System and method for wireless remote control of locomotives

[0001] The present invention relates generally to wireless remote controlled mobile devices and more particularly to a system and method for the wireless remote control of locomotives.

[0002] Current systems and methods used for the radio remote control of locomotives, particularly in switching yards, typically employ a microprocessor based controller mounted onboard the locomotive and one or more one-way portable radio transmitters or operator control units associated with the controller to allow one or more operators to control the locomotive. Numerous remote control locomotives are normally used simultaneously in a given switching yard or remote control zone. Current radio remote control systems employing asynchronous transmission methods can only handle about 5 to 7 locomotives with associated transmitters on a single simplex wireless channel or two half duplex wireless channels (repeater system) when operating in a given location and with a given command response time. Because useable radio frequencies are limited, this effectively limits the number of remote control locomotives that can be operated simultaneously in a given switching yard or remote control zone.

[0003] Moreover, remote control systems for locomotives currently in use also typically employ only one-way data communication between the onboard controller and the operator control units, and therefore can perform only a limited number of operational and safety functions.

[0004] Accordingly, the present invention provides a system and method for remotely controlling an increased number of locomotives on a single simplex wireless channel or on two half duplex wireless channels within a given location. The system employs Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or synchronized time sharing protocol to allow increased numbers of wireless remote control locomotives, each with a plurality of associated operator control units (OCUs), to operate on a single wireless channel or two half duplex wireless channels. Such protocol comprises dividing a cycle time into a plurality a time slots and assigning a dedicated time slot to each subsystem of a locomotive control unit (LCU) and its associated OCUs in which to communicate with each other to control the locomotive. The TDM protocol may be used in conjunction with one-way or two-way transmission systems.

[0005] A synchronization signal, such as a timing signal broadcast from a GPS satellite or a land-based time source is used to synchronize timing devices onboard the LCUs or the OCUs to ensure that the transmissions from a first LCU/OCU subsystem do not overlap those of a second LCU/OCU subsystem. The time slots for each subsystem may be assigned manually, downloaded from a computer, received from wireless transmissions over a local wireless network or automatically assigned by the LCU or OCU after monitoring the wireless channel(s) being used by the system to find an open time slot to occupy.

[0006] When employing a repeater to extend the range of the system, the LCU or OCU may be set to automatically select the direct or repeater transmission path depending upon whether or not responses were received by the transmitting device to its polling messages.

[0007] Further, in a preferred embodiment of a LCU/OCU subsystem of the present invention employing a primary OCU and a secondary OCU, the secondary OCU may be turned off and/or later rejoined to the LCU/OCU subsystem in operation without requiring a stoppage in the operation of the subsystem.

[0008] Positioning data received from a GPS receiver operably connected to the subsystem is used to determine the location of the locomotive within predefined zones and to initiate the execution of predefined functions based on the location of the locomotive.

[0009] Other features and benefits of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description with the accompanying figures contained hereinafter.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the system present invention;

[0011] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a preferred subsystem of the present invention comprising a Locomotive Control Unit (LCU) and two Operator Control Units (OCU);

[0012] FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the LCU of the present invention;

[0013] FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the main computer/decoder board of the LCU of the present invention;

[0014] FIG. 5 is a front perspective view of the components of a preferred embodiment of the system of the present invention;

[0015] FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the LCU of the present invention;

[0016] FIG. 7 is a front perspective view of the door of the LCU shown in FIGS. 5 and 6;

[0017] FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the transceiver of the LCU of the present invention;

[0018] FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver of the LCU of the present invention;

[0019] FIG. 10 is a front perspective view of a preferred embodiment of the GPS receiver of the LCU of the present invention;

[0020] FIG. 11 is a front perspective view of a preferred embodiment of an Operator Control Unit (OCU) of the present invention; and

[0021] FIG. 12 is a top perspective view of the OCU shown in FIG. 11.

[0022] Preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the FIGURES, like numerals being used to refer to like and corresponding parts of the various drawings.

[0023] The synchronous timesharing system of the present invention maximizes Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum efficiency by allocating the spectrum to allow an increased number of remote controlled locomotives (each to be controlled by a plurality of Operator Control Units (OCUs)) to operate on a single radio frequency (simplex channel), or using a pair of radio frequencies (half duplex channel) when a repeater is required for extended operating range. The system 10 is based upon operator response time requirements and the guidelines set forth in the FRA Advisory 2001-01, which allows for a maximum of 5 seconds of communications loss before a remote controlled locomotive must be automatically commanded to stop by the onboard locomotive control unit.

[0024] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention employing synchronized time sharing or Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), up to ten (10) controllers or Locomotive Control Units (LCUs) (each having 2 linked OCUs) can be individually programmed so that each LCU 12 polls its linked OCUs within its assigned 100 millisecond time slot that is part of a 1-second TDM cycle. These ten LCUs transmitting on the same simplex or half duplex frequency channel are individually offset by 0.1 seconds from the start of a synchronizing time pulse received by each LCU 12 from an internal Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver 23 in communication with the GPS satellite constellation. Timing means comprising internal clocks or delay timers in each LCU 12 are synchronized by this time pulse so that they can be certain to transmit only within their respective time slots and not interfere with the transmissions of other LCU/OCU subsystems.

[0025] FIG. 1 shows in schematic a preferred embodiment of the system 10 of the present invention comprising a plurality of subsystems 11 each of which comprises an LCU 12 onboard the locomotive, a first portable operator control unit OCU 40, a second portable OCU 44 (as shown schematically in FIG. 2). A common clock 70 is used to synchronize the internal clocks in each LCU 12 to allow for the precise Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or synchronized time sharing on the signal simplex channel or dual half duplex channels. As shown schematically in FIG. 2, each LCU 12 preferably comprises a main computer/decoder board 13, an RF transceiver 14, a power supply 15 and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver 23. Preferably, the GPS receiver 23 is mounted on top of the locomotive and connected to the LCU 12 via cable 34 and serial port 16 (FIGS. 6 and 10). The LCU 12 is operably connected to the pneumatic interface 7 (FIG. 5) which pneumatically executes the electronic commands from the LCU 12. The LCU 12 may also be operably connected to the junction box 8 (FIG. 5) which interfaces with the wiring of the locomotive to provide easy access thereto for purposes related to the system.

