Maskless photolithography for etching and deposition

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/301,218, filed Jun. 27, 2001, and incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present invention relates to photolithography systems and methods, specifically, to maskless photolithography devices and methods for creating 2-D and 3-D patterns on objects using etching and deposition techniques.

[0003] Photolithography systems are known in the art that direct light beams onto a photosensitive surface covered by a mask, etching a desired pattern on the substrate corresponding to the void areas of the mask. Maskless photolithography systems are also known in the art as described in Singh-Gasson, Sangeet et al., Nature Biotechnology 17, 974-78, 1999. The system described in this article uses an off-axis light source coupled with a digital micromirror array to fabricate DNA chips containing probes for genes or other solid phase combinatorial chemistry to be performed in high-density microarrays.

[0004] A number of patents also exist which relate to maskless photolithography systems, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,870,176; 6,060,224; 6,177,980; and 6,251,550; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. While maskless photolithography systems disclosed in the art are directed to DNA chip and semiconductor manufacture, these prior art systems and methods notably lack reference to other applications lending themselves to maskless photolithography techniques.

[0005] Photo-assisted wet etching of various semiconductor materials has been disclosed Shockley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,096,262; T. Yoshida et al., Proc IEEE Mems., 56-61, 1992; B. Peters et al., 7^th Intl. Conf. On Solid State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers '93), 254-57, 1993; c. Youtsey et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(15), 1997. In these references, the patterns generated are defined by physical masks placed in the path of light used for photo-activation. While use of wet etching techniques simplifies manufacture of semiconductors by eliminated the requirement of clean rooms required by traditional semiconductor manufacturing techniques, physical masks are still required in the process. While effective, the use of physical masks in the wet etching process has numerous drawbacks, including the cost of fabricating masks, the time required to produce the sets of masks needed to fabricate semiconductors, the diffraction effects resulting from light from a light source being diffracted from opaque portions of the mask, registration errors during mask alignment for multilevel patterns, color centers formed in the mask substrate, defects in the mask, the necessity for periodic cleaning and the deterioration of the mask as a consequence of continuous cleaning. Thus, the drawbacks of using masks are not eliminated in the prior art wet etching techniques.

[0006] Patterns and structures are known to be created in photosensitive glass, such as with the use of a direct laser writing process (C. Gimkiewicz et al., Microsystems Technology 4, 40-45, 1997). It is also known to use a hard physical blocking mask-to-mask ultraviolet (UV) exposure to glass (R. Salim et al., Microsystems Technology 4, 32-34, 1997). However, the laser process requires an expensive laser system and associated electronic controls and can produce objectionable waste material during the laser etching process. On the other hand, the UV system disclosed in Microsystems Technology eliminates the need for a laser, but still requires the use of masks. Thus, the disadvantages of using masks are not eliminated.

[0007] Further, it is also known to make printed metal patterns by etching away unwanted material from a substrate. However, this process can create hazardous waste material that requires special handling for disposal. In addition, the process is inefficient due to loss through waste and expensive reclamation efforts.

[0008] Photo-selective metal deposition was introduced by Western Electric, Incorporated in a factory setting in the 1960's. In the Western Electric technology, a photofilm having a pattern thereon was placed on a drum having a light source in its center. However, the film had to be changed to create different patterns, and thereby, this system suffers from the same drawbacks as other mask-type photolithography systems.

[0009] Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a method and system for maskless photolithography to create 2-D and 3-D patterns on objects using etching and deposition techniques. Specifically, the method and system needs to provide a maskless photolithography system for wet etching, creation of designs in photosensitive glass, and metal deposition processes. This system needs to combine ease of use, reconfigurability, and the ability to eliminate the need for the use of physical masks. In summary, the system needs to provide all the advantages of a maskless photolithography system at a reasonable cost, and include capabilities tailored to specific applications.

[0010] In view of the foregoing deficiencies of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a maskless photolithography system for creating 2-D and 3-D patterns on objects using etching and deposition techniques.

