Nicotinamides having antiangiogenic activity

[0001] The present invention relates to novel compounds having activity useful for treating conditions which arise from or are exacerbated by angiogenesis, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, methods of treatment using the compounds, methods of inhibiting angiogenesis, and methods of treating cancer.

[0002] Angiogenesis is the fundamental process by which new blood vessels are formed and is essential to a variety of normal body activities (such as reproduction, development and wound repair). Although the process is not completely understood, it is believed to involve a complex interplay of molecules which both stimulate and inhibit the growth of endothelial cells, the primary cells of the capillary blood vessels. Under normal conditions these molecules appear to maintain the microvasculature in a quiescent state (i.e., one of no capillary growth) for prolonged periods that may last for weeks, or in some cases, decades. However, when necessary, such as during wound repair, these same cells can undergo rapid proliferation and turnover within as little as five days.

[0003] Although angiogenesis is a highly regulated process under normal conditions, many diseases (characterized as angiogenic diseases) are driven by persistent unregulated angiogenesis. Otherwise stated, unregulated angiogenesis may either cause a particular disease directly or exacerbate an existing pathological condition. Thus, there is a continuing need for compounds which demonstrate antiangiogenic activity.

[0004] In its principle embodiment, the present invention provides a compound of formula (I)

[0005] or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

[0006] A¹, A², A³, and A⁴ are each independently selected from the group consisting of N and CR³; with the proviso that at least two of A¹, A², A³, and A⁴ are CR³;

[0007] R¹ and R², together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- to eight-membered ring containing an additional zero to two heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; wherein the ring can be optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, aminocarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, formyl, haloalkyl, heterocycle, (heterocycle)alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and spiroheterocycle;

[0008] each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfanyl, amino, aminocarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, heterocycle, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, and nitro; and

[0009] X is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and CH₂.

[0010] In another embodiment the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically acceptable carrier.

[0011] In another embodiment the present invention provides a method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a patient in recognized need of such treatment comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically acceptable amount of a compound of formula (I) or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0012] In another embodiment the present invention provides a method for treating cancer in a patient in recognized need of such treatment comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically acceptable amount of a compound of formula (I) or a therapeutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0013] Compounds of the present invention comprise substituted heterocyclic compounds which are useful for the treatment of diseases which are caused or exacerbated by angiogenesis. The compounds of the invention are also useful for the treatment of cancer.

[0014] As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0015] As used in the present specification the following terms have the meanings indicated:

[0016] The term alkenyl, as used herein, represents a straight or branched chain group of one to twelve carbon atoms derived from a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

[0017] The term alkoxy, as used herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

[0018] The term alkoxyalkyl, as used herein, represents an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0019] The term alkoxycarbonyl, as used herein, represents an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0020] The term alkyl, as used herein, represents a group of one to twelve carbon atoms derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon.

[0021] The term alkylcarbonyl, as used herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0022] The term alkylsulfanyl, as used herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.

[0023] The term alkylsulfonyl, as used herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.

[0024] The term amino, as used herein, represents represents NR⁹R¹⁰, wherein R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylsulfonyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocycle, (heterocycle)alkyl, heterocyclecarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, and a nitrogen protecting group, wherein the aryl; the aryl part of the arylalkyl, the arylalkylcarbonyl, the arylcarbonyl, and the arylsulfonyl; the cycloalkyl; the cycloalkyl part of the (cycloalkyl)alkyl and the cycloalkylcarbonyl; the heterocycle; and the heterocycle part of the (heterocycle)alkyl and the heterocyclecarbonyl can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and nitro.

[0025] The term aminoalkyl, as used herein, represents an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0026] The term aminocarbonyl, as used herein, represents an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0027] The term aminosulfonyl, as used herein, represents an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.

[0028] The term aryl, as used herein, represents a phenyl group or a bicyclic or tricyclic fused ring system wherein one or more of the fused rings is a phenyl group. Bicyclic fused ring systems are exemplified by a phenyl group fused to a monocyclic cycloalkyl group as defined herein, a monocyclic cycloalkenyl group as defined herein, or another phenyl group. Tricyclic fused ring systems are exemplified by a bicyclic fused ring system fused to a monocyclic cycloalkyl group as defined herein, a monocyclic cycloalkenyl group as defined herein, or another phenyl group. Representative examples of aryl include, but are not limited to, anthracenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, phenyl, and tetrahydronaphthyl. Aryl groups having an unsaturated or partially saturated ring fused to an aromatic ring can be attached through the saturated or the unsaturated part of the group. The aryl groups of this invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, a second aryl group, arylalkyl, carboxy, cyano, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, formyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, heterocycle, (heterocycle)alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and oxo; wherein the second aryl group; the aryl part of the arylalkyl; the heterocycle; and the heterocycle part of the (heterocycle)alkyl can be further optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, cyano, formyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and oxo.

[0029] The term arylalkyl, as used herein, represents an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0030] The term arylcarbonyl, as used herein, represents an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0031] The term arylsulfonyl, as used herein, represents an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.

[0032] The term carbonyl, as used herein, represents C(O).

[0033] The term cyano, as used herein, represents CN.

