Shoulder or hip prosthesis and process for fitting same

[0001] The present invention relates to a complete or partial shoulder or hip prosthesis making it possible to reproduce, with an improved degree of precision, the characteristics of the natural joints. The invention also relates to a process for assembling such a prosthesis.

[0002] In the domain of shoulder prostheses, it is known, for example from EP-A-0 299 889, to create a convex articular surface on a glenoid component, while a concave articular surface, of corresponding shape, is formed on a humeral component. The glenoid component of such a surface is very invasive and a subacromial conflict of the humeral component may occur at the end of the movement of abduction.

[0003] Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,840 discloses providing, on an intermediate element of a prosthesis, two substantially concentric convex surfaces with a view to their articulation on concave surfaces of corresponding shape, respectively provided on two bones which are to articulate on each other. Such a prosthesis is unstable insofar as no means is provided for avoiding that the two bones cooperating with the intermediate element, move apart from each other. In the event of failure of the articular ligaments, a dislocation cannot be excluded.

[0004] It is a more particular object of the invention to overcome these drawbacks by proposing a shoulder- or hip-joint prosthesis which reproduces the anatomical joint while facilitating the abduction of the arm or of the leg, in the absence of the rotator cuffs for the shoulder or of the stabilising structures of the hip.

[0005] In this spirit, the invention relates to a shoulder or hip prosthesis comprising a humeral or femoral component presenting a concave surface of articulation and an intermediate component presenting first and second convex surfaces of articulation intended to cooperate respectively with the concave surface of articulation of the humeral or femoral component and with a concave glenoid or acetabular surface of articulation which is natural or belongs to a glenoid or acetabular component. This prosthesis is characterized in that the concave surface of articulation of the humeral or femoral component is formed by a plate connected by a neck to a part of this component adapted to be anchored in the humeral or femoral medullary cavity, in that the intermediate component is provided with a member for retaining the humeral or femoral component in a position where the plate is in abutment against the first convex surface of the intermediate component, in that this retaining member defines a non-circular passage in which the aforementioned neck is adapted to be displaced, as a function of the movements of the humeral or femoral component with respect to the other components of the prosthesis, and in that this retaining member defines with the first convex surface of articulation of the intermediate component a volume for receiving a part of the plate which projects radially with respect to the neck.

[0006] Thanks to the invention, the retaining member contributes to the stability of the prosthesis, while the non-circular nature of the passage in which the neck is displaced makes it possible to envisage movements of abduction of great amplitude.

[0007] According to a first form of embodiment of the invention, the retaining member is substantially in the form of a U, with the result that the passage that it defines opens out on one side of this member.

[0008] According to other forms of embodiment of the invention, the retaining member may be in the form of a ring added on the intermediate component, with a central opening which constitutes the non-circular passage. This opening may be of substantially elliptical or substantially rectangular shape. The plate is in that case advantageously of non-circular cross section, particularly of substantially elliptical or rectangular shape.

[0009] The volume for reception defined between the retaining member and the first convex surface of articulation of the intermediate component may have a non-constant thickness about a median axis of the convex surface of the intermediate component which receives the plate in abutment. Similarly, it is possible that the thickness of that part of the plate which projects radially with respect to the neck is not constant about a central axis of this neck.

[0010] The retaining member may be removably mounted on a principal part of the intermediate component, particularly by means of an elastic blocking member, such as a circlip. In a variant, the retaining member may be in one piece with the intermediate component. According to another variant, it may be formed of a plurality of parts.

[0011] The humeral or femoral component may be in two parts, the part adapted to be anchored in the humeral or femoral medullary cavity defining a housing for receiving a stud fast with the neck and the plate. This stud may be centred on an axis offset with respect to a longitudinal axis of the neck. In that case, the housing may be provided to receive the stud in at least two positions in which the central axis of the stud is aligned with a central axis of the housing, the angular position of the longitudinal axis of the neck with respect to the central axis of the housing being, in that case, different in these positions.