[0011] It is another object of the present invention to provide a maskless photolithography system and method for photo-stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution.

[0012] It is still another object of the present invention to provide a maskless photolithography system and method for patterning photosensitive and photochromic glass.

[0013] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide maskless photolithography system and method for photoselective metal deposition.

[0014] To achieve these objects, a system and method are provided to create two dimensional and three dimensional structures using a maskless photolithography system that is directly reconfigurable and does not require masks, templates or stencils to create each of the planes or layers on a multi layer two-dimensional or three dimensional structure. In an embodiment, the invention uses a micromirror array comprising up to several million elements to modulate light onto an object that has photoreactive compounds applied to the exposed surface or has photoreactive qualities. The desired pattern is designed and stored using conventional computer aided drawing techniques and is used to control the positioning of the individual mirrors in the micromirror array to reflect the corresponding desired pattern. Light impinging on the array is reflected to or directed away from the object to create light and dark spots on the substrate according to the pattern. The positioning information provided to the micromirror array can be modulated to cause the individual mirrors to change their angular position during exposure to reduce the effects of pixelation and stiction. Alternatively, a plasma cell array may be used to generate and direct patterned light on an object, thereby replacing the micromirror array and separate light source and associated optics.

[0015] In the disclosed embodiments, various chemical solution application systems are provided and used in conjunction with light exposure to create the desired objects. In addition, an alignment fixture, movable in three dimensions, for mounting of the object is provided. The alignment fixture allows the affixed substrate to be moved in three dimensions, providing alignment in two, coplanar dimensions and a third dimension perpendicular to the two coplanar dimensions. By providing alignment in the third dimensional direction, the invention advantageously provides the capability to produce three-dimensional structures on the object.

[0016] The advantages of the invention are numerous. One significant advantage is the ability to use the invention as a reconfigurable, rapid prototyping tool for creating two dimensional and three dimensional micro and macroscopic objects. Another advantage of the invention is that it provides the ability to reduce prototyping costs and enable devices to be fabricated more quickly with less risk. Still another advantage of the current invention is a reduction in cost for prototyping activities realized by the elimination of physical masks. Yet another advantage of the current invention is that pattern generation can be performed optically without having to use an expensive vacuum system required by conventional mask-based photolithography. A particular advantage of the current invention is the ability to use photo-electrochemical induced etching of objects in solution to permit rapid fabrication of patterned objects. Still another advantage of the current invention is the ability to create three-dimensional devices using an alignment stage to selectively expose successive layers in a substrate.

[0017] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein, or from which a claim for benefit of priority has been made, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

[0018] Other aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating, by way of example, the principles of the invention.

[0019] In order that the manner in which the above recited and other advantages and objects of the invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0020] FIG. 1A illustrates a maskless photolithography system.

[0021] FIG. 1B illustrates a maskless photolithography system using a plasma display.

[0022] FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a maskless photolithography method.

[0023] FIG. 3A illustrates a maskless photolithography system for photo stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0024] FIG. 3B illustrates a maskless photolithography system for photo stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution according to an embodiment of the present invention using a plasma display.

[0025] FIG. 4A illustrates a maskless photolithography system for patterning photosensitive and photochromic glass according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] FIG. 4B illustrates a maskless photolithography system for patterning photosensitive and photochromic glass according to an embodiment of the present invention using a plasma display.

[0027] FIG. 5A illustrates a maskless photolithography system for photoselective metal deposition according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 5B illustrates a maskless photolithography system for photoselective metal deposition according to an embodiment of the present invention using a plasma display.

[0029] It should be understood that in certain situations for reasons of computational efficiency or ease of maintenance, the ordering and relationships of the blocks of the illustrated flow charts could be rearranged or re-associated by one skilled in the art. While the present invention will be described with reference to the details of the embodiments of the invention shown in the drawings, these details are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0030] Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments consistent with the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. First, briefly, the invention is a system and method to create two dimensional and three dimensional structures using a maskless photolithography system that is directly reconfigurable and does not require masks, templates or stencils to create each of the planes or layers on a multi layer two-dimensional or three-dimensional structure. Specifically, the invention provides a system and method for photo-stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution, patterning photosensitive and photochromic glass, and photoselective metal deposition.

