System and method for constructing generic analytical database applications

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to the following co-pending patent application:

[0002] Provisional Application Serial No. 60/335,395, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING GENERIC ANALYTICAL DATABASE APPLICATIONS, by Dan Holle, filed on Nov. 15, 2001;

[0003] which application is incorporated by reference herein.

[0004] 1. Field of the Invention

[0005] The invention disclosed herein relates generally to database applications, and more particularly to a system and method for constructing generic analytical database applications through the automated creation of metadata to establish an application structure controlling the availability and operability of individual applications.

[0006] 2. Description of the Background

[0007] Market analysis is a key tool in customer acquisition and retention. Performing a detailed market analysis of both potential product or service purchasers and existing purchasers, and from such analysis obtaining an understanding of customer behavior, product success, marketing success, and other business factors enables a supplier to make critical decisions regarding how they conduct business in order to maximize both new customer acquisition and the retention of existing customers. However, performing such a detailed analysis in order to obtain an accurate depiction of customer behavior can be a daunting task.

[0008] Many product and service providers maintain records of particular customer data, including demographic information, purchasing characteristics, etc., in addition to maintaining detailed records of products, pricing, and other business information. The collections of such data in electronic form can become enormous for large entities, and attempting to digest such information into a logical structure from which one might be able to deduce customer trends and characteristics can be a highly technologically challenging task.

[0009] In order to analyze such large volumes of information to in turn make reasoned deductions about customer characteristics, product sales, and other business-related information, automated data mining tools have been implemented which attempt to identify patterns in data which might not be self-evident in a review of the data by a human analyst. Such data mining tools traditionally seek to extract patterns that exist in large volumes of data in order to forecast future expectations, whether of customer actions, future profit, inventory needs, scheduling requirements, or any other trend or characteristic that a planner may wish to forecast.

[0010] Unfortunately, however, the implementation of a successful data mining strategy often requires persons having highly technical expertise to develop accurate data mining profiles that might model such future expectations. Before a user may know what questions may be asked, the user must know what data is available to answer his questions. Likewise, in order to ask a particular question for which the data might be able to provide an answer, the user must know how to structure the question, i.e., have knowledge of the query language required to ask the question. The fact that database fields, customers, and analytical database applications all have distinct labels for the same conceptual piece of data further exemplifies the need for expert-level knowledge of the data structure. Given such labeling discrepancy, while a particular non-expert user may know in plain English the question he wishes to have answered, he lacks the expert knowledge of how that data is arranged or how the applications might extract and manipulate that data, and thus whether and how the data might provide that answer. While the creation of metadata describing how the data is arranged may to a limited extent alleviate some of the problems arising from such labeling discrepancy, the creation of metadata itself can also be a daunting task.

[0011] The development of a successful data mining strategy traditionally involves six distinct phases, as follows: (i) obtaining an understanding of the project objectives and requirements from a business perspective, then converting this knowledge into a data mining problem definition and a preliminary plan designed to achieve the objectives; (ii) initial data collection and activities to become familiar with the data, identify data quality problems, discover first insights into the data, and detect interesting subsets to form hypotheses for hidden information; (iii) constructing the final dataset to be used by the predictive modeling tools from the initial raw data, including categorizing continuous variables, eliminating outlying data values, joining related data sources, and extracting a sample of the result; (iv) selecting and applying various modeling techniques, and calibrating their parameters to optimal values, which often involves returning to the data preparation phase; (v) evaluating the model to be certain it properly achieves the business objectives and meets accuracy requirements; and (vi) deployment of the model, in which analysts consider the application of the model to new inputs, consider the application that will eventually receive the scored prospects, and consider the operational issues surrounding the ongoing execution of the model. Such a process often involves up to six months of expert time to develop a single model, with the business understanding, data understanding, and data preparation phases consuming the largest portion of this effort.

[0012] Obviously, it would be highly advantageous to provide a means by which the business understanding, data understanding, and data preparation phases could be implemented in less time so as to provide timely analysis, and without the need for such expert technical intervention.

[0013] Moreover, in order to provide adaptive applications that provide the greatest possible utility to users, it is necessary that the applications themselves be able to adapt to the data that is available, such that all application functions that are supported by the available data are readily available to the user, while application functions that are not supported are not available to the user.

[0014] It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a method and system for constructing generic analytical database applications which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.

[0015] In accordance with the above objects, a method and system for constructing generic analytical database applications is provided which allows users to access application functions which are enabled depending upon the data stored in databases, as reflected by metadata.

[0016] The metadata connects user terminology, application terminology, and database terminology in a common framework. The system of the instant invention allows the construction of analytical database applications having broad adaptability in terms of the database layout and business functions supported. The applications operate against an abstract business model, with all components (i.e., roles) optional. Application functions presented to the user depend on the configuration of roles which are present in the metadata. Databases are described in the metadata at an entity relationship level, and are annotated with semantic business roles, as well as with a wide variety of user preferences for naming and presentation. The end-user sees neither database terminology (SQL names) nor application terminology (roles). Rather, they see things in relevant business terms, and they only see applications and functions which are viable given the metadata. If there is a database in place, much of the metadata can be guessed automatically (e.g., table associations or roles). This means introduction of this technology provides a fast start, followed by incremental refinement which surfaces new application functions and more familiar user terminology.

[0017] The application environment of the instant invention seeks to provide a suite of applications which may be implemented across as many database scenarios as possible, and thus creates generic applications which use rich metadata to adapt to an existing data environment. The application environment of the instant invention provides a variety of information and services to the individual database applications, such as information on the user (e.g., user preferences, user privileges, etc.), and information on the data visible to that user (i.e., metadata describing the information both in human terms and machine terms). The applications, in turn, provide a variety of information and services to the application environment, including application name, description of the currently-specified task, and an indication of whether the user and data characteristics are sufficient to run the application.

[0018] By interacting with data on metadata terms instead of database terms, applications can present data using end-user terms, rather than being forced to resort to database names. Common metadata means applications use common terminology to refer to business elements. As the metadata changes, the terminology changes for all applications simultaneously.

[0019] The application environment of the instant invention adapts to business data as it stands. If an application is irrelevant to a particular business (the underlying information to support it is not present), it simply doesn't appear as an option in the user interface. If, in fact, an application is of interest, the application environment of the instant invention can ask it why it's not available, and it can articulate the missing pieces it needs. Once these pieces are provided, the application appears.