[0034] The term cyanoalkyl, as used herein, represents a cyano group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0035] The term cycloalkenyl, as used herein, represents a non-aromatic ring system having three to ten carbon atoms and one to three rings, wherein at least one ring is a five-membered ring with one double bond, a six-membered ring with one or two double bonds, a seven- or eight-membered ring with one to three double bonds, or a nine-to ten-membered ring with one to four double bonds. Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include cyclohexenyl, octahydronaphthalenyl, norbornylenyl, and the like.

[0036] The term cycloalkyl, as used herein, represents a saturated ring system having three to twelve carbon atoms and one to three rings. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo(3.1.1)heptyl, adamantyl, and the like. The cycloalkyl groups of this invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, amino, aminoalkyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, and nitro.

[0037] The term (cycloalkyl)alkyl, as used herein, represents a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0038] The term cycloalkylcarbonyl, as used herein, represents a cycloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0039] The term formyl, as used herein, represents CHO.

[0040] The terms halo, and halogen, as used herein, represent F, Cl, Br, and I.

[0041] The term haloalkoxy, as used herein, represents an alkoxy group substituted with one, two, three, or four halogen atoms.

[0042] The term haloalkyl, as used herein, represents an alkyl group substituted by one, two, three, or four halogen atoms.

[0043] The term heteroalkenylene, as used herein, represents an unsaturated group of two to six atoms containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the remaining atoms are carbon. The heteroalkylene groups of the present invention can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through the carbon atoms or the heteroatoms in the chain.

[0044] The term heteroalkylene, as used herein, represents a saturated group of two to six atoms containing one or two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the remaining atoms are carbon. The heteroalkylene groups of the present invention can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through the carbon atoms or the heteroatoms in the chain.

[0045] The term heterocycle, as used herein, represents a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring system wherein one or more rings is a four-, five-, six-, or seven-membered ring containing one, two, or three heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Monocyclic ring systems are exemplified by any 3- or 4-membered ring containing a heteroatom independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; or a 5-, 6- or 7-membered ring containing one, two or three heteroatoms wherein the heteroatoms are independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The 3- and 4-membered rings have no double bonds, the 5-membered ring has from 0-2 double bonds and the 6- and 7-membered rings have from 0-3 double bonds. Representative examples of monocyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, azetidine, azepine, aziridine, diazepine, 1,3-dioxolane, dioxane, dithiane, furan, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, morpholine, oxadiazole, oxadiazoline, oxadiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, piperazine, piperidine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrazine, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, thiophene, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine sulfone, thiopyran, triazine, triazole, trithiane, and the like. Bicyclic ring systems are exemplified by any of the above monocyclic ring systems fused to phenyl ring, a monocyclic cycloalkyl group as defined herein, a monocyclic cycloalkenyl group, as defined herein, or another monocyclic heterocycle ring system. Representative examples of bicyclic ring systems include but are not limited to, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzofuran, benzopyran, benzothiopyran, benzodioxine, 1,3-benzodioxole, cinnoline, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, naphthyridine, isobenzofuran, isobenzothiophene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, phthalazine, pyranopyridine, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, thiopyranopyridine, and the like. Tricyclic rings systems are exemplified by any of the above bicyclic ring systems fused to a phenyl ring, a monocyclic cycloalkyl group as defined herein, a monocyclic cycloalkenyl group as defined herein, or another monocyclic heterocycle ring system. Representative examples of tricyclic ring systems include, but are not limited to, acridine, carbazole, carboline, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, naphthofuran, naphthothiophene, oxanthrene, phenazine, phenoxathiin, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, thianthrene, thioxanthene, xanthene, and the like. Heterocycle groups can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom in the group.

[0046] The heterocycle groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, aminocarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, carboxy, cyano, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, formyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, a second heterocycle, (heterocycle)alkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and oxo; wherein the aryl; the aryl part of the arylalkyl, the second heterocycle; and the heterocycle part of the (heterocycle)alkyl, can be further optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, carboxy, cyano, formyl, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, nitro, and oxo.

[0047] The term (heterocycle)alkyl, as used herein, represents a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0048] The term heterocyclecarbonyl, as used herein, represents a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

[0049] The term hydroxy, as used herein, represents OH.

[0050] The term hydroxyalkyl, as used herein, represents a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

[0051] The term nitro, as used herein, represents NO₂.

[0052] The term nitrogen protecting group, as used herein, represents groups intended to protect an amino group against undesirable reactions during synthetic procedures. Common N-protecting groups comprise acyl groups such as acetyl, benzoyl, 2-bromoacetyl, 4-bromobenzoyl, tert-butylacetyl, carboxaldehyde, 2-chloroacetyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, a-chlorobutyryl, 4-nitrobenzoyl, o-nitrophenoxyacetyl, phthalyl, pivaloyl, propionyl, trichloroacetyl, and trifluoroacetyl; sulfonyl groups such as benzenesulfonyl, and p-toluenesulfonyl; carbamate forming groups such as benzyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), p-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, and the like.

[0053] The term oxo, as used herein, represents O.

[0054] The term spiroheterocycle, as used herein, represents a heteroalkenylene or heteroalkylene group in which both ends of the heteroalkenylene or heteroalkylene group are attached to the same carbon of the parent molecular moiety to form a bicyclic group. The spiroheterocycle groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with one or two alkyl groups.

[0055] The term sulfonyl, as used herein, represents SO₂.