[0026] As shown in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7, the LCU 12 comprises an outer housing 26 with a hinged door 27 providing access to the interior of the housing 26 which contains a shielded electronics subchassis 28. The front side 29 of door 27 defines a window 30 through which the display panel 22 may be viewed. Pushbuttons 31, 32, the function of which are described below, are also disposed on the front side 29 of door 27.

[0027] FIG. 4 provides a diagrammatic representation of the main computer/decoder board 13 which further comprises a real-time clock or a delay logic circuit 17 and alphanumeric display panel 22 and an I/R link port comprising an infra-red emitter/receiver 9 and several watch dog timers 19, 20 and 21. Each LCU 12 also preferably comprises a multiprocessor configuration, designed specifically to address the safety requirements of remote-controlled mobile devices such as locomotives. For example, the radio transceiver 14 of the LCU 12 performs digital signal processing as a screening technique for all communications traffic. Once determined to be valid by the transceiver 14, the data message is forwarded to the first two microcomputers of the LCU 12 for simultaneous processing. The data structure and error checking insures that only the desired transmitted messages will enter the processing computer board of the LCU 12.

[0028] The computer/decoder 13 of the LCU 12 preferably comprises three microcomputers each programmed for various tasks. The control microcomputer processes the data sent to it from the radio transceiver, checking for correct address, valid data format, and complete message with a proper error checking byte appended. This control microcomputer performs all digital Input and Output (I/O) functions to the locomotive valves, relays, sensors etc, and is the primary controlling device of the LCU 12. The secondary microcomputer is utilized as a complete double check of all data. This is accomplished by processing the entire command message at the same time the control microcomputer is performing the same function, after which, both microcomputers compare the results prior to activating outputs to the locomotive. The data microcomputer is responsible for storing any fault information for later retrieval and viewing, as well as managing a digital voice message to the operator control units 40, 44. This microcomputer also performs some housekeeping tasks, such as communication with the GPS receiver 23, controlling the output to the status display 22, and controlling the IR Teach/Learn during the OCU/LCU linking process.

[0029] The RF-transceiver 14 of the LCU 12, shown schematically in FIG. 8, comprises an alphanumeric display 24 and a supervisory timer 25.

[0030] The GPS receiver 23, shown in further detail in FIGS. 9 and 10, comprises a satellite receiver 37, a microprocessor 38, a clock 39, an antenna 33 and interface cable 34 to the LCU 12. When powered up, the GPS receiver 23 self-initializes, acquires satellite signals from the national GPS satellite constellation, computes position and time data, and outputs such data to the LCU 12. The internal clock 39 of the GPS receiver 23 is preferably highly accurate and is synchronized by a signal from one of the very highly accurate clocks onboard the satellites of the national GPS satellite constellation. In addition, the GPS receiver 23 generates a Pulse Per Second (PPS) output to the LCU 12 synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) within 50 nanoseconds (1 sigma). The Acutime 2002 GPS Smart Antenna and Synchronization Kit available from Trimble Navigation Limited, Sunnyvale, Calif., is a commercially available GPS receiver of the type disclosed herein.

[0031] As an alternative to GPS receiver 23, the means for receiving a synchronization signal of the LCU 12 could comprise a receiver (not shown) for receiving the time signals broadcast by the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology over the WWV, WWVB or WWVH radio stations for the purpose of synchronizing a clock, timer or delay logic circuit of each LCU 12. Further, a private radio broadcasting station could be constructed within the railyard or a remote control zone to broadcast time signals generated by a clock of very high accuracy, such as an atomic clock for example, to be received by a dedicated receiver in each LCU 12. In addition, time signals can alternatively be transmitted to each LCU 12 within a given location by other means such as infra-red or other light transmissions, or a wireless computer network in which case each LCU 12 would also comprise a wireless network card (not shown). In summary, each LCU 12 preferably comprises means for synchronizing the LCU 12 with an external timing source for the purpose of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). The means for synchronizing would preferably comprise a means for receiving a synchronization signal from the external timing source and a timing means such as a clock or a delay logic circuit. The means of the LCU 12 for receiving the synchronization signal preferably comprise a GPS receiver, an infrared receiver, a radio receiver or a wireless network card.

[0032] Individual rail yards or remote control zones are allocated specific radio frequency channels that are normally duplicated at other rail yards and remote control zones. Remote control locomotives with onboard LCUs operating within an individual rail yard or remote control zone are programmed with matching radio frequency channels.

[0033] Each LCU 12 operating within an individual rail yard or remote control zone is allocated a specific time slot in which to transmit polling messages to its associated OCUs. Initially, this time slot is factory programmed for a particular rail yard or remote control zone so that the LCU 12 fits into the wireless time-sharing sequence plan or TDM plan for that location. The programmed frequency and address of each LCU is transferred to one of many associated Operator Control Units (OCUs) during a teach/learn process (described below) by way of an Infra-Red (IR) link.

[0034] Consequently, if an LCU 12 is moved out of its designated rail yard or remote control zone, its frequency channel and time slot allocation must be reprogrammed to fit in with its new rail yard or remote control zone.

[0035] It is recommended that up-to-date records be kept of individual frequency and time slot allocations for each LCU 12 at individual rail yards and/or remote control zones, including any new frequency and time slot allocations made in the field by maintenance or operating personnel. Such records will help to ensure that no two LCUs have been assigned the same time slot. Duplicating time slots may result in unexpected communications losses that may cause the affected LCUs to shut down.

[0036] In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, various programming options may be used to program the frequency and time slot allocations for each LCU 12.