[0012] The invention also relates to a process for mounting a prosthesis as described hereinabove and, more specifically, to a process which comprises steps consisting in:

• • [0013] introducing a stem belonging to the humeral or femoral component in a non-circular passage defined by a retaining member belonging to the intermediate component;
  • [0014] displacing an assembly, constituted by the stem, the aforementioned member and a plate which forms the concave surface of articulation of the humeral or femoral component, until this plate is in abutment against the first convex surface of articulation of the intermediate component, and
  • [0015] immobilizing the aforementioned member with respect to a principal part of the intermediate component by retaining a part of the plate in this first convex surface.

[0016] In particular in the case of the retaining member being in one piece with the intermediate component, the process of assembly of the prosthesis comprises a step consisting in introducing the plate of the humeral or femoral component by force in the non-circular passage defined by the retaining member, with the result that its neck is engaged in this passage and a part of the plate is retained in a volume for reception defined between the retaining member and the first convex surface of the intermediate component.

[0017] The invention also relates to a method for fitting a shoulder or hip prosthesis, which comprises a process as mentioned hereinabove.

[0018] The invention will be more readily understood and other advantages thereof will appear more clearly in the light of the following description of four forms of embodiment of a prosthesis in accordance with its principle, given solely by way of example and made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0019] FIG. 1 is a sagittal section through a shoulder prosthesis according to the invention in place on a patient, while the patient's arm is in intermediate position.

[0020] FIG. 2 is a section similar to FIG. 1, but on a smaller scale, while the patient's arm is in raised position with respect to that of FIG. 1.

[0021] FIG. 3 is a section similar to FIG. 2, while the patient's arm is in lowered position.

[0022] FIG. 4 is a section along line IV-IV in FIG. 1, the blocking washer, the circlip, the glenoid component and the glenoid cavity having been omitted in order to render the drawing clearer.

[0023] FIG. 5 is an exploded view in perspective of a part of the humeral component of the prosthesis of FIGS. 1 to 4.

[0024] FIG. 6 is a partial sagittal section through a hip prosthesis in accordance with a second form of embodiment of the invention, while the patient's leg is in intermediate position.

[0025] FIG. 7 is a section along line VII-VII in FIG. 6, the fixed component and the hip bone having been omitted in order to render the drawing clearer.

[0026] FIG. 8 is a section along line VIII-VIII in FIG. 7.

[0027] FIG. 9 is a section similar to FIG. 7 for a shoulder prosthesis in accordance with a third form of embodiment of the invention.

[0028] FIG. 10 is an exploded view in perspective of a part of the humeral component of the prosthesis of FIG. 9.

[0029] FIG. 11 is an exploded view in perspective of the humeral component of a shoulder prosthesis in accordance with a fourth form of embodiment of the invention, and

[0030] FIG. 12 is a detailed view in the direction of arrow XII in FIG. 11.

[0031] Referring now to the drawings, the prosthesis P shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 comprises a humeral component 1 which includes a part 11 in the form of a stem intended to be anchored in the medullary cavity M of the humerus H of the joint to be fitted with the prosthesis P. A sub-assembly 12 is immobilized on part 11 by cooperation of shapes. This sub-assembly comprises a neck 13 in the form of a stem and a plate 14 which projects radially with respect to the neck about a central axis A-A′ of the neck. The neck presents a substantially rectangular section, as may be seen in FIG. 4. The sub-assembly 12 also comprises a flange 15 on which the neck may be immobilized and which is provided with a dove-tail 16 allowing it to be blocked on the part 11. Any other blocking means may be used here.

[0032] The neck 13 and the plate 14 are in one piece. They might equally well be formed by two distinct parts assembled together.

[0033] The plate 14 defines a concave surface S₁ whose concavity is turned towards the glenoid cavity G of the shoulder.

[0034] The prosthesis also comprises a glenoid component 2 anchored in the glenoid cavity G and defining a concave surface S₂ whose concavity is turned towards the outside of the glenoid cavity.

[0035] Between the components 1 and 2 there is interposed an intermediate component 3 comprising a hollow cup 31 inside which are immobilized a button or insert 32 and a substantially U-shaped member 33 as is visible in FIG. 4. 34 denotes the opening provided between the two branches of the member 33.

