Universal computing device

[0001] This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,417 filed Oct. 31, 2002, entitled Universal Computing Device, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0002] Aspects of the present invention are directed generally to a computer input device for generating smooth electronic ink. More particularly, aspects of the present invention are directed to an input device that may be used on divergent platforms, while providing a common user interface.

[0003] Computing systems have dramatically changed the way in which we live. The first wave of computers was prohibitively expensive, and was only cost effective for use in business settings. As computers became more affordable, the use of personal computers both in the workplace and at home have become so widespread that computers have become as common as desks in the office and kitchen tables in the home. Microprocessors have been incorporated in all aspects of our daily lives, from use in television and other entertainment systems to devices for regulating the operation of our automobile.

[0004] The evolution of computing devices, from data crunching devices that occupied entire floors of large office facilities, to laptop computers or other portable computing devices, has dramatically impacted the manner in which documents are generated and information is stored. Portable computing capabilities have enabled individuals to type letters, draft memorandum, take notes, create images, and perform numerous tasks in places other than the office using these computing devices. Professionals and nonprofessionals alike are empowered to perform tasks while on the move using devices that fulfill their computing needs in any location.

[0005] Typical computer systems, especially computer systems using graphical user interface (GUI) systems, such as Microsoft Windows, are optimized for accepting user input from one or more discrete input devices such as a keyboard (for entering text), and a pointing device (such as a mouse) with one or more buttons for activating user selections.

[0006] One of the original goals of the computing world was to have a computer on every desk. To a large extent, this goal has been realized by the personal computer becoming ubiquitous in the office workspace. With the advent of laptop computers and high-capacity personal data assistants, the office workspace has been expanded to include a variety of non-traditional venues in which work is accomplished. To an increasing degree, computer users must become masters of the divergent user interfaces for each of their computing devices. From a mouse and keyboard interface for the standard personal computer to the simplified resistive stylus interface of personal data assistants and even to the minimalistic keys of a cellular telephone, a user is confronted with a variety of different user interfaces that one needs to master before he can use the underlying technology.

[0007] Despite the advances in technology, most users tend to use documents printed on paper as their primary editing tool. Some advantages of printed paper include its readability and portability. Others include the ability to share annotated paper documents and the ease at which one can archive printed paper. One user interface that is bridging the gap between advanced computing systems and the functionality of printed paper is a stylus-based user interface. One approach for the stylus-based user interface is to use resistive technology (common in today's PDAs). Another approach is to use active sensors in a laptop computer. One of the next goals of the computing world is to bring the user interface for operating the computer back to the user.

[0008] A drawback associated with the use of a stylus is that such devices are tied to the computing device containing the sensor board. In other words, the stylus may only be used to generate inputs when used in conjunction with the required sensor board. Moreover, detection of a stylus is affected by the proximity of the stylus to the sensing board.

[0009] Prior portable computing devices may lack a specific form of identification for multiple user configurations. As such, if two such portable computing devices operated simultaneously, a host computer becomes confused and senses the annotations to be from the same computing device. If one user annotates a document with the computing device and then a second user annotates the same document with a second computing device, the host PC that receives the data frames from the computing device interprets the data as originating from the same computing device. Without an ability to identify the computing device from which an annotation occurs, a host PC cannot track changes specifically to a particular computing device.

[0010] Prior portable computing devices may lack the ability to track writing that a user may perform on top of existing ink. Prior computing devices may track writing of a user on clean, ink free surfaces; however, the image capturing capabilities of these devices cannot track writing that occurs on existing ink. Further, prior portable computing devices may lack the ability to handle perspective that naturally exists when a writing implement, such as a pen, is held. An image sensor of an associated computing device operates efficiently when a user holds the computing device at an angle that is perpendicular to the writing surface. However, most individuals do not hold a pen at a 90 degree angle to a surface. As such, perspective becomes a problem for the sensor to adequately compensate for the angle of the computing device.

[0011] There is a need in the art for a portable computing device that may function as an input device for any one of a variety of computing devices and which may operate in a variety of situations. There is a further need in the art for a portable computing device that can be identified by a specific identification in order to allow for multiple users to operate on a document and/or within an application program simultaneously. Also there is a need in the art for a portable computing device that may decrease the effect of perspective in capturing images on a surface and may be configured to track writing by a user on existing ink.

[0012] Aspects of the present invention address one or more of the issues identified above, thereby providing a common user interface to users across divergent computing platforms. Aspects of the present invention relate to an input device for generating electronic ink, and/or generating other inputs, independent of the device for which the data is intended. The input device may be formed in the shape of a pen, and may or may not include an ink cartridge to facilitate movement of the input device in a familiar manner. An aspect of the present invention is a portable computing device that can be identified by a specific identification in order to allow for multiple users to operate on a document and/or within an application program simultaneously.

[0013] An aspect of the invention uses infrared lighting and maze patterns printed on, embedded within, or imprinted on a surface. The surface may be a piece of paper with the maze pattern printed on by carbon ink. The camera of the present invention can capture maze pattern cells that may lie under any non-carbon content. Algorithms associated with m-array decoding and document image analysis decode the location of captured images that contain both document content and maze patterns.

[0014] Another aspect of the invention provides for an off-set optical system with infrared (IR) illumination that includes a set of lenses and an optical sensor that functions as a relatively low resolution camera. The camera is in a different plane and at an off-set angle from the input device used for annotation. The off-set improves performance and handling perspective so that the input device may be used more naturally at normal writing angles. The IR illumination helps detect the positional encoding which may often be covered by existing document content or ink under visible light illumination.

[0015] The foregoing summary of aspects of the invention, as well as the following detailed description of various embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are included by way of example, and not by way of limitation with regard to the claimed invention.

[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a general-purpose digital computing environment in which certain aspects of the present invention may be implemented;

[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates an input device in accordance with a at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0018] FIG. 3 shows three illustrative embodiments of a camera system for use in accordance with aspects of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of an optical design of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of an optical design of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0021] FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of an illumination design of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0022] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate force sensing components of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0023] FIG. 8 illustrates a lens design of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0024] FIG. 9 illustrates an illustrative technique (maze pattern) for encoding the location of a document;

[0025] FIG. 10 provides an illustration of a trace pattern from which electronic ink may be generated;

[0026] FIGS. 11A and 11B show illustrative hardware architectures of a system in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0027] FIG. 12 illustrates a further combination of components incorporated in an input device for generating electronic ink in accordance with another illustrative embodiment;

[0028] FIG. 13 is an illustrative flowchart for data through a dual core architecture of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0029] FIG. 14 shows an illustrative data frame structure transmitted from an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention;

[0030] FIG. 15 shows an illustration of handling of data transmission from multiple input devices in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention; and

[0031] FIG. 16 illustrates uses of an input device in accordance with several illustrative embodiments of the present invention.

[0032] Aspects of the present invention relate to an input device that may be used in a variety of different platforms from controlling a desktop or laptop computer, writing on a whiteboard, writing on a surface, such as paper, controlling a PDA or cellular phone, or creating ink that may be ported among various platforms terms

[0033] Penany writing implement that may or may not include the ability to store ink. In some examples a stylus with no ink capability may be used as a pen in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

[0034] Cameraan image capture system.

[0035] Active Codingincorporation of codes within the object or surface over which the input device is positioned for the purpose of determining positioning and/or movement of the input device using appropriate processing algorithms.

[0036] Passive Codingdetecting movement/positioning of the input device using image data, other than codes incorporated for that purpose, obtained from the object or surfaces over which the input device is moved using appropriate processing algorithms.

[0037] Input Devicea device for entering information which may be configured for generating and processing information.

[0038] Active Input Devicean input device that actively measures signals and generates data indicative of positioning and/or movement of the input device using sensors incorporated within the input device.

[0039] Passive Input Devicean input device for which movement is detected using sensors incorporated other than within the input device.

[0040] Computing Devicea desktop computer, a laptop computer, Tablet PC, a personal data assistant, a telephone, or any device which is configured to process information including an input device.

[0041] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a suitable computing system environment 100 on which the invention may be implemented. The computing system environment 100 is only one example of a suitable computing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither should the computing system environment 100 be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary computing system environment 100.

[0042] The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

[0043] The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.

[0044] With reference to FIG. 1, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer 110. Components of computer 110 may include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 120, a system memory 130, and a system bus 121 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 120. The system bus 121 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.

[0045] Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term modulated data signal means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.

[0046] The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as ROM 131 and RAM 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1 illustrates operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137.

[0047] The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only, FIG. 1 illustrates a hard disk drive 141 that reads from or writes to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 151 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 152, and an optical disc drive 155 that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile optical disc 156 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 141 is typically connected to the system bus 121 through a non-removable memory interface such as interface 140, and magnetic disk drive 151 and optical disc drive 155 are typically connected to the system bus 121 by a removable memory interface, such as interface 150.

[0048] The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 1, provide storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the computer 110. In FIG. 1, for example, hard disk drive 141 is illustrated as storing operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147. Note that these components can either be the same as or different from operating system 134, application programs 135, other program modules 136, and program data 137. Operating system 144, application programs 145, other program modules 146, and program data 147 are given different numbers here to illustrate that, at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands and information into the computer 110 through input devices such as a digital camera (not shown), a keyboard 162, and pointing device 161, commonly referred to as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160 that is coupled to the system bus 121, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 195.