[0037] In a user select option, yard employees can select from pre-programmed frequency channels stored in the LCUs memory and similarly select the time slot for the LCU to occupy in the wireless time-sharing sequence or TDM plan. The channels and time slot are changed using the existing function pushbuttons 31, 32 located on the front side 29 of LCU door 27 while observing prompts on the alphanumeric display 22 as viewed through the front door window 30 of the LCU 12 (FIGS. 6 and 7).

[0038] In the manual procedure for field selection of an RF channel, the operator presses and holds the YES/ALARM RESET button 32 for longer than 2 seconds, releases the button for longer than 2 seconds, and repeats this cycle a total of three times. The display 36 will then indicate SELECT RF CHANNEL 1L. The NO/FUNCTION button 31 is then used to increment from 1 through 30 channel numbers. When the desired channel number (e.g., 1H) has been selected, the YES/ALARM RESET button 32 is pressed to lock the LCU 12 on the channel number displayed. Once a channel is selected, the status display 22 changes to indicate SELECT TIME SLOT 1. Again, the NO/FUNCTION button 31 is used to increment between time slots 1 through 10. When the desired time slot has been selected, the YES/ALARM RESET button 32 is pressed to lock the LCU 12 on that time slot. The LCU 12 display 22 will show the channel and time slot selections and ask if they are correct. Here, the YES/ALARM RESET button 32 is pressed to complete the selections or the NO/FUNCTION button 31 is pressed to start over.

[0039] The LCU channel and time slot selections may also be downloaded to the LCU 12 from a portable computer via known linking/transfer means including an infrared port, a wired or wireless network or a serial cable connected to a communications (COM) port located on the underside of the shielded electronics sub-chassis 28 of the LCU 12. The download is performed by first opening the front door 27 and turning OFF the power to the LCU 12 using a power switch (not shown). The portable computer is then connected to the COM port (not shown) on the sub-chassis 28 using a serial cable with a DB-9 connector (this may require disconnecting an optional event recorder). Instead of connecting a portable computer to the COM port, an interface cable may be provided to allow the computer to interface directly to the external connector 5 on the enclosure 26. Once connected to the LCU 12, the desired table of frequencies and parameters are downloaded into the battery backed memory of the LCU 12. The LCU 12 is then turned on and the upload button (not shown) is selected to complete the transfer of information. The newly programmed information can then be read and verified on the LCU display 22. The serial cable is disconnected and the door 27 is closed and secured to complete the process.

[0040] Additionally, pre-programmed radio or other wireless communications channel frequencies stored in memory in the LCU 12 may be selected automatically by the LCU 12 based upon position data from the GPS receiver 23. Known radio frequencies used at various geographic locations can be stored in the LCU's memory and automatically selected when, via GPS, the locomotive determines that it has entered a location or zone requiring a different channel selection. Other position determining means may consist of inertial guidance systems and other radio navigation technology such as Loran, local pre-surveyed position transmitters, and local area networks.

[0041] In a similar manner, the onboard LCU 12 can use the position data provided by the GPS receiver 23 to establish yard limits to prevent a locomotive from operating outside of a defined geographic location. Using GPS, the LCU 12 could be programmed to command a full service shutdown and emergency brake application if the locomotive traveled outside of the defined yard. GPS data from the GPS receiver 23 can also be employed to detect false standstill signals provided to the LCU 12 by an onboard velocity/direction sensor, such as an axle pulse generator of the type well known in the art as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,511,749 incorporated by reference herein, which has failed. Here, the LCU 12 would compare sequential signals from the GPS receiver 23 to determine if the locomotive is moving and the direction of movement. If this data contradicts data received from the velocity/direction sensor, the LCU 12 would command a full service shutdown and emergency brake application.

[0042] In a preferred embodiment of the Electronic Position Detection (EPD) system of the present invention, the LCU 12 is programmed to automatically slow and/or stop the controlled locomotive within predefined zones, or at specific locations on the track. Additionally, the LCU 12 can be programmed using positional information from the GPS receiver 23 to override excessive speed commands from the OCUs 40, 44 within specified areas.

[0043] There are two (2) independent EPD systems that may be programmed into the LCU 12, EPD-GPS & EPD-TAG. Each can be programmed to work as a primary or back up system to the other.

[0044] (i) TAG READER SYSTEM (EPD-TAG): The first (primary if used) position detection system is a transponder system. The system consists of a radio frequency (RF) interrogator reader and attached antenna system which are mounted on the locomotive, providing input data via communications software within the LCU 12. For speed limiting applications, a comprehensive track profile study is completed prior to programming. The engineering and programming is based on parameters such as track grade, curves, maximum train tonnage and weakest motive power used to pull the train. Once design is complete, passive transponders are placed in the track at positions where the required action is to be taken. As the locomotive passes over the transponders, the EPD-TAG system will sense the transponder and pass data via radio to the transceiver 14 of the LCU 12, which will in turn carry out the predefined operation.

[0045] Each tag is pre-programmed with a 10 digit ID representing the action to be taken. The format of information contained in the tag is as follows:

[0046] Digits 1-2: Speed limit of locomotive until next transponder is read. Speed can be programmed from 0-15 MPH in 1 MPH increments (D1 represents the ten digit and D2 represents the one digiti.e. 10 would have D11 and D20, 9 would have D10 and D29, etc.). For tags being used to identify a track that is not subject to pullback protection, the tag will be programmed with 99 for D1 and D2.

[0047] Digits 3-4: Used as a check to ensure proper interpretation of the read tag. These two digits are calculated by taking the absolute value of 90-D1D2.

[0048] Digits 5-10: Programmed with a 0 in each position (unused).

[0049] Programming chart for tags:

	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	D6	D7	D8	D9	D10
10 MPH	1	0	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
9 MPH	0	9	8	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
8 MPH	0	8	8	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
7 MPH	0	7	8	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
6 MPH	0	6	8	4	0	0	0	0	0	0
5 MPH	0	5	8	5	0	0	0	0	0	0
4 MPH	0	4	8	6	0	0	0	0	0	0
3 MPH	0	3	8	7	0	0	0	0	0	0
2 MPH	0	2	8	8	0	0	0	0	0	0
1 MPH	0	1	8	9	0	0	0	0	0	0
0 MPH	0	0	9	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
No Pullback	9	9	0	9	0	0	0	0	0	0

[0050] Some features of the transponder system are:

[0051] (a) The transponder system does not require an FCC license.

