Method of and items for reducing latex exposure

[0001] This application is a continuation of International Application PCT/US01/18747, with an international filing date of Jun. 8, 2001, and published in English, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/210,731, filed Jun. 9, 2000.

[0002] This invention relates to methods of reducing exposure to latex. More particularly, the invention relates to methods of reducing exposure to latex comprising replacing conventional latex items, for example, gloves, with items formed from biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers. The invention further relates to non-latex allergenic items comprising polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer.

[0003] Polymers find uses in a variety of plastic articles including films, sheets, fibers, foams, molded articles, adhesives and many other specialty products. The majority of this plastic material ends up in the solid waste stream. While some efforts at recycling have been made, repeated processing of even pure polymers results in degradation of material and consequently poor mechanical properties. Different grades of chemically similar plastics mixed upon collection can cause processing problems that make the reclaimed material inferior or unusable. Thus, there is a need for plastic articles which are biodegradable.

[0004] There is also a need for articles which are non-latex-allergenic. Latex rubber is formed from latex, which is the milky sap of the commercial rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis. Latex rubber contains proteins, including enzymes which are involved in the biosyntheses of rubber molecules such as polymers of (cis-1,4-polyisoprene), and chemicals added during the preparation of the rubber, such as accelerators and antioxidants. Unfortunately, some individuals are allergenic to products comprising latex rubber. Such latex allergies include syndromes such as chemical irritation dermatitis; a T-cell mediated response causing localized reaction, referred to as type 4 delayed hypersensitivity or allergenic contact dermatitis; immediate type hypersensitivity or urticaria; and anaphylactic reaction, also referred to as type 1 hypersensitivity, mediated by IgE antibodies. Individuals at risk for developing latex allergies are those with prolonged or frequent exposure to latex products, particularly patients with neural tube defects, such as spinal bifida and congenital urologic abnormalities, as well as health care workers with chronic exposure to latex, particularly latex gloves. Thus, there is a need for methods of reducing latex exposure.

[0005] Additionally, soft plastics, such as vinyls, may comprise plasticizers, such as phthalates, or heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium. The phthalate plasticizers are used to obtain a flexible plastic, while the heavy metal are used to decrease degradation. As there is concern that plasticizers and heavy metals may leach from items such as baby teethers, nipples, intravenous tubing and vinyl food wrap, it is desirable to provide methods of reducing exposure to plasticizers and heavy metals.

[0006] Spencer, U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,268, discloses medical tubing and containers comprising an ionomeric modified poly-ether-ester plastic material combined with small amounts of a polyvinylchloride. Spencer teaches that the poly-ether-ester is plasticizer-free. Spencer further teaches items such as peritoneal dialysis assemblies, urinary drainage assemblies, chemotherapy assemblies, parenteral feeding assemblies and food processing assemblies comprising such tubing.

[0007] Sinclair et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,118, disclose products comprising a hydrolytically degradable polymer. Sinclair et al. teach products such as adhesive tapes, medical disposal bags, film wrap, gloves, mask, disposable clothing and bedding products for hospitals, dental floss, toothbrushes, thermometer mouth pieces, syringes, micropipet tips, shavers, support for cotton swabs, contact lenses, intravenous tubing, catheter tubing, needles, syringes, bags for fluids such as blood and plasma, and supports for growing living cells. Sinclair et al. further teach items such as toys, containers, mulches, seed tapes and absorbent items.

[0008] Holmes, U.S. Pat. No. 4,620,999, teaches disposable bags for body-waste comprising a 3-hydroxybutyrate polymer and a basic material to modify the pH of the bag contents to a pH of at least about 12.

[0009] Noda, U.S. Pat. No. 5,918,747, discloses a process for recovering polyhydroxyalkanoates from biological sources. Noda further teaches the polyhydroxyalkanoates can be used to form disposable health care products such as bandages, wound dressings, wound cleansing pads, surgical gowns, surgical covers, surgical pads and bedding items such as sheets, pillowcases and foam mattress pads.

[0010] Asrar et al., WO 99/04948, disclose methods of producing coated objects comprising melting a polyhydroxyalkanote, such as polyhydroxybutyrate or polyhydroxy-butyrate-co-valerate, and extrusion coating the object. Asrar et al. teach the coating has a molecular weight of greater than 125,000 daltons.

[0011] There is a continuing need for methods of reducing exposure to latex and to plasticizers. There is a need for biodegradable items which are substantially free of latex, particularly items which come in contact with an individual's body or component thereof. As used herein body components refers to organs or bodily parts, such as skin, mucous membranes or eyes. It is desirable that items which a child may put in his mouth, such as teethers and nipples, be free of latex. Preferably, such items are further free of plasticizers and heavy metals.

[0012] Unfortunately, many biodegradable items are brittle, or are incapable of degrading under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Further, prior art polymers such as polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate often have unsatisfactory properties. Polyhydroxybutyrate tends to be thermally unstable, while polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate often have slow crystallization rates and flow properties which make processing difficult. For example, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate remains tacky for long periods of time, and may stick to itself when being processed into films.

[0013] Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to obviate various problems of the prior art.

[0014] It is another object of this invention to provide items which are substantially free of latex.

[0015] It is yet another object of this invention to provide items which are substantially free of plasticizers.

[0016] It is another object of this invention to provide biodegradable medical items.

[0017] It is also an object of the invention to reduce an individual's exposure to latex.

[0018] In accordance with one aspect of the invention there is provided methods of reducing exposure to latex comprising substituting an item formed of latex with an item formed of a biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer comprising two randomly repeating monomer units wherein the first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0019] wherein R¹ is H, or C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0020] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or C_3-19 alkenyl; and wherein at least 50% of the randomly repeating monomer units have the structure of the first randomly repeating monomer unit.

[0021] In accordance with another aspect of the invention there are provided methods of reducing exposure to phthalate plasticizers comprising forming an item comprising a biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer comprising two randomly repeating monomer units wherein the first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0022] wherein R¹ is H, or C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0023] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or C_3-19 alkenyl; and wherein at least 50% of the randomly repeating monomer units have the structure of the first randomly repeating monomer unit.

[0024] In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention there is provided non-latex-allergenic items adapted for contact with a human or animal body or component thereof, of a material comprising a biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer comprising two randomly repeating monomer units wherein the first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0025] wherein R¹ is H, or C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0026] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or C_3-19 alkenyl; and wherein at least 50% of the randomly repeating monomer units have the structure of the first randomly repeating monomer unit, and further wherein the items are substantially free of latex.