[0049] In one embodiment, a pen digitizer 163 and accompanying pen or stylus 164 are provided in order to digitally capture freehand input. Although a direct connection between the pen digitizer 163 and the user input interface 160 is shown, in practice, the pen digitizer 163 may be coupled to the processing unit 120 directly, via a parallel port or other interface and the system bus 121 as known in the art. Furthermore, although the digitizer 163 is shown apart from the monitor 191, the usable input area of the digitizer 163 may be co-extensive with the display area of the monitor 191. Further still, the digitizer 163 may be integrated in the monitor 191, or may exist as a separate device overlaying or otherwise appended to the monitor 191.

[0050] The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in FIG. 1. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1A include a local area network (LAN) 171 and a wide area network (WAN) 173, but may also include other networks. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

[0051] When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation, FIG. 1A illustrates remote application programs 185 as residing on memory device 181. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

[0052] It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers can be used. The existence of any of various well-known protocols such as TCP/IP, Ethernet, FTP, HTTP and the like is presumed, and the system can be operated in a client-server configuration to permit a user to retrieve web pages from a web-based server. Any of various conventional web browsers can be used to display and manipulate data on web pages.

[0053] FIG. 2 provides an illustrative embodiment of an input device for use in accordance with various aspects of the invention. The following describes a number of different elements and/or sensors. Various sensor combinations may be used to practice aspects of the present invention. Further, additional sensors may be included as well, including a magnetic sensor, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a microphone, or any sensor for that might detect the position of the input device relative to a surface or object. In FIG. 2, pen 201 includes ink cartridge 202, pressure sensor 203, camera 204, inductive element 205, processor 206, memory 207, transceiver 208, power supply 209, docking station 210, cap 211, and display 212. The various components may be electrically coupled as necessary using, for example, a bus, not shown. Pen 201 may serve as an input device for a range of devices including a desktop computer, a laptop computer, Tablet PC, a personal data assistant, a telephone, or any device which may process and/or display information.

[0054] The input device 201 may include an ink cartridge 202 for performing standard pen and paper writing or drawing. Moreover, the user can generate electronic ink with the input device while operating the device in the manner typical of a pen. Thus, the ink cartridge 202 may provide a comfortable, familiar medium for generating handwritten strokes on paper while movement of the pen is recorded and used to generate electronic ink. Ink cartridge 202 may be moved into a writing position from a withdrawn position using any of a number of known techniques. Alternatively, ink cartridge 202 may be replaced with a cartridge that does not contain ink, such as a plastic cartridge with a rounded tip, but that will allow the user to move the pen about a surface without damaging the pen or the surface. Additionally, an inductive element or elements may be included to aid in detecting relative movement of the input device by, for example, providing signals indicative of the input device in a manner similar to those generated by a stylus. Pressure sensor 203 may be included for designating an input, such as might be indicated when the pen 201 is depressed while positioned over an object, thereby facilitating the selection of an object or indication as might be achieved by selecting the input of a mouse button, for example. Alternatively, the pressure sensor 203 may detect the depressive force with which the user makes strokes with the pen for use in varying the width of the electronic ink generated. Further, sensor 203 may trigger operation of the camera. In alternative modes, camera 204 may operate independent of the setting of pressure sensor 203.

[0055] Moreover, in addition to the pressure sensor which may act as a switch, additional switches may also be included to affect various settings for controlling operation of the input device. For example, one or more switches, may be provided on the outside of the input device and used to power on the input device, to activate the camera or light source, to control the sensitivity of the sensor or the brightness of the light source, set the input device in a sketch mode in which conversion to text is not performed, to set the device to store the input data internally, to process and store the input data, to transmit the data to the processing unit such as a computing device with which the input device is capable of communicating, or to control any setting that might be desired.

[0056] Camera 204 may be included to capture images of the surface over which the pen is moved. Inductive element 205 also may be included to enhance performance of the pen when used as a stylus in an inductive system. Processor 206 may be comprised of any known processor for performing functions associated with various aspects of the invention, as will described in more detail to follow. Similarly, memory 207 may include a RAM, a ROM, or any memory device for storing data and/or software for controlling the device or processing data. The input device may further include a transceiver 208. The transceiver permits information exchange with other devices. For example, Bluetooth or other wireless technologies may be used to facilitate communications. The other devices may include a computing device which may further include input devices.

[0057] Power supply 209 may be included, and may provide power if the pen 201 is to be used independent of and remotely from the host device, the device in which the data is to be processed, stored and/or displayed. The power supply 209 may be incorporated into the input device 201 in any number of locations, and may be positioned for immediate replacement, should the power supply be replaceable, or to facilitate its recharging should the power supply be rechargeable. Alternatively, the pen may be coupled to alternate power supplies, such as an adapter for electrically coupling the pen 201 to a car battery, a recharger connected to a wall outlet, to the power supply of a computer, or to any other power supply.

[0058] Docking station link 210 may be used to transfer information between the input device and a second device, such as an external host computer. The docking station link 210 may also include structure for recharging the power supply 209 when attached to a docking station, not shown, or connected to a power supply. A USB or other connection may removably connect the input device to a host computer through the docking station link, or through an alternative port. Alternatively, a hardwire connection may also be used to connect the pen to a device for transferring and receiving data. In a hardwired configuration, the docking station link would be omitted in favor of wiring connecting the input device directly to a host. The docking station link may be omitted or replaced with another system for communicating with another device (Bluetooth 802.11b, for example).

[0059] The input device 201 may further include a removable cap 211 which may be equipped with a metal tip for facilitating resistive sensing, so that input device 201 may be used with a device that includes a sensing board, for example. The shell of input device 201 may be comprised of plastic, metal, a resin, a combination thereof, or any material that may provide protection to the components or the overall structure of the input device. The chassis may include a metal compartment for electrically shielding some or all of the sensitive electronic components of the device. The input device may be of an elongated shape, which may correspond to the shape of a pen. The device may, however, be formed in any number of shapes consistent with its use as an input device and/or ink generating device.

[0060] FIGS. 3A-3C show three illustrative embodiments of a camera for use in accordance with aspects of the present invention. As described, the input device 201 may be used to generate electronic ink by detecting movement of the pen using, for example, a camera. Camera 304 may be included to capture images of the surface over which the pen is moved, and through image analysis, detect the amount of movement of the pen over the surface being scanned. The movements may be correlated with the document and electronically transpose, add, or associate (e.g. store input annotations apart from the original document) electronic ink to the document.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 3A, in one embodiment, camera 304 includes an image sensor 320 comprised of, for example, an array of image sensing elements. For example, the camera may be comprised of a CMOS image sensor with the capability of scanning a 1.79 mm by 1.79 mm square area at a resolution of 32 pixels by 32 pixels. The minimum exposure frame rate for one such image sensor may be approximately 330 Hz, while the illustrative image sensor may operate at a processing rate of 110 Hz. The image sensor selected may comprise a color image sensor, a grayscale image sensor, or may operate to detect intensities exceeding a single threshold. However, selection of the camera or its component parts may vary based on the desired operating parameters associated with the camera, based on such considerations as performance, costs or other considerations, as may be dictated by such factors as the resolution required to accurately calculate the location of the input device.

[0062] A light source, 321, may illuminate the surface over which the input device is moved. The light source may, for example, be comprised of a single light emitting diode (LED), an LED array, or other light emitting devices. The light source may produce light of a single color, including white, or may produce multiple colors. A half mirror 322 may be included within the camera to direct light as desired. The camera 304 may further include one or more optical devices 323 for focusing light from the light source 321 onto the surface scanned 324 and/or to focus the light reflected from that surface to the image sensor 320.

[0063] As illustrated in FIG. 3A, light emitted from light source 321 is reflected by half-mirror 322, a mirror that reflects or transmits light depending on direction of the impinging light. The reflected light is then directed through lens system 323 and transmitted to the reflective surface below. The light is then reflected off of that surface, through lens system 323, strikes half-mirror 322 at a transmission angle passing through the mirror, and impinges on sensing array 320. Of course, cameras including a wide range of components may be used to capture the image data, including cameras incorporating a lesser, or a greater, number of components. Variations in the arrangement of components may also be numerous. To provide just one example, in simplified arrangement, the light source and the sensing array may be positioned together such that they both face the surface from which the image is to be captured. In that case, because no reflections within the camera are required, the half-mirror may be removed from the system. As shown in FIG. 3B, in a simplified configuration the light source 321 is positioned a distance from the lens 323 and sensor 320. In further simplified arrangement, as shown in FIG. 3C, the light source may be removed and ambient light reflecting off the object surface is focused by lens 323 onto the sensor 320.

[0064] Thus, variations in the components incorporated into the camera, or their placement, may be employed in a manner consistent with aspects of the present invention. For example, the placement and/or orientation of the camera and/or ink cartridge may be varied from that shown in FIG. 2 to allow for the use of a wide range of camera and/or ink configurations and orientations. For example, camera 304, or any of its component parts, may be located in openings adjacent that provided for the ink cartridge, rather than within the same opening as illustrated. As an additional example, camera 304 may be positioned in the center of the input device with the ink cartridge positioned to the side of the camera. Similarly, the light source 321 may be incorporated within the structure housing the remaining components of the camera, or one or more components may be positioned separate from the others. Furthermore, a light projecting feature may also be enabled, using a light source and/or optical system, with additional structure and/or software, or modifications to the illustrated components as necessary.

