Data management system

[0001] The present invention relates to a data management system. It finds particular application in supporting the provision of products or services by one or more enterprises.

[0002] An information model is a model that describes the way that information, comprising data and rules, is defined, maintained, and used. Information models are known in systems for the provision of products and services.

[0003] A good information model can facilitate effective and efficient intra-working and inter-working. Intra-working in this context refers to the way that computer applications are organised and linked together within the context of a single enterprise. Inter-working refers to a structured means for those enterprises to work in a co-operative manner. The information model controls the way in which a system responds to a request for a service or product, and manages that response.

[0004] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a data management system, for use in receiving and processing data in relation to one or more products, and recording fulfilment in respect of a generated product description, the system comprising:

[0005] an input for product selection data;

[0006] a marketplace product store for storing marketplace product definitions;

[0007] a product selection store for storing data defining a selection of one or more products from the marketplace product store;

[0008] an enterprise capability store for storing data defining capability of an enterprise in relation to supply of one or more products; and

[0009] a product fulfilment data store for storing one or more product descriptions;

[0010] wherein there is further provided means to generate

[0011] at least one link between each product description in the product fulfilment data store to data stored in the enterprise capability store, and

[0012] at least one link between each product description in the product fulfilment data store to data stored in the product selection store

[0013] said links being determined by a requirement in the respective product description for specified data in the enterprise capability store and the product selection store, such that a valid product description is dependent on presence of said specified data.

[0014] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of managing data relating to product provision in relation to supporting capabilities, which method comprises:

[0015] storing marketplace product definitions in a marketplace product store;

[0016] receiving product selection data in relation to stored marketplace product definitions;

[0017] storing data defining a selection of one or more products from the marketplace product store in a product selection store, in response to one or more received inputs;

[0018] storing data defining capability of an enterprise in relation to supply of one or more products in an enterprise capability store;

[0019] storing one or more product descriptions in a product fulfilment data store; and

[0020] generating at least one link between each product description in the product fulfilment data store to data stored in the enterprise capability store;

[0021] wherein said at least one link is determined by a requirement in the respective product description for specified data in the enterprise capability store, such that a valid product description is dependent on presence of said specified data.

[0022] A major driver for embodiments of the present invention is to improve the responsiveness and flexibility of systems to create, implement, and support telecommunications products and services in an environment characterised by rapid change and diversity.

[0023] An information model and aspects of a management system built according to the information model are described below, as embodiments of the present invention, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0024] FIG. 1 shows an overall layout for the model;

[0025] FIG. 2 shows a base class for the model;

[0026] FIG. 3 shows parameter defined classes and interactions in the model;

[0027] FIG. 4 shows an interaction stereotype for use in the model;

[0028] FIG. 5 shows role assignment for a party in the model;

[0029] FIG. 6 shows further details of role assignment according to FIG. 5;

[0030] FIG. 7 shows a role assignment pattern for use in the model;

[0031] FIG. 8 shows how parties are defined in the context of an organisation using a role assignment stereotype;

[0032] FIG. 9 shows an object structure for defining parties, organisations and role assignment in that construction;

[0033] FIG. 10 shows a class diagram for the party concept in relation to organisations and individuals;

[0034] FIG. 11 a class diagram similar to FIG. 10 but introducing party identification;

[0035] FIG. 12 shows an organisation chart that could be processed according to the model to show the benefit of role assignment;

[0036] FIG. 13 shows a policy pattern for use in the information model;

[0037] FIG. 14 shows core agreement classes;

[0038] FIG. 15 shows possible sub-classes of the agreement class;

[0039] FIG. 16 shows association of parties to agreements;

[0040] FIG. 17 shows the construction and selection of marketplace products, in particular in relation to product component fulfilment and enterprise capability;

[0041] FIG. 18 shows classes comprising the enterprise capability concept;

[0042] FIG. 19 shows the construction of the relationship between the user, product component fulfilment and the agreement;

[0043] FIG. 20 shows schematically an implementation of an embodiment of the data management system.

[0044] In the Figures and text below, the identifier IA is occasionally used. This stands for Information Architecture and is intended to mean the same as the information model.

[0045] Referring to FIG. 1, an information model supporting embodiments of the present invention shows the following areas of information (concepts) that are fundamental to the operation of an enterprise, together with the dependencies between them which determine how the management system behaves in use.