[0027] In accordance with an additional aspect of the invention there are provided items comprising a biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer comprising three randomly repeating monomer units wherein the first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0028] wherein R¹ is H, or C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and

[0029] the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0030] wherein R² is a C_12-19 alkyl or a C_12-19 alkenyl when R¹ is a C_1-2 alkyl and n is 1; R² is a C_4-19 alkyl or a C_4-19 alkenyl when R¹ is a C_1-2 alkyl and n is 2; and R² is a C_4-19 alkyl or a C_4-19 alkenyl when R¹ is H and n is 1 or 2 ; and the third randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0031] wherein R³ is H, or a C_1-19 alkyl or C_1-19 alkenyl; and m is 1 or 2; with the proviso that the third randomly repeating monomer unit is not the same as the first randomly repeating monomer unit or the second randomly repeating monomer unit. The items are substantially free of latex.

[0032] In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention there are provided methods of reducing exposure to latex, wherein an item adapted for contact with a human or animal body or component thereof, of a material comprising latex, is substituted with an item adapted for contact with a human or animal body or component thereof, of a material comprising a biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer comprising two randomly repeating monomer units wherein the first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0033] wherein R¹ is H, or C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0034] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or C_3-19 alkenyl; and wherein at least 50% of the randomly repeating monomer units have the structure of the first randomly repeating monomer unit.

[0035] Applicants have found that items comprising polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers in accordance with the invention (PHAs) provides methods of reducing exposure to latex and plasticizers. Further, such items are advantageously biodegradable. Polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers in accordance with the present invention will biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, thus, items formed from the PHAs can biodegrade even when under water.

[0036] Biodegradable items in accordance with the invention are unexpectantly resistant to liquids and grease. The items are formed from PHAs having softening temperatures higher than their intended use temperatures and are therefore suitable for heating to sterilize without losing dimensional stability. The items are formed from PHAs which exhibit surprisingly good self-sealability and adhesion to paper substrates.

[0037] Further, unlike the homopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) or the copoymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalelate) (PHBV), PHAs in accordance with the invention are tough without being brittle. Thus items comprising the PHAs are less likely to crack or chip. Applicants have found that polyhydroxyalkanoates in accordance with the present invention have lower melt temperatures, lower degrees of crystallinity and improved melt rheologies relative to polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxy-butyrate-co-valerate. As the PHAs of the present invention have low melting temperatures, the PHAs are easily processed into films and coatings. The PHAs of the present invention have melting temperatures lower than their decomposition temperatures.

[0038] As used herein, latex is intended to refer to the sap of the commercial rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis, and latex items is intended to refer to items comprising latex.

[0039] As used herein, plasticizers is intended to refer to additives used as softeners in the formation of vinyl plastic items. Phthalate plasticizers refer to compounds comprising a phthalate group used as plasticizers. Such plasticizers include bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, also referred to as dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). Other phthalate plasticizers include butyl benzyl phthalate, butyl octyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, dicapryl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diisohectyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, undecyl dodecyl phthalate and mixtures thereof.

[0040] As used herein, alkyl refers to a saturated carbon-containing chain which may be straight or branched, and substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted, while, alkenylrefers to a carbon-containing chain which may be mono-unsaturated (i.e., one double bond in the chain) or poly-unsaturated (i.e., two or mor double bonds in the chain), straight or branched, and substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted.

[0041] As used herein, PHA refers to a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer of the present invention, RRMU refers to a randomly repeating monomer unit and RRMUs refers to randomly repeating monomer units.

[0042] As used herein, biodegradable refers to the ability of a compound to ultimately be degraded completely into CO₂ and water or biomass by microorganisms and/or natural environmental factors.

[0043] As used herein, compostable refers to a material that meets the following three requirements: (1) the material is capable of being processed in a composting facility for solid waste; (2) if so processed, the material will end up in the final compost; and (3) if the compost is used in the soil, the material will ultimately biodegrade in the soil.

[0044] For example, a polymer film material present in solid waste submitted to a composting facility for processing does not necessarily end up in the final compost. Certain composting facilities subject the solid waste stream to air classification prior to further processing, in order to separate paper and other materials. A polymer film would most probably be separated from the solid waste stream in such an air classification and therefore not be processed in the composting facility. Nevertheless, it may still be a compostable material according to the above definition because it is capable of being processed in a composting facility.

[0045] The requirement that the material ends up in the final compost typically means that it undergoes a form of degradation in the composting process. Typically, the solid waste stream will be subjected to a shredding step in an early phase of the composting process. As a result, the polymer film will be present as shreds rather than a sheet. In the final phase of the composting process, the finished compost will be subjected to a screening step. Typically, the polymer shreds will not pass through the screens if they have retained the size they had immediately after the shredding step. The compostable materials of the present invention will have lost enough of their integrity during the composting process to allow partially degraded shreds to pass through the screens. However, it is conceivable that a composting facility might subject the solid waste stream to a very rigorous shredding and a rather coarse screening, in which case nondegradable polymers like polyethylene would meet requirement (2). Therefore, meeting requirement (2) is not enough for a material to be compostable within the present definition.

[0046] What distinguishes the compostable material as defined herein from material like polyethylene is requirement (3), that the material ultimately biodegrade in the soil. This biodegradability requirement is not essential to the composting process or the use of composting soil. Solid waste and the compost resulting therefrom may contain all kinds of nonbiodegradable materials, for example, sand. However, to avoid a build up of man-made materials in the soil, it is required herein that such materials be fully biodegradable. By the same token, it is not at all necessary that this biodegradation be fast. As long as the material itself and intermediate decomposition products are not toxic or otherwise harmful to the soil or crops, it is fully acceptable that their biodegradation takes several months or even years, since this requirement is present only to avoid an accumulation of man-made material in the soil. The copolymers according to the invention advantageously undergo rapid anaerobic biodegradation.

[0047] All copolymer composition ratios recited herein refer to molar ratios, unless specifically indicated otherwise. All part and percentages are by weight, unless specifically indicated otherwise.

[0048] The polyhydroxyalkanoates used in the present invention may be synthetically prepared, or may be produced by a variety of biological organisms, such as bacteria or algae.