[0020] Each application in the suite of applications made available to any particular user has a unique name. Moreover, within each application is a set of application-specific user pages, each of which in turn has a unique name within that application. The individual application pages are defined in XML. More particularly, the HTML content for each application page is specified, and application-specific XML elements describing substitutions and conditional HTML generation may likewise be embedded in each application page. Such XML instructions are of a form that can be detected in an application-independent way, and presented to the application itself for resolution. Thus, the application may adapt the user interface, presenting select application pages to users depending upon particular criteria which is set forth in the XML code embedded in each page. For example, some XML instructions controlling the generation of particular HTML on a page presented to the user may include: (a) substitute the user's name here; (b) create an input field here, initialized to the name of the current table; (c) if the user had administrative privilege, generate the following HTML; otherwise, omit it; (d) create a hyperlink here, exposing the name of the current table to the user, and linking to the table summary application if clicked; (e) generate a column summary table here, with the column headings I supply.

[0021] Thus, application pages may be externalized in metadata. This construction provides the user interface independence from the application code itself, enabling for example the templates for a given application page to be modified for particular users without modifying the application itself. This means that it is possible, for example, to have multiple users interacting with the same databases in different languages, each appearing to have theirs as the native tongue. (Note that presentation down to the data value level is controlled through metadata, so data values can be presented and described in the user's native tongue).

[0022] Another aspect of the system and method of the instant invention is the process of generating such metadata that is used by the application environment, i.e., discovering data structures in databases which structures may be recorded, indexed, and accessed to provide a semantic framework of the data. Business data is typically represented in relational form. In the absence of any further information, an experienced database analyst can generally make use of a database by looking at names of fields, guessing relationships between tables, surmising business roles of various attributes, and testing those ideas by doing SQL queries against the data. The system and method of the instant invention automates this discovery process, yielding a more systematic and comprehensive set of observations, data distributions, and informed guesses about the semantics of the database. These can be presented in a form that is meaningful to someone who would not have been expert enough to generate the information manually. The automated data structure discovery process of the instant invention preferably includes the generation of data distributions for all the columns, row counts and column layouts of all tables, relationships (joins, associations) between the tables, an entity-relationship diagram of the data, and roles of the data items in the business (e.g. customer, sales, product).

[0023] Once the informed guesses are manually refined (by an interaction with a DBA which can now be very specific), this semantic framework can be updated automatically as the database changes.

[0024] The automated data structure discovery process of the instant invention may be described with reference to four key methods and the systems for their implementation, namely, (1) data categorization; (2) generation of abstract business semantic roles associated with database objects (e.g., tables, columns, or column categories); (3) identification of links between data tables (including join paths and associations); and (4) generation of an easy-to-use graphical and textual description of the metadata which may inform persons lacking technical database expertise of key aspects of the semantics of the data, such that non-technical users may readily adapt the metadata as necessary without having intimate knowledge of individual database structures.

[0025] 1. Data Categorization

[0026] The first above-mentioned method, data categorization, involves apportioning data into organized subcomponents in order to ease the application of an analytical task. Often times, categorized data is simpler to use and more meaningful than raw data in implementing an analytical task. For example, presenting the distribution of gross profits as a function of sales price (thousands of sales prices, meaning thousands of result values . . . with gross profits for $9.95 and $9.96 reported separately) is almost meaningless, but presenting the same information by sales price category (a dozen carefully-chosen price ranges, with gross profits for each) could reveal useful insights about which sorts of sales are genera ting the most profits. Unfortunately, manual value categorization is slow, expensive, inconsistent, unresponsive to changing data, tedious, and subject to human error. This often means it's not done, and that therefore end users must interact directly with raw data.

[0027] It is useful, as a reference for database users, to display counts by category for the whole database. This provides a simple visual crosscheck that can surface unexpected behavior in general, and can help spot data quality problems in particular. Columns which are rarely populated, or which generally contain some default value, are easily spotted. Unexpected spikes in the distribution might identify something needing further investigation. Multimodal distributions may reveal cases where one data value is representing different information in different source systems.

[0028] Categorized data also facilitates data mining. Some data mining algorithms or data mining tools require categorized data; for these, the data mining analyst must do the data categorization up front. This can be a time-consuming and error-prone process. Some estimate this to be 80% of the data mining task.

[0029] Categorization provides another benefit for data mining. Continuous variables in databases often have outliers, i.e., extreme values which are often errors or other anomalies which may be present in a very small number of cases, but by virtue of their values have significant influence on the algorithms, distracting them from seeing the patterns in the broader databases. Using categorized data instead of raw data, these problems are minimized.

[0030] The method and system of the instant invention automatically establishes a categorization for each column in the subject databases, mapping the fill range of column values into some number of category values. This categorization is then preserved as metadata.

[0031] This categorization uses the existing data to find an encoding which is suitable for use by a human analyst as well as by an automated data mining algorithm. This is done by starting with a general categorization scheme which would be meaningful to an end-user, based on the underlying data type and actual data. For example, if the data is numeric, the method of the instant invention may consider uniform value ranges, with boundaries which are round numbers. Then, among all such possible categorizations, the method chooses the one which conveys the maximum information about the underlying data, using information entropy. Since the method of the instant invention automates data categorization, applications can rely on categorization being available for all database columns on day one. The categories created by the automated categorization of the instant invention, therefore, provide applications and tools with a good starting point for presenting statistics relating to a database attribute.

[0032] 2. Semantic Role Generation

[0033] The second above-mentioned method, semantic role generation, involves the association of particular business roles with database objects, such as tables, columns, or column categories, such roles representing an abstract, generic use of that object within the business. Once generated, these roles are captured in metadata and then used by applications, which thereby acquire a rudimentary understanding of the business data.

[0034] By way of example, semantic roles relating to a database table may include customer (a person or organization which buys products), product (an item or service sold to a customer), sale (an event associating a customer, product, and price on a date), basket (collection of related sales to a customer), marketing message (brochure, web page, telemarketing campaign, etc.), marketing contact (an event associating a message with a customer on a date), etc.

[0035] Roles are generic rather than industry specific. They are handles for applications, not for end-users. Thus, for example, an application for product affinity analysis might use semantic role metadata to find a database table playing the basket role, then use other metadata to find the associated sale and product data. Although the terminology suggests a retail sales database, it may be that the basket is an airplane ticket (a collection of flights bought by one customer), or a set of optional features for a car, or some other collection. In each case the application would identify products which tend to be bought together, i.e., information which may be useful for packaging, pricing, or promotion.