[0046] Agreement 100

[0047] The information needed to support a formal or informal agreement between two or more parties.

[0048] Rules 105

[0049] These may describe the policies enacted by concepts, the interactions between their parameters, or the metrics applied when measuring their performance

[0050] Enterprise Capability 110

[0051] Enterprise Capability represents the information pertaining to what the enterprise is capable of delivering.

[0052] Event 115

[0053] Event represents the information pertaining to an occurrence of a happening at a point in timea change of state with which the enterprise is concerned and the way in which these events are handled.

[0054] Financials 120

[0055] Financials represents any information concerning money or the management of money that is of interest to the enterprise.

[0056] Location 125

[0057] Location represents any place, area or position that is of interest. It represents the information needed to answer the question of where something is, whether geographical or perhaps in an organisation or otherwise.

[0058] Market 130

[0059] Market represents the information about the environment in which the enterprise is selling, leasing or renting its marketplace products and the activities undertaken to engage with these environments.

[0060] Marketplace Product 135

[0061] Marketplace Product represents the information about product offerings made to the marketplace and their selection. (Please note that in the claims of this specification, the phrase product definition having associated price data is a reference to the Marketplace Product.)

[0062] Party 140

[0063] Party represents information about an individual or organisation and the many roles that they can take.

[0064] Product Fulfilment 145

[0065] Product Fulfilment represents information relating to the fulfilment of a product selection.

[0066] User 150

[0067] The User concept represents an entity that is authorised by an Agreement to register with and use the Product Fulfilment covered by the Agreement. That entity may be an individual, a user group, an organisation, or a system element.

[0068] The following describes the relationships between the areas of information in use of an associated data management system.

[0069] Parties 140 (individuals or organisations) enter into Agreements 100 with one another. When they do so they take on a role such as customer, supplier, distributor, etc. Parties may be located at Locations 125.

[0070] The enterprise offers Marketplace Products 135 to the Market 130. Parties 140 belong to a market segment within the Market 130. The customer (a Party140 assigned a role within an Agreement 100) will make selections from the options available as Marketplace Products 135 via the Agreement 100 (defined in the data management system by an agreement definition). Selections made by a Party 140 from marketplace products 135 specify what is provided for Users 150 and what is embodied in the Product Fulfilment 145. The Agreement 100 grants permissions to the Users 150 as to how they use the Product Fulfilment 145. As further discussed below, Parties 140 and Users 150 are defined and dealt with independently.

[0071] All Marketplace Products 135 are based on the Enterprise Capability 110. The Product Fulfilment 145 must therefore be realised by the Enterprise Capability 110. In order to direct the capabilities of the enterprise to the Product Fulfilment 145, the Agreement 100 may provision the Enterprise Capability 110. The components that make up the Enterprise Capability 110 may be located at a Location 125. Note that a User 150 may be either human (i.e. a Party 140) or non-human (i.e. a component of the Enterprise Capability 110).

[0072] Events 145 are occurrences in which the enterprise is interested. Users 150 may generate Events 115. The components that make up the Enterprise Capability 110 may also generate Events 115. Events 115 may also be changes of state to the Product Fulfilment 145, such as usage, with which the enterprise is concerned. Some Events 115 are chargeable and may give rise to financial transactions, such as debits and credits, which may contribute to an invoice. The Agreement 100 also informs the Financials 120 as to price policies, payment methods, invoice policies, etc.

[0073] Rules 105 are applied to all concepts. These may describe the policies enacted by concepts, the interactions between their parameters, or the metrics applied when measuring their performance.

[0074] A data management system based on the above areas of information and their dependencies in use of the system displays several functionalities which are advantageous. In particular, the way in which the following areas of information are structured and interrelated provides advantageous behaviour of the system in use:

[0075] parties, organisational construction, and the use of roles

[0076] the construction and selection of marketplace products, their fulfilment and the link to the enterprises capabilities

[0077] user/customer separation and the relationship of a user with a service fulfilment

[0078] Model Background

[0079] The above three areas are discussed in greater detail below. However, background to the model is as follows.