[0049] The polyhydroxyalkanoates may be atactic, isotactic or syndiotactic. The polyhydroxyalkanoates used herein are preferably substantially isotactic (from about 90% to about 100%, by weight, isotactic) or fully isotactic (about 100%, by weight, isotactic). The fully isotactic polyhydroxyalkanoates may be obtained from biological organisms, preferably polyhydroxyalkanoates used herein are obtained from biological organisms.

[0050] The polyhydroxyalkanoates are copolymers comprising at least about 2 different monomers. In one embodiment the polyhydroxyalkanoates are copolymers comprising at least about 3 different monomers.

[0051] In one embodiment, the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises at least two randomly repeating monomer units (RRMUs). The first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0052] wherein R¹ is H or a C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2. In a preferred embodiment, the first randomly repeating monomer unit is selected from the group consisting of the monomer wherein R¹ is a C₁ alkyl and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R¹ is a C₂ alkyl and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxyvalerate); the monomer wherein R¹ is H and n is 2 (the monomeric repeat unit 4-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R¹ is H and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxypropionate); and mixtures thereof.

[0053] The second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0054] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or a C_3-19 alkenyl. Suitable second RRMUs include those wherein R² is a C_3-7 alkyl or alkenyl, a C₅ alkyl or alkenyl, a C₇ alkyl or alkenyl, a C_8-11 alkyl or alkenyl, a C₈ alkyl or alkenyl, a C₉ alkyl or alkenyl, a C_12-19 alkyl or alkenyl, a C_3-11 alkyl or alkenyl, or a C_4-19 alkyl or alkenyl.

[0055] In one embodiment of the present invention, at least about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, more preferably at least about 70%, even more preferably at least about 80%, more preferably still at least about 85%, of the RRMUs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0056] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into films, sheets, or soft elastic fibers, preferably from about 50% to about 98%, more preferably from about 80% to about 97%, even more preferably from about 85% to about 96%, of the RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0057] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into normal fibers or molded articles (e.g., injected or blow molded), preferably. from about 80% to about 99%, more preferably from about 90% to about 98%, even more preferably from about 92% to about 97%, of the RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0058] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into thermoformed articles, preferably from about 70% to about 98%, more preferably from about 75% to about 97%, even more preferably from about 80% to about 96%, of the blend RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0059] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into foam, preferably from about 70% to about 97%, more preferably from about 80% to about 96%, even more preferably from about 86% to about 95%, of the blend RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0060] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into elastomers or adhesives, such as bandage adhesives, preferably about 50%, more preferably at least 65%, of the RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0061] When the polyhydroxyalkanoates of the present invention are processed into nonwoven fabrics, preferably from about 85% to about 99%, more preferably from about 90% to about 98%, even more preferably from about 95% to about 97%, of the RRMUs of the PHAs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0062] In a preferred embodiment, the first randomly repeating monomer unit is selected from the group consisting of the monomer wherein R¹ is a C₁ alkyl and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R¹ is a C₂ alkyl and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxyvalerate); the monomer wherein R¹ is H and n is 2 (the monomeric repeat unit 4-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R¹ is H and n is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxypropionate); and mixtures thereof.

[0063] In another embodiment, the polyhydroxyalkanoate of the present invention comprises a third or more additional RRMUs having the structure:

[0064] wherein R³ is H, a C_1-19 alkyl or a C_1-19 alkenyl, and m is 1 or 2; and wherein the additional RRMUs are not the same as the first RRMU or the second RRMU. In one embodiment the copolymer comprises from at least about 3, more preferably from about 3 to about 20 different RRMUs.

[0065] In one embodiment, R³ is a C_1-19 alkyl or a C_1-19 alkenyl, and m is 1, while in another embodiment R³ is a H, a C_1-2 alkyl or a C_1-2 alkenyl, and m is 1or 2. In a preferred embodiment, the third RRMU is selected from the group consisting of the monomer wherein R³ is a C₁ alkyl and m is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R³ is a C₂ alkyl and m is 1 (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxyvalerate); the monomer wherein R³ is H and m is 2, (the monomeric repeat unit 4-hydroxybutyrate); the monomer wherein R³ is H and m is 1, (the monomeric repeat unit 3-hydroxypropionate) and mixtures thereof.

[0066] In another embodiment a polyhydroxyalkanoate according to the present invention comprises two RRMUs wherein the first RRMU has the structure:

[0067] wherein R¹ is H or a C₂ alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second RRMU has the structure:

[0068] Preferably at least about 50% of the RRMUs have the structure of the first RRMU.

[0069] The one embodiment the biodegradable PHA of the present invention comprises three RRMUs, a first RRMU having the structure:

[0070] wherein R¹ is H or a C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; a second RRMU having the structure:

[0071] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or a C_3-19 alkenyl, preferably a C_4-19 alkyl or a C_4-19 alkenyl; and a third RRMU having the structure:

[0072] wherein a R³ is H, a C_1-19 alkyl or a C_1-19 alkenyl, and m is 1 or 2; and wherein the third RRMU is not the same as the first RRMU or the second RRMU. Preferably at least 50% of the RRMUs have the structure of the first RRMU. Generally no more than about 20% of the RRMUs have the structure of the third RRMU.

[0073] Preferably, the molecular weight of the polyhydroxyalkanoates is greater than about 50,000. In one embodiment the weight average molecular weight is no greater than about 400,000, while in another embodiment the weight average molecular weight is than greater than about 400,000, preferably greater than 500,000.

[0074] The volume percent crystallinity (_c) of a semi-crystalline polymer (or copolymer) often determines what type of end-use properties the polymer possesses. For example, highly (greater than 50%) crystalline polymers are strong and stiff, and suitable for products such as plastic cups. Low (not greater than 50%) crystalline polymers, on the other hand, are flexible and tough, and are suitable for products such as bags. Crystallinity can be determined in a number of ways, including x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), density measurements, and infrared absorption, as discussed by Noda, U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,855, incorporated herein by reference.

[0075] In general, PHAs of the present invention preferably have a crystallinity of from about 0.1% to about 99% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 2% to about 80%; more preferably still from about 20% to about 70%.

[0076] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into a film, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably from about 5% to about 95% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 10% to about 80%; more preferably still from about 20% to about 60%.

[0077] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into a sheet, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably from about 5% to about 60% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 10% to about 50%; more preferably still from about 20% to about 40%.

[0078] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into a normal fiber or a nonwoven fabric, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably from about 50% to about 95% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 60% to about 95%; more preferably still from about 70% to about 95%.