[0065] In normal optical design, the optical axis passes through the center of an imaging sensor center and FOV (Field of View) of a lens, the optical axis is almost parallel with the input device shell. The optical performance is best when the input device is perpendicular to the paper plane, because the imaging sensor plane is parallel with surface plane. However, users often use a pen with a tilt or pitch angles, not at 90. Hence, the perspective effect will limit the usage of an input device that only operates if being held at an approximate ninety degree angle. The issue of writing on existing ink arises when a user wants to write something on the area where ink has already been written. Specific processing is needed to handle the issue, because the maze pattern would be covered by what the user originally wrote. A field of view off-set optical system for an input device handles the perspective effect, and IR (infrared) illumination handles the issue of writing on existing ink. The IR illumination may be used to capture a maze pattern covered by any non-carbon content.

[0066] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the imaging system of the input device 400. Input device 400 may comprise a 3232 pixel CMOS imaging sensor 410. The system target may be a 5 mm5 mm field of a maze pattern plane. When a user is writing or scribbling, tilt and pitch angles exist between the input device 400 and the surface plane with the pen-tip as a support point. Many users do not generally hold a pen at a ninety degree angle. Therefore, the imaging system of the present invention is designed to meet requirements of sufficient image quality in a certain tilt/pitch angle range, such as from 50 to 90. Table 1 identifies the lens requirements of one embodiment of the present invention.

TABLE 1
Lens Requirement of Imaging System
Size of Captured Image by	Size of area on the surface plane captured
Camera (32 pixels by 32	by the camera (5 mm 5 mm), referred
pixels)	to as field of view in this application
Conjugate Distance	Less than 30 mm
Distortion of the Imaging	Less than 3.5%
Plane
Resolution	Better than 12 lp/mm (line pairs
	per millimeter)
Magnification	0.385 (detector-dimension/FOV-dimension)
Depth of Focusing (DOF)	65 15 (tilt angle with pen-tip as a
	support point)
Illumination	Approximate Homogeneously in Imaging
	Plane

[0067] As shown in FIG. 4, the input device 400 may be used in a variable slope angle with a surface plane. Hence in system design, a tilt angle of 65 is shown as the design angle. In this posture of the input device 400, the optical system performs more efficiently. As shown in FIG. 4, the actual field of view 440 of the image sensor 410 is part of the whole field of view 450 of the lens configuration 420, and there is an angle between the actual axis of the imaging system and the main optical axis of the lens 430. The axis of the imaging system is approximately parallel to the axis of the pen, i.e. the axis of the imaging system should be at the angle of about 6570 to the plane of the surface.

[0068] At the design angle, the optical axis 430 of the lens configuration 420 is perpendicular to the imaging plane, while the field of view of the image sensor 410 is offset to the optical axis 430, as depicted by FIG. 5. The distance of the field of view center to the optical axis is approximately 7.44 mm, yielding a tilt angle of approximately 69.5 to the imaging plane. The field of view offset design can decrease the effect of perspective, because the imaging plane is approximately parallel to the paper plane in normal design angle conditions, i.e., the perspective is very small (less than 3.5%) when the input device 400 is handled at an approximate angle of 65. It should be understood by one skilled in the art that the example design angle of approximately 65 described above is but one example and that other angles may be used in accordance with the present invention.

[0069] Lens configuration 420 may be a three-element system, consisting of a doublet lens and a single lens. A suitable aperture number is chosen to give consideration to both the depth of focusing and the brightness of the image. The overall optical system may be optimized using ZEMAX design software of San Diego, Calif. to yield good resolution as well as acceptable distortion.

[0070] The effect of illumination on image quality is often underestimated in optical system design. A proper lighting scenario can increase the image contrast and resolution, improving the overall performance of the system. A light source may be comprised of a single light emitting diode (LED), an LED array, or other light emitting devices. The light source may produce light of white, single color or multiple colors. The illumination component may further include one or two optical devices for focusing light from the light source onto the surface scanned and making the brightness as homogeneous as possible.

[0071] FIG. 6 illustrates an IR LED illumination optical system in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. Through a film the light emitted by two LEDs 610 directly projects to the plane surface 620. The illuminated areas of two LEDs are overlapped 630, which is larger than the FOV 640 of the camera. In one embodiment, an 850 nm IR LED 610 may be chosen as the lighting source. A feature of the illumination on the surface 620 is that the pattern can be covered by non-carbon ink, i.e., the IR light of the IR LED 610 can pass through the ink layer, so the ink written on the surface 620 does not affect the image captured by the CMOS sensor. Moreover, the single light spectrum can improve the image quality. A diffuse reflection film may be put at the front of the IR LED 610 to increase the homogeneity of lighting. The FOV is illuminated by two LEDs 610 from two directions to obtain enough brightness and as homogeneous brightness as possible over the surface 620.

[0072] The imaging system, including lens, imaging sensor and lighting source, may be located adjacent to an ink cartridge, as depicted in FIG. 4. The ink cartridge with force sensitive components and imaging system components can be integrated into a mechanical component. The pressure from pen-tip touched on the plane can be used to switch on/off image sampling and provide the thickness reference for digital ink recovery. Hence, to a pressure sensitive component, one issue is to design an effective and robust force passing system, which can sensitively detect pen-tip pressure and resile automatically when the pen-tip moves down and up. As shown in FIG. 7A, a force sensor system 710 provides precise reliable force sensing performance. The system 710 concentrates force through a stainless steel ball 720 directly to the silicon-sensing element 730. As illustrated in FIG. 7B, an effective pressure passing system, based on a sliding block with a spring, is shown. Springs 740 are used to buffer the pressure and resile the ink cartridge 760 position. Inching-modulation screws 750 are used to set the force threshold. The length of screw 750 out of the sliding block 770 can be used to determine the compressed range of the springs 740. The designed force range is 0 kg to 4.5 kg. A linear operation amplifier and a 12 bit serial A/D converter can be used to sample the force. The sensitive pressure detection and 12 bit precision enable the input device to record stroke with ink thickness. Tables 2-8 provide additional information regarding one embodiment of the lenses of the present invention. FIG. 8 provides additional information to accompany the Tables 6 and 7 shown below.

TABLE 2
General Lens Data
Surfaces	10
Stop	5
System Aperture	Image Space F/ 6.5
Glass Catalogs	schott newchi1
Ray Aiming	Paraxial Reference, Cache On
X Pupil shift	0
Y Pupil shift	0
Z Pupil shift	0
Apodization	Uniform, factor 0.00000E000
Effective Focal Length	5.317697 (in air at system
	temperature and pressure)
Effective Focal Length	5.317697 (in image space)
Back Focal Length	5.187262
Total Track	27.07951
Image Space F/	6.5
Paraxial Working F/ Working F/	20.19998
Image Space NA	19.55002
Object Space NA	0.02474492
Stop Radius	0.06892086
	0.3888333
Paraxial Image Height	10.5
Paraxial Magnification	2.791037
Entrance Pupil Diameter	0.8181072
Entrance Pupil Position	5.000273
Exit Pupil Diameter	1.083351
Exit Pupil Position	21.74014
Field Type Maximum	Paraxial Image height in Millimeters
Field	10.5
Primary Wave	0.545
Angular Magnification	0.7551635
Fields	5
Lens Units	Millimeters

[0073]

TABLE 3
Field Type: Paraxial Image Height (Units: in Millimeters)
		X-Value	Y-Value	Weight
	1	0.000000	0.000000	0.020000
	2	0.000000	5.000000	1.500000
	3	0.000000	7.500000	1.000000
	4	0.000000	10.000000	1.000000
	5	0.000000	10.500000	1.000000

[0074]

TABLE 4
Vignetting Factors
	VDX	VDY	VCX	VCY	VAN
1	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
2	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
3	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
4	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000
5	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000

[0075]

TABLE 5
Wavelengths: 3 Units: Microns
	Value	Weight
1	0.450000	1.000000
2	0.545000	1.000000
3	0.618000	1.000000

[0076]

TABLE 6
Surface Data Summary
Surf	Type	Comment	Radius	Thickness	Glass	Diameter	Conic
OBJ	STANDARD		Infinity	0.920734		7.524086	0
1	STANDARD		Infinity	0.53	CBAK6	6.477137	0
2	STANDARD		Infinity	4.23389		6.125204	0
3	STANDARD		5.931	0.7	CLAF2	2.4	0
4	STANDARD		4.36	0		2.4	0
STO	STANDARD		Infinity	0.32		0.7776666	0
6	STANDARD		1.7	0.55	CZF2	1.049225	0
7	STANDARD		11.56	0.08		2.4	0
8	STANDARD		9.45	0.78	CLAK3	1.69666	0
9	STANDARD		1.95	19.88562		2.4	0
IMA	STANDARD		Infinity			21.06387	0

[0077]

TABLE 7
Edge Thickness Data
	Surf	Edge
	OBJ	0.920734
	1	0.530000
	2	4.356554
	3	0.408946
	4	0.168389
	STO	0.237029
	6	0.695424
	7	0.020607
	8	0.405197
	9	20.298575
	IMA	0.000000

[0078]

TABLE 8
Technical Specification of Lens
	Focus Length, f	5.52 mm
	Conjugate Length	28 mm
	F	19.5
	Light Wave Length	456, 546, 640 nm

[0079] To aid in the detection and/or positioning of the input device, the surface of an object over which the input device is positioned may include image data that indicates the relative position of areas of the surface. In one exemplary embodiment, the surface being scanned may comprise the display of a host computer or other external computing device, which may correspond to the monitor of a desktop computer, a laptop computer, Tablet PC, a personal data assistant, a telephone, digital camera, or any device which may display information. Accordingly, a blank document or other image generated on the screen of a Tablet PC may include data corresponding to a code that represents the relative position of that portion of the document within the entire document, or relative to any other portion of the image. The information may be comprised of images, which may include alphanumeric characters, a coding pattern, or any discernable pattern of image data that may be used to indicate relative position. The image or images selected for use in designating the location of areas within the surface of the object may depend on the sensitivities of the scanning device incorporated into the camera, such as the pixel resolution of the sensor, and/or the pixel resolution of the image data contained within the surface being scanned. The location information extracted from the object may then be used to track movement of the input device over the object. Using that information, electronic ink or other information corresponding to movement of the input device may be accurately generated. Location information may be used to both detect the position within the image at which the input is to be affected, as well as to provide an indication of movement of the input device over the object surface. The resulting information may be used interactively with word processing software to generate changes in a document, for example.