[0036] Roles can also be defined for database columns, such as sale price, sale date, product cost, contact date, etc.

[0037] Roles can likewise be defined for column values (or categories), such as bad credit risk, customer voluntarily terminated service, etc.

[0038] One database object may play several roles. For example, for a dating service, the customer and product role may be played by the same table. Likewise, one role may occur multiple times. For example, an auto manufacturer may represent cars and optional features for cars in separate tables, even though both are products.

[0039] All roles are also optional. For example, a retailer operating on a cash basis may not have customer data.

[0040] Here are some further examples that might be helpful in understanding semantic roles, and how they are used by applications. A profitability application may look at the metadata, and find one column with the sales price role; it may also discover a product cost column, perhaps in the sales transaction or the product table . . . no matter; it has what it needs to ascertain profitability of each sale. The application, seeing that sale date was present (possibly in the sale table, or maybe in the basket table) would now be able to offer the user the ability to view gross profit and margin trends over time.

[0041] Likewise, a cross-selling application might look for the Customer role in the metadata, and find that there are two (a table identifying individual buyers, and a table identifying households). In this case the application must resolve the ambiguity, perhaps by simply presenting the decision to the end user . . . Do you want to cross-sell to Households or Individuals

[0042] Consider a marketing analysis application, which looks at sales data to identify and report significant product sales increases associated with specific marketing programs. It might require tables with the marketing contact and sale roles to be available before it can operate. One company might use this application to analyze web page effectiveness (each web page is a marketing message, each page hit is a contact). One might use it to gauge effectiveness of brochures (each brochure is a message, each time one is sent is a contact). A third may use the application for both, comparing web-based and direct mail promotions.

[0043] In sum, semantic roles can be used by applications to provide a level of data independence. These applications can determine if they have enough information to run: for example, a simple revenue reporting application might look for the sale price and sale date roles to determine if its revenue reporting services are available. If not, the application can be omitted from user interfaces. Applications which cannot run can clearly articulate what they need to run.

[0044] Applications can use roles to adapt their queries to fit the data model, instead of forcing the user to adapt his data model to fit the application. For example, a profitability analysis application might generate a simple query if price and cost reside in the sales transaction data; but if not (say, if the cost exists in the product table), the function can still be supported by using join path metadata to bring the cost and price information together. This enables the business to decide the logical place to capture cost information.

[0045] 3. Identification of Links Between Data Tables

[0046] The third above-mentioned method involves the identification of links between multiple tables, which links may optionally also specify a join path and/or an association. Query tools are notorious for presenting end-users with a bewildering array of query specification capabilities, many of which lead to queries which are well-formed from an SQL perspective, but which are semantically incorrect. The method of the instant invention uses metadata to guide the user towards semantically correct queries, and suggests ways of presenting user options in a more logical fashion. By automatically detecting join paths, the method of the instant invention removes a tedious step from metadata creation.

[0047] The ability to perform data mining against multi-table data is important. Most real-world data mining exercises involve finding customers with certain behavior, where that behavior appears elsewhere in the database. By creating a broad framework for data mining that goes beyond the flat-file model, we can start to think about considerably more flexible data mining tools, wielded by people who no longer need to deal with databases at an SQL level.

[0048] A join path defines how two tables may be relationally joined. There are some number of column pairs (one column in each table) that can be used to link the tables in a relational join operation. Thus we might have a join path between the cust and sale table, with the id column in cust being joined to the custid column in sale. Typically, join paths involve a single pair of equijoin column, but many may be present (composite keys).

[0049] The metadata also characterizes the association multiplicity (in UML or ER terms). Thus, one sale might link to one and only one customer; each customer may link to any number of sales (possibly zero). The multiplicities are associated with each end of the link. This is a many to one association.

[0050] Both the join paths and the multiplicities are automatically discovered and captured in the metadata using the method of the instant invention, and may subsequently be reviewed and refined by a database expert. This metadata (join paths, multiplicities) provides a type of semantic information that is useful for both humans and applications. For example, if revenue is defined against a sales table as the sum of the extended price, then a conventional SQL-based database tool might offer an ability to break down revenue by other attributes in the sales table, for example by date, product, or store. This would be a simple single-table SQL operation. However, each of these attributes is typically too detailed, comprising hundreds or thousands of values, to be of direct use as a breakdown criterion.

[0051] Given join paths and multiplicities, a smart application can go down many-to-one join paths to offer a broader set of breakdown criteria for an end-user to choose from. For example, revenue can be broken down by customer attributes, since there is a many-to-one relationship between sales and customers; similarly, revenue can be broken down by product department since there's a many-to-one relationship between sales and product.

[0052] However, you generally can't follow associations the other way: if the customer table had a column telling how much he spent with the company last year, then breaking down total customer spend by customer attributes would make sense; but breaking it down by sales attributes would not. Total spend by sale date would result in valid SQL and would return an answer, but not at all what it sounds like: if customer 107326 bought 7 things on a particular sale date, then the reported total spend for that sale date would be incremented by 7 times 107326's spend last year.

[0053] Since the metadata contains both join paths and multiplicities, it contains sufficient information to identify semantically-correct questions, as well as sufficient information to generate the corresponding SQL for the queries.

[0054] Similar rules make it possible to broaden the applicability of data mining to include multi-table data. To the best of the inventor's knowledge, all commercial data mining tools operate against single tables: if an analyst wants to predict which kind of customers spend more on clothing, then both the output (e.g., clothing revenue) and the inputs (e.g., geographic region, age, occupation, sex, etc.) must all exist in one table or flat file. It is apparent, however, that if customers have a postal region, and the analyst has a postal region table (containing, e.g., a neighborhood classification: rural, suburban, etc.; or distance to the nearest store), then it is sensible to include these characteristics as inputs, even though they are in another table, since each customer has one neighborhood classification. Columns of any table which stands in a one-to-many relationship with Customer (directly, or through a chain of 1:M relationships) are semantically valid inputs for a Customer model.

[0055] Similarly, we need not limit ourselves to the Customer table when considering outputs to a propensity model. Using the same sort of logic we did for queries, we can consider aggregate statistics for any table standing in a many-to-one relationship with Customer.

[0056] 4. Generation of Metadata Description

[0057] The fourth above-mentioned method concerns the production of an HTML document mapping the metadata such that it may by easily digested and utilized by a wide variety of end users, including database professionals, data analysts, and business end users, through a standard web browser.