[0079] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into a soft elastic fiber, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably from about 20% to about 90% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 30% to about 85%; more preferably still from about 40% to about 80%.

[0080] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into a molded or thermoformed article, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably from about 10% to about 80% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably from about 20% to about 70%; more preferably still from about 30% to about 60%.

[0081] When a PHA of the present invention is to be processed into an elastomer or adhesive, the amount of crystallinity in such PHA is more preferably less than about 50% as measured via x-ray diffraction; more preferably less than about 30%; more preferably still less than about 20%.

[0082] Preferably, the biodegradable PHAs of the present invention have a melt temperature (Tm) of from about 30 C. to about 160 C., more preferably from about 60 C. to about 140 C., more preferably still from about 90 C. to about 130 C.

[0083] Suitable polyhydroxyalkanoates include those disclosed in Noda, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,498,692; 5,502,116; 5,536,564; 5,602,227; 5,618,855; 5,685,756; and 5,747,584, incorporated herein by reference.

[0084] Items traditionally made entirely or partially from latex may now be made using a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer in accordance with the invention rather than latex. Such items may be substantially free of, preferably free of latex, and thus an individual using such items may avoid exposure to latex. Preferably the items will be substantially free of, more preferably free of, latex. As used herein, substantially free is intended to refer to compositions comprising no more than 20%, preferably less than about 10%, by weight, latex.

[0085] Similarly, items traditionally made entirely or partially from a vinyl plastic comprising a phthalate plasticizer may now be made using a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer in accordance with the invention and may be substantially free of, preferably free of, phthalate plasticizers. Thus an individual using such items may avoid exposure to plasticizer. As used herein, substantially free of plasticizers is intended to refer to items comprising less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, even more preferably less than about 5%, by weight, plasticizer. In one embodiment the items are free of plasticizers, more particularly, the items are free of, preferably free of, phthalate plasticizers.

[0086] Additionally, items made using a polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer in accordance with the invention may be substantially free of, preferably free of, heavy metals such as lead or cadmiun. In another embodiment, the items are further substantially free of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. As used herein, substantially free of heavy metals is intended to refer to items comprising no more than 1%, preferably less than about 0.1%, by weight, heavy metals.

[0087] The biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer made be used to produce items such as pet toys, pet collars, flea collars, pet carriers, children's toys, nipples, baby bottles and bottle liners, teething rings, pacifiers, gloves, medical tubing, blood pressure cuffs, clothing elastic, face masks, sutures, anesthesia mouthpieces, toothbrushes, toothpicks, dental floss, dental bite blocks, dental cofferdams, dental retainers, mouth guards, respirator bellows, adhesive tape, bandages, sheets, pads, bed pans, waste bags, enema bags and tips, intravenous fluid bags, bulb syringes, elastic bands and mixtures thereof.

[0088] As used herein pet toys is intended to include chew toys for animals such as reptiles, birds and mammals; scratching posts; sport items which wildlife may chew, such as trail markers, shooting targets and golf tees; and aquarium items which release water treatment chemicals, medicaments and/or fish food. As used herein, aquarium items is intended to include decorative items, such as artificial plants and shells, as well as encapsulated chemicals. As used herein, medical tubing in intended to include tubing used for medical procedures such as intravenous tubing, airways, catheters, shunts, drains, dialysis tubing and parenteral feeding tubing.

[0089] Children's toys which may be formed with the biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer include toys which may contact a child's skin or mucous membranes, particularly toys which contact a child's mouth. Such toys include balloons, toy horns, whistle, kazoos, masks, costumes, toy binocular or kaleidoscopes, bubble pipes and puppets.

[0090] Items such as intravenous fluid bags may be formed from films or sheets of the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer. Edges of the bags made be sealed with adhesives comprising the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer. As used herein, film means an extremely thin continuous piece of a substance having a high length to thickness ratio and a high width to thickness ratio. While there is no requirement for a precise upper limit of thickness, a preferred upper limit is about 0.25 mm, more preferably about 0.10 mm, and even more preferably about 0.05 mm. The films may be processed using conventional procedures for producing single or multilayer films on conventional film-making equipment.

[0091] As used herein, sheet means a very thin continuous piece of a substance, having a high length to thickness ratio and a high width to thickness ratio, wherein the material is thicker than about 0.25 mm. Sheeting shares many of the same characteristics as film in terms of properties and manufacture, with the exception that sheeting is stiffer, and has a self-supporting nature.

[0092] Items such as sutures and dental floss would generally be formed from fibers. As used herein, fiber refers to a flexible, macroscopically homogeneous body having a high length-to-width ratio and a small cross section.

[0093] Items such as pet toys, pet collars, flea collars, pet carriers, children's toys, nipples, teething rings, pacifiers, face masks, anesthesia mouth pieces, dental equipment (including toothbrushes, bite blocks, cofferdams and retainers), bulb syringes and bed pans may be molded or thermoformed articles. As used herein, molded refers to articles that are formed from compositions which are injected, compressed, or blown by means of a gas into a shape defined by a mold, while thermoformed articles refers to articles formed by heating planks or sheets of the polyhydroxyalkanaote until flexible and then stamping or vacuum pulling the polyhydorxyalkanate into the proper shape Some items, such as medical tubing, may be molded or extruded.

[0094] Items comprising the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer may comprise other additives. Preferably the additives are non-toxic and nonfugitive. As used herein, nonfugitive refers to an additive that does not escape from the polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer at a faster rate than which the copolymer biodegrades. Suitable additives include colorants, flavorants, perfumes, deodorants, disinfectants, vitamins, minerals, medicaments, antibacterial compounds and mixtures thereof.

[0095] For example, aquarium items may further comprise an additional ingredient selected from water treatment chemicals, medicaments and fish food. Such aquarium items allow for controlled release of water treatment chemicals, medicaments and/or fish food. Animal chew toys may further comprise an ingredient such as a vitamin, mineral or medicament. Thus, while the animal is chewing on the toy, the toy will also be releasing an ingredient advantageous to the health of the animal. Flea collars comprise chemicals toxic to fleas and other pests. Health care items, such as medical tubing, dental cofferdams, dental bite blocks, dental retainers, bandages, intravenous fluid bags, respirator bellows, anesthesia mouthpieces and bulb syringes, may comprise an antibacterial ingredient such as triclosan. Items such as dental floss, pacifiers, toothpicks, dental cofferdams, dental bite blocks, dental retainers, and chew toys may further comprise flavors. Deodorants and/or disinfectants may be added to items such as sheets, pads, bed pans, waste bags and enema bags.