[0036] The elements 32 and 33 are maintained in position in the cup 31 by means of a washer 35 which comes into abutment against two annular surfaces 32a and 33a respectively provided on the insert 32 and on the member 33. This washer 35 is maintained in position with respect to the cup 31 by means of a circlip 36 engaged in an inner groove 31a of the cup 31.

[0037] S′₁ denotes the convex surface of the insert 32 accessible from outside the cup 31. The surfaces S₁ and S′₁ are both portions of sphere and present substantially the same radius R₁, with the result that the plate 14 may slide over the surface S′₁ of the insert 32.

[0038] The convex outer surface S′₂ of the cup 31 is also in the form of a portion of sphere, with a radius R₂ similar to the radius of the surface S₂, this allowing a relative sliding movement of the surfaces S₂ and S′₂.

[0039] In this way, the articulation of the humerus H with respect to the glenoid cavity G takes place by sliding of the surfaces S₁ and S′₁ on each other and of surfaces S₂ and S′₂ on each other.

[0040] The centre of rotation C₁ of the surfaces S₁ and S′₁ is located in the component 2, while the centre of rotation C₂ of the surfaces S₂ and S′₂ is located outside the prosthesis opposite the glenoid cavity.

[0041] In order to avoid detachment of the plate 14, the member 33 is provided to form a means for retaining the plate 14 in contact with the surface S′₁.

[0042] To that end, the branches 33b and 33c and the bottom 33d of the member 33 define with the surface S′₁ a space E in which may be engaged the part 14a of the plate 14 which projects, with respect to the neck 13, radially about axis A-A′. The width 1 of the opening 34 is less than the diameter D of the plate 14 which is circular. In this way, as soon as the neck 13 is in place in the opening 34, part 14a is engaged in the space E and the components 1 and 2 can no longer be moved away from each other as long as the member 33 is immobilized on the cup 31.

[0043] In FIG. 4, the washer 35 and the circlip 36 are not shown, this corresponding to an intermediate step of assembly of the prosthesis P in accordance with a first process.

[0044] In FIG. 4, the opening 34 opens out upwardly. However, the orientation of the member 33 may be chosen so that the opening 34 opens out in any direction in this Figure, as a function of the orientation of the movement of which it is desired to favour the amplitude.

[0045] For mounting the prosthesis, the member 33 is engaged on the neck 13 before the plate 14 is applied on the surface S′₁. This operation is easy, taking into account the U shape of the member 33, its branches 33b and 33c being, in that case, disposed on either side of the stem 13. The assembly formed by elements 13, 14 and 33 may then be displaced towards the insert 32 without being limited by the size of the opening 34 since the member 33 is in that case to the rear of the part 14a with respect to its direction of displacement. When the plate 14 is in contact with the insert 32, it then suffices to immobilize the member 33 on the cup 31 by means of the washer 35 and the circlip 36.

[0046] B-B′ denotes the median axis of the surface S′₁ which merges with axis A-A′ in the representation of FIG. 4. The fact that the opening 34 is not symmetrical about axis B-B′ allows the plate 14, and consequently all the component 1, to be easily placed in position and efficiently retained with respect to the component 3.

[0047] In the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, elements similar to those of the first embodiment bear identical references increased by 100. The intermediate component 103 of this embodiment comprises a cup 131 and an insert 132 which defines a surface S′₁ of articulation of a plate 114 belonging to a femoral component 101. The plate 114 is in one piece with a neck 113 with which it constitutes a sub-assembly 112 intended to be mounted on a part 111 anchored in the medullary cavity of the femur F. The fixed component 102 is anchored in the iliac bone I.

[0048] An annular ring 133 is mounted in the cup 131 as member for retaining the plate 114. The central opening 134 of the ring 133 is substantially rectangular, with its major axis X₁₃₄-X′₁₃₄ substantially parallel to the sagittal plane.

[0049] The plate 114 is also substantially rectangular, with its major axis X₁₁₄-X′₁₁₄ oriented perpendicularly to the sagittal plane in the configuration of FIG. 7.

[0050] S₁ denotes the surface of articulation formed by the plate 114.