[0058] Metadata is designed to be navigated by applications, not humans, and is thus ordinarily expressed in XML such that any analysis or manipulation of such metadata is ordinarily capable of being carried out only by persons having technical expertise in the particular data and database structures being analyzed. Thus, a major problem preventing the effective use of metadata is the fact that the result is often inaccessible to the people who need it. The metadata is conventionally viewed through tools that presuppose the user knows the basic idea of how the metadata is organized. Since the metadata is very much organized around database structures, the tools tend to assume that this is the right setting for presenting the metadata, which is fine for persons having the required database technical expertise, but for the other 99.9% of the universe, this presents a problem.

[0059] This means that metadata, once created, is difficult to get right (get reviewed by the right people), since they don't have the tools and they are not technical metadata experts. Further, if a user needs to find out about, for example, the kind of geographical information the company has about customers, they don't go to the metadata for the same sorts of reasons.

[0060] By casting the metadata into HTML, the method of the instant invention makes it accessible to a wide audience, and eliminates the need for exotic tools (and exotic tool usage skills). Also, given that the metadata generated by the system and method of the instant invention goes beyond conventional database metadata (being more biased towards applications and end-users than towards databases), the document generated is, in fact, palatable to that broader audience.

[0061] The richness and interplay of the various types of metadata (going beyond tables and columns) allows the method of the instant invention to present information which is both useful for navigating the metadata and useful in understanding the underlying business information.

[0062] In addition to the above-described methods and systems for automating the discovery of a data structure and its recordation in the form of metadata, it is also important to note that once generated, the metadata must be maintained in order to reflect changes and updates in the data. For example, new tables and columns are likely to appear in subject databases over time. As underlying data changes, data value distributions change as well. With use, descriptive metadata (end-user labels, pop-up short descriptions, longer descriptive paragraphs) get out of date as new business targets and initiatives replace old ones.

[0063] It is quite normal for an organization to make a significant investment in metadata, only to find a year or two later that natural forces have eroded the relevance of the metadata to a point where it is an impediment rather than a valuable asset. However, many of the above changes can be automatically reflected in the metadata, and in other cases the changes can be reflected through an automatically-assisted process. In order for the metadata to reflect such changes, the system and method of the instant invention provides the following functionalities.

[0064] First, when a user is initially creating metadata, he specifies which data objects are of interest. For example, he might say I am interested in all tables in this database. In addition to capturing the actual data objects (in this case, the tables), the method and system of the instant invention also captures the way in which they were specified (all tables in this database). Later, if new data objects have appeared, the method and system of the instant invention can automatically include them in the metadata.

[0065] Second, the method and system of the instant invention captures value distribution in a manner which allows data value metadata to be recreated from current data, and automatically recognizes when previous assumptions (e.g. data type) are invalid, requiring human intervention.

[0066] Third, whenever descriptive metadata is presented in the normal course of application execution, the method and system of the instant invention presents authorized users with the ability to change the description on the spot. That is, if the description does not fully convey what is needed (in the context where it is needed), it can be corrected on the spot.

[0067] Finally, the metadata evolves as it's used. It can be mapped into HTML for review at any time, in which case all the current knowledge (database, description, roles, relationships, etc.) are placed in one, current, document which is suitable for use by end-users.

[0068] Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment and certain modifications thereof when taken together with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0069] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the system of the instant invention; and

[0070] FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a method for automatically categorizing data values contained within a column in a database table, in accordance with the present invention.

[0071] As shown in the schematic view of FIG. 1, the system of the instant invention comprises a suite of analytical database applications (shown generally at 100), namely, applications performing particular analytical functions, whereby the determination of which applications are available for user operation is based upon data available in databases (shown generally at 300) as indicated by metadata 200. A number of databases 300 comprise data relating to particular business functions, and metadata 200 reflects semantic business roles that are present in the data stored in databases 300. A plurality of users (shown generally at 400) may access the suite of applications 100 through a network 500, such as a wide area network such as the world wide web. A user interface is provided which enables users 400 to have access to only those applications 100 that are supported by the data in databases 300.

[0072] As will be described in greater detail below, once generated, the metadata 200 reflects the structure and semantic roles of data stored in databases 300. Applications 100 query users 400 for user preferences, user privileges, etc., and likewise query the metadata 200 describing the information stored in databases 300, in order to determine which applications 100 should be made available to users 400. The user interface in turn adapts to the available data to enable a user to access only those analytical applications which are supported by that data.

[0073] From a schematic perspective, the metadata identifies database data, including structural and statistical information. Layered onto the metadata are categorizations and end user terms, so that the data can be presented in a meaningful way. In order to capture semantics, database tables and columns are tagged with roles which identify recognizable business objects such as product or sale or customer. The applications, by interrogating the roles, can determine if they have enough information to operate; if they do have enough information, they participate in the user interfaces (i.e., the user can see the applications). Applications can then utilize roles and other metadata to map application database questions into SQL database queries, and present the appropriate information back to the user.

[0074] The application suite described above is cast as a JAVA servlet. This means that, in response to small user inputs, HTML pages are generated. There are mechanisms within the servlet API to let the servlet identify particular users based on past activity. Thus, each user interaction with the system may be viewed as a session beginning with a logon event, at which time a session is associated with a particular piece of XML metadata for that particular user.

[0075] The metadata itself take the form of an XML file that defines the user's desktop; this XML metadata describes tables, columns, joins, statistics, roles, and so forth. Likewise, there is a controlling application which provides a framework for the business applications used by the user. For instance, the controlling application generates the page framework, and provides services that help the applications generate the page content. The controlling application also provides various metadata and database support services.

[0076] The controlling application is flexible in controlling and modifying the applications. When the web server starts, the controlling application gets a list of applications at this installation. Each application is then dynamically found and an initialization service is called, which does whatever the application needs to do to prepare it for performing its particular analytical function. In the event that an application is unable to perform its intended function, the controlling application simply ignores such application and prevents it from being displayed to the user.

[0077] Each time a user connects, user properties are picked from a file. These properties include the user's password, his contact information, the applications which he is interested in (which may, for example, include all available applications), and a file name for his XML metadata. At the time that the user connects, the controlling application queries each application in the suite to determine whether such application should be made available to that user. The controlling application then presents to the user only those applications that are authorized based on the user's metadata. Likewise, if certain applications are not to be made available to a particular user, the controlling application will not arbitrarily impose those applications' constraints on that user's data.