[0096] The items may comprise colorants. Preferably, such colorants are nonfugitive. The items herein may be formed from a composition comprising the biodegradable polyalkanoate copolymer and colorant. Alternatively, colors and designs may be printed on the items after manufacture. Preferred colorants are non-toxic.

[0097] Preferred non-latex-allergenic items are formed from a polyhydroxyalkanoate comprising two randomly repeating monomer units. The first randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0098] wherein R¹ is H or a C_1-2 alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; and the second randomly repeating monomer unit has the structure:

[0099] wherein R² is a C_3-19 alkyl or a C_3-19 alkenyl, preferably a C_4-19 alkyl or a C_4-19 alkenyl.

[0100] In another embodiment the polyhydroxyalkanoate comprises a third randomly repeating monomer unit having the structure:

[0101] wherein R³ is H, a C_1-19 alkyl or a C_1-19 alkenyl, and m is 1 or 2, and the third RRMU is not the same as the first RRMU or the second RRMU. Polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers comprising three RRMUs will generally comprise, by weight, at least about 50% of the first RRMU, and generally no greater than about 20% of the third RRMU. The composition may comprise at least about 4%, more preferably at least about 5%, and even more preferably at least about 8%, and no more than about 15%, preferably no more than about 12%, more preferably no more than about 10%, by weight, of the third RRMU. The preferred levels of monomers is dependent upon the desired characteristic of the article, that is, whether the article is a foam article, a molded article, an extruded article, or whether the article comprises a wood or paper substrate having a copolymer coating.

[0102] One embodiment of the invention is directed to items formed from films or sheets comprising a PHA. Such items include bags, baby bottle liners, gloves and blood pressure cuffs. Preferably the films or sheets comprising a PHA which comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Preferably from about 50% to about 98%, more preferably from about 80% to about 97%, even more preferably from about 85% to about 96%, of the RRMUs of the PHA have the structure of the first RRMU. The weight average molecular weight of the PHA is greater than about 400,000, preferably greater than about 500,000, more preferably greater than about 600,000. In one embodiment the films or sheets comprise less than about 20%, preferably from no more than about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0103] In one embodiment of the invention is directed to molded articles comprising a PHA. The PHA preferably comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Preferably from about 80% to about 99%, more preferably from about 90% to about 98%, even more preferably from about 92% to about 97%, of the blend RRMUs of the PHA have the structure of the first RRMU. The weight average molecular weight of the copolymer is generally less than about 500,000, preferably less than about 400,000. In one embodiment the molded articles comprise less than about 20%, preferably less than about 15% by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0104] The thermoformed articles may be formed comprising a PHA. The PHA preferably comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Preferably from about 70% to about 98%, more preferably from about 75% to about 97%, even more preferably from about 80% to about 96%, of the blend RRMUs of the PHA have the structure of the first RRMU. The weight average molecular weight of the copolymer is generally no greater than about 500,000, preferably less than about 400,000. In one embodiment the thermoformed articles comprise less than about 20%, preferably from about 3% to about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0105] Other items may comprise a PHA foam. The PHA foam preferably comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Generally the PHA has a weight average molecular weight of no greater than 500,000, preferably less than about 400,000. In one embodiment the PHA foam comprises less than about 20%, preferably less than about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0106] In one embodiment, items such as medical tubing are extruded items comprising a PHA. The PHA preferably comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. The weight average of molecular weight of the copolymer is generally greater than about 200,000, preferably greater than about 400,000. In one embodiment the extruded items comprise less than about 20%, preferably from about 5% to about 20%, more preferably 6% to about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0107] In another embodiment items comprise a substrate and a coating comprising a PHA. It may also be desirable to coat latex-containing substrates with a coating comprising PHA in order to provide a barrier between the latex-containing substrate and an individual's skin.

[0108] The PHAs used as coatings preferably comprise a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Preferably the weight average of molecular weight of the copolymer is greater than 100,000, preferably greater than about 200,000. In one embodiment the PHAs used as coatings comprise no greater than about 20%, preferably less than about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above. The coatings may further comprise colorants in order to provide the items with a more attractive appearance. The coatings may be applied to pre-formed articles in any convenient manner, such as spraying, dipping or extrusion coating.

[0109] In one embodiment, films or sheets comprise a PHA are used to laminate substrates. Preferably the films or sheets comprise a PHA which comprises a first RRMU having formula (i) above, and a second RRMU having formula (ii) above. Preferably from about 50% to about 99%, more preferably from about 80% to about 98%, even more preferably from about 90% to about 97%, of the RRMUs of the PHA have the structure of the first RRMU. The weight average molecular weight of the PHA is greater than about 100,000, preferably greater than about 200,000. In one embodiment the films or sheets comprise no more than about 20% preferably less than about 15%, by weight of total PHA, of the third RRMU having the formula (iii) above.

[0110] Articles comprising PHAs may be made by any art-recognized process, such as those disclosed in Noda, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,618,885 and 5,602,227, incorporated herein by reference. Films may be processed using conventional procedures for producing single or multilayer films on conventional film-making equipment. Pellets of the PHAs of the present invention can be first dry blended and then melt mixed in a film extruder. Alternatively, if insufficient mixing occurs in the film extruder, the pellets can be first dry blended and then melt mixed in a precompounding extruder followed by repelletization prior to film extrusion.

[0111] The PHAs of the present invention can be melt processed into films using either cast or blown film extrusion methods. Cast film is extruded through a linear slot die. Generally the flat web is cooled on a large moving polished metal roll. It quickly cools, and peels off this first roll, passes over one or more auxiliary cooling rolls, then through a set of rubber-coated pull or haul-off rolls, and finally to a winder.

[0112] In blown film extrusion, the melt is extruded upward through a thin annular die opening. This process is also referred to as tubular film extrusion. Air is introduced through the center of the die to inflate the tube and thereby causing it to expand. A moving bubble is thus formed which is held at a constant size by control of internal air pressure. The tube of film is cooled by air, blown through one or more chill rings surrounding the tube. The tube is then collapsed by drawing it into a flattening frame through a pair of pull rolls and into a winder. The flattened tubular film is subsequently slit open, unfolded, and further slit into widths appropriate for use in products.

