Providing schedulable calendars electronically

[0001] Related U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed on even date herewith in the name of Stillion et al. and entitled “PROVIDING ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTION OF FILTERED CALENDARS,” assigned to the assignee of the present application, is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] Distributing calendar and appointment information including, for example, free/busy time, scheduled meetings, public gatherings, and private parties, is problematic due to many limitations in mainstream technology. For example, calendar applications in general, and personal information managers in particular, have not been very good at distributing calendar information. With conventional systems, this problem is threefold. First, there are no official current internet standards for transporting calendar data. Second, conventional systems do not filter calendar data that is to be transmitted. For example, calendar data includes a mixture of private and non-private information, thus when transmitting calendar data, how much information conveyed needs to be controlled. Third, calendaring applications typically need a server to host shared or distributed calendar data. Accordingly, to take advantage of such features, users need to have access to a server.

[0003] Furthermore, scheduling meetings or making appointments with someone electronically has been a very difficult process using conventional systems. For example, users may give up on using conventional calendaring processes and may simply use a telephone instead to make appointments. Consequently, the problem may be twofold. First, conventional systems do not support distribution of personal calendars that can be used as schedulable entities. And second, conventional systems do not support presenting a user's calendar information in a format conducive to online scheduling.

[0004] In view of the foregoing, there is a need for methods and systems for providing electronically distributed calendars more optimally. Furthermore, there is a need for providing electronically distributed calendars including, for example, filtered calendar data. Moreover, there is a need for providing calendars that are, for example, electronically schedulable.

[0005] Consistent with embodiments of the present invention, systems and methods are disclosed for providing schedulable calendars electronically. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0006] In accordance with one embodiment, a method for providing a schedulable calendar comprises receiving schedulability data and marking calendar data as schedulable based on the schedulability data. In addition, the method may include transmitting the calendar data.

[0007] According to another embodiment, a method for providing a schedulable calendar comprises receiving calendar data and determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable. In addition, the method may include sending a meeting request in response to determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable.

[0008] In accordance with yet another embodiment, a computer-readable medium which stores a set of instructions which when executed performs a method for providing schedulable calendars. The method may be executed by the set of instructions comprising receiving schedulability data and marking calendar data as schedulable based on the schedulability data. In addition, the method may include transmitting the calendar data.

[0009] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and should not be considered restrictive of the scope of the invention, as described and claimed. Further, features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, embodiments of the invention may be directed to various combinations and sub-combinations of the features described in the detailed description.

[0010] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments and aspects of the present invention. In the drawings:

[0011] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary system including a computing device consistent with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0012] FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an exemplary method for providing electronic distribution of filtered calendars consistent with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 3 is a screen shot illustrating a user interface for providing control data consistent with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0014] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating relationships and interactions leading to trust consistent with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of another exemplary method for providing electronic distribution of filtered calendars consistent with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 6 is a screen shot illustrating displayed filtered calendar data consistent with an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0017] FIG. 7 is a screen shot illustrating a user interface for providing “free/busy” bar consistent with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0018] The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the following description to refer to the same or similar parts. While several exemplary embodiments and features of the invention are described herein, modifications, adaptations and other implementations are possible, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, substitutions, additions or modifications may be made to the components illustrated in the drawings, and the exemplary methods described herein may be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to the disclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description does not limit the invention. Instead, the proper scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

[0019] Systems and methods consistent with embodiments of the present invention provide filtered calendar distribution and the ability to schedule to the distributed calendar. For example, a user may wish to distribute calendar data corresponding to the user's calendar, but may wish to limit the amount of data based on the user's relationship with a recipient. For example, embodiments of the invention may include a number of user initiated controls and filters of the calendar data to be distributed. In addition, embodiments of the invention may allow a user to use e-mail features to take a calendar in a calendar application program and send it to the recipient via e-mail in a format that the recipient can use. The user can choose a subset of the user's calendar in order to limit the amount of data send based, for example, on the user's trust, comfort, or familiarity with the recipient.