[0031] The invention uses a patterned light generator to create a patterned light beam corresponding to a desired mask pattern. Specifically, the invention uses a micromirror array comprising up to several million elements to modulate light onto a substrate that has photoreactive or photoresist compounds applied to the exposed surface. The desired pattern is designed and stored using conventional computer aided drawing techniques and is used to control the positioning of the individual mirrors in the micromirror array to reflect the corresponding desired pattern. Light impinging on the array is reflected to or directed away from the substrate to create light and dark spots on the substrate according to the desired pattern. In addition, an alignment fixture for mounting of the substrate allows the substrate to be moved in three dimensions, providing alignment in two, coplanar dimensions and the capability to produce three dimensional structures by aligning the substrate in a third dimension perpendicular to the two coplanar dimensions.

[0032] I. Maskless Photolithography

[0033] Referring now to FIG. 1, a maskless lithography system includes a light source 10, a removable filter 11, a first lens system 12, a micromirror array 14, a computer system 16, a second lens system 18, a substrate 20, mounted on a movable alignment fixture 22, and an optical viewer 24. A layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 is disposed on a substrate 20.

[0034] As shown, light source 10 provides a beam of collimated light, or light beam 26, which can be selectively filtered by inserting or removing filter 11 from light beam 26. Alternatively, filter 11 can be placed in a patterned light beam 27 reflected from said micromirror array 14. Light beam 26 is projected upon first lens system 12 and then onto micromirror array 14, wherein each mirror in the micromirror array corresponds to a pixel of the mask pattern. Micromirror array 14 is controlled by computer system 16 over signal line(s) 15 to reflect light in the patterned light beam 27 according to a desired mask pattern stored in memory. In addition, computer system 16 can shift the desired mask pattern in two dimensions to align the pattern with the substrate 20 mounted on movable alignment fixture 22. Precise pattern alignments are made electronically by shifting the mask pattern information provided to the micromirror array such that the image reflected on the substrate is translated to correct for misalignment. For example, if the mask pattern needs to be shifted to the right one pixel width to be properly aligned on the substrate, the computer compensates for the misalignment by shifting the mask pattern one pixel width to the right.

[0035] Micromirror array 14 is controlled to modulate the positioning of the mirror to prevent stiction and pixelation. The individual mirrors of micromirror array 14 are driven to vary their angular orientation with respect to on-axis illumination during exposure of a substrate. After being reflected in a desired pattern from micromirror array 14, patterned light beam 27 passes through second lens system 18, and impinges on a layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 applied to substrate 20, thereby creating a pattern on substrate 20 by producing a reaction between the layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 and substrate 20. Alternatively, a photoresist chemical could be applied to substrate 20 to etch areas of substrate 20 not masked off by the mask pattern during an exposure.

[0036] The mask pattern described above is a programmable mask pattern generated with the use of computer aided design and is resident on computer system 16. Accordingly, the mask pattern to be transferred to the layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 and substrate 20 is a selectively programmable mask pattern. Thus, with a programmable mask pattern, any portion of the pattern on the substrate 20 can be manipulated and/or changed as desired for rendering of desired changes as may be needed, furthermore, on a significantly reduced cycle time.

[0037] Micromirror array 14 described above is a micro mirror device known in the art. With the micro mirror device, light is reflected according to a pattern of pixels as controlled according to a prescribed pixel/bit mask pattern received from computer system 16. The light reflecting from the micro mirror device thus contains the desired mask pattern information. A micro mirror device may include any suitable light valve, for example, such as that used in projection television systems and which are commercially available. Light valves are also referred to as deformable mirror devices or digital mirror devices (DMD). One example of a DMD is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,544 and patents referenced therein, in which the light valve consists of an array of tiny movable mirror-like pixels for deflecting a beam of light either to a display screen (ON) or away from the display optics (OFF). The pixels of the light valve device are also capable of being switched very rapidly. Thus, with the use of the light valve, the photolithography system of the present disclosure can implement changes in the mask pattern in a relatively quick manner. The light valve is used to modulate light in accordance with a mask pattern information provided by the computer system 16. In addition, the DMD reflects light, thus no appreciable loss in intensity occurs when the patterned light is projected upon the desired subject during the lithographic mask exposure.