[0113] Both cast film and blown film processes can be used to produce either monolayer or multilayer film structures. For the production of monolayer films from a single thermoplastic material or blend of thermoplastic components only a single extruder and single manifold die are required. For the production of multilayer films of the present invention, coextrusion processes are preferably employed. Such processes require more than one extruder and either a coextrusion feedblock or multi-manifold die system or combination of the two to achieve the multilayer film structure.

[0114] Sheets may be formed by cast extrusion, rolling or calendering. Rolling produces a film with predominately machine direction orientation by accelerating the film from a nip point where the thickness is reduced. Large forces are found at the nip point, but overall orientation can be increased over other forms of machine direction orientation.

[0115] Calendering may be used to produce an unoriented cast film or sheet with high throughput, calendering is used. The calendering process employs stacks of specially hardened, driven rolls, supported in a manner so they may be bent or skewed in position relative to each other during operation. This is to control thickness in the calendered material. Calenders are usually made up of four rolls that form three nips. These nips are the feed, metering and finishing nips. The feed nip is where the polymer is supplied, mixed, and heated. The metering nip reduces the thickness of the sheet to the approximate final thickness. The finishing nip adjusts the gauge of the sheet by varying the position of the third or middle roll.

[0116] Fibers of the present invention may be processed using a variety of conventional techniques well-known in the art including, but not limited to, melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. Combinations of these three basic processes are often used.

[0117] In melt spinning a PHA of the present invention is heated above its melting point and the molten PHA is forced through a spinneret. A spinneret is a die with many small orifices which are varied in number, shape and diameter. The jet of molten PHA is passed through a cooling zone where the PHA solidifies and is then transferred to post-drawing and take-up equipment.

[0118] In dry spinning, a PHA of the present invention is dissolved and the PHA solution is extruded under pressure through a spinneret. The jet of PHA solution is passed through a heating zone where the solvent evaporates and the filament solidifies.

[0119] In wet spinning, a PHA of the present invention is also dissolved and the solution is forced through a spinneret which is submerged in a coagulation bath. As the PHA solution emerges from the spinneret orifices within the coagulation bath, the PHA is either precipitated or chemically regenerated. Usually, all these processes need further drawing for useful properties to be obtained, for example to serve as textile fibers. Drawing refers to stretching and attenuation of fibers to achieve an irreversible extension, induce molecular orientation, and develop a fiber-fine structure). This fine structure is characterized by a high degree of crystallinity and by orientation of both the crystallites and the amorphous PHA chain segments.

[0120] Foams are PHAs of the present invention whose apparent density has been substantially decreased by the presence of numerous cells distributed throughout its bulk. Foams are further categorized into flexible and rigid foams. This classification is based on a particular ASTM test procedure (see ASTM D, Vol. 37, pp. 1566-1578, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., (1978)). A flexible foam is a foam which does not rupture when a 202.52.5 cm piece is wrapped around a 2.5 cm mandrel at a uniform rate of 1 lap/5 s at 15-25 C. Foams that do rupture under this test are referred to as rigid foams.

[0121] Foams of the present invention may be processed using conventional procedures well-known to those skilled in the art. A predominant method of foam production involves expanding a fluid polymer (or copolymer) phase to a low density cellular phase and then preserving this state. Other processes include leaching out materials that have been previously dispersed in the polymer (or copolymer), sintering small particles and dispersing cellular particles in a polymer (or copolymer). Three steps make up the expansion process. These are cell initiation, cell growth and cell stabilization. Many methods are used to create, grow and stabilize cells.

[0122] Expandable formulations rely on increasing the pressure within the initiated cells relative to that of the surroundings. The cells are stabilized by either chemical (e.g. crosslinking, polymerization) or physical means (crystallization, melt-glass transition). A blowing agent such as isomeric pentanes and hexanes or halocarbons is mixed with the polymer (or copolymer) either by heating and allowing the blowing agent to penetrate the polymer, or by polymerizing the polystyrene in the presence of the blowing agent. Fabrication of articles is usually carried out in multiple steps, the first of which uses steam, hot water or hot air to expand the polymer into low density preformed beads. These preformed beads are aged, sometimes in multiple steps for correct cell size, and then packed into molds and fused together by heat and further expansion. Stabilization is accomplished by cooling the polymer to temperatures below its glass transition temperature.

[0123] Decompression expansion processes create and grow cells by lowering the external pressure during processing. Cellular polyethylene and polypropylene are often made in this manner. A decomposing blowing agent is premixed with the polymer (or copolymer) and fed through an extruder under elevated temperature and pressure such that the blowing agent partially decomposes. When the material exits the extruder, it enters a lower pressure zone. Simultaneous expansion and cooling take place, resulting in a stable cellular structure owing to rapid crystallization of the polymer.

[0124] Dispersion processes produce foams by directing dispersing solid or gas into the polymer (or copolymer) phase and then, when necessary, stabilizing the mixture. In one such process, frothing, a gas is mechanically dispersed in the polymer or monomer phase, producing a foam of temporary stability. This foam is then chemically stabilized by crosslinking or polymerization.

[0125] Molded articles can be solid objects or hollow. Injection molding of thermoplastics is a multi-step process by which a PHA of the present invention is heated until it is molten, then forced into a closed mold where it is shaped, and finally solidified by cooling. There are a variety of machines that are used in injection molding. Three common types are ram, screw plasticator with injection, and reciprocating screw devices. A ram injection molding machine is composed of a cylinder, spreader and plunger. The plunger forces the melt in the mold. A screw plasticator with a second stage injection consists of a plasticator, directional valve, a cylinder without a spreader, and a ram. After plastication by the screw, the ram forces the melt into the mold. A reciprocating screw injection machine is composed of a barrel and a screw. The screw rotates to melt and mix the material and then moves forward to force the melt into the mold.

[0126] Compression molding in thermoplastics consists of charging a quantity of a PHA of the present invention in the lower half of an open die. The top and bottom halves of the die are brought together under pressure, and then molten PHA conforms to the shape of the die. The mold is then cooled to harden the plastic.

[0127] Blow molding is used for producing bottles and other hollow objects. In this process, a tube of molten PHA known as a parison is extruded into a closed, hollow mold. The parison is then expanded by a gas, thrusting the PHA against the walls of a mold. Subsequent cooling hardens the plastic. The mold is then opened and the article removed.