[0051] As previously, a space E is defined between the ring 133 and the insert 132 for receiving a part 114a of the insert 114 which projects radially with respect to the stem 113.

[0052] As is more particularly visible in FIGS. 6 and 8, the thickness e₁ of the space E in its upper part in FIG. 6 is greater than the corresponding thickness e₂ in the lower part. Similarly, the thickness e₃ of the space E to the left in FIG. 8 is greater than the corresponding thickness e₄ to the right in this Figure. In other words, the space E presents a non-constant thickness about the central median axis B-B′ of the surface S′₁.

[0053] In addition, the part 114a of the plate 114 which projects radially with respect to the neck 113 likewise presents a non-constant thickness about axis A-A′ of the neck 113, the thickness e′₁ of that portion of this part 114a intended to be introduced in the part of the space E of thickness e₁ being greater than that, e′₂, of the portion of the part 114a intended to be introduced in the part of the space E of thickness e₂. Similarly, that portion of the part 114a intended to be introduced in the part of the space E of thickness e₃ presents a thickness e′₃ greater than the thickness e′₄ of that portion of the part 114a intended to be introduced in the part of the space E of thickness e₄.

[0054] With this distribution of the respective thicknesses of the space E and of the part 114a of the plate 114, control of the angular position of the neck 113 and consequently of the whole of the component 1 about the central axis A-A′ of the neck 113, is obtained.

[0055] Such control avoids the plate 114 tending to return into a configuration where it might be torn through the opening 134 of the ring 133.

[0056] Mounting of the prosthesis P of this embodiment takes place by disconnecting the neck 113 from the flange 115 of the sub-assembly 112. This makes it possible to introduce the neck 113 in the opening 134 then to connect the neck 113 and the flange 115 again by any appropriate means. It is then possible to apply the plate 114 against the insert 132 by bringing the ring 133 into contact with the insert 132 and the cup 131. This ring may in that case be immobilized with respect to the elements 131 and 132 by placing a bearing washer 135 and a circlip 136 in position.

[0057] When the ring 133 is brought into contact with the insert 132, the plate 114 is oriented such that its largest dimension is substantially perpendicular to the largest dimensions of the opening 134, care being taken that the zones of thickness e′₁, e′₂, e′₃ and e′₄ be respectively caused to merge with the parts of the member 133 intended to define the zones of the space E of thicknesses e₁, e₂, e₃ and e₄. In this way, once the ring 133 is applied on the component 103, the plate 114 is necessarily oriented in the configuration of FIGS. 6 to 8 and does not risk accidentally returning towards a configuration where it might be extracted through the opening 134, particularly in the case of its dimensions being smaller than those of the opening.

[0058] As in the first embodiment, the plate 114 is retained in abutment on the surface S′₁ during the whole movement of abduction, including in central position corresponding to that of FIG. 1.

[0059] In the third embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, elements similar to those of the first embodiment bear identical references increased by 200. This embodiment concerns a shoulder prosthesis whose intermediate component 203 comprises a cup 231 and a ring 233 whose central opening 234 is of substantially elliptical shape, with its longitudinal axis X₂₃₄-X′₂₃₄ substantially parallel to the sagittal plane.

[0060] The sub-assembly 212 of the humeral component 201, which forms a surface of articulation S₁ adapted to cooperate with the surface of articular S′₁ defined by the insert 232 of the component 203, is more particularly visible in FIG. 9. Its plate 214 is of substantially elliptical shape, its neck 313 being circular; The neck 213 is adapted to be immobilized on a flange 215 from which it may be separated, as will appear from the following explanations.

[0061] 214a denotes that part of the plate 214 which projects radially with respect to the neck 213. As previously, the part 214a of the plate 214 presents a non-constant thickness about axis A-A′ of the neck 213, while the space E defined between the elements 233 and 232 to receive this part likewise presents a non-constant thickness. For example, that part of the space E shown to the left in FIG. 10 may have a relatively small thickness, like the corresponding section of the part 214a, while the space E presents a greater thickness to the right in FIG. 10, like the corresponding section of the part 214a. This difference in thickness contributes to maintaining the plate 214 in position with respect to the component 203 in rotation about axis B-B′.