[0052] (b) The unit will work through snow, ice, concrete, wood, rocks and other non-metallic materials that may be present in a typical yard environment.

[0053] (c) The system is limited to a maximum operating speed of 30 MPH.

[0054] The above programming allows the tags used throughout the railroad to be kept generic. A track profile will be created and stored in the LCU 12 specifying the distance to next tag and distance to end of pullback authority. When a locomotive is moved between yards, the track profile for the new yard will need to be entered into its LCU 12. The LCU 12 will continuously search for transponders.

[0055] (ii) GPS BASED ZONE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (EPD-GPS): This equipment and software may be the primary stand alone system, or a secondary system used to back-up the primary tag reader system. The LCU 12 utilizes the positional information from the GPS receiver 23, with software additions to the LCU 12 for implementation.

[0056] Two position points, identified by latitude/longitude coordinates for each point, are entered into the LCU 12 to define the opposite corners of the boundary for each predefined zone. The size and shape of the zone is then determined. These zones may be as small as the tolerance of the GPS receiver accuracy, (typically 50 feet diameter) to as large as an entire yard location. Once identified, the boundaries form a rectangle that can be overlaid on to a yard map, creating a specific zone number. Zones can be overlaid for multiple functions or limits in the same area. For example, a large zone may have a limit of 4 MPH, with an underlying zone having a stop area defined within the larger zone.

[0057] The functional purpose of the zone will determine the number of zones required. Additionally, the placement and size of the zones requires a study to be performed, determining the areas of operation, the critical areas for these operations and a risk analysis by the railroad to determine if additional safety devices are required in specific locations (i.e. derailers, etc.). The zones will have a tolerance based upon the GPS error at the proposed location, as well as the error within the GPS system itself. This can be accounted for in the design of the zone application. Once the zones are established, additional programming is downloaded to the LCU to interact with the OCUs to perform the functions necessary, as well as inform the OCU operator with any text status pertinent message.

[0058] Locomotive operation between zones can be detected and used in programming functionality within the LCU 12 (e.g. limit speed in one direction, but not the other). Track profiles and zones can be loaded into the LCU 12 using a laptop PC, via a serial connection or wireless LAN.

[0059] Additionally, there will be an override function that can be enabled from the LCU 12. This will allow the operator to bypass the EPD system and continue the move out of the protected limits. This override must be initiated on the locomotive to ensure that the operator is at the point prior to commanding the movement without protection.

[0060] FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate a preferred OCU of the present invention. As both OCUs 40, 44 are identical, the following description is equally applicable to both and like reference numerals have been used to refer to the components of each OCU 40, 44. Each OCU 40, 44 comprises a pair of harness mounting clips 45 for attaching a harness worn by the operator to carry the OCU. An on/off button 61 is used to turn on or shut off the device. Various LED indicator lights on the OCUs include speed indicators 46, headlight brightness indicator 47, forward, neutral and reverse direction indicators 48, transmit and low battery indicators 50, automatic brake position indicators 52 and independent brake position indicators 53. Text and status display 49 shows text and status messages received from the LCU 12 and from the other OCUs (in a two OCU set-up). A transceiver (not shown) and antenna 51 of each OCU 40, 44 transmit signals from the OCUs and is used to receive signals from the LCU 12, repeater 80 (when part of the system) and the other OCU (in a two OCU set-up). Each OCU 40, 44 may also preferably comprise means for synchronizing the OCU with an external timing source for the purpose of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Here, the means for synchronizing would preferably comprise a means for receiving a synchronization signal from the external timing source and a timing means such as a clock or a delay logic circuit. The means of the OCU for receiving the synchronization signal preferably comprise a GPS receiver, an infrared receiver, a radio receiver or a wireless network card.

[0061] The independent brake selector lever 54 and automatic brake selector 56 allow the operator to override the automatic speed control of the LCU 12 and command settings of the independent and automatic brakes, respectively. The speed selector lever 66 allows the operator of the OCU to command various speeds of the locomotive.

[0062] While the speed setpoints are fully programmable to suit any application, they are generally set with the following settings. The STOP setting when commanded brings the locomotive to a controlled stop by returning the throttle to idle and commanding a full service reduction of the brake pipe and a full application of the independent brakes. The COAST B setting returns throttle of the locomotive to idle and applies 15 pounds of independent brake pressure, allowing the locomotive to gradually come to a stop. The COAST setting returns the throttle of the locomotive to idle and allows the locomotive to coast without brake application. In both the COAST B and COAST settings, if the speed of the locomotive increases above a pre-determined set point (e.g. 7 mph) independent braking will be applied until the locomotive slows below the set point. In the COUPLE speed setting, the LCU 12 automatically adjusts the throttle and brake settings to maintain a speed of one mph 0.1 mph. Likewise in the speed settings for 4 mph, 7 mph, 10 mph, and 15 mph, the LCU automatically adjusts the throttle and brake settings to maintain those respective speeds 0.5 mph. To prevent accidental speed selection commands from lever 66 when moving from the STOP position to a different speed setting, the operator must first activate either vigilance pushbutton 55, 64, then select the desired speed within 5 seconds. If the operator fails to select the speed within the 5 second window, he will be required to activate either vigilance pushbutton 55, 64 again before making the speed selection.

[0063] The three-position toggle switch 63 allows the operator to command the following direction of travel: forward, neutral and reverse. If direction is changed while the locomotive is moving, a full service reduction will be automatically commanded by the LCU 12. Additionally, any time a direction of travel opposite to the commanded direction of travel, as determined by the velocity/direction sensor or the LCU 12 with input from the GPS receiver 23, persists for longer than 20 seconds while the OCU is commanding movement, a full service reduction will also be automatically commanded by the LCU 12.