[0078] Thus, at a new site, applications automatically configure themselves around the data. If one site is interested in marketing, then there might be customer, sales, and product data, providing enough information for example for the cross selling application. Another site, only interested in inventory management, might have inventory, sales, and product data. They could not do cross selling, but they would be able to run an application which suggests inventory replenishment. Both sites might be able to look into product profitability. Thus, for example, there may be no global database design that incorporates both marketing and inventory management requirements. Rather, each application has a set of database requirements specific to the application, and it has facilities to be flexible about how those requirements appear in the database. This flexibility means that the system of the instant invention adapts to data in place, rather than forcing a particular database design which must cater to many, potentially conflicting, requirements.

[0079] Each user also has context that, for example, may indicate the current topic of discourse. For example, if a user is looking at a customer segment, or a product segment, that information is in his user context. If that user goes into a cross selling application, that application might find these things and start with the assumption that the user wants to cross sell those products to a subset of those customers, and allow the user to refine it.

[0080] The user might also explicitly change metadata (e.g., click a link which lets the user provide a description of a data item) or implicitly change it (e.g., by creating a propensity model). These are saved in the user's XML metadata via services in the controlling application.

[0081] As explained above, a key feature of the application environment of the instant invention is the interface between the application suite 100 and metadata 200. However, prior to enabling this interface, it is necessary that an effective metadata structure be created, and that it be created in as efficient means as possible. The generation of such metadata that is used by the application environment is implemented through the system and method of the instant invention which yields a systematic and comprehensive set of observations, data distributions, and informed guesses about the semantics of the database. The automated data structure discovery process of the instant invention preferably includes the generation of data distributions for all the columns, row counts and column layouts of all tables, relationships (joins, associations) between the tables, an entity-relationship diagram of the data, and of the data items in the business (e.g. customer, sales, product). Once the informed guesses are manually refined (by an interaction with a DBA which can now be very specific), this semantic framework can be updated automatically as the database changes.

[0082] As mentioned above, the automated data structure discovery process of the instant invention may be described with reference to four key methods and the systems for their implementation, namely, (1) data categorization; (2) generation of abstract business semantic roles associated with database objects (e.g., tables, columns, or column categories); (3) identification of links between data tables (including join paths and associations); and (4) generating a easy-to-use graphical and textual description of the metadata which may inform persons lacking technical database expertise of key aspects of the semantics of the data, such that non-technical users may readily adapt the metadata as necessary without having intimate knowledge of individual database structures. Each of these key methods and systems for their implementation will now be discussed in greater detail.

[0083] 1. Data Categorization.

[0084] The following describes a data categorization method, broadly illustrated in FIG. 2, which produces useful categorizations of real-world data without human intervention.

[0085] An input comprises a column in an SQL database table of some common data type (integer, decimal, float, character, date). The desired output is a categorization for this column which has the following characteristics: (i) is generally useful for an end-user; (ii) is in a sense optimal; and (iii) is realizable in SQL (both the categorization method and the resulting categorization).

[0086] An example database table 600 including customer purchase information is shown in FIG. 2. Table 600 includes four columns, labeled CustomerID, CustomerAge, PurchaseDate and Product, respectively. Each row in table 600 represents a sporting goods purchase made by a customer and includes a unique customer identification number, the age of the customer, the product purchase date, and a description of the product purchased. Character, date and integer data types are represented. An example of column values to be categorized in accordance with the method illustrated in FIG. 2, and described below, is identified by reference numeral 603.

[0087] The following values control the heuristics used in the method which follows. The parameters shall be referred to with the following names: (i) Prefcats: preferred number of categories, e.g. 10; (ii) Maxcats: maximum number of categories, e.g. 25; (iii) Othratio: an acceptable ratio between count in the Other category and the biggest non-Other category, e.g. 0.5; and (iv) Maxothratio: largest acceptable ratio between other and the biggest non-Other, e.g. 1.

[0088] Before beginning the step-by-step description of the method, it is important to first set forth particular background matters.

[0089] Ranges: The categories are built up from value ranges. That is, each value range is assigned to one category, and each category can consist of multiple value ranges. This makes it possible to use the categorizations in SQL. For example, suppose one were to categorize age into bands of under 20, 20 up to 40, 40 up to 60, and 60 or more (4 categories). We could count the rows by age via an SQL query formulation as follows:

[0090] SELECT COUNT(*),CASE WHEN age<20 THEN 1

[0091] WHEN age<40 THEN 2

[0092] WHEN age<60 THEN 3

[0093] ELSE 4 END

[0094] FROM <table>

[0095] GROUP BY 2

[0096] for SQL implementations supporting the standard CASE expression. For various versions of Oracle, another way must be found. One possibility is

[0097] SELECT COUNT(*),DECODE(age, GREATEST(60,age), 4,

[0098] GREATEST(40,age), 3,

[0099] GREATEST(20,age), 2, 1)

[0100] Etc.

[0101] Categories with Ranges: If we are forced to use ranges to articulate categories, then these ranges must be chosen in a reasonable way for an end-user. The boundaries should be both natural and uniform. For dates, this might mean the boundaries are months, quarters, years, or 5 year periods. For numerics, we might have intervals with leading digits of 1, 25, or 5. No range should span 0 and contain actual occurrences of both positive and negative values; the existence of exceptional values of unexpected sign is something that should not be hidden.

[0102] The Other Category: When we generate categorizations, as a practical matter we may need to introduce an other category with no occurrences, so that all possible values of the underlying data type can be categorized. In this way, changes to the target database don't cause the categorization to fail. If our categorizations are being captured in metadata, then it is useful to identify such defensive other ranges so that, if such values are later detected, they can be flagged in some way, possibly suggesting that the column might require re-categorization.

[0103] In order to provide for such defensive other categorization, associated with each category, an initial row count is preserved, giving the number of database rows falling into the category at the time when the column categorization was generated. This information is useful in detecting cases when data requires re-categorization.

[0104] For most data values, re-categorization is never required, such as when a particular column only contains the values Y or N. However, there are other sorts of data for which re-categorization is almost inevitable, such as Date of First Purchase. In this case, every new set of data is likely to contain new (recent) data values.

[0105] From time to time, therefore, it may be useful to review categorizations. In order to review such categorizations, columns are displayed in order of descending category score degradation (initial score minus current score, using the three-factor categorization formula discussed elsewhere). Once such order is displayed, a data analyst may readily identify those columns requiring re-categorization.