[0080] The information model is based on object-oriented software engineering. However, the information classes can be treated simply as data containers. In that case, the methods applicable to the classes become the four methods known as CRUD: createestablishing an instance of the class; readretrieving the values of the attributes of the instance; updatechanging one or more values of the attributes of the instance; and deleteremoving the instance of the class.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 2, each of the classes inherits common data management metadata and methods to create, read, update, and delete.

[0082] The focus of the model is on the principal classes that represent the entities, events, and processes of an enterprise. However, it must also take into account the data, methods, and classes that give an implementation effort the proper guidance on combining operational aspects with the principal classes to form a realized information system.

[0083] To include the operational aspects, the information model employs the technique of defining a root class from which all classes of the model inherit the common data management metadata and methods to create, read, update, and delete (CRUD). The root class, known as the IA Base class 200, has two sub-classes. One sub-class, the IA Principal class 205, is the root for the modelled information model classes, such as Agreement and User, and contains any common business attributes and methods that would be used across the visible information model classes. The other sub-class, the IA Auxiliary class 210, permits classes for audits, mapping external identifiers, etc. to be defined and associated with the IA Base 200 and, thus, be defined consistently across the entire model.

[0084] Each modeled class, Agreement through User 215, inherits from the IA Base class 200 and IA Principal class 205 and adds its own business attributes and business methods. This keeps the model focused on capturing the business classes, methods, and relationships. The IA Base class 200 is assumed to be always present.

[0085] The model uses the known Unified Modeling Language (UML) as its syntax. An explanation of the UML syntax, and extensive overview of UML, can be found in A guide to the UML Standard Notation published on the Internet by the Rational Software Corporation at http://www.rational.com/uml.

[0086] Pattern Classes and Relationships in the Model

[0087] Particular pattern classes and relationships that are found in the model are:

[0088] Policy pattern class (indicated by <<Policy>>)

[0089] Parameter-defined pattern class (indicated by <<Parameter Defined>>) including class-to-class Interaction.

[0090] Interaction pattern relationship (indicated by <<Interaction>>)

[0091] Role Assignment pattern relationship (indicated by <<RoleAssignment>>)

[0092] A pattern class or relationship represents a group of classes fitting an enumerated pattern. The patterns are used to make the model easier to read. The most important of those mentioned here, for the purpose of embodiments of the present invention, is the role assignment pattern relationship.

[0093] Policy Pattern Class (Indicated by <<Policy>>)

[0094] The policy definition which the information model uses is based upon the Policy Framework defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). (See the IETF Policy Reference Model published for instance on the Internet at http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/policy-charter.html.)

[0095] Referring to FIG. 13, a policy 1300 is applied using a set of policy rules 1310. Each policy rule 1310 consists of a set of conditions 1320 and a set of actions 1315. The set of conditions 1320 associated with a policy rule 1310 specifies when the policy rule is applicable. Policy rules 1310 may be aggregated into policy groups 1305. These groups may be nested, to represent a hierarchy of policies 1300.

[0096] If the set of conditions 1320 associated with a policy rule 1310 evaluates to TRUE, then the set of associated actions are executed. For the set of actions associated with a policy rule 1310, it is possible to specify an order of execution, as well as an indication of whether the order is required or merely recommended. It is also possible to indicate that the order in which the actions are executed does not matter.

[0097] Policy rules 1310 themselves can be prioritized. One common reason for doing this is to express an overall policy that has a general case with a few specific exceptions.

[0098] Policies 1300 can either be used in a stand-alone fashion or aggregated into policy groups 1305 to perform more elaborate functions. Stand-alone policies 1300 are called policy rules 1310. Policy groups 1305 are aggregations of policy rules 1310, or aggregations of policy groups 1305, but not both. Policy groups 1305 can model intricate interactions between objects that have complex interdependencies. Examples of this include a sophisticated user logon policy that sets up application access, security, and reconfigures network connections based on a combination of user identity, network location, logon method and time of day. Stand-alone policies 900 are those that can be expressed in a simple statement. Examples of this are VLAN assignments, simple YES/NO QoS requests, and IP address allocations.

[0099] Parameter-defined Pattern Class (Indicated by <<Parameter Defined>>) Including Class-to-Class Interaction

[0100] Referring to FIG. 3, a parameter defined class 305 is a complex type of class hierarchy used in the model. It is an aggregation of a set of Defining Parameters 300. Each Defining Parameter 300 describes a particular feature of the Parameter Defined Class 305. There may be any number of Defining Parameters contributing to the Parameter Defined Class. It is modeled in this way to allow maximum flexibility in the way in which the capabilities of the Parameter Defined Class are built.