[0056] The compounds of the present invention can exist as therapeutically acceptable salts. The term therapeutically acceptable salt, as used herein, represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of the present invention which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible, which are suitable for treatment of diseases without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic response; which are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and which are effective for their intended use. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting an amino group with a suitable acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate, lactate, maleate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate,trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, para-toluenesulfonate, and undecanoate. Also, amino groups in the compounds of the present invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Examples of acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric.

[0057] Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds of the present invention. These centers are designated by the symbols R or S, depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, which possess the ability to inhibit angiogenesis. Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, or direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns. Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art.

[0058] In accordance with methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions of the invention, the compounds can be administered alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. When using the compounds, the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon factors such as the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the particular compound used; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route of administration; the rate of excretion of the compound employed; the duration of treatment; and drugs used in combination with or coincidently with the compound used. The compounds can be administered orally, parenterally, osmotically (nasal sprays), rectally, vaginally, or topically in unit dosage formulations containing carriers, adjuvants, diluents, vehicles, or combinations thereof. The term parenteral includes infusion as well as subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intrasternal injection.

[0059] Parenterally administered aqueous or oleaginous suspensions of the compounds can be formulated with dispersing, wetting, or suspending agents. The injectable preparation can also be an injectable solution or suspension in a diluent or solvent. Among the acceptable diluents or solvents employed are water, saline, Ringer's solution, buffers, monoglycerides, diglycerides, fatty acids such as oleic acid, and fixed oils such as monoglycerides or diglycerides.

[0060] The antiangiogenic effect of parenterally administered compounds can be prolonged by slowing their absorption. One way to slow the absorption of a particular compound is administering injectable depot forms comprising suspensions of crystalline, amorphous, or otherwise water-insoluble forms of the compound. The rate of absorption of the compound is dependent on its rate of dissolution which is, in turn, dependent on its physical state. Another way to slow absorption of a particular compound is administering injectable depot forms comprising the compound as an oleaginous solution or suspension. Yet another way to slow absorption of a particular compound is administering injectable depot forms comprising microcapsule matrices of the compound trapped within liposomes, microemulsions, or biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, polyorthoesters or polyanhydrides. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer and the composition of the polymer, the rate of drug release can be controlled.

[0061] Transdermal patches can also provide controlled delivery of the compounds. The rate of absorption can be slowed by using rate controlling membranes or by trapping the compound within a polymer matrix or gel. Conversely, absorption enhancers can be used to increase absorption.

[0062] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In these solid dosage forms, the active compound can optionally comprise diluents such as sucrose, lactose, starch, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, polyamide powder, tableting lubricants, and tableting aids such as magnesium stearate or microcrystalline cellulose. Capsules, tablets and pills can also comprise buffering agents, and tablets and pills can be prepared with enteric coatings or other release-controlling coatings. Powders and sprays can also contain excipients such as talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicate, polyamide powder, or mixtures thereof. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons or substitutes therefore.

[0063] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs comprising inert diluents such as water. These compositions can also comprise adjuvants such as wetting, emulsifying, suspending, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

[0064] Topical dosage forms include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, and transdermal patches. The compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers. These dosage forms can also include excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. Suppositories for rectal or vaginal administration can be prepared by mixing the compounds with a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter or polyethylene glycol, each of which is solid at ordinary temperature but fluid in the rectum or vagina. Ophthalmic formulations comprising eye drops, eye ointments, powders, and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

[0065] The total daily dose of the compounds administered to a host in single or divided doses can be in amounts from about 0.1 to about 200 mg/kg body weight or preferably from about 0.25 to about 100 mg/kg body weight. Single dose compositions can contain these amounts or submultiples thereof to make up the daily dose.

[0066] Preferred compounds of the present invention are compounds of formula (I) where A¹, A², A³, and A⁴ are CR³.

[0067] Determination of Biological Activity In vitro Assay for Angiogenic Activity

[0068] The human microvascular endothelial (HMVEC) migration assay was run according to the procedure of S. S. Tolsma, O. V. Volpert, D. J. Good, W. F. Frazier, P. J. Polverini and N. Bouck, J. Cell Biol. 122, 497-511 (1993).

[0069] The HMVEC migration assay was carried out using Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells-Dermal (single donor) and Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells, (neonatal). The BCE or HMVEC cells were starved overnight in DME containing 0.01% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cells were then harvested with trypsin and resuspended in DME with 0.01% BSA at a concentration of 1.510⁶ cells per mL. Cells were added to the bottom of a 48 well modified Boyden chamber (Nucleopore Corporation, Cabin John, MD). The chamber was assembled and inverted, and cells were allowed to attach for 2 hours at 37 C. to polycarbonate chemotaxis membranes (5 m pore size) that had been soaked in 0.01% gelatin overnight and dried. The chamber was then reinverted, and test substances (total volume of 50 L), including activators, 15 ng/mL bFGF/VEGF, were added to the wells of the upper chamber. The apparatus was incubated for 4 hours at 37 C. Membranes were recovered, fixed and stained (Diff Quick, Fisher Scientific) and the number of cells that had migrated to the upper chamber per 3 high power fields counted. Background migration to DME0.1 BSA was subtracted and the data reported as the number of cells migrated per 10 high power fields (400) or, when results from multiple experiments were combined, as the percent inhibition of migration compared to a positive control.