[0020] Furthermore, the user may send the calendar data in at least two formats. By sending in at least two formats, the user can increase the probability that the recipient will be able to read the sent calendar data. Furthermore, one of the sent formats may be a more robust format readable by a smaller number of recipients and the other format may be a less robust format readable by a larger number of recipients. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may include supporting calendar distribution by an endpoint (e.g. a recipient computer) capability of such support. In other words, embodiments of the present invention may enable, for example, the recipient to process the calendar data without support from a server.

[0021] Consistent with embodiments of the present invention, a number of controls and filters over distributed calendar data may allow a user to limit the distributed calendar data by, for example, calendar time range, by those calendar appointments marked private, or by limiting the amount of content exported in each appointment that passes the filter. Furthermore, the “depth” of the distributed calendar data may be set by the user. For example, the user may set the distributed calendar data to include all fields (including attachments) or may limit the distributed calendar data to simply title, times, and body, or simply times and titles. Moreover, the user may be given further options to allow “free/busy” calendar data to be distributed that focus, for example, on empty time slots rather than filled ones in the user's calendar. Each of these filter options, for example, may include a different HTML layout to optimize space and readability for the calendar data represented.

[0022] In addition, consistent with embodiments of the present invention, a dual calendar data representation may be used. For example, the calendar data may be represented in iCalendar and/or in hypertext markup language (HTML.) The aforementioned are exemplary and other formats and more than two formats may be used. For example, iCalendar, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), is a pseudo-standard for a payload data format for transporting calendar items over e-mail. IETF is the protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet (IETF Secretariat c/o Corporation for National Research Initiatives 1895 Preston White Drive, Suite 100 Reston, Va. 20191-5434.) iCalendar may enable opening calendar data in a full-fledged calendar form. While calendar data in an iCalendar format representation is somewhat high-fidelity, it may, for example, only be accessible to users that use iCalendar enabled reader applications. Consequently, the calendar data may also be represented in an HTML version of the calendar rendered, for example, in the body of an e-mail message. While HTML may be very accessible and may be viewed by a large number of client applications that support HTML, this format is not quite as high-fidelity as iCalendar.

[0023] Furthermore, consistent with embodiments of the present invention, a calendar server may not be needed. For example, embodiments of the present invention may use true peer-to-peer (e.g. over e-mail) calendar sharing, meaning that anyone with a capable client application can use the received calendar data. For example, an iCalendar/HTML calendar “snapshot” via e-mail may be used to share calendar data consistent with embodiments of the invention.

[0024] Moreover, embodiments of the invention may include an update feature. For example, if a user sends a first calendar with a week's worth of data, and then sends a second calendar latter, embodiments of the invention may detect that these two are associated with the same calendar. Consequently, instead of opening the second calendar, embodiments of the invention may replace the old calendar data (e.g. the first calendar) with the new payload (e.g. the second calendar.)

[0025] In addition to providing filtered calendar distribution, embodiments of the invention may include the ability to schedule to the distributed calendar. For example, the distributed calendars may also be marked in a way that identifies them as schedulable. This may be accomplished, for example, by adding an extension property to the distributed calendar format to annotate the calendar. The calendar application may set this property when the user's calendar is transmitted (or published by some other process.) In other words, embodiments of the invention may provide an extension property that identifies a calendar's state as schedulable and the person's address whose personal schedule it refers.

[0026] If the calendar application on the calendar data recipient's end determines whether the received calendar data is schedulable, the recipient's calendar application may render the user's calendar information, for example, as a “free/busy” bar in a meeting request form. The recipient's calendar application may identify whether received calendar data represents an individual's schedulable data (as opposed to other kinds of calendar not associated with a specific individual, such as a sports schedule or a project schedule). Moreover, the recipient's calendar application may render that information in a form within a meeting request form that indicates, for example, whether the user is free, busy, tentative, or out of office at a specific time.

[0027] An embodiment consistent with the invention may comprise a system for providing schedulable calendars electronically. The system may comprise a memory storage for maintaining a database and a processing unit coupled to the memory storage. The processing unit may be operative to receive schedulability data, mark calendar data as schedulable based on the schedulability data. In addition, the processing unit may be operative to transmit the calendar data.

[0028] Another embodiment consistent with the invention may comprise a system for providing schedulable calendars electronically. The system may comprise a memory storage for maintaining a database and a processing unit coupled to the memory storage. The processing unit may be operative to receive calendar data and to determine that the calendar data is marked as schedulable. In addition, the processing unit may be operative to send a meeting request in response to determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable.