[0101] Each of the Defining Parameters 300 may interact with one or more of the other Defining Parameters. The <<Interaction>> relationship pattern 310 defines the nature of this interaction.

[0102] Interaction Pattern Relationship (Indicated by <<Interaction>>)

[0103] Referring still to FIG. 3, there are a number of classes in the model in which the objects of a class may have interactions with other objects of the same class. This interaction is indicated with the class having a relationship to itself and stereotyping the relationship as an Interaction 315. This would appear for any class of the model as shown in FIG. 3.

[0104] The Interaction stereotype 315 represents an associative class and its sub-classes that capture the types interactions and their details. It communicates the existence of these classes without having the clutter distracting from the more important aspects of the model. Referring to FIG. 4, the Interaction stereotype is used in the model as a short hand to indicate the presence of the pattern of classes and relationships as shown.

[0105] In this pattern, the AnyClass Interaction 400 captures the interaction details between Object A and Object B of the AnyClass 405. The interaction is not mandatoryit is permissible that an object within AnyClass does not have any interaction other objects within AnyClass.

[0106] Sub-classes are used to enumerate the types of interactions supported. The interaction types enumerated are not the comprehensive list of possible interactions. The sub-classing serves as the addendum point at which other interactions are to be added as they are discovered. The sub-classes of the AnyClass Interaction include the following:

[0107] AnyClass Exclusivity 410defining a mutually exclusive relationship between AnyClass Object A and Object B.

[0108] AnyClass Migration 415defining a migration of AnyClass Object A to Object B.

[0109] AnyClass Substitution 420defining a substitution of AnyClass Object A for Object B.

[0110] AnyClass Dependency 425defining a dependency of AnyClass Object A on Object B.

[0111] Role Assignment Pattern Relationship (Indicated by <<RoleAssignment>>)

[0112] Referring to FIG. 5, there are many classes in the model in which Parties are assigned to a responsibility associated with that class. The responsibilities associated with a class are captured by the roles for the class. This is indicated with Class 405 having a relationship to Party 505 and stereotyping the relationship as a RoleAssignment 500. This would appear for any class in the model.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 6, the RoleAssignment stereotype 500 represents a set of classes and relationships that capture the AnyClass ownership of roles and the assignment of Parties to those roles. In this pattern, AnyClass 405 refers to any class in the model. An object within AnyClass 405 may have zero or more roles defined with it. The roles are captured in the AnyClass Role class 600. An object of the AnyClass Role class 600 can be associated with one and only one object in AnyClass 405. A Party may be associated to zero or more roles in AnyClass Role 600. A role may have zero or more Parties 505 associated with it. Each Party/role relationship is an Assignment 605 that has its own descriptive attributes, such as start date, end date, type (temp/permanent), and status (inactive, active). The assignment and role are dependent on the AnyClass 405. That is, if an object in AnyClass 405 is deleted, its associated roles and assignments are meaningless and should be deleted.

[0114] Referring to FIG. 7, as an example, there may be a role assignment pattern that is formed for the relationship between Party 505 and Human Activity 700. The relationship is labeled with the stereotype of <<RoleAssignment>> 500. The naming convention for the specific classes of this pattern is to substitute the name of the role owning class for AnyClass 405. Thus, by substituting Human Activity for Anyclass for all the classes in the pattern, the model segment shown in FIG. 7 is implied.

[0115] Parties, Organisational Construction, and the Use of Roles

[0116] FIG. 8 shows how parties 505 are defined in the context of an organisation 800, including the use of the <<RoleAssignment>> stereotype 500.

[0117] FIG. 9 shows the <<RoleAssignment>> stereotype 500 expanded. The object structures show how parties 505 are defined in the context of an organisation 800, the way in which organisations 800 are constructed and the way in which parties 505 are assigned to roles 905 within that organisation 800. The Organisation class 800 holds the data about a group. The Individual class 815 holds the information about a single person. The Party class 505 captures the fundamental information common to both. The generalised Party class also allows associations to other classes to be more easily portrayed and understood.