[0080] In an alternate embodiment, the object used in combination with the input device may be composed of paper with positional information included in the background, for example. The positional information may be incorporated in any form of code, optical representation, or other form that may be sensed by a sensor associated with the input device and used to represent the relative location of the specific site on the paper.

[0081] FIG. 9 illustrates an illustrative technique for encoding the location of the document. In this example, the background of the image may include thin lines that, when viewed in large groups form a maze-like pattern. Each grouping of lines within the maze design, comprised of a few thin lines with unique orientations and relative positions, for example, may indicate the position of that portion of the maze pattern relative to other portions of the document. Decoding of the maze pattern found in a captured image may be performed in accordance with numerous decoding schemes. In one embodiment, a particular arrangement and grouping of lines may be decoded to generate positional information. In another embodiment, an indication of the position of the captured data may be derived by extracting a code from the image corresponding to the sampled pattern, and using that code to address a look-up table containing data identifying the location of that area. Reference to the coding technique employing a maze pattern is provided for illustrative purposes, and alternative active coding techniques, including, but not limited to the visual coding techniques in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,412 filed Oct. 31, 2002, entitled, Active Embedded Interaction Code, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference, may also be used consistent with aspects of the invention.

[0082] Even in the absence of location codes, images captured by the image sensor may be analyzed to determine the location of the input device at the time of image capture. Successive images may be used to calculate the relative positions of the input device at different times. Correlation of this information may yield an accurate trace of the input device over the substrate. Using this trace information electronic ink accurately representing handwritten strokes may be generated, for example.

[0083] FIG. 10 provides an illustration of a trace pattern from which electronic ink may be generated. In this example, a first captured image may contain a portion of a maze pattern indicative of a first position p₁ of the input device at a first time, t₁. The next captured image may contain a portion of the coded image data, a different portion of the maze pattern in this example, providing location information of a second position p₂ at a second time, t₂. A third captured image may contain a third portion of the maze pattern, thereby indicating positioning of the input device at a third position p₃ at time t₃. Using this data, the three points may indicate a trace of the input device from time t₁ through t₃. Applying algorithms for estimating the inking pattern traced by the input device, electronic ink may be generated. The complexity of the algorithm applied may dictate the accuracy of the ink generated. For example, a basic inking algorithm may simply connect the dots with straight lines of unvarying thickness. Algorithms factoring previous sampling points, the time between samplings or other data indicative of the velocity or acceleration at which the input was moved, data indicative of the depressive force used, or any other relevant data, may be processed to provide ink that more accurately represents the actual movement of the input device (for example, from other sensors).

[0084] Optical scanning performed by camera 304 may generate data necessary to determine the position of the input device at various times and that information may be used to generate electronic ink. In one illustrative embodiment, comparisons of the image captured at time ti with that of the image captured at time t₂ may provide data indicating the distance of movement of the pen from one point to another during the period t₁ to t₂. Those two points of data, and/or the relative distance moved, may then be used to generate a trace of the movement of the input device for generating electronic ink representative of handwritten strokes. Comparisons of two or multiple images, or portions of captured images, for calculating the relative movement, might be accomplished by a difference analysis. In that case, features appearing in more than one image may be compared and the relative movement of the feature or features from one location to another within those images may provide an accurate indication of pen movement, for example. Should an irregular sampling period be used, the processing algorithm may be modified to compensate for variations in the sampling period to more accurately indicate the correlation between movement of the input device with the actual time required for each movement. Information indicative of the velocity of motion may assist in generating ink of the appropriate thickness.

[0085] In accordance with such an embodiment, the surface over which the input device is moved may include the display of a computing device, a mouse pad, a desktop, or any non-uniform reflective surface from which objects or image data may be extracted indicating movement of the input device over that surface. The tracking algorithm with which the captured image data may be processed may be fixed or may vary dependent on the characteristics of the images captured. Using a simple tracking algorithm, the processor may detect grains in the wood of a desktop, for example, and based on a comparison of a sequence of images captured by the camera, the relative location of particular patterns of grain within successive images may be used to determine the location of the input at various times and/or the relative movement of the input device over that surface. A more complex tracking algorithm may be required where features within the images are less easily discerned and the image more uniform. Alternative passive coding techniques, including, but not limited to, the coding techniques found in U.S. Serial No. patent application Ser. No. 10/284,451 filed Oct. 31, 2002, entitled, Passive Embedded Interaction Code, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, may also be employed consist with aspects of the invention.

[0086] FIG. 11A shows a hardware architecture of a system in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. Many of the same or related components illustrated in previous embodiments will be represented using like reference numerals. Processor 1106 may be comprised of any known processor for performing functions associated with various aspects of the invention. For example, the processor may include an FPSLIC AT94S40, and may be comprised of an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) with an AVR core. That particular device may include a 20 MHz clock and operate at a speed of 20 MIPS. Of course, selection of a processor for use in input device 1101 may be dictated by the cost and/or processing speed requirements of the system. The processor 1106 may perform image analysis, should such analysis be conducted within the input device. Alternatively, processing may be performed by a second processor, such as a digital signal processor (DSP) incorporated into the device 1101. The processor 1106 may further operate to perform steps critical to reducing power consumption to conserve power stored in power supply 1109, such as powering down various components when the input device is inactive, which may be based on data indicating movement and/or positioning of the device. The processor 1106 may further operate to calibrate and regulate the performance of various components, including adjustments to the intensity of light source or to the sensitivity of the sensing array of camera, for example. Also, the processor, or a coupled digital signal processor, may choose from among a plurality of stored image processing algorithms, and may be controlled to select the image analysis algorithm most suitable for detecting movement, in accordance for example, characteristics associated with the surface over which the device is moved. Thus, the image processing algorithm may be selected automatically based on performance considerations programmed into the input device. Alternatively, the input device may be controlled, and settings established, based on inputs selected by a user, for example, via actuations of the force sensor or inputs on the input device, or based on handwritten strokes corresponding to commands.

[0087] In one embodiment, memory 1107 may include one or more RAMs, ROMs, FLASH memories, or any memory device or devices for storing data, storing software for controlling the device, or for storing software for processing data. As noted, data representing location information may be processed within the input device 1101 and stored in memory 1107 for transfer to a host computer 1120. Alternatively, the captured image data may be buffered in memory 1107 within the input device 1101 for transfer to a host device 1120 for processing or otherwise.

[0088] Transceiver, or communication unit, may include a transmission unit and receiving unit. As noted, information representing movement of the input device, either processed into a form suitable for generating and/or displaying electronic ink or otherwise, may be transmitted to a host computer 1120, such as the previously described desktop computer, laptop computer, Tablet PCT, personal digital assistant, telephone, or other such device for which user inputs and electronic ink might be useful. The transceiver may communicate with an external device using any wireless communication technique, including Bluetooth technology, for performing short-range wireless communications, infrared communications, or even cellular or other long range wireless technologies. Alternatively, the transceiver may control the transmission of data over a direct link to a host computer, such as over a USB connection, or indirectly through a connection with docking cradle 1130. The input device may also be hardwired to a particular host computer using a dedicated connection. The transceiver may also be used to receive information and/or software, which in one embodiment, may be used for improving performance of the input device. For example, program information for updating the control functions of the processor may be uploaded via any of the previously described techniques. Moreover, software may also be transmitted to the input device, including software for analyzing the image data and/or for calibrating the input device may be downloaded from an external device.

[0089] Processor 1106 may operate in accordance with an interaction model. An interaction model may be implemented in the form of software for maintaining a consistent experience in which electronic ink is generated regardless of the external device for which the unit performs the functions of an input device. The interaction model may process captured data for conversion into a form universally suitable for use on any number of host devices including a desktop computer, a laptop computer, Tablet PC, a personal data assistant, a telephone, a whiteboard, or any device that might store, display or record data input via the input device. The processor 1106 may recognize the device to which it is connected, or for which the data representing handwritten inputs are intended, and based on such recognition, select processing that converts input data into a form suitable for the specific device recognized. In that case, a conversion to a form useful for each potential recipient computing device would be contained within the input device and made available as necessary. Recognition of the intended recipient device may be attained as a result of communication between the devices, should they be connected wirelessly or directly. Alternatively, the user may enter the identity of the device or devices for which the data is intended directly into the input device. Of course, if the input device includes a display, data may be processed using a default processing algorithm suitable for use with the display and/or a multitude of other devices.