[0064] The two multiple function pushbuttons 55, 64 are used to reset vigilance timers, acknowledge warning signals sent by the LCU 12 and accept a pitch of control authority from the primary OCU. When the OCU is the primary OCU 40, the pitch pushbutton 62 may be used to transfer control authority to the secondary OCU 44. The secondary operator must accept such transfer by pushing either of the buttons 55, 64 to complete the transfer of control authority. Additionally, the pushbuttons 55, 64 when held for longer than 2 seconds, will command that sand be dispensed in the direction of travel for as long as the pushbuttons are depressed. The operator is required to activate a control function at least once every 60 seconds. If the operator fails to change the state of any of the control functions for 50 seconds, the OCU will begin to emit a pulsed audible warning from the sonalert (beeper) 65. Either prior to, or during the audible warning, the operator is required to reset the vigilance system timer by activating either of the vigilance pushbuttons 55, 64. If the operator fails to reset the vigilance system, a full service reduction shutdown of the automatic brakes will be automatically commanded by the LCU 12. The vigilance system is only active and required on the primary OCU 40 and only when a speed other than STOP is selected by the operator.

[0065] The bell/horn toggle switch 58 has one momentary and two maintained positions. When the switch 58 is held in the momentary position, the OCU commands the LCU 12 to ring the bell of the locomotive and sound the horn for as long as the operator maintains the switch in this momentary position. When moved to the center position, the switch 58 turns on the locomotive's bell and when moved to the third position, turns off both the bell and the horn.

[0066] An internal tilt switch senses when either the OCU 40, 44 is tilted more than 4515 past upright and sends a shutdown command to the LCU 12, which, in turn, commands an emergency brake application, returns the throttle to idle and activates a remote man-down synthesized voice transmitter. When the OCU is tilted beyond limits for one second, the OCU will begin emitting an audible warning from beeper 65 alerting the operator that he is about to enter into a tilt shutdown. If the operator does not return the OCU 40, 44 to an upright position within 5 seconds from the time the warning sounds, the shutdown command will automatically be sent to the LCU 12. Using the time/status toggle switch 60, the tilt shutdown feature can be delayed for a preset time (e.g. 15 seconds) when the switch 60 is moved to the time position (the locomotive must also be at a complete stop for such time extension). Additional time cannot be added by repeatedly commanding or maintaining the time feature. If the operator has not returned the OCU to an upright position before the preset time expires, the LCU 12 will automatically command an emergency shutdown. When the switch 60 is moved to the status position, the output on display 49 will be updated with any relevant text message.

[0067] Typically, the independent brake override lever 54 is configured with the following selections. When the REL position is commanded, the independent brakes are released and placed under the control of the LCU 12 for maintaining the speed selected by lever 66. When the lever 54 is set to LOW, MED and HIGH, 15 pounds, 30 pounds and 45 pounds of independent brake pressure are applied respectively. When the lever 54 is set to the EMERG position, the throttle is set to idle and an emergency application of the automatic braking system is commanded by venting the brake pipe to atmosphere, thus commanding a full reduction of the train brakes as well as an emergency application of the independent brakes.

[0068] The automatic brake override toggle switch 56 is a three position switch with the following positions: forward is a momentary setting which allows toggling of the selection towards the CHARGE setting as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The hold position (center) holds the current selection and the reverse toggles the selection towards the REL or release setting. The following settings can be selected: the REL setting commands a release of the automatic brakes and places them under the control of the LCU 12 for maintaining the speed selected by lever 66. Three conditions are required for an automatic brake release: (1) the main reservoir air pressure must be greater than a preset point (e.g. 100 psi), (2) a suitable brake pipe leakage test must have been passed and (3) at least 90 seconds has elapsed since a previous release was commanded. The MIN, LIGHT, MED, and FULL positions command 7 lb., 12 lb., 18 lb., and 27 lb. reductions of the brake pipe pressure, respectively. The CHARGE setting commands a release of the automatic brakes until a sufficient charge is detected on the brake pipe and movement of the locomotive is disabled until a full charge is detected.

[0069] The OCUs 40, 44 will have two free running firmware clocks set to provide the following:

[0070] The first clock is approximately 250 ms and performs a switch read at wake-up. The second clock will wake up the OCU processor at approximately 950 ms after receipt of the last polling message/synchronization.

[0071] The first clock gives the signal for the OCU to read and store in memory momentary switch positions every 250 ms. The second clock signals the OCU to read all other switches at the 950 ms time period and to:

[0072] (i) build the switch position message to be transmitted to the OCU 12;

[0073] (ii) change the state of LEDs on the OCU to the status reported by the previous polling message from the LCU 12;

[0074] (iii) activate the RF receiver of the OCU to receive the next polling message from the LCU 12; and

[0075] (iv) hold the data to be transmitted in a ready to transmit state until the second clock expires at 1000.01 ms from the last synchronization or transmit data upon receipt of the new polling message from the LCU 12 which generates a new synchronization pulse right after the message is successfully decoded by the OCU, whichever occurs first. Normally, the new synchronization at 1000 ms from the time of the prior polling message will occur first.

[0076] The OCUs 40, 44 will have two RF message structures that are responses to polling messages from the LCU 12:

[0077] (i) The RF initialization messages (one from each OCU 40, 44) primary OCU 40 response is approximately 36 ms and secondary OCU 44 response is approximately 27.4 ms.

[0078] (ii) The RF operational messages (one from each OCU)primaRy OCU 40 response is approximately 36.1 ms and secondary OCU 44 response is approximately 23.1 ms.

[0079] In addition, an allowance comprising an additional few milliseconds of time in the overall process to allow for a free running (non-synchronized) clock state in the LCUs and/or OCUs.

[0080] Since the system preferably updates messages once per second, it is possible for the operator to press and release momentary functions on the OCUs in less time than the one second message update. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate each momentary function in order to accommodate this type of operation. Momentary OCU functions are: Vigilance Reset, Accept Pitch, Sand, Horn/Bell, Status Request, Time Extend, and Headlight.