[0128] Blow molding has a number of advantages over injection molding. The pressures used are much lower than injection molding. Blow molding can be typically accomplished at pressures of from about 25 to about 100 psi between the plastic and the mold surface. By comparison, injection molding pressures can reach from about 10,000 to about 20,000 psi. In cases where the PHA has a have molecular weights too high for easy flow through molds, blow molding is the technique of choice. High molecular weight polymers (or copolymers) often have better properties than low molecular weight analogs, for example high molecular weight materials have greater resistance to environmental stress cracking. It is possible to make extremely thin walls in products with blow molding. This means less PHA is used, and solidification times are shorter, resulting in lower costs through material conservation and higher throughput. Another important feature of blow molding is that since it uses only a female mold, slight changes in extrusion conditions at the parison nozzle can vary wall thickness. This is an advantage with structures whose necessary wall thicknesses cannot be predicted in advance.

[0129] As used here, thermoforming refers to a process by which planks or sheets of the polyhydroxyalkanote are heated until flexible and then stamped or vacuum pulled into the proper shape. Generally a sheet is fed through an oven and heated to bring it to a thermoformable temperature. The sheet is heated to a softening point and then advanced to a forming station. Alternatively, a sheet may move directly from an extruder to a forming station by means of a series of rolls, which can either be heated or cooled to bring the sheet to the proper thermoforming temperature. The forming station comprises molds or stamps of the desired shapes.

[0130] As used herein nonwoven means porous, textile like materials, usually in flat sheet form, composed primarily, or entirely, of fibers assembled in webs that are manufactured by processes other than spinning, weaving, or knitting. Other names for these materials are bonded fabrics, formed fabrics, or engineered fabrics. The thickness of the fabric sheets may vary from about 25 mm to several centimeters, and the weight from about 10 g/m² to about 1 kg/m². Nonwoven fabrics have a wide range of physical properties depending on the material and process used in forming the web. A fabric may be selfsupporting and stiff as paper or drapable as a conventional cloth fabric.

[0131] In contrast to conventional textiles, the fundamental structure of all nonwovens is a web of fibers arranged more or less randomly. Thus, the key element is the single fiber. Tensile, tear, and tactile properties in the nonwoven arise from adhesive or other chemical and physical bonding, fiber-to-fiber friction created by entanglement, and reinforcement by other materials such as foams and films.

[0132] The nonwoven fabrics of the present invention may be made by conventional techniques known in the art. The production of nonwoven fabrics involves: 1) making fibers of various lengths and diameters; 2) creating a web of these fibers; and 3) bonding of fibers within the web by adhesive, or mechanical-frictional forces created by fiber contact or entanglement. In addition to these steps, reinforcing the web by forming a composite with other materials (e.g., yarns, scrims, films, nettings, and unbonded webs) is sometimes preferred. Variations of one or several of these steps allows for the enormous range of nonwoven fiber types. The term staple fibers was originally applied to fibers of natural origin long enough to be processed on textile machinery, but excluding endless filaments, e.g., silk. In the present context, as applied to PHA of the present invention, staple fibers are of relatively uniform length, from about 1.3 to about 10.2 cm, with a regular crimp i.e., a three-dimensional wavelike shape. Regenerated and other extruded fibers are endless as formed. They are cut during the manufacturing process to a specified length to meet a processing or market need. Extruded fibers are also produced as continuous filaments without crimp. The processes for forming webs from staple fibers are different from those using continuous filaments.

[0133] The choice of method for forming the web is determined by fiber length. Initially, the methods for forming webs from staple-length fibers (fibers long enough to be handled by conventional spinning equipment, usually from about 1.2 to about 20 cm long, but not endless) are based on the textile-carding process, whereas web formation from short fibers is based on papermaking technologies. Although these technologies are still in use, other methods have been subsequently developed. For example, webs are formed from long, virtually endless filaments directly from bulk polymer; both web and fibers are produced simultaneously. A variety of web-making methods are known, including carding, air-laying, wet-forming, spinbonding, and meltblowing.

[0134] The carding process is derived from the ancient manual methods of fiber carding, where natural staple fibers were manipulated by beds of needles. In carding, clumps of staple fibers are separated mechanically into individual fibers and formed into a coherent web by the mechanical action of moving beds of closely spaced needles.

[0135] In the air-laying process, the orientation created by carding is effectively improved by capturing fibers on a screen from an airstream. The fibers are separated by teeth or needles and introduced into an airstream. Total randomization would exclude any preferential orientation when the fibers are collected on the screen.

[0136] Wet-forming processes employ very short fibers. Initially, webs are formed from shod fibers by modified papermaking techniques. The fibers are continuously dispersed in a large volume of water and caught on a moving endless wire screen. Once the web is caught on the screen, it is transferred to belts or felts and dried on heated drums.

[0137] The spunbonded web process involves making fibers and web simultaneously, directly from bulk polymer. The bulk polymer is melted, extruded, and drawn (often by triboelectric forces) to filaments that are randomized and deposited onto belts as a continuous web. The filaments are virtually endless. The spunbond process produces webs of low crimp filaments in the normal diameter range of about 1.7 dtex (1.5 den) or slightly higher. The birefringence and uniformity of diameter of these filaments are similar to standard textile fibers and filaments.

[0138] Webs are also made directly from bulk polymers by the meltblown process The molten PHA is forced through very fine holes in a special die into a high velocity airstream where the PHA is formed into very fine, although irregular, filaments of indeterminate lengths. The filaments are simultaneously formed into a web where melting and resolidification, and possibly static forces, hold them together. The web consists primarily of filaments with very fine diameters.

[0139] The bonding of fibers gives the strength to the web and influences other properties. Both adhesive and mechanical means are used. Mechanical bonding employs the engagement of fibers by frictional forces. Bonding can also be achieved by chemical reaction, i.e., formation of covalent bonds between binder and fibers.

[0140] As used herein elastomer refers to materials which exhibit both long-range deformability on application of stress and essentially complete recovery on removal Preferably, an elastomer of the present invention, at room temperature, can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice its original length and, after removal of the tensile load, will immediately and forcibly return to approximately its original length. Elastomers of the present invention are above the glass-transition temperature Tg and amorphous in the unstressed state to exhibit high local segmental mobility necessary for deformation. The chains are flexible and intermolecular (interchain) forces are weak. The elastomers of the present invention possess a sufficient number of chemical or physical cross-links to form a continuous network in order to restrain chain slippage.