[0090] FIG. 11B shows another hardware architecture of a system in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. The hardware architecture may be a suite of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and firmware running on the PCBs. The components of the suite of PCBs include a dual core architecture component 1150, another input sensor unit 1160, an image capturing unit 1170, a communication component 1180, an audio unit 1155, a user interface unit 1190, memory 1186, logical control 1187, and a hardware acceleration component 1188. It should be understood by one skilled in the art that the following boards and their description are not all necessary for the present invention and one or more components may be included for operation of the present invention.

[0091] The dual core architecture component 1150 includes a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) or GPP (General Purpose Processor) 1151 used for running an embedded OS (Operating System), such as Windows CE. DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 1152 is in charge of running algorithms, such as image processing, maze pattern analysis and m-array decoding. The two cores may be two different chips or built into one chip. MCU/RISC/GPP component 1151 may have several sensors and A/D (analog to digital conversion) chips operating simultaneously. The sensors and A/D chips need to be configured and controlled at the same time. MCU/RISC/GPP component 1151 can handle system control, computation, and communication because MCU/RISC/GPP component 1151 is suitable for real-time parallel computing. One example of MCU/RISC/GPP component 1151 may include three chips: XCV50CS144, an FPGA chip from Xilinx of San Jose, Calif. with 50K logic gates and 96 user IOs; XC18V01, a configuration PROM from Xilinx of San Jose, Calif.; and CY62256V, a 32KX8 SRAM (static RAM) from CYPRESS of San Jose, Calif., as buffer for computation.

[0092] DSP (Digital Signal Processor) component 1152 may consist of two chips. The TMS320VC5510 is a high-performance, low power-consumption, fixed-point DSP chip from Texas Instruments (TI) of Dallas, Tex. Such a chip is very suitable for mobile computing devices. This chip is used for computation to recover strokes as written by the user. The second ship of the DSP component 1152 may be the SST39LF160, a 16M bit multi-purpose flash memory from SST of Sunnyvale, Calif. This non-volatile, reliable, compact storage chip is used to store DSP firmware and computation result.

[0093] Two input units include the other input sensor unit 1160 and the image capturing unit 1170. These units generate force and image signals that are outputted to the dual architecture component 1150 respectively. Other input sensor unit 1160 may include a FSL05N2C, a force sensor chip 1161 from Honeywell of Morristown, N.J., a MAX4194, instrumentation amplifier 1163 from MAXIM of Sunnyvale, Calif., and a MAX1240, a 12-bit serial A/D converter 1162 from MAXIM of Sunnyvale, Calif. Other input sensor unit 1160 is configured to sense subtle force changes, in 12-bit precision, at up to about 100 K samples per second. Precise force data is needed to indicate whether the input device is being used for writing or how hard the user is pushing the input device while writing. Image capturing unit 1170 may include a MF64285FP, a 3232-pixel image sensor chip 1171 from Mitsubishi of Tokyo, Japan, a TLV571, an 8-bit A/D converter 1172 from TI of Dallas, Tex., and a logical control component 1173. Image capturing unit 1170 can capture images at up to 336 fps (frame per second). A minimum 32*32-pixel resolution image sensor is chosen, because a lower resolution cannot capture enough features for processing. Image sensor 1171 is a high speed, small sized, low power-consumption image sensor. Image capturing unit 1170 may include additional sensors for capturing image data from multiple areas. For example, an input device employing two image sensors 1171 may be used for operation with a whiteboard. One image sensor 1171 can be configured to capture data representative of the writing of a user. A second image sensor 1171 may be configured to scan an indicator, such as a bar code, of a whiteboard pen. In such an example, the bar code of the whiteboard pen may include information pertaining to the color and/or thickness of the whiteboard pen. The second image sensor 1171 can capture this data to identify that a user is using a blue whiteboard pen and has a thickness of 1.5 cm.

[0094] Communications component 1180 may include a WML-C09 chip 1181 and an antenna. WML-C09 chip 1181 is a Class 2 Bluetooth module from MITSUMI of Tokyo, Japan. The Bluetooth chip enables an input device to communicate with a host PC at a speed of 720K bps (bits per second) or 100 frames per second within a range of 10 meters. Bluetooth is a low cost, low power cable replacement solution with industry wide support, which is suitable for use with the present invention. Each Bluetooth module is assigned a specific and/or unique Bluetooth address which can be used to identify the input device itself. Communication component 1180 may include a USB port 1182 and a UART component 1183.

[0095] Battery power management component 1185 is designed to generate all necessary voltages, for example, 5V, 3.3V, 2.5V, 1.6V, from a supplying Li-ion battery. A 5V supply may be used by image sensor 1171 and force sensor 1161. A 2.5V supply may be used by the MCU/RISC/GPP component 1151 for internal power. A 1.6V supply may be used by the DSP component 1152 for internal power. A 3.3V supply may be used by other components, such as for the communication component 1180. Power saving component 1186 conserves the operational life of the battery power and recharge component 1187 recharges the battery power of the input device. Over-discharge protection is also designed to prevent the battery from being damaged. Battery power management component may include the following chips: UCC3952PW-1 from TI of Dallas, Tex. and MAX9402SO8 from MAXIM of Sunnyvale, Calif., together to realize over-discharge protection; TPS60130PWP from TI of Dallas Tex., to generate a SV supply output; TPS62006DGSR from TI of Dallas, Tex., to generate a 2.5V supply output; TPS62000DGSR from TI of Dallas, Tex., to generate a 1.6V supply output; and TPS62007DGSR from TI of Dallas, Tex. and/or TPS79333 from TI of Dallas, Tex., to generate a 3.3V supply output.

[0096] Audio unit 1155 provides for audio interface components of the input device. Audio unit 1155 may include a built-in audio player system, such as an MP3 player. Microphone 1156 permits voice recording capabilities while using the input device. Speaker 1157 can output audio from a variety of sources, including a built-in and/or external MP3 player, a multi-media file, an audio file, and or/some other audio source. Buzzer 1158 may be an audible indicator for a user, such as an illegal operation indicator and/or low battery power indicator.

[0097] User interface unit 1190 provides various user interface elements for communication to and from a user. Power button 1191 permits a user to turn the input device on or off and can also be configured to enter into a sleep, standby, or low power mode for conservation of battery power. Functional button/switch 1192 can be used as a command input to the input device. Functional button/switch may be an actuatable button for choosing an element in an application program with which the input device operates. Indicators 1193 may be LEDs (light emitting diodes) and/or other optical outputs for visual communication with a user. Indicators 1193 may change colors, intensity, and/or pulse rate. For example, indicator 1193 may change colors when input device changes to a low power mode. LCD (liquid crystal display) 1194 may be a mini display that outputs visual information to user. For example, LCD 1194 may indicate that the battery is low on the user interface by showing LO BAT on the display. Pen projection 1195 permits the projection of an image onto a surface. Pen projection 1195 provides additional visual information to a user of the input device.

[0098] Memory 1186 allows for storage of any type of information, including force sensor 1161 and image sensor 1171 data and operational instructions for a particular application program with which the user interface may operate. Logical control 1187 may be used to control peripheral devices. Logical control 1187 may be an FPGA or a CPLD (complex programmable logic device). Hardware acceleration unit 1188 may be configured to accelerate algorithms in order to increase efficiency of computations of the input device.

[0099] As illustrated in FIG. 12, input device 1201 also may include one or more inertial sensors 1215 for sensing pen movement, position, or orientation, in addition to the previously described components represented with like reference numerals. For example, input device 1201 may include a gyroscope for providing data representing the angular velocity of the pen in a plurality of directions. The input device 1201 may include one or more accelerometers, or sets of accelerometers, measuring the acceleration or gravitational forces upon the pen. Data representing movement of the pen may also be obtained using a magnetic sensor which measures movements of the pen by detecting variations in measurements of the earth's magnetic field, described herein as an inertial sensor because it detects movement of the input device based on data other than image data. Data from either or any of the inertial sensors incorporated with or into the input device, which may include gyroscopes, accelerometers, magnetic sensor, inductive elements or any device or devices for measuring movement of the input device, may be used in combination with data from the camera to obtain data representing movement or positioning of the input device, and thereby produce data for generating electronic ink.

[0100] As noted, a surface of an object over which the input device is positioned and/or moved may include coded image data that indicates the location or relative position of each area within that surface. The object may comprise the display of a computing device, such as a laptop computer. In one embodiment, a document may be recalled from memory and displayed on the screen. Imbedded within that document, such as in the background, may lie coded information indicating the position of each area of the document. For example, the background of the document may include a maze pattern, a sufficiently large enough portion of that pattern uniquely identifying each region within the entire document. The input device may be used in combination with the coded location information to add annotations or edits to the document at specified locations even if the display of the laptop does not include sensors for detecting movement of an input device over a screen. Thus, the input device may function as an active input device such that sensors associated with the input device generate data indicative of position or location of that device.

[0101] In one example, the image sensor incorporated within the input device captures image data representing the surface of the display screen over which the input device is positioned and/or moved. The sensor captures images including location codes indicating the relative position of the input device. As the user moves about the displayed image, entering annotations and/or making edits to the electronic document displayed, the input device generates signals representing those inputs and data representing the location within the document at which those inputs are to be incorporated. Control of the laptop may be also affected using the input device, in place of a mouse, or to perform other standard inputs function including the movement of a cursor and the actuation of selections.