[0070] Representative compounds described in Examples 1 to 50 inhibited human endothelial cell migration in the above assay by at least 45% when tested at a concentration of 1 nM. Preferred compounds inhibited human endothelial cell migration by 70-90 percent when tested at a concentration of 1 nM.

[0071] Many diseases (characterized as angiogenic diseases) are driven by persistent unregulated angiogenesis. For example, ocular neovascularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness. In certain existing conditions such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous, bleed, and cause blindness. For example, ocular neovascularization has been implicated as the most common cause of blindness. In certain existing conditions such as arthritis, newly formed capillary blood vessels invade the joints and destroy cartilage. In diabetes, new capillaries formed in the retina invade the vitreous, bleed, and cause blindness. Growth and metastasis of solid tumors are also angiogenesis-dependent (Folkman, J., Cancer Res., 46: 467-473 (1986), Folkman, J., J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 82: 4-6 (1989)). It has been shown, for example, that tumors which enlarge to greater than 2 mm must obtain their own blood supply and do so by inducing the growth of new capillary blood vessels. Once these new blood vessels become embedded in the tumor, they provide a means for tumor cells to enter the circulation and metastasize to distant sites, such as the liver, the lung, and the bones (Weidner, N., et. al., N. Engl. J. Med., 324(1): 1-8 (1991)).

[0072] The compounds of the invention, including not limited to those specified in the examples, possess antiangiogenic activity. As angiogenesis inhibitors, such compounds are useful in the treatment of both primary and metastatic solid tumors, including carcinomas of breast, colon, rectum, lung, oropharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder and bile ducts, small intestine, urinary tract (including kidney, bladder and urothelium), female genital tract (including cervix, uterus, and ovaries as well as choriocarcinoma and gestational trophoblastic disease), male genital tract (including prostate, seminal vesicles, testes and germ cell tumors), endocrine glands (including the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands), and skin, as well as hemangiomas, melanomas, sarcomas (including those arising from bone and soft tissues as well as Kaposi's sarcoma) and tumors of the brain, nerves, eyes, and meninges (including astrocytomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, retinoblastomas, neuromas, neuroblastomas, Schwannomas, and meningiomas). Such compounds may also be useful in treating solid tumors arising from hematopoietic malignancies such as leukemias (i.e., chloromas, plasmacytomas and the plaques and tumors of mycosis fungosides and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma/leukemia) as well as in the treatment of lymphomas (both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas). In addition, these compounds may be useful in the prevention of metastases from the tumors described above either when used alone or in combination with radiotherapy and/or other chemotherapeutic agents. The compounds of the invention can also be useful in the treatment of the aforementioned conditions by mechanisms other than the inhibition of angiogenesis.

[0073] Further uses include the treatment and prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid, immune and degenerative arthritis; various ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, corneal graft rejection, retrolental fibroplasia, neovascular glaucoma, rubeosis, retinal neovascularization due to macular degeneration, hypoxia, angiogenesis in the eye associated with infection or surgical intervention, and other abnormal neovascularization conditions of the eye; skin diseases such as psoriasis; blood vessel diseases such as hemagiomas, and capillary proliferation within atherosclerotic plaques; Osler-Webber Syndrome; myocardial angiogenesis; plaque neovascularization; telangiectasia; hemophiliac joints; angiofibroma; and wound granulation. Other uses include the treatment of diseases characterized by excessive or abnormal stimulation of endothelial cells, including not limited to intestinal adhesions, Crohn's disease, atherosclerosis, scleroderma, and hypertrophic scars, i.e., keloids. Another use is as a birth control agent, by inhibiting ovulation and establishment of the placenta. The compounds of the invention are also useful in the treatment of diseases that have angiogenesis as a pathologic consequence such as cat scratch disease (Rochele minutesalia quintosa) and ulcers (Helicobacter pylori). The compounds of the invention are also useful to reduce bleeding by administration prior to surgery, especially for the treatment of resectable tumors.

[0074] Synthetic Methods

[0075] Abbreviations which have been used in the descriptions of the scheme and the examples that follow are: DCC for 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; HOBT for 1-hydroxybenzotriazole; PPh₃ for triphenylphosphine, THF for tetrahydrofuran, TFA for trifluoroacetic acid, DMSO for dimethylsulfoxide, and DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0076] The compounds and processes of the present invention will be better understood in connection with the following synthetic scheme which illustrates the method by which the compounds of the invention may be prepared. Starting materials can be obtained from commercial sources or prepared by well-established literature methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The groups A¹, A², A³, A⁴, R¹, R², and R³ are as defined above unless otherwise noted below.

[0077] This invention is intended to encompass compounds having formula (I) when prepared by synthetic processes or by metabolic processes. Preparation of the compounds of the invention by metabolic processes include those occurring in the human or animal body (in vivo) or processes occurring in vitro.

[0078] Scheme 1 shows the sythesis of compounds of formula (I). Compounds of formula (2) can be converted to the corresponding acid chloride by treatment with thionyl chloride. Examples of solvents used in this reaction include dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. The reaction is typically conducted at about 5 C. to about 15 C. for about 30 minutes to about 2 hours. The acid chloride can then be reacted with an appropriately substituted amine in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine to provide compounds of formula (I). Examples of solvents used in this reaction include dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. The reaction is typically run at about 0 C. to about 40 C. for about 2 to about 6 hours.

