameters, their value ranges, and desired outcomes. Zeta statistic may be represented as $\zeta =\sum _1^j\sum _1^iS_{\mathrm{ij}}\left(\frac{{\sigma }_i}{{\stackrel{\_}{x}}_i}\right)\left(\frac{{\stackrel{\_}{x}}_j}{{\sigma }_j}\right),$
where x_i represents the mean or expected value of an ith input; x_j represents the mean or expected value of a jth outcome; σ_i represents the standard deviation of the ith input; σ_j represents the standard deviation of the jth outcome; and |S_ij| represents the partial derivative or sensitivity of the jth outcome to the ith input.

[0044] Under certain circumstances, x_i may be less than or equal to zero. A value of 3σ_i may be added to x_i to correct such problematic condition. If, however, x_i is still equal zero even after adding the value of 3σ_i, processor 202 may determine that σ_i may be also zero and that the process model under optimization may be undesired. In certain embodiments, processor 202 may set a minimum threshold for σ_i to ensure reliability of process models. Under certain other circumstances, σ_j may be equal to zero. Processor 202 may then determine that the model under optimization may be insufficient to reflect output parameters within a certain range of uncertainty. Processor 202 may assign an indefinite large number to ζ.

[0045] Processor 202 may identify a desired distribution of input parameters 102 such that the zeta statistic of the neural network computational model (i.e., MRS process model 104) is maximized or optimized. An appropriate type of genetic algorithm may be used by processor 202 to search the desired distribution of input parameters with the purpose of maximizing the zeta statistic. Processor 202 may select a candidate set of input parameters 102 with predetermined search ranges and run a simulation of MRS process model 104 to calculate the zeta statistic parameters based on input parameters 102, output parameters 106, and the neural network computational model. Processor 202 may obtain x_i and σ_i by analyzing the candidate set of input parameters 102, and obtain x_j and σ_j by analyzing the outcomes of the simulation. Further, processor 202 may obtain |S_ij| from the trained neural network as an indication of the impact of the ith input on the jth outcome.

[0046] Processor 202 may select the candidate set of input parameters if the genetic algorithm converges (i.e., the genetic algorithm finds the maximized or optimized zeta statistic of MRS process model 104 corresponding to the candidate set of input parameters). If the genetic algorithm does not converge, a different candidate set of input parameters 102 may be created by the genetic algorithm for further searching. This searching process may continue until the genetic algorithm converges and a desired set of input parameters 102 is identified. Processor 202 may further determine desired distributions (e.g., mean and standard deviations) of input parameters 102 based on the desired input parameter set. Once the desired distributions are determined, processor 202 may define a valid input space that may include any input parameter within the desired distributions (step 314).

[0047] In one embodiment, statistical distributions of certain input parameters may be impossible or impractical to control. For example, an input parameter may be associated with a physical attribute of a patient, such as age, or the input parameter may be associated with a constant variable within MRS process model 104 itself. These input parameters may be used in the zeta statistic calculations to search or identify desired distributions for other input parameters corresponding to constant values and/or statistical distributions of these input parameters.

[0048] Returning to FIG. 1, after MRS process model 104 is trained, validated, and optimized, an individual user may use MRS process model to predict one or more medical risks based upon individual medical data. Processor 202 may perform an individual perspective process to provide information on medical risks to the individual user. For example, processor 202 may provide individual risk prediction 122 based on MRS process model 104 and individual data 112. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary individual perspective process performed by processor 202.

[0049] Processor 202 may obtain individual data 112 from the individual user (step 402). Processor 202 may obtain individual data 112 directly from user inputs, from a database, or from other computer systems maintaining such data. Individual data 112 may reflect any health related information about the individual user, such as age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, health habit (e.g., smoking, alcohol), etc.

[0050] After obtaining individual data 112, processor 202 may calculate individual risk predication 122 based on MRS process model 104 (step 404). For example, processor 202 may calculate medical risks such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic, etc., based on input individual data 112 (e.g., age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, health habit, etc.) and MRS process model 104. Processor 202 may also calculate certain other calculations related to individual data 112 and individual risk prediction 122, such as statistics about individual data 112 in comparison with input parameters 102.

[0051] Processor 202 may also present individual risk prediction 122 and results of other calculation to the individual user through a user interface (step 406). The user interface may include any appropriate textual, audio, and/or visual user interface. FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an exemplary graphical user interface (GUI) 500 on console 208.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 5, GUI 500 may include separate display areas to present different types of data. For example, GUI 500 may include a user input area 502, an input setting area 504, and a multiple risk estimation area 506. Other display areas, however, may also be used. User input area 502 may be used to accept health data input (i.e., individual data 112) from the individual user and/or to allow the user to change the values of certain inputs to observe the likely effect of such changes. In certain embodiments, slider control mechanism may be used such that the user may easily set or change the inputs. In addition, the slider control may also be used to set minimum and maximum limits for such inputs. These limits may be pre-determined or may be determined at real-time by MRS process model 104.

[0053] Input setting area 504 may be used to list values of input data 112 (e.g., such as age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, and health habit, etc.). Input setting area may also show a comparison between values of individual data 112 with the overall values of input parameters 102 that are used to generate MRS process model 104. Further, multiple risk estimation area 506 may be used to present to the user how multiple risk may be related to one or more health input data. For example, multiple risk estimation area 506 may include a radar control chart to show how a particular set of inputs drive the values of multiple health risks.