[0141] Thermoplastic elastomers of the present invention have many of the properties of conventional elastomers such as vulcanized rubbers, but are processed as thermoplastics rather than thermosets. Transition from a fluid melt to a solid is reversible. Thermoplastic elastomers of the present invention are multiphase systems, where at least one phase is soft and rubbery and another hard. With thermoplastic elastomers, the transition from a processible melt to a solid, rubberlike object is rapid and reversible and takes place upon cooling. Preferably, PHAs of the present invention which are processed into an elastomer have sufficiently high branch content to enable them to act as thermoplastic elastomers, with the crystalline areas acting as the hard segment and the amorphous segments acting as the soft segment. Thermoplastic elastomers of the present invention can be processed on conventional plastics equipment, such as injection molders.

[0142] Important structural parameters for thermoplastic elastomers are the molecular weight, the nature of the soft and hard segments, and the ratio of soft to hard segments. The ratio of hard to soft segments effects the total modulus of the elastomer, increasing with the proportion of the hard segments. Elastomers of the present invention comprising a PHA of the present invention can also be used in blend formulations with other polymers (or copolymers), even non-elastomeric PHAs, to increase impact strength and toughness in stiffer materials.

[0143] As used herein adhesive means a material that joins two other materials, called adherends, together. In one embodiment of the present invention, the adhesive is applied as a liquid, preferably of a low viscosity. In the liquid form the adhesive wets the adherend surface and flows into the crevices in the adherend surfaces. The liquid form of the adhesive is obtained by heating to the point that flow occurs, dissolving or dispersing the material in a solvent, or starting with liquid monomers or oligomers that polymerize or react after application. The adhesive then undergoes a phase change to a solid either by cooling, solvent evaporation, or reaction, in order for the joint to acquire the necessary strength to resist shearing forces. However, pressure-sensitive adhesives are an exception, since no phase change occurs.

[0144] The PHAs of the present invention may be processed into a variety of adhesives, including but not limited to, hot melt, solution, dispersion and pressure sensitive adhesives. As used herein, hot-melt adhesive refers to a thermoplastic polymer or copolymer (e.g., a PHA of the present invention) that is heated to obtain a liquid of flowable viscosity, and, after application, cooled to obtain a solid. Generally, the molecular weight of the adhesive is tailored to provide flowability in the melt, but still be strong enough in the solid form to resist shearing forces experienced in the application. Due to their thermoplastic properties, the PHAs of the present invention are particularly useful as hot-melt adhesives. The primary feature of hot-melt adhesives is the ability of the thermoplastic material to flow above a certain temperature, high above the normal use temperature of the bond. Upon cooling, the material hardens, either through passing through the glass transition temperature of one of the components, or the crystallization temperature. This hardening lends physical integrity to the bond. In PHAs, the mode of solidification is crystallization.

[0145] The adhesives of the present invention may be applied either as solutions, in water or an organic solvent, or in the form of aqueous dispersions. In either form, the solvent must be removed after application for the adhesive to attain the required solid form. The solution or dispersion is usually applied to one of the surfaces to be bonded, and the solvent removed before the second surface is joined; often, heating is required to expedite the drying step. With porous substrates, such as paper or wood, final drying can take place after formation of the joint. Solids contents of the solutions vary from about 5% to about 95%, although values from about 20% to about 50% are most common.

[0146] As used herein, dispersion refers to when adhesives are prepared by true emulsion polymerization or dispersed as larger particles in some carrier fluid. In addition to their economic advantage, dispersions containing from about 40% to about 50% solids offer lower viscosity than solutions, even if the solids are high molecular-weight polymers. Adhesive dispersions of the present invention may be prepared by high shear in the presence of surfactants to obtain waterborne formulations, procedures which are well known to those skilled in the art.

[0147] Another type of adhesive of the present invention is a pressure-sensitive adhesive. Unlike other adhesives, the pressure-sensitive adhesives do not change their physical state from the initial application, to the final breaking of the adhesive bond. They remain permanently deformable, and may alter under even slight application of pressure. They are adhesives that in dry form are permanently tacky at room temperature and that firmly adhere to surfaces upon mere contact. The most common form of pressure-sensitive adhesive is on a backing, usually in tape form.

[0148] Coated articles, including coated tongue depressors and encapsulated chemicals, may be formed using any conventional coating technique. Coating techniques include extrusion coating, roller coating, brush coating, dip coating, spray coating, electrostatic coating, centrifugal coating and cast coating. Articles may be coated with melted PHA, and then exposed to a coolant, such as water, by any acceptable method, such as dipping or spraying. As used herein, coated items includes items formed from laminates of a paper substrate and a film or sheet comprising a PHA.

[0149] Coating equipment may be used to apply a surface coating to a substrate. Suitable substrates include porous web, such as paper or cardboard. The coatings may serve as barriers, decorative coatings, or other purposes. Coating may be used to apply adhesive for laminating one web to another or for manufacturing of pressure-sensitive tapes and labels. It also may be used for saturation of a porous web, such as paper, in order to improve its resistance to moisture or grease penetration, or to improve its strength.

[0150] Coatings when applied must be sufficiently fluid to be spread into a uniformly thin layer across the web. Therefore, coatings are applied as solutions in organic solvents, as aqueous solutions or emulsions, as a hot melt (solid molten or softened by heat), or as a reactive liquid that solidifies by a polymerization reaction induced either thermally or by radiation. Extrusion coating, is similar to hot-melt coating.

[0151] Coatings may be applied directly to the substrate, or may be cast to another surface, dried, and later transferred to the substrate. This transfer coating process is used for manufacturing of, for example, pressure-sensitive label stock: the adhesive is first applied to a silicone-coated release liner, dried, and then laminated to the label face stock. Coatings may be applied to the web material wound in rolls, or to precut sheets. Coated items may be formed by pressing coated paperboard blanks between forming dies.

[0152] In extrusion coating, a film of molten polymer is deposited between two moving webs in a nip created by a rubber pressure roll and a chrome-plated steel chill roll. In this continuous operation, rolls of material are unwound, new rolls are automatically spliced on the fly, and the surface of the substrate is prepared by chemical priming or other surface treatment to make it receptive to the extrusion coating, and to help develop adhesion between the two materials.

[0153] Additional embodiments and modifications within the scope of the claimed invention will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention shall be considered in the terms of the following claims, and is understood not to be limited to the details or the methods described in the specification.