[0106] Scoring Categorizations: In some cases various steps of the method generate families of candidate categorizations, i.e., a set of fixed width intervals, possibly with open intervals at each end (e.g., 100 or more). The widths of the intervals must generally be of such size or delineation so as to be palatable to human users. For example, dates might be banded into weeks, months, quarters, years, etc. Likewise, with numeric data, intervals might be some power of 10 times 1.0, 2.0, 2.5,or 5.0. Given the dispersion of the data values, often times only a few possible interval sizes need be considered.

[0107] When families of candidate categorizations are generated, we choose between them by scoring categorizations in a way which considers information as well as human factors; then we seek the categorization with the maximum score.

[0108] Where p_j is the probability density for category j, i.e., the proportion of the instances in the actual data falling into this category, such that the sum of all p_j's is 1.

[0109] The other factor adjusts the score to reflect outlier categories by biasing categorizations away from ones containing the other category (in the case of a common value categorization) or open-ended ranges (e.g., less than x, x or more), if possible. Clearly, these sorts of categories are less specific about the values, and therefore are less desirable than the categories defined by specific values or specific endpoints. If the other category is present, its population should therefore be relatively small. For example, this factor might be 1 if there's no other; 1-1.5/prefcats if other is required (in other words, adding 2 regular categories is preferable to adding other, but with 3, other wins); a linear function as the size of the other category increases, such that the other factor drops to 0 when maxothratio is reached.

[0110] The category count factor keeps the number of categories from growing indefinitely. Generally speaking, the greater the number of categories, the larger the information measure. More particularly, if there are more distinct categories, one may discern more information about an instance. However, for generalization and presentation purposes, it is desirable to have a limited number of categories, and impose this limit uniformly across many different data items in the database. Further, in cases where a few categories suffice, it is not desirable to introduce spurious categories where they provide no further information. Thus, we could choose:

[0111] where ncategory count, nlimitan upper bound for n, and wa positive weight parameter (for example, 3). The score for categorizations with small category counts will be relatively unaffected by this factor, and as the category count approaches the limit, the score will rapidly be diminished towards 0. It should be noted, however, that the particular form of the count term presented above is merely exemplary, and others having similar characteristics could likewise be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the instant invention.

[0112] Lastly, the final (summation) factor biases our choice towards categorizations which quantifiably present more information about the data value, using the information entropy measure from information theory. This value effectively measures how many bits would be required in an optimal representation of the category value. For example, one may consdier the problem of breaking a data value into 4 categories. If we chose value ranges which exactly divided the population into 4 equal groups (p in each case), then the entropy term is 2. This does not yield a surprising result: 4 values in 2 bits. But if we had another 4-way categorization where the probability of two categories was 0 and the other two was , the entropy term would yield 1 bit. Thus, although 4 categories are provided, only 1 bit of information is required to represent the information. Intuitively, this categorization provides less information about the underlying data valuein effect, such categorization discards two categories by choosing particular value ranges. Similarly, if a categorization is selected such that all values fall into one category, the entropy term is 0, thus providing no information whatsoever about the underlying data value. Thus, it can be seen that the entropy measure provides a mechanism for computing the information term regardless of the probability distribution, which is important since there exist other constraints which generally prevent the equal division of data populations.

[0113] Given this background, the data categorization method of the instant invention is implemented through the following steps. References to the steps shown in the flowchart of FIG. 2 are provided in parenthesis. Column 603 of table 600

[0114] 1. Conduct initial reconnaissance with the column values (Step 701), such as: (i) count the number of distinct column values; (ii) count the rows in the table; (iii) determine how many times the column value is null; (iv) get the maximum and the minimum values; (v) for numeric data, count how many negative, positive, and 0 values exist; and (vi) for character strings, count the number of blank strings. These are all rapid in SQL, and other SQL queries may be used to determine additional column characteristic to in turn provide additional detail regarding data characteristics.

[0115] 2. Dispense with the case where the number of distinct values is so small we can categorize trivially by assigning one category per value (Steps 703 and 705). This is the case if the number of distinct values is less than maxcats. We also introduce a defensive other category (discussed above) in case any other values appear in the database later.

[0116] 3. If the category-per-value mechanism does not apply (i.e., if the number of distinct values is greater than maxcats), we consider a common value encoding (Step 707). This assigns a category to the most common value; another category to the second, and so on. We will need an other category which sweeps together the less common values, and this category must be small enough to satisfy the maxothratio constraint. If that works, the data categorization is complete.

[0117] 4. If common value categorization does not work (i.e., if the maxothratio constraint of step 3 is exceeded), then value ranges must be used (Steps 709 and 713), and the categorization breaks out by data type.

[0118] 5. For numeric data, we seek sets of ranges subject to the constraints already discussed (uniform bands, not spanning 0, boundaries which are round numbers, etc.). We may introduce open ranges at either end (10 or more, less than 0) subject to the maximum-score criterion. The number of candidates we have to check is relatively small, with the categorized ranges spanning some number of standard deviations of the bulk of the data. We use the term bulk of the data because, on occasion, data has a degenerate distribution with outliers that mess things up. Therefore, it's best to calculate the mean and standard deviation with all the data in the usual way (using SQL to do sum of squares and sums), then repeat the calculation with only those values within, for example, 3 standard deviations of the mean. Having taken this precaution, we can generally find good categorizations by considering a couple different round-number range widths in the vicinity of 3 standard deviations divided by prefcats.

[0119] 6. For date data, it's harder because date manipulations aren't always exactly what you need . . . but there's a relatively small number of categorization widths which are sensible anyway. Use the CASE or DECODE constructs (above), which both work with date data.

[0120] 7. For character strings, if you're not categorized already then it's likely you have text data for which ranges are not meaningful. Looking at leading substrings alleviates this problem. Start with one character, then lengthen until the number of distinct values gets beyond prefcats. If it's beyond maxcats, too, then clump together small adjacent subranges until you have prefcats categories.

[0121] 2. Automatic Semantic Role Generation.

[0122] The following describes a method for automatically detecting semantic roles of tables and columns in databases.

[0123] The input comprises metadata describing the following about a set of database tables: (i) for tables, name, row count, column metadata, and relationships with other tables; (ii) for columns, name, data type, and distinct values. The output in turn comprises an assignment of semantic roles to some number of the data objects.

[0124] The method of the instant invention employs a set of heuristic rules which are depicted in the source code listing attached as Appendix A and incorporated herein by reference. The nature of the rules are documented within the rules themselves.

[0125] Basically, the rules articulate various kinds of conditional probabilities. For example, if I know nothing about a table whatsoever, there's a 10% chance it's a customer table. If a table is a market basket, then there's a 60% chance that it has a many-to-1 relationship with a customer table. Likewise, if a table name contains cust, there's a 60% chance it's a customer table. Further, a customer table has a 60% chance of having many columns (relative to other tables in the schema).