[0118] A party 505 is defined as either an individual 815 or an organisation 800. Any one instance of Party 505 is a single instance of an Organisation 800 or an Individual 815. Party allows for a general reference to both Organisation 800 and Individual 815. An organisation 800 consists of one or more organisation roles 905. For each organisation role 905, there may be a party 505 assigned to fulfil that role. Whenever this is the case, the nature of the relationship between the party and the organisation role 905 is defined as an organisation assignment 910.

[0119] The notion of a group is captured in the model by the Organisation class 800. An Organisation 800 can be one of many types. Some of these types require the model to capture knowledge of unique characteristics for that type. Typical organisation types and sub-types would be:

	Organisation Type	Potential Sub-types
	Organisation	Internal unit
	Statutory Organisation	Government, Association, Enterprise
	Household
	Government	Agency. Military Branch
	Enterprise	Non-Profit, Proprietorship, Corporation

[0120] The use of structures such as this to model the complexities of organisations and their constructions allows the management of organisation data to be made more efficient. Organisations tend to describe themselves in terms of sub-organisations and positions which individuals take on. For example, an organisation may have a Chief Executive Officer, Chief Technology Officer, Chairman, etc. The structure shown in FIG. 9 allows these roles to be defined, independently from the individuals who may be assigned to them. It also allows individuals to take on one or more roles (even within one organisation 800) and it allows the nature of the assignment 910 (e.g. for a given period of time) to be defined as part of the organisational make-up.

[0121] Without this powerful construction, data management systems would be required to un-build and re-build data associated with each individual and how they fit into an organisation, every time there is an organisation change. This construction prevents the need for this and enables efficient data management practice to be put into place.

[0122] Referring to FIGS. 8, 9 and 12, as an example of the role assignment class in use, an organisation such as British Telecommunications might have an organisational chart that sets out a hierarchy of specified roles 1200, some of which have been assigned to individuals 1205. At least one of these assignments has an associated description 1220 of factors in the role assignment such as term, and time to be allotted over each working year. For instance, the CTO (Chief Technology Officer) is an object of the class Organisation Role 905. In FIG. 12, this role has been allocated to the individual Sam Brown 1205, represented in the information model as an object of the class Party 505, in this case an object of the class Individual 815. The nature of the assignment, given by the associated description 1220 of factors, is represented by an object of the class Organisation RoleAssignment 905/910.

[0123] If the individual allocated the role of CTO changes, then a new object of the class Party 505 will be substituted and it may not be necessary to make other changes. However, the Organisation RoleAssignment 905/910 can be independently changed. For instance, Sam Brown may have accepted a change from a temporary to a permanent post in the role CTO. This will appear in a model of the organisation as a change in the Organisation RoleAssignment 905/910 but it is not necessary to make any changes in the Party object for Sam Brown which could be a complicated exercise.

[0124] FIG. 10 shows the complexity which can be involved in numerous associations to Party 505, via the <<RoleAssignment>> stereotype 500. If these associations were to be with Individual 815 and Organisation 800 separately, the model would soon be unreadable. The Party 505 could even facilitate implementing the regulations of the European Data Protection Act by acting as the focal point for data concerning the Organisation 800 and Individual 815.

[0125] Referring to FIG. 11, a Party 505 represents an Individual 815 or Organisation 800 which has a relationship with the business. There are many ways of identifying a Party, some unique, e.g. Driver's Licence number, National insurance Number, and some non-unique, e.g. name. In addition, there are the credentials that a party must have to be able to engage in commerce, such as tax ID, DUNS Number, SIC Code, Tax Exemption. The model represents all these attributes through the Party Identification class 1100.

[0126] Agreement Concept

[0127] In the course of daily commerce, a Party may wish to strike accords with other Parties. These accords are modelled as Agreements. The core Agreement classes are shown in FIG. 14.

[0128] Referring to FIG. 14, the structural definition of an agreement involves three classes: Agreement 1400, Agreement Role 1405, and Agreement Item 1410. The Agreement class 1400 serves as the centre point for the information about an agreement. It contains descriptive data and the when information (start date, end date). The Agreement Role class 1405 captures the functional positions outlined by an Agreement. The model requires at least two Agreement Roles be defined for an Agreement. These roles would be the principals for which the agreement exists. The Agreement Item class 1410 represents the what of an agreement. The model requires at least one Agreement Item be in existence for each Agreement.