[0038] The positioning of the individual micromirrors in the micromirror array can be modulated slightly while positioned in a desired mask pattern. By slightly changing the position of the mirrors and duration of exposure of a substrate, the effects of pixelation on the exposed substrate and stiction of the mirrors can be reduced. The duty cycle of the modulation command can be selectively modified to achieve an optimum ratio between on axis, direct exposure, and off axis, indirect exposure. As a result, the micromirrors are constantly moving to prevent stiction, and further allow integration of inter-pixel exposure areas to provide uniform coverage of the mask pattern to eliminate pixelation.

[0039] Advantageously, images are optionally shifted electronically to provide fine alignment of the pattern on substrate 20. The mask pattern is digitally shifted according to alignment information in one or more directions for achieving a desired mask alignment on substrate 20. Adjustments in alignment are carried out electronically in the mask bit pattern information provided to the light valve. As a result, fine adjustments in pattern alignment can be easily accomplished.

[0040] Movable alignment fixture 22, in conjunction with optical viewer 24, provides the capability to initially align substrate 20 under patterned light beam 27 using mechanical alignment mechanisms (not shown) to align substrate 20 in three dimensions. The mechanical alignment system may include gears, pulleys, belts, chains, rods, screws, hydraulics, pneumatics, piezo motion, or combinations thereof as known in the art to support and move an object in three dimensions. While performing alignment procedures, filter 11 is inserted in light beam 26 to filter out the wavelengths of light that react with the layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 on substrate 20. Optical viewer 24, provides a means to monitor the positioning of substrate during manual alignment. While providing alignment in coplanar first and second dimensions, alignment fixture 22 advantageously provides alignment in a direction perpendicular to the coplanar first and second dimensions, allowing fabrication of three dimensional objects. For example, to gain more control over sidewall profiles or to produce complicated structures, multiple layers of substrate 20 can be sequentially exposed by aligning substrate 20 in the third dimension to create three dimensional features. Coupled with optional computer controlled alignment of the desired pattern, the invention provides the capability to quickly manually align substrate 20 under patterned light beam 27 and allows computer system 16 to automatically finely tune the alignment before exposing layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 on substrate 20.

[0041] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 1B, a plasma display device 13 can be substitute for the micromirror array 14, light source 10 and associated optics of FIG. 1A. Referring now to FIG. 1B, an embodiment of the current invention includes a plasma display device 13, a computer system 12, a lens system 16, a substrate 20, mounted on a movable alignment fixture 22, and an optical viewer 24. A layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 is disposed on the substrate 20.

[0042] As shown, plasma display device 13 generates a beam of light, or patterned light beam 27, wherein each pixel of the plasma display 13 corresponds to a pixel of the mask pattern. Plasma display device 13 is controlled by computer system 16 over signal line(s) 14 to generate light according to a desired mask pattern stored in memory. In addition, computer system 12 can optionally shift the desired mask pattern in two dimensions to align the pattern with the substrate 20 mounted on movable alignment fixture 22. Precise pattern alignments are made electronically by shifting the mask pattern information provided to the plasma display device 13 such that the image directed to the substrate is translated to correct for misalignment. For example, if the mask pattern needs to be shifted to the right one pixel width to be properly aligned on the substrate, the computer compensates for the misalignment by shifting the mask pattern one pixel width to the right.