[0079] Compounds of formula (2) can also be converted to compounds of formula (I) by treatment with compounds of formula (3) in the presence of a coupling reagent such as DCC, HOBT, and other reagents known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0080] Compounds of formula (I) where one of A¹, A², A³, and A⁴ is CR³ where R³ is halo can be coupled with an organoborane (in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate or cesium fluoride) or an organostannane in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as Pd(PPh₃)₄ or PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ to provide compounds where R³ is alkyl, cyanoalkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, aryl, or heteorcycle. Examples of solvents used in these reactions include dichloromethane, toluene, and THF. The reaction is typically conducted at about 25 C. to about 100 C. (depending on the conditions used) for about 8 to about 24 hours.

[0081] The present invention will now be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments which are not intended to limit its scope. On the contrary, the present invention covers all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the scope of the claims. Thus, the following examples, which include preferred embodiments, will illustrate the preferred practice of the present invention, it being understood that the examples are for the purposes of illustration of certain preferred embodiments and are presented to provide what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of its procedures and conceptual aspects.

[0082] Compounds of the invention were named by ACD/ChemSketch version 5.0 (developed by Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) or were given names which appeared to be consistent with ACD nomenclature.

[0083] 2-methyl-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0084] A suspension of 6-methylnicotinic acid (8.25 g, 60 mmol) in dry dichloromethane at 0 C. (90 mL) was treated with thionyl chloride (9 mL, 124 mmol), stirred for 1 hour, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was added dropwise to a solution of 2-methylpyrrolidine (6.21 mL, 60 mmol) and triethylamine (45 mL) in dichloromethane (200 mL) at 0 C., stirred for 4 hours, and concentrated under vacuum. The concentrate was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed sequentially with saturated sodium bicarbonate, water, and brine, then dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography with methylene chloride and 99:1 dichloromethane/methanol, dissolved in diethyl ether, treated with 2M HCl in diethyl ether (80 mL), and filtered. The filter cake was washed with diethyl ether and dried under vacuum. The solid was recrystallized from methanol/ethyl acetate/hexanes to provide the desired product (8.04 g) as the hydrochloride salt. MS m/e 205.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.87 (d, 0.75H), 1.27 (d, 2.25H), 1.53-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.69-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.95 (m, 1H), 2.05-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.80 (s, 3H), 3.32-3.41 (m, 0.8H), 3.48-3.59 (m, 1.2H), 3.94-4.02 (m, 0.25H), 4.12-4.20 (m, 0.75H), 7.94 (dd, 1H), 8.52 (dd, 1H), 8.87 (d, 0.75H), 8.93 (br s, 0.25H).

[0085] 2-methyl-5-(piperidin-1-ylcarbonyl)pyridine

[0086] The desired product was prepared by substituting piperidine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 205.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.39-1.65 (m, 6H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 3.27 (br s, 2H), 3.59 (br s, 2H), 7.47 (dd, 1H), 7.87 (dd, 1H), 8.56 (d, 1H).

[0087] 5-(2-ethylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl-2-methylpyridine

[0088] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2-ethylpiperidine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 233 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.77 (br d, 3H), 1.32-1.73 (br m, 7H), 1.74-1.84 (m, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.78 (br s, 0.5H), 3.10 (br s, 0.5H), 3.31 (br s, 0.5H), 3.51 (br s, 0.5H), 4.34 (br s, 0.5H), 4.60 (br s, 0.5H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 7.93 (dd, 1H), 8.59 (d, 1H).

[0089] 2-methyl-5-(4-propylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0090] The desired product was prepared by substituting 4-propylpiperidine for 2-methylpyrrolidine. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 247 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.87 (t, 3H), 1.03-1.14 (br m, 2H), 1.17-1.25 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.64 (br m, 2H), 1.69-1.80 (br s, 1H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.84 (br m, 1H), 2.99-3.11 (br m, 1H).

[0091] 4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylthiomorpholine

[0092] The desired product was prepared by substituting thiomorpholine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 223 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.56-2.74 (br m, 4H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 3.55 (br s, 2H), 3.88 (br s, 2H), 7.87 (dd, 1H), 8.36 (dd, 1H), 8.83 (d, 1H)

[0093] 8-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro4.5decane

[0094] The desired product was prepared by substituting 4-piperidone ethylene ketal for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 263.1(MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.67 (br s, 4H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 3.37 (br s, 2H), 3.68 (br s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 4H); 7.54 (dd, 1 H), 7-96-8.03 (m, 1H), 8.64 (d, 0.66H), 8.69 (d, 0.33 H).

[0095] 1-(5-bromopyridin-3-yl)carbonyl-1,4-diazepane

[0096] The desired product was prepared by substituting 5-bromonicotinic acid and 1,4-diazepane for 6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-methylpyrrolidine, respectively, in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0097] (2S)-N-ethyl-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide

[0098] The desired product was prepared by substituting L-prolinethylamide for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 262 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.77 (t, 1H), 1.03 (t, 2H), 1.52-1.70 (m, 0.5H), 1.73-1.98 (m, 3H), 2.10-2.25 (m, 0.5H), 2.56 (s, 1H), 2.61 (s, 0.5H), 2.98-3.06 (m, 0.7H), 3.07-3.17 (m, 1.3 H), 3.42-3.52 (m, 0.7H), 3.55-3.65 (m, 1.3H), 4.22 (q, 0.35H), 4.40 (q, 0.65H), 7.50 (d, 0.35H), 7.58 (d, 0.65H), 7.83-7.98 (m, 1.35H), 8.16 (dd, 0.65H), 8.57 (s, 0.35H), 8.79 (s, 0.65H).