[0102] The input device may be used in conjunction with word processing software to edit the document by, for example, deleting text and inserting new text. To edit the document displayed on the screen of a computing device, a user positions the input device over the screen at the desired location. To delete text, the user may position the input device proximate the screen and move the device in a motion to strike through the image of the text displayed. By sensing the location codes, the image may be processed to determine both that the pen has been moved in a striking motion, and to identify the text corresponding to the location at which the user moved the input device. Accordingly, the inputs may be used to delete that data.

[0103] Next, the user may wish to insert new text. In a familiar manner, the user may draw a symbol for inserting text, such as a carrot or upside-down V, at the location at which the new text is to be inserted. Processing software for converting inputs into image data and/or commands, stored in the input device or host computer, recognizes the symbol as a control signal for inserting text. With the aid of the input device, the user may then write text to be inserted by hand.

[0104] In an alternative embodiment, the user may add notes with highlighting indicating the original text to which the annotations pertain. For example, the user may select the text to be highlighted using a pull-down menu, or a highlighting button, displayed on the screen. Next, the input device is dragged over text to be selected for highlighting. Then comments to be associated with the highlighted/selected text may be written on the screen of the display at a location adjacent the highlighted text. When the operation is complete, the user may select the prompts necessary for completing entry of annotations. All of these modifications to the document may be created using the input device regardless of whether the display includes sensors for detecting movement of the input device.

[0105] Modifications to the document may be displayed and/or incorporated within the document in the form of image data, electronic ink or data converted into text. Conversion of the inputs into text may occur in a manner invisible to the user, such that text appears in the display of the document on screen as it is entered. Alternatively, the handwriting of the user may appear within the body of the document. To achieve instantaneous display of edits, information representing the movement of the pen and the location of such edits may be transmitted to the laptop device on an ongoing basis.

[0106] In operation, the input device captures 3232 pixel resolution images of the surface over which input device is moved and 12-bit precision force data indicating if the input device is used writing or how hard the user is pushing the input device while writing. The image and force data are packaged together into a frame. Then the continuous frame stream is transmitted wirelessly using Bluetooth at up to 100 frames per second. The input device starts an auto-initialization procedure when powered up and then turns into working mode or standby mode. The input device switches modes in run-time according to the magnification of the pressure value, that is, switches to working mode if the pressure value is larger than a given threshold, else standby mode.

[0107] While operating in a working mode, the input device consumes about 120 mA current. Frame data is generated in the other input sensor unit, such as 1160 and image capturing unit, such as 1170, and outputted to the dual core architecture, such as 1150. The dual core architecture receives the image and force data, frames them (image compression, CRC coding, time stamping, framing), and transmits data to the communication unit, such as 1180, for communication with a host PC. Communication unit also provides a high speed UART, such as 1183, connecting to a RS-232 at the host PC directly for debugging purpose. The operations in the dual core architecture 1150 include data framing, image compression, time stamping, CRC coding, and transmission links control (via UART or Bluetooth).

[0108] FIG. 13 is an illustrative flowchart for data through a dual core architecture of an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. While acquiring data, framing of image and force sensor data occurs at step 1301. Data framing may be configured to exploit the limited Bluetooth bandwidth by dividing frames from the continuous data flow only by two FF. The captured image and force data is packaged together in the dual core architecture into data frames. A data frame 1400 is composed of image data (raw data or compressed data), force data, time stamp, compression flag 1410, CRC coding, and frame flag, as shown in FIG. 14.

[0109] At step 1302, a constant compression ratio algorithm compresses image data from 8 bit per pixel to 5 or 6 bit. This compression maintains a stable transmission rate. The algorithm principle is prediction plus non-uniform quantization. The prediction formula is: dabc, where d is the predicted pixel value and a, b, and c are the left, upper, upper-left pixel, respectively. The residual between predicted and real value is quantized according to a predetermined scheme, stored as a look-up-table in the dual core architecture. Image compression, step 1302, may be done to exploit the limited Bluetooth bandwidth. At step 1303, a 28-bit time stamp is incremented for every frame since start up to specifically and/or uniquely identify every data frame. At step 1304, all data in the data frame, except the frame flag, are passed into a 28-bit CRC coder. The receiver in the host PC may check the CRC code and discard the error frames. The CRC code makes sure that all received frame data are correct.

[0110] During data flow control, at step 1305, a FIFO (first in/first out) provides 2048 byte buffer to balance the data generating rate and transmitting rate. This FIFO buffer can operate simultaneously. Frame data are put into a FIFO and taken out at the same time. When the Bluetooth link quality is low, the Bluetooth component cannot transmit frame data as fast as the data generating rate. As such, some data must be discarded to keep frame integration. At step 1306, a flow controller achieves adaptive transmit frame rate control to discard additional frame data. During transmission of data, the communication unit transmits frame data to a host PC. If a Bluetooth controller is utilized for wireless data transmission, at step 1307, wireless data transmission from input device to a Bluetooth transceiver module of a host PC occurs. Alternatively, at step 1308, a UART controller may be utilized to interface to RS-232 of a host PC. A high speed UART core is implemented in the dual core architecture to transmit data from the dual core architecture to the RS-232 at the host PC. This interface may be a test port for debugging.

[0111] While operating in a standby mode, the input device consumes about 40 mA current. The battery power management component, other input sensor unit, and image capturing unit may still be in operation. The dual core architecture shuts down most operations and only monitors the pressure value. Communication components operate in a wait mode.

[0112] As noted, the identity of the person entering the inputs may also be recorded. For example, the input device may generate information identifying the user and/or the particular input device. The identity information may be attached to the generated input data. Alternatively, such identification information may be provided as a separate signal transmitted to the host device.

[0113] FIG. 14 shows an illustrative data frame structure transmitted from an input device in accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention. Each input device is identified by a PEN ID and Bluetooth address of the Bluetooth component. Compression flag 1410 holds data (the PEN ID) that identifies the input device from which the image data in the data frame originated. The PEN ID is specific to the input device. Absent user log-in entry systems and user-specified logged-in names, previous input device technologies had no identification system that was specific to the input device. One input device was identified just like any other input device of a similar type. In accordance with at least one aspect of the present invention, the PEN ID field of the compression flag 1410 data allows for multiple input devices to operate simultaneously. Such an application would be useful in multi-author collaborations. It should be understood by one skilled in the art that the number of bytes for the image data field, 1024, 768, and 640 represent the number of bytes without compression, compressed to 6 bit per pixel, and compressed to 5 bit per pixel, respectively.

[0114] In a multi-user application, several users may annotate the same document simultaneously or not. A host PC will receive a sequence of frame data, as each input device will output frame data. By extracting each input device's frame data using the PEN ID and/or Bluetooth address, several input devices can work together simultaneously or not, as shown in FIG. 15. Bluetooth technology allows for up to seven (7) different input devices to be identified simultaneously by wireless data transmission. As shown in FIG. 15, input devices 1510, 1520, and 1530 each transmit captured image data wirelessly to a host PC via a Bluetooth communication component. The host PC receives the frame sequence of data frames 1540-1 to 1540-n. The host PC can separate the individual data frames for each input device 1510, 1520, and 1530 from the sequence of data frames by using the PEN ID field and/or the Bluetooth address of the corresponding input device 1510, 1520, and 1530. As such, in a multi-user application, different annotations can occur on the same document and the host PC can track which input device, 1510, 1520, or 1530, created which annotation.

[0115] While the above illustrative embodiment identifies the surface over which the input device is moved as the display of a laptop device, the input device may also function to detect positioning using codes incorporated within a surface of any object over which the device may be moved. Thus, an image incorporating location codes may be created and/or edited using the input device in combination with the monitor of a desktop computer, Tablet PCT, a personal data assistant, a telephone, or any device which may display information. Coded information may also be incorporated within a transparent sheet laid over the display screen of such devices, or incorporated within a surface that may be used in combination with a display, including protective films.

[0116] Coded information may also be incorporated on a writing surface or on writing material, such as paper, to uniquely identify the locations on that surface. For example, positional information may be incorporated in the background of the paper. As noted, the positional information may include any form of indicia or code representing the relative location of the specific site on the paper. Accordingly, the input device may be used in association with coded paper to record information corresponding to the handwriting of a user at the appropriate location. For example, armed with only the input device and a writing surface incorporating coded position information, while riding in a taxi, the input device may be used to draft a letter to a client. Writing on paper with the input device, gestures corresponding to text or other input information are recognized by detecting changes in the location of the input device at certain times. The inputs may then be converted into electronic ink or other electronic data for use in generating information corresponding to those gestures. Conversion of the inputs may be performed as those inputs are generated, either within the input device or if received by a host computing device coupled to the input device. Alternatively, such conversion may be performed at a later time. For example, the information generated using the input device may be stored in memory and transmitted to a recipient and/or host computer for suitable processing at a later time.

[0117] Data generated using the input device, whether those inputs are handwritten letters, symbols, words or other written images, may be incorporated into a document at locations identified by the location codes. Thus, even in the absence of a formatted template, the layout of a document, such as the previously described letter, may be achieved using the location information identifying the location within the document at which the information is to be entered. For example, the address of the drafter, address of the recipient, body and closing of the letter, and remaining components, may be entered on the paper at the appropriate location. Using the coded location information captured by the camera, the words or other images forming the contents of the corresponding electronic document are incorporated at the appropriate locations.