[0029] Consistent with an embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned memory, processing unit, and other components may be implemented in a computing device, such as an exemplary computing device 100 of FIG. 1. Any suitable combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware may be used to implement the memory, processing unit, or other components. By way of example, the memory, processing unit, or other components may be implemented with any of computing device 100 or any of other computing devices 118, in combination with computing device 100. The aforementioned system, device, and processors are exemplary and other systems, devices, and processors may comprise the aforementioned memory, processing unit, or other components, consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0030] Generally, program modules may include routines, programs, components, data structures, and other types of structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, embodiments of the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

[0031] Embodiments of the invention, for example, may be implemented as a computer process (method), a computing system, or as an article of manufacture, such as a computer program product or computer readable media. The computer program product may be a computer storage media readable by a computer system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process. The computer program product may also be a propagated signal on a carrier readable by a computing system and encoding a computer program of instructions for executing a computer process.

[0032] With reference to FIG. 1, one exemplary system consistent with an embodiment of the invention may include a computing device, such as computing device 100. In a basic configuration, computing device 100 may include at least one processing unit 102 and a system memory 104. Depending on the configuration and type of computing device, system memory 104 may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination. System memory 104 may include an operating system 105, one or more applications 106, and may include a program data 107. In one embodiment, applications 106 may include a distribution application 120. However, embodiments of the invention may be practiced in conjunction with a calendaring program, a graphics library, an operating system, or any application program and is not limited to any particular application or system. This basic configuration is illustrated in FIG. 1 by those components within a dashed line 108.

[0033] Computing device 100 may have additional features or functionality. For example, computing device 100 may also include additional data storage devices (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Such additional storage is illustrated in FIG. 1 by a removable storage 109 and a non-removable storage 110. Computer storage media may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory 104, removable storage 109, and non-removable storage 110 are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media may include, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computing device 100. Any such computer storage media may be part of device 100. Computing device 100 may also have input device(s) 112 such as keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. Output device(s) 114 such as a display, speakers, printer, etc. may also be included. The aforementioned devices are exemplary and others may be used.

[0034] Computing device 100 may also contain a communication connection 116 that may allow device 100 to communicate with other computing devices 118, such as over a network in a distributed computing environment, for example, an intranet or the Internet. Communication connection 116 is one example of communication media. Communication media may typically be embodied by computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” may mean a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media may include wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. The term computer readable media as used herein may include both storage media and communication media.

[0035] A number of program modules and data files may be stored in system memory 104 of computing device 100, including an operating system 105 suitable for controlling the operation of a networked personal computer, such as the WINDOWS operating systems from MICROSOFT CORPORATION of Redmond, Wash. System memory 104 may also store one or more program modules, such as distribution application 120, and others described below. While executing on processing unit 102 or other computing devices 118, distribution application 120 may perform processes including, for example, one or more of the stages of the methods described below. The aforementioned process is exemplary, and processing unit 102 or other computing devices 118 may perform other processes. Other applications 106 that may be used in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may include calendaring applications, electronic mail and contacts applications, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, database applications, slide presentation applications, drawing or computer-aided application programs, etc.

[0036] FIG. 2 is a flow chart setting forth the general stages involved in an exemplary method 200 consistent with the invention for providing electronic distribution of filtered calendars using system 100 or other computing devices 118 of FIG. 1. Exemplary ways to implement the stages of exemplary method 200 will be described in greater detail below. While method 200 is described in terms of being carried out by computing device 100, method 200 may also be carried out by other computing device 118 or any other processor or component. Exemplary method 200 may begin at starting block 205 and proceed to stage 210 where computing device 100 may receive control data. The control data may be configured to indicate a portion of master calendar data a user designates to transmit. For example, the master calendar data may comprise the complete and unabridged calendar or calendars kept by the user on computing device 100. The user, for example, may execute a calendaring program within applications 106. Likewise, the calendaring program may initiate distribution application 120, which may expose the user to a number of user interfaces (UIs) through output devices 114 directed toward gathering the control data from the user. FIG. 3 is a screen shot 300 illustrating an exemplary UI for providing control data consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3, control data may indicate an availability only level 305, a limited details level 310, and a full details level 315. As described below, these and other types of control data may be provided by the user.