[0099] 1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazine

[0100] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-(pyridin-2-yl)piperazine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 283.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.58 (s, 3H), 3.47-3.80 (br m, 8H), 6.82 (t, 1H), 7.08 (d, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.74-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.94 (dd, 1H), 8.10 (dd, 1H), 8.64 (d, 1H).

[0101] 1-(2-ethoxyphenyl)-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperazine

[0102] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-(2-ethoxyphenyl)piperazine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 283.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.45 (t, 3H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 3.45-3.55 (br m, 1H), 3.73-4.09 (br m, 5H), 4.16-4.36 (br m, 4H), 7.11-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.26 (dd, 1H), 7.49-7.59 (m, 2H), 8.03 (d, 1H); 8.58 (dd, 1H), 8.89 (d, 1H).

[0103] 2-chloro-6-methyl-3-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0104] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2-chloro-6-methylnicotinic acid for 6-methylnicotinic acid in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 238.9 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.86 (d, 0.9H), 1.24 (d, 2.1H), 1.55-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.85-2.08 (m, 2H), 2.48 (s, 2H), 2.49 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.74 (d, 0.66H), 7.81 (d, 0.33H).

[0105] 2-chloro-6-methyl-3-(2-methylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0106] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2-chloro-6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-methylpiperidine for 6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-methylpyrrolidine, respectively, in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 252.9 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.10 (d, 1H), 1.20 (d, 2H), 1.32-1.75 (br m, 6H), 2.48 (d, 3H), 2.75-2.91 (br m, 0.66H), 2.99-3.12 (br m, 0.66H), 3.14-3.24 (m, 0.66H), 3.48-3.65 (br m, 0.33H), 4.34-4.42 (br m, 0.33H), 4.79-4.87 (br m, 0.33H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.64 (d, 0.33H), 7.72-7.78 (m, 0.66H).

[0107] 2-chloro-6-methyl-3-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0108] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2-chloro-6-methylnicotinic acid and 4-methylpiperidine for 6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-methylpyrrolidine, respectively, in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 252.9 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.91 (d, 3H), 0.95-1.18 (br m, 2H), 1.44-1.74 (br m, 3H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.73-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.93-3.07 (br m, 1H), 3.19-3.26 (br m, 1H), 4.45 (br d, 1H), 7.32-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.69 (d, 0.5H), 7.76 (d, 0.5H).

[0109] 2-chloro-3-(2-ethylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl-6-methylpyridine

[0110] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2-chloro-6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-ethylpiperidine for 6-methylnicotinic acid and 2-methylpyrrolidine, respectively, in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 266.9 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.64-0.73 (m, 1H), 0.86-0.93 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.82 (br m, 8H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.79 (br m, 0.5H), 2.98-3.06 (br m, 1H), 3.09-3.16 (m, 0.5H), 4.35-4.46 (m, 0.5H), 4.48-4.66 (br m, 0.5H), 7.32-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.62 (d, 0.25H), 7.67 (d, 0.25H), 7.75-7.79 (m, 0.5H).

[0111] (3R)-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidin-3-ol

[0112] The desired product was prepared by substituting (3R)-piperidin-3-ol for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 22.1.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.37-1.94 (br m, 4H), 2.58 (s, 3H), 2.87 (br s, 1H), 2.98-3.14 (br m, 1H), 3.26-3.70 (br m, 3H), 4.05-4.24 (br m, 1H), 7.53 (d, 1H), 7.87 (d, 1H); 8.62 (s, 1H).

[0113] 1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidin-4-ol

[0114] The desired product was prepared by substituting piperidin-4-ol for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 221.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.23-1.29 (m, 0.5H), 1.30-1.46 (br m, 1.5H), 1.75 (br d, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 3.07-3.33 (br d, 2H), 3.47 (br s, 1H), 3.71-3.79 (m, 3H), 7.51 (d, 1H), 7.92 (dd, 1H), 8.59 (d, 1H).

[0115] 1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidine-3-carboxamide

[0116] The desired product was prepared by substituting nipecotamide for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 248.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.40-1.78 (br m, 3H), 1.88-1.98 (br m, 1H), 2.33-2.44 (br m, 1H), 2.77 (s, 3H), 2.83-2.95 (br m, 0.5H), 3.03-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.27 (br t, 0.5H), 3.47 (br d, 1H), 4.09 (br d, 0.5H), 4.43 (br d, 0.5H), 6.88 (br d, 1H), 7.44 (br d, 1H), 7.90 (d, 1H), 8.33-8.46 (br m, 1H), 8.88 (br s, 1H).

[0117] 1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidine-4-carboxamide

[0118] The desired product was prepared by substituting isonipecotamide for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 248.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.45-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.74 (br d, 2H), 2.34-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.86 (br s, 1H), 3.03-3.19 (br m, 1H), 3.56 (br s, 1H), 4.41 (br s, 1H), 6.89 (br s, 1H), 7.27 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (d, 1H), 7.92 (dd, 1H), 8.59 (d, 1H).