[0118] Using detected location information, the input device may also interact with the host computing device for entering commands and making selections and the like. Where the computing device is a portable camera or telephone with web browsing properties, the input device may be used in the manner of a stylus or a mouse to select from displayed buttons or menus. Therefore, the input device may be used to activate the browser of the host computer and to select options for retrieving a file, such as the previously described document, even one stored remotely. Using the input device, the user may select downloading of the file containing the information needed by the user. Next, the user may enter annotations to the downloaded file or files via the input device. Those edits may be transmitted to the remote location from which the file was downloaded, where the input device is equipped to perform communications with remote computing devices. Alternatively, the edits may be used to edit the file stored within the input device and/or a host computing device, assuming the input device is in communication with the host computing device.

[0119] In another embodiment, the file displayed on the monitor of a host computing device may be a spreadsheet, generated using spreadsheet software such as EXCEL from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. The location codes can be used to associate locations with given cells within the spreadsheet. The user may enter a numerical entry in the cell displayed on the screen. At that time, the input device captures images associated with the location of the input device and transmits that information to the host computing device. The processing software located in the host computing device, for example, and working in combination with the spreadsheet software, determines the identity of the cell selected for entry based on the detected location codes, and modifies the spreadsheet document contents accordingly.

[0120] The input device may also be used to recall images or other prestored information associated with particular gestures or combination of gestures. For example, the input device may be used to draw a symbol which the processing algorithm's device is programmed to recognize. The maze pattern may be used to accurately detect movement of the input device over the pattern so that a particular symbol associated with such movement may be detected. For example, the user may control the input device to draw a symbol on the paper previously identified by the user to be associated with the company logo. The maze pattern may identify a combination of movements corresponding to the letter M followed immediately by the letter S as an instruction to designate entry of a logo of the Microsoft Corporation. As a result, such prestored information, may be entered within a document by entry of a particular sequence of inputs.

[0121] The input device may also be used as a passive input device. In that mode, the input device may be used in combination with a computing device that senses movement of the input device using resistive sensing, for example. When used in combination with a device that includes a sensor board for detecting movement of an input device, such as a Tablet PC or personal data assistant, the input device may function in the manner of a stylus. Using the input device, electronic ink or other image data may be generated when the input device is positioned in very close proximity to the screen. Control functions may be entered in a similar manner. Additionally, the image displayed on the monitor of the particular computing device may also include data corresponding to a code that represents the relative position of that portion of the document. The location information extracted from the object using the camera may then be used to track movement of the input device, as a substitute to, or in combination with, movement detected using sensors of the computing device.

[0122] For example, a user may wish to create or modify an image on a portable computing device which already includes the ability to detect positioning of an input device, such as the Tablet PCT or personal data assistant. The input device may function solely as a passive input device, such that information representing movement of the input device is generated by the computing device. The sensors of the computing device, however, may not have the ability to detected movement of the pen at a range required by the user in a given situation. For example, accurate detection of user inputs may be hindered when the user is traveling in an unstable vehicle. As the user edits a file by moving the input device over the surface of the display of the computing device, the input device may be jostled and displaced a significant distance from the sensor board. Image data captured by the input device may be used to detect movement of the input device within a plane horizontal to the surface of the computing device, even though the signals generated by the sensors of the computing device have become less accurate. Even if the sensors of the computer device are no longer capable of detecting movement of the input device, the image sensor may produce sufficient information to maintain an accurate representation of the movement of the input device to reflect the intended inputs of the user. Thus, even when used in combination with a computing device including the capability of sensing movement of the input device, the input device may function as a passive input device or as an active input device.

[0123] The input device may also be used in association with any paper, writing surface or other substrate, to record information corresponding to the handwriting of a user. Again, armed with only the input device and a writing surface, the input device may be used to draft a letter to a client. In this case, gesturing is detected on the basis of passive coding, wherein movements of the input devices are detected using other than codes embedded within and/or printed on the image of a surface of the substrate. For example, the user may draft the letter on a plain sheet of paper. As the user writes with the input device, the image sensor captures images of the paper. Objects within the images may be identified and their movement within the series of captured images are indicative of movement. Sensed objects may include artifacts or other objects on the surface of the paper, which may correspond to a watermark or other defect of the paper. Alternatively, the paper may include ruled lines which may also be used to calculate movement of the pen over the surface. Even in the absence of paper, relative movement of the input device may be determined. The input device could be moved over the surface of a desk, the grain of the wood providing the objects necessary for detecting relative movement of the input device. In a manner similar to that previously described, a user can draft a letter on paper, or any surface over which movement can be detected optically. The movements of the input device may be stored in memory and/or converted into information representing those gestures.

[0124] In yet another embodiment, the portable device may be used as a substitute for a portable computing device. For example, having just crafted a solution to the circuit failures associated with her company's pacemaker, but with no laptop or other computing device available, an engineer may turn to her input device as a suitable replacement for recording her thoughts as she travels by train to meet the rest of the design team. Making the most of the time available (and with the ink cartridge removed or the cap in place), on the back of the chair in front of her, the user composes a sketch representing a modification to the suspect electrical circuit in question. She activates the input device, sets it in a mode conducive to generating a sketch (which may, for example, include deactivation of conversions), and begin sketching a simplified design representing a solution to the problem. The input device may then store the file representing the handwritten strokes. Switching out of a sketch mode, notations and references may be jotted down next to relevant portions of the sketch, and those entries incorporated within the image file. For example, the user may switch to a notation mode, in which gestures corresponding to letters are recognized. Thus, she may incorporate a description of her proposed solution along with the sketch. Rather than wait until reaching the medical research center, the operator may choose to transmit the schematic to the rest of the design team for full consideration prior to the scheduled meeting. Such transmission may be achieved any number of ways, including uploading the revised document from the input device to a portable wireless device such as a cellular telephone. The information may then be used to generate an image file such as a VISIO document.

[0125] Once transmitted to the remaining members of the team, the previously described file corresponding to a sketch of a schematic may be displayed on the monitor of a team member's host computing device. For example, the image and accompanying text may be presented on the display of a desktop computer. By placing the input device in proximity to the image of the file displayed on the monitor, additional annotations may be added to those displayed. In that case, movement of the input device may be detected by measuring the relative movement of objects within images captured by the optical sensor of the input device. Signals generated by the input device may be processed by software stored within the input device, or transmitted to the host computing device for processing. Processing of the detected movement may generate electronic ink, text, or other data representing the notations entered via the input device.

[0126] The input device may be used in conjunction with a computing device having sensors for detecting movement of the input device, even in the absence of location codes. For example, the input device may be used as a source for generating handwritten notes on a personal data assistant or other computing device designed for use with a stylus. Therefore, while running errands a user may be reminded of and wish to add an item to an existing to do list. The user retrieves the list stored in a host computing device, such as a personal data assistant. Positioning the tip of the input device over the display of the personal data assistant, the user is able to traverse through menus and make selections to retrieve the desired list. Presented with this list, the user may input checks on the screen of the host device in empty boxes located next to descriptions of tasks already completed. The input device captures images of the screen including data corresponding to the box and transmits that data to the host computing device. Using a processing algorithm for analyzing image data, the host computing device then detects the shape of the box as an object for which an entry may be made. To successfully enter check marks, the image data may be processed to detect movement of the pen over and within the area of the box, the gestures forming the recognized shape of a check. The host device then modifies the file associated with the list to include a representation of a check within the box. Positioning the input device over the space following the last item in the list, the user enters text describing an additional item. The sensors of the host device detect movement of the input device and generate data representing those inputs. The inputs are converted into text and displayed to the user, along with an empty box.

[0127] Similarly, a user of Microsoft Reader, for example, such as a student reading an assigned novel, may wish to jot down notes next to the relevant text. The image displayed on the monitor of the portable host device is annotated using the input device. For example, the user positions the input device over the monitor of the host computer, a Tablet PC for example, and enters handwritten notes next to the relevant text. The gestures are detected by the sensors of the host device and stored as electronic data which is converted into image data and displayed on the screen. The notes may remain in handwritten form or may be converted into alphanumeric characters. The notes may not be seen without actuation of additional functions, such as activating viewing of appended comments or positioning the input device over highlighting or some other indication that annotations are present. The notes may then be stored in a separate file, or stored with a copy of the electronic version of the novel stored within the host computer.

[0128] In yet another embodiment, information from additional sensors forming part of the input device may be used to supplement or completely replace other forms of movement detection. Such additional sensors may detect linear acceleration of the input device, angular acceleration, velocity, rotation, depressive force, tilt, changes in electromagnetic fields or any sensed indication of movement or positioning of the input device. Such information may aid in an effort to produce more accurate movement detection. Alternatively, the additional sensors may provide the only information available at a given time. For example, the input device may be used in conjunction with a generally uniform surface, such as blank paper. In such cases, the image captured by the optical sensor may provide insufficient information to consistently and accurately detect movement of the input device. If optical motion detection becomes more difficult, such as if objects for tracking movement of the input device become more difficult to detect, in accordance with one embodiment for optically detecting movement, additional information from the additional sensors may be used to provide more refined motion detection. Specifically, the algorithm or algorithms used to determine position and/or movement may incorporate calculations to factor in the additional information and to thereby supplement movement and/or location detection if the optical motion detection.