[0081] Generally, the situation and performance requirements for the OCUs 40, 44 will be satisfied in one of three ways:

[0082] Constantly sample each switch at 250 ms intervals. This will be the minimum switch activation time (average of 125 ms). This results in any switch operation being de-bounced and therefore requires the operator to hold the intended switch function for at least this length of time. Switch sampling will be processed by either the display CPU or the M840 CPU of each OCU 40, 44.

[0083] In a preferred embodiment of the system 10 of the present invention, a unique digital permanent address is embedded within each LCU 12. Each OCU 40, 44 also has a unique digital permanent address embedded at the time of manufacture. The permanent 16-bit address identification used in the present invention prevents accidental duplication by maintenance personnel, and when combined with the LCU address of 16 bits, results in a potent system identifier.

[0084] In order for the LCU 12 and the OCUs 40, 44 to operate as a system, they must first exchange their digital addresses to associate the OCUs 40, 44 with the LCU 12. In this manner, the LCU 12 will recognize and accept signals from only the OCUs 40, 44 and not from any others. The operation of the system 10 begins when two operators, each carrying one of the OCUs 40, 44 with a fully charged battery, board the locomotive. Once onboard the locomotive, the operators will start the engine in the normal manual fashion. All safety procedures and operational characteristics of the locomotive are confirmed to be working properly. The locomotive is then transferred to Remote mode using designated selector switches and valves.

[0085] Next, the operators approach the window 30 of the onboard LCU 12 and one at a time, with the primary operator first entering a teach/learn mode using the designated pushbuttons sequence on his portable OCU 40. A menu on the display screen 49 of each OCU 40, 44 prompts the operators through the sequence necessary to transfer information from the LCU 12 into each of the OCUs 40, 44 and vice versa. The infra-red teach/learn process of the present invention between the LCU 12 and the OCUs 40, 44 provides operational security without the need to change plugs, keys or any other devices to link the OCUs 40, 44 with the LCU 12 for an operating session.

[0086] The typical scenario is where a first operator approaching the display screen 30 of the LCU 12, starting the process on his OCU 40, and following the display sequence. The OCU 40 will automatically begin Infra-Red (IR) communications with the IR emitter/receiver 9 of the LCU 12, make audible sounds while the data exchange is in progress, and finally, the display 49 will show when the programming is complete. Some of the data transferred is the address from each OCU 40, 44 into the LCU 12 and the transfer of the LCU 12 address to the OCU 40, 44. When the teach/learn process is completed, the two OCUs 40, 44 will have all necessary information to safely and accurately operate as a system with the LCU 12.

[0087] Part of the IR teach/learn process is to identify the primary OCU 40 and the secondary OCU 44. By identifying and programming one of the OCUs as secondary, limits are placed on the amount of data that can be transmitted by that OCU and, therefore, limits its scope of operation. In other words, the data message transmitted by the secondary OCU 44 is unique from the data message of the primary OCU 40. The data message of the secondary OCU 44 is shorter in length and does not have the command authority of the primary OCU 40.

[0088] In some cases the secondary operator may not be utilized, in which case, this step is skipped for the secondary OCU 44 resulting in primary only operation.

[0089] Once the IR teach/learn cycle has been completed, the radio remote control operation of the locomotive with LCU 12 on-board can begin. In the state where both OCUs 40, 44 are turned off, the onboard LCU 12 is in an offline polling mode. The LCU 12 transmits a signal, approximately once every second, in an attempt to establish a communications link with each of the portable OCUs 40, 44. This is commonly referred to as a polling request or polling message.

[0090] The LCU 12 will not respond to any acknowledged messages from any OCUs other than those to which it was associated with in the IR teach/learn process.

[0091] If either the primary OCU 40 or secondary OCU 44 is turned on within radio range of the LCU 12, it will receive the polling request from the LCU 12. Each OCU 40, 44 will acknowledge the polling request within the predetermined time period assigned to each OCU during the IR teach/learn process. Such time period is known as a time slice.

[0092] The time slices are assigned during the IR teach/learn process, whereby the OCU 40, if assigned the first time slice will always respond in the first time slice immediately following the polling message regardless of its status as either primary or secondary. In this case, the second time slice is always assigned to the OCU 44 (when two OCUs are used). Once both OCUs 40, 44 are turned on, the primary OCU 40 is capable of running all the functions onboard the locomotive, while the functionality of the secondary OCU 44 was limited internally when it was designated as the secondary OCU during the IR teach/learn process. After both OCUs 40, 44 acknowledge the polling message, the locomotive is ready for operation by the primary OCU 40.

[0093] For safety reasons, when both the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44 have been initialized in the teach/learn process, they both must receive the polling messages from the LCU 12 and provide valid responses within five seconds in order for the system to continue operation in this mode.

[0094] The LCU 12 preferably incorporates two timers 19 and 20 which monitor the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44, respectively. The timers 19, 20 may embody hardware or software timers and monitor when the last valid response to a polling message of the LCU 12 was received from each of the OCUs 40, 44, respectively. If a valid response has not been received from the primary OCU 40 and the secondary OCU 44 (in a two OCU setup) within the previous five seconds, the respective timer(s) 19, 20 will cause the LCU 12 to effect a full service shut down and emergency braking application in the locomotive. As described below in the Section on Dismissal and Re-joining of Secondary OCU, the present system incorporates means for activating or deactivating the timer 20 so that the secondary OCU 44 may be turned off for a period of time and then turned back on without shutting down the locomotive. In its next polling message, the LCU will also send a signal to each OCU 40, 44 which activates the beeper 65 sounding an audible alarm to warn the OCU operators of the impending locomotive shutdown. Such warning could also be a visual alarm such as a flashing light and is particularly for operators who may be riding on the locomotive or the cars it is moving to provide advance notice of the impending braking application so that they can hold on and avoid being thrown from the train.