[0126] There are many built-in propositions about tables and columns that can be combined in conditional probability rules. The rules have quantified probabilities, rather than magic scores or weights, so that over time we might be able to actually measure some of these probabilities over a large set of actual database schemas.

[0127] To turn these rules into roles, we perform the following process:

[0128] 1. Read in the rules.

[0129] 2. We create a prior probability matrix which; for each table, presents a probability for each table property in the rule set.

[0130] 3. We create a similar matrix for columns.

[0131] 4. We create probability matrices for tables and columns, containing our best estimate for each probability, which we initialize to the priors.

[0132] 5. We then apply Bayesian probability equations to the conditional probabilities, refining the probability estimates. Using the lexicon that p(xy) means the probability of x, under the circumstance that y is true, the Bayesian conditional probability equation of interest is:

[0133] That is, the probability of an alternative j given a set of supporting evidence k is proportional to the prior probability of j (the probability of that outcome without knowing anything about k's) multiplied by the conditional probabilities for each k given the alternative j is true.

[0134] The above equation assumes that the k's represent statistically independent events, although rarely are they actually independent in practice. However, despite the fact that practice may vary, the above equation is entirely suitable as a guide.

[0135] If a set of complete, mutually exclusive j's is available (that is, one and only one of them applies), then the probabilities for each of them is computed using the above Bayesian conditional probability equation. The result is then divided by the sum of the estimates for all possible outcomes, so that a set of probabilities summing to 1 is established.

[0136] 6. The most certain (nearly 0, nearly 1) probability is then picked, and set with certainty.

[0137] 7. Step 5 above is then repeated and the method continued until the highest probability is less than a threshold (e.g., 50%). If there are none, then the method stops.

[0138] This mechanism, with these rules, works well against a wide range of test schemas involving dozens of tables and hundreds of columns.

[0139] 3. Data Table Link Identification.

[0140] The following describes a method for identifying links between multiple tables, which links may optionally also specify a join path and/or an association. The inputs for the instant method comprise metadata for a set of tables (specifically, names for tables and columns, row counts for tables, distinct value counts for columns, min/max for columns, and data types for columns). Optionally, if SQL access is available to the tables, the method can take advantage of this to improve the quality of the join paths. The outputs comprise a set of SQL join paths (equijoin columns with multiplicities on each end) linking these tables.

[0141] With typical database schemas including dozens of tables or more and hundreds of columns or more, join paths (which combine columns, presenting possibilities which grow quadratically with column count) represents a large search space. It also means that any heuristic which is overly optimistic could easily generate countless incorrect join paths. However, most join paths are 1 to many. Further, most join paths are single columns. The method of the instant invention takes advantage of these observations to simplify the identification of join paths.

[0142] First, we seek columns which might be primary keys (the 1 in the 1 to many) by determining the presence of distinct value counts which are nearly equal to the row count of the table (e.g., the number of distinct values is greater than 99% of the number of rows in the table). We exclude very small tables (e.g., 30 or fewer rows), because for these every column will look like a key. We exclude from consideration data types unlikely. to be key values, such as floating point data, images, and long character strings. (In the latter case, things like name or address fields may be nearly unique but they aren't keys.)

[0143] Next, the method of the instant invention looks around for the many end of a 1 to many association. For a given (suspected) primary key, we restrict our attention to matching fields of the same data type. We also only look in tables with row counts that are larger than the table currently being examined (i.e., if looking for a one-to-many relationship, the many table should have more rows than the 1 table). We look for columns whose number of distinct values is no more than the number of distinct values for the (suspected) primary key. The min/max range of the primary key should contain the min/max range of the (suspected) foreign key. The column names on each end of the suspected join path should be similar, although not necessarily identical, but some long common substring. For example, common substrings might not be considered unless the names are both at least 4 characters long. If that prerequisite is met, then the names are considered similar if the longest common substring is over half the size of the shortest string. Therefore, if a name is 4 characters, 3 must match; likewise, if a name is 6 characters long, 4 must match, etc. There should be an indication that the values in the foreign key column exist in the primary key column. This can be determine by, for example, doing some test queries to check both the minimum and the maximum foreign key value to confirm that they are both found in the primary key end of the relationship. Alternately, such indication may be determined by evaluating the min and max values for each column already being analyzed.

[0144] The above constraints are generally more restrictive than they strictly need to be and, as discussed earlier, they must be, because otherwise we'd have many problems from being overly optimistic. But we find these constraints work well in practice.

[0145] The constraints of matching column names and matching data values can present particular challenges, because the conditions placed on these criteria and not as strictly defined as the other criteria. In a preferred embodiment of the instant invention, the matches for both name and value are rated as strong, good, or poor, and the match is considered acceptable if at least one of these two is strong, or both are at least good. A strong name match is where the names match exactly. A good name match is where the names are similar if the longest common substring is over half the size of the shortest substring. A strong value match is where the minimum and maximum foreign key values are found in the primary table, and the data types (which must match) provide a strong hint (e.g., integer is not specific enough to provide a strong hint, but char(18) is). A good match is where either keys match or the data type is specific.

[0146] Note that this value match test cannot depend on both data sources being available. It is possible that a query may be looking for join paths between two disparate, disconnected data sources. Thus, it is necessary to discern as much information as possible from metadata gathered prior to seeking the join. For example, it might be revealed that the min and max of the foreign key happen to be the min and max of the primary key, which would not be all that unusual.

[0147] There is also a particular challenge with integer keys. Because integers are commonly used for counts, codes, and keys, you will generally find many integer values which look like foreign keys for any legitimate integer key you might have. For these, we require a partial name match where, once again, the longest common substring is over half the size of the shortest string.

[0148] The following listing schematically shows an exemplary method for implementing the above-described data table link identification method.

Create an empty candidate key (possible primary
Keys) list.
For each table
	Determine the table's candidate keys as follows:
	If primary key found in DBMS pk/fk metadata
	Use that primary key
	Else
	Consider each column as follows
	Start out assuming a column is a good. PK
	If number of distinct<30, not cool
	If distinct<99% of rowcount, not cool
	If data type unlikely (e.g. float, or
	Decimal with fraction digits) not cool
	If cool, add to candidate keys list.
Look for foreign keys, and match them up with.
	Candidate keys, as follows.
	For each table
	For each column
	Start out assuming column is a good FK.
	If number of distinct<30, not cool
	If still cool
	For each candidate key in CK list
	Start out assuming the CK-FK match is cool
	If underlying tables are the same, not cool
	If FK table smaller than CK table; not cool
	If FK distinct>CK table rows, not cool
	If data types not identical, not cool
	How strong is column name match
	Strong:	identical
	Good:	similar
	How strong is data match
	Strong:	very specific data type match
		AND key value match
	Good:	data type OR key value
	If one is strong or both are good, cool.
	If cool, add this CK/FK combo as 1 to
	many join.