[0119] N,N-diethyl-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidine-3-carboxamide

[0120] The desired product was prepared by substituting N,N-diethylnipecotamide for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 304.2 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.85-1.21 (br m, 6H), 1.44-1.86 (br m, 4H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.70-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.80-2.91 (m, 1H), 3.00-3.15 (br m, 1H), 3.22-3.45 (br m, 4H), 3.51 (br d, 1H), 4.37 (br t, 1H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.93 (d, 1H), 8.60 (d, 1H).

[0121] 5-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)carbonyl-2-methylpyridine

[0122] The desired product was prepared by substituting 4-benzylpiperidine for 2-methylprrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 295.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.09-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.71 (br m, 2H), 1.74-1.84 (m, 1H), 2.52 (d, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.65-2.82 (br m, 1H) 2.93-3.07 (br m, 1H), 3.51 (br s, 1H), 4.43 (br s, 1H), 7.14-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.32 (m, 2H), 7.50 (d, 1H), 7.91 (dd, 1H), 8.58 (d, 1H).

[0123] 1-1-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperidin-4-yl -1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

[0124] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-piperidin-4-yl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 337.2 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.75 (br d, 2H), 2.25-2.39 (br m, 2H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.88-3.05 (br m, 1H), 3.19-3.37 (br m, 1H), 3.59-3.76 (br m, 1H), 4.44-4.53 (m, 2H), 6.96-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H), 8.07 (dd, 1H), 8.72 (d, 1H), 10.85 (s, 1H).

[0125] 1-methyl-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperazine

[0126] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-(methyl)piperazine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 220.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.77 (br s, 2H), 2.82 (s, 3H), 3.07 (br t, 2H), 3.29 (br t, 4H), 7.39 (d, 1H), 7.79 (dd, 1H), 8-52-8.56 (m, 1H).

[0127] 4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperazine-1-carbaldehyde

[0128] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-piperazinecarboxaldehyde for 2- methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 234.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.53-2.58 (m, 3H), 3.17 (br s, 2H), 3.44 (br s, 4H), 3.66 (br s, 2H), 7.47 (q, 1H), 7.81-7.95 (m, 1H), 8.07 (s, 0.75H) 8.14 (s, 0.25 H), 8.61 (s, 1H).

[0129] 1-benzyl-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperazine

[0130] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-(benzyl)piperazine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 296.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.55 (s, 3H), 3.02-3.52 (br m, 6H), 4.35 (s, 2H), 7.40-7.53 (m, 6H), 7.86 (dd, 1H), 8.58 (dd, 1H).

[0131] 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpiperazine

[0132] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 300.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 2.57 (s, 3H), 3.13 (br s, 4H), 3.50 (br s, 2H), 3.78 (br s, 2H), 6.96-7.01 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.51 (d, 1H), 7.95 (dd, 1H), 8.63 (d, 1H).

[0133] 1-methyl-4-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl-1,4-diazepane

[0134] The desired product was prepared by substituting 1-methyl-1,4-diazepane for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 234.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.97-2.19 (br m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.80-2.91 (br m, 3H), 3.17-3.61 (br m, 7H), 4.04-4.17 (br m, 1H), 7.41 (d, 1H) 7.82 (dd, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H).

[0135] 5-(2,5-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl-2-methylpyridine

[0136] The desired product was prepared by substituting 2,6-dimethylpyrrolidine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 219 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.48 (d, 0.5H), 0.56-1.17 (br m, 5.5H), 1.22-1.50 (br m, 2H), 1.59-2.05 (br m, 2H), 2.91 (s, 3H), 3.40-4.04 (br m, 2H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 8.17 (dd, 0.65H), 8.22 (dd, 0.15H), 8.58 (d, 0.65H), 8.67 (d, 0.15H).

[0137] (2S)-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol

[0138] The desired product was prepared by substituting (2S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 221.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.60-2.02 (br m, 4H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 3.01-3.16 (br m, 0.5H), 3.25-3.38 (br m, 1H), 3.38-3.65 (m, 3H), 3.78-3.91 (br s, 0.5H), 4.09-4.19 (br m, 1H), 7.47 (d, 1H), 7.99 (dd, 1H), 8.67 (d, 1H).

[0139] (2R)-1-(6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonylpyrrolidin-2-yl methanol

[0140] The desired product was prepared by substituting (2R)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 221.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 1.62-2.02 (br m, 4H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 3.02-3.15 (br m, 0.5H), 3.24-3.38 (br m, 1H), 3.39-3.67 (m, 3H), 3.77-3.91 (br s, 0.5H), 4.08-4.21 (br m, 1H), 7.44 (d, 1H), 7.95 (dd, 1H), 8.64 (d, 1H).

[0141] 3-bromo-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0142] The desired product was prepared by substituting 5-bromonicotinic acid for 2-methylnicotinic acid in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 269.0 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.86 (d, 0.75H), 1.25 (d, 2.25H), 1.50-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.96 (m, 1H), 2.02-2.12 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.55 (m, 0.5H), 3.46-3.55 (m, 1.5H), 3.88-3.98 (m, 0.25H), 4.10-4.20 (m, 0.75H), 8.15-8.22 (m, 1H), 8.64-8.69 (m, 1H), 8.78 (d, 1H).