[0043] The patterned light beam radiated from plasma display device 13 can be selectively filtered by inserting or removing filter 18 from patterned light beam 27. Filtering can take place at any point along the light beam path to prevent exposure during alignment. A lens system 16 can collimate and condition the light beam as desired. After passing through lens system 16, patterned light beam 27 impinges on a layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 applied to substrate 20, thereby creating a pattern on substrate 20 by producing a reaction between the layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 and substrate 20. Alternatively, a photoresist chemical could be applied to substrate 20 to etch areas of substrate 20 not masked off by the mask pattern during an exposure.

[0044] A method of using the maskless photolithography system current invention described above will now be explained. It should be understood that in certain situations for reasons of computational efficiency or ease of maintenance, the ordering and relationships of the blocks of the illustrated flow charts could be rearranged or re-associated by one skilled in the art. Starting from step 50, a desired mask pattern is designed and stored on computer system 16 in step 52. Alternatively, mask pattern designs can be designed on other computer systems and imported into computer system 16. Next, in step 54, a substrate 20 is placed on alignment fixture 22 and coated with a layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 in step 56.

[0045] Once the substrate is mounted in alignment fixture 22, the filter 11 is placed in the light beam 26 path according to step 58 to filter the light and prevent exposure of the substrate. Next, the computer system 16 can then be instructed to provide the resident mask pattern information to micromirror array 14 as shown in step 60, and the micromirror array 14 responds by orienting each individual mirror to reflect or direct light beam 26 away from substrate 20 according to the desired pattern. Next, alignment of the substrate is enabled by exciting the light source 10 to provide a light beam in step 62, projecting light beam 26 through first lens system 12, and then onto micromirror array 14. In turn, micromirror array 14 reflects light beam 26 through second lens system 18 and onto layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 and substrate 20.

[0046] With the desired pattern projected on substrate 20, alignment fixture 22 can be manually aligned in three dimensions according to step 64 by moving alignment fixture 22 to ensure that substrate 20 is properly located in patterned light beam 27. Proper alignment is verified by viewing the projected pattern on substrate 20 through optical viewer 24. Once substrate 20 is manually aligned, alignment information can optionally be provided to computer system 16 and computer system 16 automatically adjusts the micromirror 14 by shifting the pattern in two dimensions to attain proper alignment in optional step 66. Having aligned substrate 20, the layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 on substrate 20 is exposed in step 70 by removing filter 11 from light beam 26 in step 68 and allowing the light to cause a reaction between layer of photoreactive chemicals 21 and substrate 20 for a required reaction time depending on the photoreactive chemicals used. For example, using standard Novolac positive photoresist, an exposure time of 60 seconds is used. In an embodiment, during exposure step 70, the angular position of the mirrors in micromirror array 14 is varied slightly according to commands from computer system 16. For example, when masking a 25 micron square feature, the angular position of the mirrors in micromirror array 14 might be varied so that the mask effectively covers an area of 36 microns square, centered on the desired 25 micron square feature. As a further example, the duty cycle for the angular deflection could be adjusted so that the 25 micron square feature is masked 90% of the total exposure time and the remaining 11 square micron area is covered 10% of the total exposure time. By modulating the position of the mirrors as described, stiction of the mirrors is reduced. Further, pixelation effects on the substrate are reduced by providing mask pattern coverage of the interpixel areas not covered by direct, on axis illumination.

[0047] If further exposures are desired in step 72, such as required when creating three-dimensional objects, the above method is repeated by returning to step 52 until the desired object is fabricated. A new digital mask pattern is provided, another photoreactive coat is applied, and the substrate is realigned and re-exposed. Once the desired object has been created, the process ends in step 74.

[0048] An example of the current invention using the system and method described above will now be presented. A maskless photography system is especially adapted to be an integrated, reconfigurable, rapid prototyping is described. The system provides optics, a light source, and integrated electronic components used to directly generate patterns for the exposure of photoresist and other photoimagable materials. A broad band spectrum, high intensity white light source provides the exposure energy for the process. This light is then filtered and optimized for the exposure process, using a variety of integrated optical components. A direct coupled optical delivery system ensures efficient transfer of the light energy. Using proven optical techniques, the projected image is free of distortion and uniform through out the exposure area. With the optimized optical stream, the image is imposed in the light path, providing the final exposure pattern. This pattern is then transferred to the substrate surface and used to expose the photo-sensitive material required in the user's fabrication process.