[0037] At this point, because the master calendar data may include personal and/or secured information, the user may evaluate the user's relationship with a receipt to whom the user wishes to send the calendar data. During this evaluation, the user's trust, comfort, or familiarity with the recipient may be considered. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating relationships and interactions leading to trust that the user may consider consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. Based on this evaluation, the user may provide corresponding control data to computing device 100 through a UI.

[0038] From stage 210, where computing device 100 receives the control data, exemplary method 200 may advance to stage 220 where computing device 100 may filter the master calendar data based on the control data to create filtered calendar data. For example, the control data provided by the user through the UI may indicate one or more dimensions by which the master calendar may be filtered. A first dimension may be for the user to select a calendar from a plurality of calendars to transmit. Most calendar application programs handle multiple calendars, not just a single calendar. Accordingly, the user may choose one calendar from a plurality of calendars to use. For example, the user may be maintaining a family calendar, a work calendar, and a Little League calendar on computing device 100. The user, for example, may select all or a portion of the Little League calendar to share with other team members (e.g. recipients).

[0039] A second control data dimension may be selecting on a date range. For example, the user may provide a date range or ranges on a particular calendar to determine how much calendar data to transmit. The user may provide computing device 100 a range corresponding to, for example, today, tomorrow, the next seven days, the next 30 days, or the whole calendar. In addition, the user may supply a range corresponding to a non-typical range, for example, next Tuesday the 28^th through the 31^st. In addition, computing device 100 may allow the user to provide control data to limit transmitting calendar data outside the user's defined working hours. For example, if the user wanted to send calendar data to a consultant to set a meeting in the next seven days, the user may elect to just send calendar data within the user's defined working hours.

[0040] A third control data dimension may be for the user to limit the detail level included in the filtered calendar to be transmitted. The user, for example, may evaluate the user's relationship with the prospective recipient according to FIG. 4 as described above. Accordingly, the third control data dimension may include one of a plurality of user selectable detail levels, for example, availability only level 305, limited details level 310, and full details level 315, as described above with respect to FIG. 3. A first detail level (e.g. availability only level 305) may comprise availability only. In other words, the first detail level may indicate whether the user, for example, is free or busy, tentative, or out of the office for a particular time span with no other details provided. A second detail level (e.g. limited details level 310) may include providing subjects of individual calendar items on the user's calendar, but may include no further details of the individual calendar items. Moreover, a third detail level (e.g. full details level 315) may include everything in the user's calendar item, including, for example, location, text, body text, attendee list, attachments, and so forth. The aforementioned are exemplary and the third control data dimension may comprise other user selectable detail levels.

[0041] Once computing device 100 filters the master calendar data based on the control data in stage 220, exemplary method 200 may continue to stage 230 where computing device 100 may transmit the filtered calendar data. For example, computing device 100 may transmit the filtered calendar data to the recipient who may be using one of other computing devices 118. The filtered calendar data may be transmitted in a plurality of formats including a first format and in a second format. The first format may comprise iCalendar and the second format may comprise HTML as described above. By transmitting in at least two formats, the user can increase the probability that the recipient will be able to use the transmitted calendar data. Furthermore, one of the transmitted formats may be a more robust format usable by a smaller number of recipients and the other format may be a less robust format readable by a larger number of recipients.

[0042] Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may include supporting calendar by an endpoint (e.g. a recipient computer, other computing devices 118, etc.) capability of such support. In other words, embodiments of the present invention may enable, for example, the recipient to process the calendar data without support from a server. For example, the transmitted filtered calendar data may be configured to be directly usable by a client application. Because the filtered calendar data may be transmitted as an e-mail attachment (e.g. using SMTP) most internet users may participate in the process. For example, embodiments of the present invention may use true peer-to-peer (e.g. over e-mail) calendar sharing, meaning that anyone with a capable client application can use the received calendar data. For example, an iCalendar/HTML calendar “snapshot” via e-mail may be used to share calendar data consistent with embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, calendaring applications consistent with embodiments of the present invention may not need a server to host shared or distributed calendar data. After computing device 100 transmits the filtered calendar data in stage 230, exemplary method 200 may then end at stage 240.