[0062] Assembly of the prosthesis in accordance with this embodiment takes place similarly to the assembly of the second embodiment. The neck 213 is disconnected from the flange 215 and this neck is introduced in the opening 234 of the washer 233. The plate 214 is then applied against the surface S′₁ of the intermediate component by respecting an orientation compatible with the different thicknesses of the part 214a and of the space E, this making it possible to bring the washer 233 into contact with the cup 231 and to immobilize it by any appropriate means, particularly a washer of the type of washer 135 of the second embodiment.

[0063] The neck 213 and the flange 215 may be connected before or after the plate 214 is applied against the surface S′₁. This also applies to the second embodiment.

[0064] According to a variant of the invention (not shown), the flange 215 and the part 211 intended to be anchored in the medullary cavity are in one piece. According to another variant, the neck 213 is introduced directly in a housing formed by the part 211.

[0065] In the fourth embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 11, elements similar to those of the first embodiment bear identical references. The medullary stem 11 defines a truncated housing 11a centred on an axis X₁₁ and bordered by a substantially annular bearing surface 11b. The plate 14 and the neck 13 are in one piece with the flange 15 and with a stud 17 intended to be introduced in the housing 11a and immobilized therein by cooperation of shapes. The assembly formed by elements 13, 14, 15 and 17 is visible in plan view in FIG. 12. The outer surface of the stud 17 is truncated with the same angle of conicity as the surface defining the housing 11a.

[0066] X₁₇ denotes the central axis of the stud 17. Axes X₁₁ and X₁₇ merge when the stud 17 is received in the housing 11a. X₁₃ denotes the central axis of the neck 13. Axis X₁₃ is offset radially with respect to axis X₁₇ by a non-zero distance d, this making it possible to adjust the position of the plate 14 with respect to the intermediate component (not shown) of this embodiment.

[0067] The flange 15 is intended to come into abutment on the surface 11b and is provided with two notches 15a and 15b intended to be disposed at the level of a projection 11c formed above the annular surface 11b, with the result that the assembly formed by elements 13, 14, 15 and 17 may be mounted on part 11 in two positions, depending on whether the projection 11c is received in the notch 15a or in the notch 15b. Two possible positions are thus obtained for the plate 14 with respect to the part 11, by reason of the two angular positions obtained for axis X₁₃ with respect to axes X₁₁ and X₁₇.

[0068] According to a variant of the invention (not shown), axes X₁₇ and X₁₃ may be aligned.

[0069] The foregoing description has mentioned the positioning of the plate with respect to the intermediate component; this is a relative positioning and the assembling may be effected by maintaining the humeral or femoral plate immobile and by displacing the intermediate component.

[0070] The invention has been represented with retaining members 33, 133 or 233 added on the intermediate component 3, 103 or 203. However, it is applicable with a retaining member in one piece with the intermediate component. In that case, the plate is introduced by force through the passage of the retaining member while the prosthesis is being mounted, this making it possible to engage the corresponding neck in this passage. Such a force-fit may also be envisaged with the prostheses of the embodiments shown.

[0071] According to another variant of the invention (not shown), the retaining member may be in two or even more parts.

[0072] Independently of the embodiment considered, the intermediate component may be made entirely of synthetic material, particularly of polyethylene, or entirely of ceramics. However, this is not obligatory, as may be seen from the Figures.

[0073] It will be understood that the processes of mounting mentioned hereinabove may form part of a method for fitting a prosthesis in accordance with the invention, the stem 11, 111 or equivalent of the humeral or femoral component being firstly anchored in the corresponding medullary cavity, assembling with the intermediate component being effected thereafter.

[0074] The invention has been shown when implemented with complete shoulder and hip prostheses. However, it is applicable with a shoulder prosthesis without glenoid component, the concave surface of the glenoid cavity being used instead of the surface S₂ shown in the Figures. The same applies in the case of a hip prosthesis where the natural acetabular cavity may be used.

[0075] The characteristics of the different embodiments shown may be combined together within the framework of the present invention. In particular, the prosthesis of the second embodiment may be adapted to the shoulder, while the prostheses of the first and third embodiments may be adapted to the hip.