[0049] A personal computer operably connected to a micromirror array to provide mask patterns. The mask patterns are generated in the computer and then transferred to the micromirror array to provide the optical pattern for exposure. The pattern is transferred to a substrate and is observed using an optical microscope. This microscope is needed for pattern alignment to the substrate. Alignment is controlled through the use of a course alignment stage provided by a mechanically movable substrate mounting alignment fixture, combined with a fine, electronic alignment stage. This fine alignment stage is computer controlled and aligns the mask pattern reflected from the micromirror instead of moving the alignment fixture, thereby offering exceptional accuracy and repeatability. Once alignment is complete, substrate exposure occurs. Through the use of a step and repeat method, the entire substrate surface can be exposed and multiple layers can be created using an alignment stage movable in a direction parallel to the light beam.

[0050] In addition, according the invention, three-dimensional patterns can be created using the three dimension alignment capabilities disclosed above. For example, patterning using thick photo resist or multilayer patterning of individual photoresist layers. These techniques can be use to provide either a photomask for subsequent etching of substrate materials or if the photopolymer is compatible with the chemistry used in the device, the fabricated features can be used as part of the device itself.

[0051] The system described above can be adapted for use in novel environments. Specifically, a system and method of maskless photolithography can be used to create 2-D and 3-D patterns on objects using etching and deposition techniques. In particular, systems and methods for photo stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution, patterning photosensitive and photochromic glass, and photoselective metal deposition will be described below.

[0052] II. Maskless Photolithography Photo Stimulated Etching of Objects in a Liquid Solution.

[0053] Referring now to FIG. 3A, an embodiment of the current invention for photo stimulated etching of objects in a liquid solution is depicted. In the embodiment, a maskless photolithography system is combined with an electrochemical cell to etch objects by exposing the objects to radiation while submerged in an electrochemical bath. Patterns generated on the submerged objects are defined by the patterned light radiated by the maskless photolithography system.

[0054] As shown in FIG. 3A, a maskless lithography system for etching of objects in a liquid solution includes a light source 10, a removable filter 11, a first lens system 12, a micromirror array 14, a computer system 16, a second lens system 18, and a substrate 20, affixed to a mount 80, submerged in an electrochemical cell 82 of photoreactive etchant solution 84. In an embodiment, a current meter 86 is provided to monitor the process by attaching a positive lead 88 to the semiconductor-type substrate 20, and submerging a negative lead 90, such as a platinum electrode, in the etchant solution 84, wherein the substrate 20 acts as an anode and the negative lead acts as a cathode. In alternative embodiments, a movable alignment fixture 22 upon which the electrochemical cell 82 is mounted, and an optical viewer 24 are provided as depicted in FIG. 1.

[0055] As shown in FIG. 3A, light source 10 provides a beam of collimated light, or light beam 26, which can be selectively filtered by inserting or removing filter 11 from light beam 26. Light beam 26 is projected upon first lens system 12 and then onto micromirror array 14, wherein each mirror in the micromirror array corresponds to a pixel of the mask pattern. Micromirror array 14 is controlled by computer system 16 over signal line(s) 15 to reflect light according to a desired mask pattern stored in memory. In addition, computer system 16 can shift the desired mask pattern in two dimensions to align the pattern with the substrate 20.

[0056] As previously described in the alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 1B, a plasma display device 13 can be substituted for the micromirror array, light source and associated optics. Thus, the light source and patterning system can be combined in an integrated plasma display device 13.