[0129] If optical detection fails to provide useful results, then the additional sensors may provide the only information with which to detect movement. For example, if the user attempts to sketch out a drawing on the uniform white counter of a laminated countertop, the optical sensing system may provide a sufficient data representative of movement. In that case, the additional sensors may provide sufficient information to generate an acceptably accurate representation of input information.

[0130] For example, if the input device moves a sufficient distance from the surface being scanned, the optical sensor unit may not capture an accurate representation of the image provided. In that case, additional information from the additional sensors may be used to complement data obtained by the image of the object over which the input device is moved. Thus, even if the input device moves an inch or greater from the display over which it is being moved (the z-axis), sensors within the input device may provide an indication of movement of the pen within the plane of the display, i.e., in the horizontal and vertical directions.

[0131] For example, an input device used in conjunction with a laptop computer is positioned on the tray table in front of the user. An image of a document, with a maze pattern incorporated into the background, is displayed on the screen of the laptop. Annotations entered by the user are shown in solid blue ink. The seat belt sign comes on as the airplane experiences turbulence. As the user reaches over the keyboard of the laptop computer and adds another word to the annotation, his hand quickly drifts away from the surface of the screen. Although the image sensor may not accurately detect the lines forming the maze pattern displayed, movement in the x and y axis is measured by the additional sensors incorporated within the input device.

[0132] FIG. 16 illustrates uses of an input device in accordance with several illustrative embodiments of the present invention, as a document is created, transmitted and edited using an input device in various environments. The following description is merely an illustration of uses of the input device and is not intended to limit the structure or functionality of the present invention.

[0133] The input device 1601 may be used to extend the life of a document by allowing the creation and/or editing of documents in a wide range of environments and for use in association with numerous devices. Using the input device 1601, a document 1602 may be electronically created on the screen of one computing device, such as Tablet PC 1603 illustrated. For example, the input device 1601 may be used to generate a handwritten draft of a document. Electronic ink corresponding to the information entered on the screen of the Tablet PC 1603 is generated as the input device 1601 functions as a stylus for the Tablet PC 1603. The electronic ink may be converted into text form and stored in the Tablet PC 1603.

[0134] The electronic file representing the document may be transmitted to a second computing device, such as desktop PC 1604. In that environment, the document may be edited on the screen of the desktop device using the input device 1601 operating as an independent input unit. Because the input device 1601 senses its own relative location within the displayed image of the document, edits entered on the screen of the desktop device may be reflected in the electronic document 1602, even if the display does not include elements for sensing positioning of the input device. The edits generated using the input device 1601 may be transmitted to the desktop PC 1604 as they are generated or may be stored within the input device 1601 for transmission to any PC at a later time. The edits may be entered into the version of the document 1602 stored in the desktop PC 1604.

[0135] The created document may also be output in hard-copy form by a printer, such as printer 1605 linked to the desktop PC 1604. The hard-copy 1606 version of the document may include information or codes designating the relative location of the input device at any location in the document, using a maze-pattern, for example. The hard-copy may be marked-up by one or more users each having an input device, and the edits of each user generated by the separate input device. Along with information representing edits, information identifying the pen used to generate those edits may be provided as well. For example, the inputs may be reflected using underlined colored text such as known in applications for tracking changes made to documents. The edits/inputs may be forwarded from the desktop PC 1604 to the Tablet PC 1603, for incorporation into that document. Alternatively, the edits may be stored within the input device 1601 and uploaded at a later time.

[0136] The document may also be output on plain paper, or on any substrate not including indications of relative positioning of the input device. Again, the hard-copy 1606 may be marked-up by one or more users having an input device, and the edits of each user generated by the input device 1601. In this example, position or movement of the pen 1601 may be determined using coding techniques for optically sensing movement of the input device 1601 over the paper. As noted, location/movement may be determined using a comparison algorithm in which the relative position of objects within each frame of image data are detected and used to determine movement of the input device 1601. The resulting edits may be transmitted to the computing device in which the document originated, for example, for updating of the original data file. The edits may be transmitted through a computing device, such as the Pocket PC 1607 for transmission to the destination device either through a wireless or wired communication or upon docking the device containing edits in the computing device.

[0137] The electronic document may also be transmitted to a second computing device, such as the Tablet PC 1603 illustrated. In that environment, the document may be edited on the screen of the tablet device 1603 using the input device 1601 as a simple stylus. Those inputs may be forwarded from the Tablet PC 1603 to the computing device storing the original copy of the document as annotations to the document or as edits for incorporation into that document, for example.

[0138] With embedded interaction coding technology, a liquid crystal display can be converted into a digitizer. The lattice area of each liquid crystal cell can be used to embed pattern. In one embodiment, the maze pattern can be embedded into a black matrix area of a liquid crystal display panel. In another embodiment, the maze pattern can be embedded into a light guide plane. The vertical and horizontal bars of the maze pattern emit light which can be captured by the camera sensor in the input device. Unique and absolute coordinates are provided with the m-array decoding. As such, the input device can be used as a Tablet Pen for a Tablet PC, Pocket PC, Smart Phone, and/or any other device with an embedded interaction coding enabled liquid crystal display. A user can use the same input device across a number of different devices. When docked, for example, on a Tablet PC, the input device can be recharged. Such a configuration provides a user with multiples options while maintaining only one necessary input device.

[0139] The input device of the present invention can also be used for remote storage and transfer of data at a later time. The input device of the present invention can be used without a host PC nearby. The processing power and storage capabilities of the input device can process images captured by the image sensor and store them from transmission at a later time. For example, when a user uses the input device to take notes and/or annotate a document, the notes and annotations can be processed and stored in the input device indefinitely. Alternatively, the data can be transferred to a personal digital assistant (PDA) immediately and/or at a later time and processed and stored on the PDA. If the PDA has wireless communication capabilities, the data can be transferred to a host PC or a server at a remote location. For example, when users travel, the notes and annotations they take with the input device can be transferred back to their host PC via their smart phone. A user can make annotations to a document while on a plane and save the annotations for transmittal to a host PC and/or server at a later time, such as when the plane has landed.

[0140] With a projection display and embedded and/or printed metadata, the input device, e.g., universal computing device, can make a reading experience more interactive. For example, smart tags in Office 2000 by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. can be embedded within and/or printed on a document along with absolute positioning. When users use the input device to read and annotate, the input device can detect and decode the smart tags and display related information with the projection display. If dictionary entries are embedded and/or printed on the document, the input device can also display dictionary look-ups. Similarly, various kinds of information can be embedded and/or printed on a document such as command and control information and audio information. The input device can detect and decode the embedded and/or printed information and act accordingly.

[0141] Smart personal objects technology (SPOT) can be included within the input device of the present invention. With SPOT, embedded and/or printed command and control information, and a projection display, the input device can provide users with up-to-date information at the pen tip. For example, a request for a weather forecast can be embedded in or printed on a paper print-out. The input device can decode the request and SPOT can get the weather forecast based on the current location of the user. The input device can display information on the paper with the projection display. Similarly, other kinds of information, such as stock quotes, sports, news, and entertainment information, e.g., movie times, television show times, can be provided to users at the pen tip.

[0142] While the description above and accompanying figures depict embodiments utilizing specific components, the addition of components and/or removal of any component depicted is within the scope of the present invention. Similarly, the relocation of various components within the input device structure may be implemented without greatly impacting the accuracy with which the camera or the inertial sensors detect movement of the pen and produce electronic ink. For example, the image sensor may be replaced by or supplemented with a sensing device for detecting properties of the surface or object over which the input device may be moved. Thus, if the maze pattern was formed on the surface of an object such that the pattern could be detected based on the radiation of energy outside the visible light spectrum, reflectance of such energy transmitted to the object, or other such sensing techniques. Sensing of any property of the surface may be detected and used to determine position and/or movement of the input device over the surface of an object. As a further example, a microphone sensing system may be employed such that the microphone detects acoustic reflections or emissions from the object over which the input device is positioned.

[0143] The illustrative embodiments described and illustrated above have described an input device implemented in the shape of a pen. Aspects of the present invention are applicable, however, to input devices of any number of shapes and sizes.

[0144] Use of such an input device should enable personal computing in any location. Thus, users equipped with the described input device may generate or edit data files regardless of where they may be. Documents and other information may be generated, edited or recorded in an office setting, in a classroom, in a hotel, while in transit, or even on the beach.

[0145] As noted, the input device may include a suitable display. Alternative, the display of a host computing device may be used to review documents and images created. The user may select formatting of the document before or after the information, such as text, is input, or may review the document and make changes to the format of the document. Viewing the document created on such a display, in the context of the above example, the user may insert a header including his or her address in the appropriate location.

[0146] Although the invention has been defined using the appended claims, these claims are illustrative in that the invention may be intended to include the elements and steps described herein in any combination or sub combination. Accordingly, there are any number of alternative combinations for defining the invention, which incorporate one or more elements from the specification, including the description, claims, and drawings, in various combinations or sub combinations. It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant technology, in light of the present specification, that alternate combinations of aspects of the invention, either alone or in combination with one or more elements or steps defined herein, may be utilized as modifications or alterations of the invention or as part of the invention. It may be intended that the written description of the invention contained herein covers all such modifications and alterations. For instance, in various embodiments, a certain order to the data has been shown. However, any reordering of the data is encompassed by the present invention. Also, where certain units of properties such as size (e.g., in bytes or bits) are used, any other units are also envisioned.