[0129] There are two aggregations of Agreement to the Agreement class 1400 in the model. The one labeled ContainedAgreement 1415 allows for the notion of master agreement/sub-agreements to be supported. The one labeled RevisedAgreement 1420 represents the linking of revisions of an Agreement back to its predecessors and the original.

[0130] Referring to FIG. 15, an Agreement 1400 can be one of many types. Some of these types possess unique characteristics that a model must capture in use. The model records this uniqueness by sub-classing Agreement into Bid 1500, Contract 1505, and Order 1510 classes. As more Agreement types are needed, the model can be extended via sub-classing.

[0131] Agreement Assignment

[0132] Referring to FIG. 16, when two Parties 505 enter into an Agreement 1400, it is in reality an accord between the two Parties to play certain roles within a relationship concerned with exchanging service or goods. The link between Party 505 and Agreement Role 1400 captures the role that the Party is playing within a specific Agreement 1400.

[0133] An Agreement Role 1400 can be one of many functional positions, some of which are enumerated by sub-classing Agreement Role into Customer 1605, Supplier 1610, Distributor 1615, Guarantor 1620 and Prospect 1625 classes as shown. As new Agreement Role types are needed, the model can be extended via sub-classing. The Agreement Roles required are determined by the Agreement and may be different for each Agreement.

[0134] The Agreement Role 1405 defines what the functional positions are within the Agreement, while the Agreement Assignment 1600 defines who is assigned that position. The Agreement Assignment class 1600 captures the timeframe and status of a Party 505 playing a specific Agreement Role 1405. For each Agreement Role 1405 in which a Party 505 is involved, there will be an Agreement Assignment object 1600 created.

[0135] For example, an Agreement may specify that there is to be a customer contact. For the first three months, Gerard Wiekens was the customer contact. Since then, Andy Morrison has been the contact.

[0136] The Agreement 1400 has an Agreement Role 1405 defined for customer contact.

[0137] The Party 505, Gerard Wiekens, has an association with Agreement Role customer contact recorded as an Agreement Assignment 1600 for Gerard with the status of active.

[0138] In three months, the Party 505, Andy Morrison, takes over the job. An association with Agreement Role customer contact is recorded as an Agreement Assignment 1600 for Andy with the status of active.

[0139] The Agreement Assignment 1600 for Gerard, associated with the Agreement Role 1405 of customer contact, has its status marked inactive.

[0140] Agreement Item

[0141] Referring to FIG. 17, the Agreement Item class 1410 represents a line item within an Agreement 1400. An Agreement must have at least one Agreement Item. Each Agreement Item 1410 specifies a Marketplace Product (MPP) 1700 to be purchased/provided and the quantity of that MPP. An Agreement Item 1410 may only be associated with one specific Marketplace Product 1700, but it may indicate 1-to-many instances of that Marketplace Product's components.

[0142] Marketplace products (MPPs) 1700 are offered to the marketplace in response to a market demand. A supplier undertakes to provide an MPP 1700 to a customer as a result of some contractual agreement. In so doing, the MPP 1700 is bound to the agreement as an agreement item 1410. The MPP will be made up of one or more product components 1705. When the customer specifies the MPP in the agreement 1400 he/she will make a product selection which will consist of one or more component selections, as determined by the choices the customer makes. The component selection 1715 must be dependent on the product component 1705 to which it refers. That is, it should not be possible for a customer to choose a component that is not on offer as part of that MPP 1700.

[0143] The following two examples illustrate the Agreement concept discussed to this point:

[0144] 1. Mark Kennedy has sold a computer, on behalf of his employer, IBM, to Kevin Horlock:

[0145] The Agreement is an accord for exchanging money for goods.

[0146] The computer (one of the MPPs 1700 which IBM offers) would be referred in the Agreement Item 1410.

[0147] The specifications of the computer (RAM, disk size, etc) are captured in the Component Selection 1715 and aggregated into Product Selection 1710.

[0148] Kevin Horlock is a Party/Individual 505/815 with the Agreement Assignment 1600 of Customer.

[0149] IBM is a Party/Organisation 505/800 with the Agreement Assignment 1600 of Supplier.

[0150] Mark Kennedy is a Party/Individual with the Agreement Assignment of Salesperson.