[0095] In addition, each OCU 40, 44 also includes its own internal hardware or software timer which is reset by the high position of the reset bit included in each polling message from the LCU 12. This status bit attains the 1 or high state only after at least one valid response transmission has been received by the LCU 12 within the prior five seconds from each of the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44 (in a two OCU setup). Thus, in a situation where the primary OCU 40 has transmitted valid responses to each of the last five polling messages of the LCU 12 and such responses were received by the LCU 12, the internal timer of the primary OCU 40 would not be reset where the LCU 12 had not also received at least one valid response to one of its polling messages during that same five second period. In this case, the timer 20 of the LCU 12 which monitors the secondary OCU 44 would time out and trigger the LCU 12 to initiate a full service shutdown and emergency braking application in the locomotive. At about the same time, the internal alarm timers in each of the OCUs 40, 44 would also time out since the reset status bit in each of the last four polling messages of the LCU 12 was not in the high state, since the secondary OCU 44 had not provided a valid response to any of the last five polling messages transmitted by the LCU 12. In this situation, the internal timers in each of the control units 40, 44 would initiate an alarm, such as an audible sounding of beeper 65 or a visual alarm, to warn the operators of the impending system shutdown.

[0096] The FRA safety advisory requires that the locomotive be brought to a STOP if there is communications loss greater than 5 seconds. The present system satisfies this minimum requirement to solve a serious potential operational problem of remote control locomotives that occurs upon loss of communications, should this occur. The LCU 12 is programmed so that after 2.5 seconds of a communications loss, a light brake application is initiated simultaneously with elimination of tractive effort. This allows for some slack action stability. If communications are re-established between 2.5 seconds and 5 seconds, the LCU 12 resumes normal operation of the locomotive.

[0097] If the communication loss continues to full term of 5 seconds, the OCU alarm timers trigger an alarm and the LCU 12 sends the OCUs a timely audible warning that an unsolicited Full Service Brake Application is about to occur. This allows operators to be prepared if they are riding the side of a car. After the full term of the FRA mandated communication loss is reached and a stop is initiated, a special operator sequence is required to recover the system.

[0098] Conditions that may occur in operation of the system 10 and the corresponding messages displayed on display screen 49 of the OCUs may comprise:

[0099] (i) Communications lost to the secondary OCU 44:

[0100] OCU B will show: OCU COMM LOSS and sound the alerter tone for about 2 seconds.

[0101] (The green transmit LED 50 will have stopped responding 5 seconds prior)

[0102] Simultaneously the primary OCU 40 will show POLLOFFLINEindicating this OCU 40 is receiving and responding to a POLL but the LCU 12 is OFF LINEin this case because of the communication loss between LCU and OCU 44.

[0103] (ii) Communications lost from either ONE of the OCUs to the LCU (e.g. the secondary OCU 44):

[0104] OCU 44 and OCU 40 will both display: POLLOFFLINEindicating that they are receiving the LCU poll but the LCU has gone OFF LINE.

[0105] Once communication has returned, the recovery from Full service brake messages will be displayed.

[0106] In addition to receiving the acknowledgement request in the polling message, each OCU 40, 44 receives data from the LCU 12 used to control the LED indicators and text on the OCU display 49 (FIGS. 11 and 12) to show the operator(s) the presence of functional commands and the status of the onboard locomotive inputs and outputs. Each OCU 40, 44 displays the messages and switch positions of the other OCU as new control commands are transmitted. Visual displays and audible tones confirm that the action requested by the operator has been received and correctly interpreted at the locomotive. The system 10 provides this advanced capability with an effective use of two way digital technology, combined with simple two color LED indicators, audible tones and a text status display for times when the operator(s) requests more detailed information.

[0107] For example, a LED output 67 colored green on the secondary OCU 44 may be in the four (4) mph position, showing that the primary operator has selected that position and the locomotive is operating at the four (4) mph setting. This indication is shown on the secondary OCU 44, even though the speed control lever 66 thereon may be in the STOP position, as indicated by a red LED 35 (FIG. 12). The OCUs 40, 44 use the same dual-colored LEDs for the automatic brake position indicators 52, the independent brake position indicators 53, and the direction indicators 48. As shown in FIG. 12, the green LEDs 67 illuminate the settings made by the operator of the primary OCU 40 while the red LEDs 35 show the switch positions of the operator of the secondary OCU 44. The dual-colored LEDs provide a means for displaying the switch settings of both OCUs on each of the OCUs 40, 44.

[0108] A closed loop communication protocol is utilized between the OCUs 40, 44 and the LCU 12 using the same radio frequency, thus reducing voice channel clutter. This protocol does not utilize the voice communication switching frequency in use by the operators. It allows the operator to interrogate the LCU 12. The LCU 12 can advise the operator via LED and tone alerts, and a text display, of critical and non-critical status messages (FIG. 12). This capability is programmable, allowing addition or deletion of messages as determined by good operating practices.

[0109] The operator of the primary OCU 40 may select a point in time in which he will transfer primary control or command authority of the system to the secondary OCU 44. The operator of the primary OCU 40 does this by communicating either verbally, or through digital messages on the displays 49 of both OCUs 40, 44, the fact that he desires to transfer the primary status to the other OCU 44.

[0110] Such transfer of command authority will only occur if both the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44 are in synchronized switch positions on both OCUs 40, 44.

[0111] For example, the OCUs 40, 44 must have their respective speed selector levers 66 in the STOP position; they must both have their respective directional selector levers 63 in neutral; and they must have their independent brake override levers 54 in REL or release. Here, the use of the dual-colored LEDs for the speed position indicators 46, the automatic brake position indicators 52, the independent brake position indicators 53, and the direction indicators 48 aid the operators in matching the settings on their respective OCUs 40, 44 for the purpose of transferring primary control from one OCU to the other. The use of such dual-colored LEDs allow the operators to easily spot which switches are not in matching positions on each OCU 40, 44.