[0043] FIG. 5 is a flow chart setting forth the general stages involved in an exemplary method 500 consistent with the invention for providing schedulable calendars using system 100 and other computing device(s) 118 of FIG. 1. Exemplary ways to implement the stages of exemplary method 500 will be described in greater detail below. Exemplary method 500 may begin at starting block 505 and proceed to stage 510 where other computing device 118 may receive calendar data. For example, computing device 100 may transmit the calendar data to other computing device 118. The calendar data may comprise the filtered calendar data as described above with respect to FIG. 2.

[0044] Prior to transmitting the filtered calendar data to other computing device 118, however, computing device 100 may mark the filtered calendar data in a way that identifies it as schedulable. This may be accomplished by receiving schedulability data from the user and adding an extension property, for example, to the iCalendar format to annotate the filtered calendar data based on the received schedulability data. The schedulability data may comprise an indication from the user that the user wishes the calendar data to be schedulable. Distribution application 120 may set this marking, for example, when the user's personal calendar is transmitted (or published by some other process.) In other words, some calendars may not be schedulable, for example, a personal calendar may be schedulable, while a baseball calendar may not be schedulable. Moreover, the filtered calendar data may be marked to indicate a user to whom the calendar data schedulable.

[0045] From stage 510, where other computing device 118 receives the calendar data, exemplary method 500 may advance to stage 520 where other computing device 118 may determine that the calendar data is marked as schedulable. For example, a calendaring application executed on other computing device 118 may read the received calendar data to determine if it includes a marking identifying it as schedulable. This may be accomplished by the calendaring application executed on other computing device 118 detecting an extension property added to the iCalendar format to annotate the filtered calendar data as schedulable. Furthermore, in response to determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable, the calendaring application may provide a user interface configured to display, based on the calendar data, a free time, a busy time, a tentative time, and an out-of-the-office time. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the calendaring application may display to a recipient the filtered calendar data in the format shown in screen 600. If the recipient clicks on button 605 corresponding to January 13, for example, user interface 700 may be displayed as shown in FIG. 7. As show in FIG. 7, based on the filtered calendar data, the user's calendar may be rendered as a “free/busy” bar 700 in a meeting request form, for example. The meeting request form, using bar 700, may indicate whether the user is free, busy, tentative, or out-of-office at a specific time.

[0046] Once other computing device 118 determines that the calendar data is marked as schedulable in stage 520, exemplary method 500 may continue to stage 530 where other computing device 118 may send a meeting request in response to determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable. For example, the recipient can send (e.g. via e-mail) a meeting request from other computing device 118 to the user at computing device 100. The sent meeting request may include a meeting time and duration provided by the user interface. After other computing device 118 sends the meeting request in response to determining that the calendar data is marked as schedulable in stage 530, exemplary method 500 may then end at stage 540.

[0047] Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may be practiced in an electrical circuit comprising discrete electronic elements, packaged or integrated electronic chips containing logic gates, a circuit utilizing a microprocessor, or on a single chip containing electronic elements or microprocessors. Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced using other technologies capable of performing logical operations such as, for example, AND, OR, and NOT, including but not limited to mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies. In addition, embodiments of the invention may be practiced within a general purpose computer or in any other circuits or systems.

[0048] The present invention may be embodied as systems, methods, and/or computer program products. Accordingly, the present invention may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.). Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in the medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system. A computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[0049] The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory.

[0050] Embodiments of the present invention are described above with reference to block diagrams and/or operational illustrations of methods, systems, and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the operational illustrations. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved.

[0051] While certain features and embodiments of the invention have been described, other embodiments of the invention may exist. Furthermore, although embodiments of the present invention have been described as being associated with data stored in memory and other storage mediums, aspects can also be stored on or read from other types of computer-readable media, such as secondary storage devices, like hard disks, floppy disks, or a CD-ROM, a carrier wave from the Internet, or other forms of RAM or ROM. Further, the steps of the disclosed methods may be modified in any manner, including by reordering steps and/or inserting or deleting steps, without departing from the principles of the invention.

[0052] It is intended, therefore, that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.