[0057] After being reflected in a desired pattern from micromirror array 14, patterned light beam 27 passes through second lens system 18, and impinges the substrate 20, thereby creating a pattern on the substrate 20 submerged in the etchant solution 24. By illuminating the semiconductor-type substrate 20, the patterned light beam 27 generates electron hole pairs in the substrate 20 which enhances the reduction and oxidation reactions within the electrochemical cell 22. As a result, the semiconductor-type substrate 20 is anisotropically etched in the regions where the patterned light beam 27 illuminates the surface of the substrate 20, whereby the radiated pattern is recreated on the substrate. Using this technique, semiconductor devices can be created in a variety of semiconductor materials, such as p-type silicon, n-type silicon, and n-type Gallium Nitride (GaN) materials.

[0058] III. Maskless Photolithography Patterning of Photosensitive and Photochromic Glass.

[0059] Referring now to FIG. 4A, an embodiment of the current invention for patterning of photosensitive and photochromic glass is depicted. In the embodiment, a maskless photolithography system is combined with irradiation of photoreactive glass to create patterning of designs, colors, and structures in photoreactive glass. The projection of light upon photoreactive glass causes changes in the glass transmission characteristics. Permanent shading and etched structures are created in photosensitive glass that reacts with light by changing composition. By exposing photosensitive glass to light radiation, a change in the composition of the glass is induced and renders the exposed areas of the glass susceptible to anisotropic etching by acid in the exposed regions. Ornamental designs, lens arrays, art glass, glass channels, architectural glass, and high aspect microstructures may be created in this manner. In an alternative embodiment, temporary image projection and displays are created in photochromic glass that changes transmissive properties in the presence of light.

[0060] As shown in FIG. 4A, a maskless lithography system for patterning of photosensitive and photochromic glass includes a light source 10, a removable filter 11, a first lens system 12, a micromirror array 14, a computer system 16, a second lens system 18, and a glass substrate 100. In alternative embodiments, an optical viewer 24, as depicted in FIG. 1, and a circular alignment fixture 102, rotatably mounted on an axis 104 for mounting target glass substrates 100 is provided. In a further embodiment, a water reservoir 106 and an acid reservoir 108, fluidically connected to and providing rinse water and acid etchant through nozzles 107 and 109, respectively, are positioned to sequentially apply etching acid and water rinse to target glass substrates 100 passing under the patterned light beam 27.

[0061] As shown in FIG. 4A, light source 10 provides a light beam 26, which can be selectively filtered by inserting or removing filter 11 from light beam 26. Light beam 26 is projected upon first lens system 12 and then onto micromirror array 14, wherein each mirror in the micromirror array corresponds to a pixel of the mask pattern. Micromirror array 14 is controlled by computer system 16 over signal line(s) 15 to reflect light according to a desired mask pattern stored in memory. In addition, computer system 16 can shift the desired mask pattern in two dimensions to align the pattern with the glass substrate 100. After being reflected in a desired pattern from micromirror array 14, patterned light beam 27 passes through second lens system 18, and impinges the substrates 100 sequentially as the glass substrates 100 are rotated beneath the patterned light beam 27. Following irradiation, each glass substrates 100 is subjected to a water rinse and acid rinse, each of these treatments applied through nozzles 106 and 107, respectively, positioned above the path of each glass substrates 100.

[0062] As previously described, a plasma display device 13 can be substituted for the micromirror array 14, light source 10 and associated optics as shown in FIG. 4B. Thus, the light source and patterning system can be combined in an integrated plasma display device 13.

[0063] IV. Maskless Photolithography for Photoselective Metal Deposition.

[0064] Referring now to FIG. 5A, an embodiment of the current invention for photoselective metal deposition is depicted. In the embodiment, a maskless photolithography system is combined with a chemical bath to deposit metal in patterns on objects by exposing the objects to radiation while submerged in or after removal from the chemical bath. Patterns generated on the submerged objects are defined by the patterned light radiated by the maskless photolithography system. While the traditional method for making printed metal patterns uses a subtractive technique, including etching away unwanted material, in the present embodiment, material is added according to a desired pattern. Selective metal deposition from solution is activated by light irradiation onto a submerged or non-submerged substrate. The chemical solution is light sensitive and light activated so that where light impinges on a submerged or non-submerged substrate in a pre-selected pattern, activation for plating of the metal is provided.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 5A, a maskless lithography system for photoselective metal deposition includes a light source 10, a removable filter 11, a first lens system 12, a micromirror array 14, a computer system 16, a second lens system 18, and a metal substrate 120. In alternative embodiments, a movable alignment fixture 22, and an optical viewer 24 are provided as depicted in FIG. 1A.