[0112] When both OCUs 40, 44 are in equal positions, and the primary operator activates the pitch pushbutton 62 on OCU 40, the operator of the secondary OCU 44 then has ten seconds to accept the transfer of primary control by pushing either vigilance button 55, 64. If the transfer of primary control is successfully accepted, OCU 44 becomes the primary OCU. If the operator of OCU 44 does not accept the transfer of primary control in time, primary control reverts back to the OCU 40 and the attempted transfer of primary control fails.

[0113] There are appropriate digital messages sent from the LCU 12 to the OCUs 40, 44 indicating the fact that the LCU 12 knows that the OCU 44 is now the primary OCU and that OCU 40 is the secondary OCU. From this point forward, the operation continues as primary and secondary portable OCUs 44, 40 whereby the secondary OCU 40 will only transmit limited functions and has an abbreviated response message to the polling request as compared to that of the primary OCU 44.

[0114] When a repeater 80 is incorporated, each LCU 12 of the system may be programmed to automatically select the best transmission path, either direct or via the repeater 80, between the LCU 12 and the OCUs 40, 44 based upon the responses or lack of responses it receives to its polling messages from the OCUs 40, 44.

[0115] The LCU 12 is given a Start Poll highly accurate time pulse from the GPS receiver 23.

[0116] The LCU 12 then, within its given time slot, sends its polling message to both OCUs 40, 44 on the direct path. Both OCUs 40, 44 listen in an attempt to receive the polling message for data from the LCU 12. Each OCU that receives the polling message responds on the direct path via the single simplex radio channel. The response data word includes information used by the LCU 12 to determine on which path the responding OCU(s) transmitted their respective responses. From this information, the LCU 12 knows when either OCU has not responded via the direct radio path, and automatically transmits its next polling message via the repeater 80 (if installed as part of the system 10).

[0117] If both OCUs 40, 44 respond to the last polling message of the LCU 12 via the repeater 80 (indicated by echoing response information sent by the LCU 12), the LCU 12 continues to transmit on the repeater 80 path until communication is again lost, at which time the direct path is then tried and vice versa.

[0118] The polling message is sent by the LCU 12 to both OCUs 40, 44 at one second intervals, providing a nominal second update from the operator command entry on the OCU until it is received at the LCU 12.

[0119] If either one of the OCUs 40, 44 is not within direct radio range, both will be polled by the LCU 12 on the repeater frequency. If both OCUs 40, 44 respond on either of these paths, the LCU 12 will remain on the repeater frequency until communication is next lost from either OCU 40, 44, at which time the LCU 12 will transmit its next polling message via the alternate direct radio channel.

[0120] The LCU 12 will transmit one polling message directed to both the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44 at the same time. The LCU 12 then evaluates received messages from the OCUs 40, 44. If valid messages are received via the direct channel, the LCU 12 sends its next polling message to its associated OCUs 40, 44 via the direct channel. If the LCU 12 does not receive a valid response from either OCU 40, 44, it sends its next polling message in its given time slot to its associated OCUs 40, 44 via the repeater frequency. The LCU 12 encodes a bit in the polling message that determines the path, either direct or repeater 80, via which the OCUs 40, 44 will respond.

[0121] The LCU transmit time is calculated to be less than 30 ms.

[0122] Once the LCU 12 transmits the polling message to the OCUs 40, 44 via repeater 80, there must be allowance for the repeater 80 to come on the air. This same time is used by the OCUs 40, 44 to switch modes from receive to transmit. The time allocated for this response is preferably 10 ms.

[0123] Locomotive operations may be started in the two operator mode, but at certain times the job requirements of the operator of the secondary OCU 44 may require him to leave the immediate area, potentially going beyond radio operating range of the system 10. When this need arises, it is desirable to have a positive way for the operation of the primary OCU 40 to dismiss the secondary OCU 44, and also to allow the secondary OCU 44 to re-join the operation without requiring a shutdown of the system 10, with the permission of the primary operator.

[0124] When the operator of the secondary OCU 44 wants to be dismissed, he presses both VIGILANCE buttons 55, 64 for three or more seconds. A message SECONDARY OCU REQUEST DISMISSAL is then displayed on the screens 49 of both OCUs 40, 44.

[0125] If the operator of the primary OCU 40 acknowledges this request within 20 seconds by pressing both vigilance buttons 55, 64 for three or more seconds, a message SECONDARY OCU DISMISSED is displayed on the screens 49 of both OCUs 40, 44 for 30 seconds during which the operator of the secondary OCU 44 must power off his OCU 44 by using switch 61. If the secondary OCU 44 is not turned off, and is still communicating after 30 seconds, the dismissal is aborted and both OCUs 40, 44 remain in their respective control roles.

[0126] When the secondary operator desires to return to operation, he must power on OCU 44 and notify his intentions to the primary operator by voice radio. The operator of the primary OCU 40 must press both VIGILANCE buttons 55, 64 on the primary OCU 40 for five or more seconds.

[0127] After the five second period has elapsed, and the vigilance buttons 55, 64 on the primary OCU 40 are released, the primary and secondary OCUs 40, 44 will return to normal dual control with full display capabilities. In addition, returning to normal dual control mode requires the same start-up procedure as is initially performed when the OCUs 40, 44 are first turned on. Such start-up procedure requires that the secondary OCU 44 recovers from a full service brake application by moving his automatic brake override selector 54 to the FULL position; pressing either vigilance button 55, 64 and then moving his automatic brake override selector 54 to the RELEASE position. The primary OCU 40 must then also recover from a full service brake application by moving his automatic brake override selector 54 to the FULL position; pressing either vigilance button 55, 64 and then moving his automatic brake override selector 54 to the RELEASE position. After this procedure has been completed, the operator of the primary OCU 40 will have control of the locomotive, and the operator of the secondary OCU 44 will have full protection of the system 10 and limited control.

[0128] The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. Further, the description is not intended to limit the invention to the form disclosed herein. Consequently, variations and modifications commensurate with the above teachings, and the skill or knowledge in the relevant art are within the scope of the present invention. The preferred embodiment described herein above is further intended to explain the best mode known of practicing the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications required by their particular applications or uses of the invention. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include alternate embodiments to the extent permitted by the prior art.