[0143] 2-bromo-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0144] The desired product was prepared by substituting 6-bromonicotinic acid for 2-methylnicotinic acid in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 268.9 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.86 (d, 0.75H), 1.25 (d, 2.25H), 1.48-1.63 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.97 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.13 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.37 (m, 0.5H), 3.45-3.54 (m, 1.5H), 3.88-4.00 (m, 0.25H), 4.09-4.21 (m, 0.75H), 7.72 (d, 1H), 7.87 (dd, 1H), 8.52 (d, 1H).

[0145] 2-methyl-5-(2R)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonylpyridine

[0146] A suspension of N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N-methylpolystyrene HL resin (purchased from Novabiochem Corp., substitution 1.69 mmol/g, 1.2 g) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was gently shaken for 30 minutes. The mixture was treated with a solution of 6-methylnicotinic acid (0.137 g, 1.0 mmol), 1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (0.1361 g, 1.0 mmol) and diisopropylamine (0.5 mL, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL), gently shaken for ten minutes, treated with (R)-2-methylpyrrolidine tartarate salt (0.2235 g, 0.95 mmol), shaken overnight, and filtered. The resin was washed three times with dichloromethane. The filtrate and the washes were combined, treated with PS-trisamine resin (purchased from Argonaut Technologies, substitution 4.42 mmol/g, 0.5 g), and gently shaken for two hours. The suspension was filtered and the resin was washed with dichloromethane. The filtrate and the washes were concentrated and the concentrate was purified by HPLC on a C-18 column using a solvent mixture varying in a gradient of 10% to 50% acetonitrile/water containing 0.1% TFA. The combined fractions were lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt (0.255 g). The salt was dissolved in dichloromethane, treated with PS-trisamine (0.5 g) for ten minutes, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and dissolved in diethyl ether. The solution was treated with 2M HCl in diethyl ether (2 mL) and filtered. The filter cake was recrystallized from methanol/ethylacetate/hexane to provide the desired product as the hydrochloride salt (0.148 g). MS m/e 205.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.85 (d, 0.7H), 1.25 (d, 2.30H), 1.49-1.63 (m, 1H) 1.65-1.79 (m, 1H) 1.81-1.90 (m, 1H), 2.01-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.39 (m, 0.7H), 3.46-3.57 (m, 1.3H), 3.95-4.0 (m, 0.25H), 4.09-4.20 (m, 0.75H), 7.40 (dd, 1H), 8.48 (dd, 1H), 8.82-8.92 (m, 1H).

[0147] 2-methyl-5-(2S)-2-methylpyrrolidin-1-ylcarbonylpyridine

[0148] The desired product was prepared by substituting (S) 2-methylpyrrolidine for 2-methylpyrrolidine in Example 1. After workup the crude compound was purified by HPLC on C-18 column using a solvent system increasing over 50 minutes in a gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt. MS m/e 205.1 (MH); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) 0.87 (d, 0.65H), 1.27 (d, 2.35H), 1.50-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.82-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.02-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 3.30-3.40 (m, 0.6H), 3.46-3.59 (m, 1.4H), 3.92-4.02 (m, 0.30H), 4.11-4.21 (m, 0.97H), 7.88 (d, 1H), 8.47 (dd, 1H), 8.84-8.92 (m, 1H).

[0149] 3-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl-5-phenylpyridine

[0150] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with a solution of 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0151] 3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0152] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (2,5-dimethyl)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0153] 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0154] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (4-methoxy)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0155] 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0156] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (3-chloro)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and lo methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0157] 3-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridin-3-ylbenzonitrile

[0158] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (3-cyano)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0159] 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0160] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), 2-chlorophenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0161] 3-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0162] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (3,4-dimethyl)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0163] 3-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0164] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), (3-ethoxy)phenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0165] 5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl-3,4-bipyridine

[0166] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), 4-pyridylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0167] 3-(3-furyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0168] A solution of Example 30 (1 mmol), 3-furylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0169] 2-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0170] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), cyclohexylmethylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0171] 7-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridin-2-ylheptanenitrile

[0172] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), 6-cyanohexylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0173] 2-hexyl-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0174] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), hexylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0175] 2-bicyclo2.2.1hept-2-yl-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0176] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), 2-norbornylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0177] 2-(1-methylpentyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0178] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), 1-methylpen-1-tylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0179] 5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonyl-2-thien-2-ylpyridine

[0180] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), 2-thiopheneboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0181] 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(2-methylpyrrolidin-1-yl)carbonylpyridine

[0182] A solution of Example 31 (1 mmol), 3,5-dichlorophenylboronic acid (2.0 mmol), and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (1.5 mL) and methanol (0.25 mL) is treated with 2M sodium carbonate (0.5 mL), heated to 87 C. overnight, and concentrated. The concentrate is dissolved in diethyl ether, washed three times with water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate is purified by HPLC using a C-18 column and a solvent system increasing in gradient over 50 minutes from 5% to 100% acetonitrile/water containing 0.01% TFA and lyophilized to provide the desired product as the trifluoroacetate salt.

[0183] It will be evident to one skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the foregoing illustrative examples, and that it can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential attributes thereof. It is therefore desired that the examples be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing examples, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.