[0066] As depicted in FIG. 5A, light source 10 provides a light beam 26, which can be selectively filtered by inserting or removing filter 11 from light beam 26. Light beam 26 is projected upon first lens system 12 and then onto micromirror array 14, wherein each mirror in the micromirror array corresponds to a pixel of the mask pattern. Micromirror array 14 is controlled by computer system 16 over signal line(s) 15 to reflect light according to a desired mask pattern stored in memory. In addition, computer system 16 can shift the desired mask pattern in two dimensions to align the pattern with the metal substrate 120. After being reflected in a desired pattern from micromirror array 14, patterned light beam 27 passes through second lens system 18, and impinges the metal substrate 120.

[0067] In the present embodiment, the substrate 120 is first coated with a light responsive catalytic/electrochemically reactive layer, such tin oxide, in a coating tank 122. Following a rinse in a rinse tank 124, the metal substrate 120 is positioned in the exposure station 126, where the substrate 120 is exposed to the patterned light beam 27, radiating, for example, light in the UV range. The exposed regions are then made receptive to the introduction of additional surface coatings, such as palladium chloride solution, in a second coating tank 128. Next, the coated substrate 120 having a pattern created in the exposure station 126, is subjected to third chemical bath to accept additional metals, such as copper. In an embodiment, the third chemical bath is an electro-less bath 130, or alternatively, an electrolytic plating bath 132. The resulting substrate 120, has a metal pattern defined by the projected patterned light beam 27.

[0068] As previously described, a plasma display device 13 can be substituted for the micromirror array 14, light source 10 and associated optics as shown in FIG. 5B. Thus, the light source and patterning system can be combined in an integrated plasma display device 13.

[0069] It should be appreciated that one skilled in the art that the process may be configured in any number of modes as known in the art, such as bath mode or continuous belt mode. Further the substrate may comprise a rigid or flexible material, subjected to a variety of metals depending on the plating solution(s)

[0070] Furthermore, many other variations are possible using the present inventive system and method. For example, the invention can be used for rapidly creating micro electro-mechanical (MEMs) devices, creating artificial receptors chips, creating integrated circuit patterns of conducting polymers, creating integrated microsensor arrays and fluid delivery networks, chemical vapor deposition, thin film fabrication, gray scale photolithography, and large area pattern expression.

[0071] Based on the foregoing specification, the computer system of the disclosed invention may be implemented using computer programming or engineering techniques including computer software, firmware, hardware or any combination or subset thereof. Any such resulting program, having computer-readable code means, may be embodied or provided within one or more computer-readable media, thereby making a computer program product, i.e., an article of manufacture, according to the invention. The computer readable media may be, for instance, a fixed (hard) drive, diskette, optical disk, magnetic tape, semiconductor memory such as read-only memory (ROM), etc., or any transmitting/receiving medium such as the Internet or other communication network or link. The article of manufacture containing the computer code may be made and/or used by executing the code directly from one medium, by copying the code from one medium to another medium, or by transmitting the code over a network.

[0072] One skilled in the art of computer science will easily be able to combine the software created as described with appropriate general purpose or special purpose computer hardware to create a computer system or computer sub-system embodying the method of the invention. An apparatus for making, using or selling the invention may be one or more processing systems including, but not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, communication links and devices, servers, I/O devices, or any sub-components of one or more processing systems, including software, firmware, hardware or any combination or subset thereof, which embody the invention. User input may be received from the keyboard, mouse, pen, voice, touch screen, or any other means by which a human can input data into a computer, including through other programs such as application programs.

[0073] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of the claims.