[0054] Returning to FIG. 4, after processor 202 calculates individual risk prediction 122 and presents the calculation and certain other data to the user (steps 404 and 406), processor 202 may determine whether there are any changes on the values of individual data 112 (step 408). If there is no change (step 408; no), processor 202 may continue step 408 to monitor any change that may be made by the user. On the other hand, if any of individual data 112 has been changed (step 408; yes), processor 202 may obtain changed individual data 112 (step 410). Further, the individual perspective process may be continued at step 404 to calculate individual predication 122 based on the changed individual data 112.

[0055] Additionally or alternatively, a healthcare institution or other organizations may also use MRS process model 104 to manage health care risks and/or to profile health habits of a particular population. Process 202 may perform a group perspective process to identify medical risks and their corresponding mitigation factors. For example, processor 202 may provide group risk prediction 124 based on MRS process model 104 and group data 114. FIG. 6 shows an exemplary group perspective process.

[0056] As shown in FIG. 6, processor 202 may obtain group data 114 (step 602). Processor 202 may obtain group data 114 directly from input devices 210 under the control of an administrator of computer system 200. Alternatively, processor 202 may also obtain group data 114 from a database (e.g., database 214-1, database 214-2, etc.) or from other computer systems maintaining such data. Group data 114 may reflect health related information about a particular group or population. Such health related information may include age, sex, height, exercise level, cholesterol level, blood pressure, diet, particular diseases and treatments, health habit (e.g., smoking, alcohol), etc. Further, group data 114 may include historical health data and/or user-defined health data.

[0057] After obtaining group data 114, processor 202 may calculate group risk predication 124 based on MRS process model 104 (step 604). For example, processor 202 may calculate health risks for a particular group, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetic, etc., based on group data 114 and MRS process model 104. Processor 202 may also calculate distribution data of the health risks based on group data 114 and group risk prediction 124. For example, processor 202 may calculate likelihood of a certain disease among different age group or ethnic groups. Other statistics of group data 114 and group risk prediction 124 may also be calculated. Processor 202 may also optimize (e.g., to minimize the overall health risks) group risk prediction 124 based on desired distributions of group data 114, such as desired exercise level, diet, treatments, and/or health habit, etc. Processor 202 may optimize group risk prediction 124 based on zeta statistic, as explained in above sections. A new set of values of group data 114 (i.e., optimized group data 114) may be identified to minimize a certain type of health risk. Other optimization methods, however, may also be used. For example, the administrator may define a set of values of group data 114 (i.e., user-defined group data 114) based on predetermined criteria to minimize one or more health risks.

[0058] Processor 202 may also present the results of the group perspective process to the administrator through a user interface (step 606). Similar to the user interface provided for the individual perspective process, the user interface for group perspective process may include any appropriate user interface, such as textual (e.g., electronic mail), audio, or visual interfaces, or any combination thereof. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary graphical user interface (GUI) 700 provided on console 208.

[0059] GUI 700 may also include separate display areas to present different types of data. For example, GUI 700 may include an input data distribution settings area 702, a multiple risk estimation area 704, an outcome histogram area 706, and a detailed data area 708. Other display areas, however, may also be used.

[0060] Input data distribution settings area 702 may be used to display original group data 114, optimized group data 114, and/or user-defined group data 114. These group data (e.g., different distributions of group health information among a group or population) may also be displayed simultaneously to provide comparisons among different group data.

[0061] Multiple risk estimation area 704 may be used to display how multiple risks may be related to one or more health input data from group data 114. For example, multiple risk estimation area 704 may include a radar control chart to show how a particular set of group data drive the likelihood of multiple health risks. Further, outcome histogram area 706 may be used to show different values of group risk predication 124 respectively corresponding to original group data 114, optimized group data 114, and/or user-defined group data 114.

[0062] Detailed data area 708 may be used to display values of various data used in the group perspective process performed by processor 202, such as a spread sheet showing detailed data in calculations corresponding to group risk predication and/or optimization of group data 114, etc.

[0063] Returning to FIG. 6, processor 202 may optimize multiple health risks of group risk prediction 124 (step 608). For example, processor 202 may minimize the multiple health risks by calculating a desired set of values of group data 114. Zeta statistic may also be used in the optimization.

[0064] After processor 202 presents the results of the calculation (step 606) and the optimization (step 608), processor 202 may determine whether the administrator wants to customize or define group data 114 (step 610). If customization is not needed (step 610; no), processor 202 may continue step 610 to monitor any change that may be made by the administrator. On the other hand, if customization is needed (step 610; yes), processor 202 may proceed to step 602 to obtain changed group data 114 and continue the group perspective process.

[0065] The disclosed systems and methods may provide efficient and accurate medical risk stratification based on health information such as genetic, lifestyle, and/or environmental factors (both current and historical). Such technology may be used to predict and manage individual health risks as well as to analyze and manage health risks of a group or a population.

[0066] Individual users may use the disclosed systems and methods to predict potential health risks or to calculate likelihood of a possible disease based on their own health data. The individual users may also reduce the risks or the likelihood of a disease by changing relevant health data (e.g., lifestyle) corresponding to the risks or the disease.

[0067] Group or institutional users may use the disclosed systems and methods to calculate health risks among a population, such as a particular distribution among the population. The institutional users may also optimize the distribution to reduce the health risks of a population and to promote healthy lifestyle.

[0068] The disclosed systems and methods may also be extended to be used in non-medical field to predict or optimize other risks, such as financial market, etc. Parts of the disclosed system or steps of the disclosed method may be used by computer system providers to facilitate or integrate other process models.

[0069] Other embodiments, features, aspects, and principles of the disclosed exemplary systems will be apparent to those skilled in the art and may be implemented in various environments and systems.