[0149] 4. Metadata Description Generation.

[0150] The following describes a method for producing an HTML document mapping the metadata such that it may be easily digested and utilized by a wide variety of end users, including database professionals, data analysts, and business end users, through a standard web browser. The HTML document attempts to articulate everything present in the XML metadata, thereby making direct reference to the XML unnecessary. End-user terminology and description are the principal focus, with database names and terminology being included as subheadings. Thus, the document is principally focused at the business user rather than the conventional focus of the database analyst: the database part is largely automated, it's the business use of information that is in most need of review and reference.

[0151] The HTML document first presents the user-provided title and description for a given data collection. Information is presented on the databases involved as a sub-heading.

[0152] Next, the HTML document presents the entity relationship (ER) diagram for the collection of tables. This ER diagram is automatically laid out, as is set forth in greater detail below. The individual tables in the diagram are hot-linked, providing something of a visual table of contents for the document where each table description is a click away. Also, a short description is displayed when the mouse is pointed at a table in the ER diagram.

[0153] The HTML document next presents the list of tables in the data collection. This list contains both database (SQL) names and end-user names and end-user names, if present. It also includes record counts and role information. Hot links let a user jump to an individual table's description.

[0154] The HTML document also displays all the table-to-table associations (joins) in tabular form.

[0155] After this, each table is presented. For each table, the HTML document begins with the user-provided title and description. If none is provided, the database (SQL) name is used as the title, and if the semantic role of the table has been determined, the document presents a paragraph describing that role along with the neighboring tables and their roles.

[0156] The HTML document then presents each table association in English, with statistical information on the relationship, for example, Every customer is associated with an average of 4.08 sales. The other table in the relationship is hyperlinked so the user can quickly go to that table's description.

[0157] Finally, there is a table presenting each column in the table (with its end-user name and SQL name, as well as useful information like data type, number of distinct values, max and min, etc.). The columns are hyperlinked to permit rapid navigation to their corresponding description.

[0158] Following that information, each column in the table is described. For each column, the HTML document first provides the user-provided title and description of a particular column value. If none is provided, the document presents the database (SQL) name as the title, and if the semantic role of the column has successfully been determined, the document presents a paragraph describing that role.

[0159] The document then provides a number of simple statistics that typically are helpful in understanding the data in the column. For example, the document indicates how many times the column is null, how many times it's zero, negative, or positive. If it's character data, the HTML document mentions how often it's blank. This helps a user rapidly spot certain kinds of data quality problems, including negative age, zero price, blank name.

[0160] Finally, the HTML document presents a value count distribution broken down by that column's categorization (a categorization we initially generated).

[0161] As mentioned above, the HTML document automatically generates and presents the hot-linked entity relationship (ER) diagram for the collection of tables. In order to automatically generate such an ER diagram, the method of the instant invention receives as input a set of tables and the directed links between them, and generates as output an ER diagram suitable for human viewing (in which objects are not too close to each other, and links do not cross unless absolutely necessary). In order to carry out the automated generation and display of such an ER diagram, the method of the instant invention conducts the following steps:

[0162] (i) First, a small window or button is generated which displays a table label for each table. All of those windows or buttons are graphically arranged in a circle, ordered such that the total length of all the arcs between adjacent windows is minimized. This is done by doing a sort which swaps any two windows in the circle if that reduces the total arc length. To accomplish the sorting operation, assuming n points in a circle, we start by computing the coordinates of n equally spaced points, saving these point coordinates in an array. We arbitrarily assign these sequentially to each node to begin, and compute the total arc length in this configuration. That is, for each arc, we compute the length given the current placement, and add up the results. Then, for every node i, we consider swapping its position with every node j. We swap i with the j that results in the lowest total arc length (and do not swap at all if no swap reduces the arc length.)

[0163] (ii) Windows with more links are moved to the center of the chart.

[0164] (iii) Look for crossed arcs.

[0165] (iv) If none, iteratively expand the diagram in a way where everything repels but no new arc crossings are allowed (since the repulsion force is inverse-square, anything starting to cross is pushed away). Resize and reproportion to fit the available area, and return the resulting graph. To accomplish such resizing and reproportioning, we first note that we have a set of points with arbitrary coordinates, and a result rectangle of set size. To adjust the coordinates so they fit within the result rectangle, we pass over all the points, keeping min and max of the x coordinates. We determine a desired min and max x value based on rectangle size, adjusted to allow for presentation margins. We then apply a linear mapping to all the x values. Now the x values are in the desired range. The step is then repeated with the y values.

[0166] (v) If, however, crossings are found, seek simple knots and, if simple knots are found, fix them. For example, look for cliques that can be pulled across a crossed arc. More particularly, we seek to cure the situation where there are two crossing arcs, and on one end of one of those arcs are a set of interconnected points that have no connection to the outside world save that offending arc. In this case the clique can be moved across the other arc, removing the crossing and maintaining the graph integrity. Likewise, look for a loop which crosses an arc but which can go direct between two points.

[0167] (vi) If no such simple fixes exist, do a random move on the nodes and repulse all the nodes from each other.

[0168] (vii) Go back to step iv.

[0169] As explained above, by casting the metadata into HTML, the method of the instant invention makes it accessible to a wide audience, and eliminates the need for exotic tools (and exotic tool usage skills). Also, given that the metadata generated by the system and method of the instant invention goes beyond conventional database metadata (being more biased towards applications and end-users than towards databases), the document generated is, in fact, palatable to that broader audience.

[0170] The richness and interplay of the various types of metadata (going beyond tables and columns) allows the method of the instant invention to present information which is both useful for navigating the metadata and useful in understanding the underlying business information.

[0171] Having now fully set forth the preferred embodiments and certain modifications of the concept underlying the present invention, various other embodiments as well as certain variations and modifications of the embodiments herein shown and described will obviously occur to those skilled in the art upon becoming familiar with said underlying concept. It should be understood, therefore, that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically set forth herein.