[0151] 2. A head of household enters into an Agreement 1400, in order to obtain Email service for a child:

[0152] The Agreement is an accord for exchanging money for the Email service.

[0153] The Email service would be represented as a Marketplace Product 1700 in the Agreement Item 1410.

[0154] Each separate specification for the Email service is captured by Component Selection 1715 and these in turn are aggregated to a Product Selection 1710 of Email Service.

[0155] The parent is a Party/Individual 505/815 with the Agreement Assignment 1600 of Customer 1605.

[0156] The service provider is a Party/Organisation 505/800 with the Agreement Assignment 1600 of Supplier 1610.

[0157] The child is a Party/Individual 505/815 with the Agreement Assignment 1600 of Grantee.

[0158] The Marketplace Product 1700 and its related classes allow the enterprise to create products for the marketplace in terms of the Product Component 1705. The Product Component 1705 represents a cohesive unit of deliverable product that has business and/or technical meaning, such as email service and address book. The Product Component class 1705 is a Parameter Defined class which may also have an <<Interaction>> relationship, of one component to another. Components are configured into a Marketplace Product 1700 in allowable combinations where the Product Component Interaction allows dependencies, one component to another. The parameters used to define Product Component 1705 represent characteristics that define the component to the marketplace and technical requirements to be supported by the enterprise. Such parameters may state 1 email administrator required or 1 gateway server required. Additionally, the parameters can express product configuration choices, such as e-mailbox size: 50M or 60M

[0159] In time, the supplier will fulfil each component selection 1715 as a product component fulfilment (PCF) 1720. The PCF defines what the customer actual receives. The PCF 1720 will be dependent upon the component selection 1715. That is, it should not be possible for the customer to receive a PCF that is not based upon a chosen component selection 1715. For the supplier enterprise to fulfil the selection it must have the enterprise capability to deliver. Each PCF 1720 will be dependent upon existing or planned enterprise capability 110. Furthermore, the product components 1705 offered to the marketplace will also be dependent on existing or planned enterprise capability 110.

[0160] The use of this construction has a number of benefits to an enterprise seeking to manage the data relating to commerce with its trading partners:

[0161] It ensures that there is an audit trail between offers to the marketplace, the trading agreement, the customer's selection, the fulfilled order, and the ability of the supplying enterprise to deliver.

[0162] It allows a modular approach to product construction, making for efficient re-use of enterprise resources.

[0163] It allows an enterprise to offer products to the marketplace but bring to bear changing capabilities in how it delivers to its customers. This allows for technology swap-out without impact on customer service.

[0164] It allows the separation of data relating to the offer, the request and the fulfilment. This enables an enterprise to provide substitutes (subject to customer agreement) where efficient operation dictates, while maintaining the data for the original request.

[0165] Referring to FIG. 17, there is a dependency relationship between Enterprise Capability 110 and Product Component 1705. This represents the constraints the Enterprise Capability parameters must have on the Product Component parameters. This is to ensure that products are not defined for which there are no present or planned capabilities. In an example, a Product Component parameter cannot state number of address book entries: 500 or 1000 or 1500 if the corresponding Enterprise Capability parameter states number of address book entries must be less than 1000.

[0166] The Marketplace Product 1700 uses the Product Component 1705 to give flexibility to the creation of offers to the marketplace. For example, if Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, and PowerPoint are Product Components, then a Marketplace Product of MS Office may be created. In addition, all of these may be offered individually as Marketplace Products 1700. To further combine these with consulting or education classes, a Product Component 1705 for consulting and one for education may be created. These can now be combined with the Product Components to form new Marketplace Products 1700 that include the service (consulting/education) and product (Office).

[0167] Referring to FIG. 18, The Enterprise Capability concept represents the ability of an enterprise to offer products and services based upon its abilities (Enterprise Capability class 110) and the activities that ensure that the capabilities are suitably configured. The classes that comprise the Enterprise Capability concept are shown in FIG. 18.

[0168] An enterprise's Marketplace Products 1700 are built upon the capabilities available to the enterprise. These capabilities must have staff and technical prowess to deliver them once a Marketplace Product is sold. In FIG. 18, the Enterprise Capability represents the range of all the product-forming and product-impacting capabilities of the enterprise. It is categorized into two general groups:

[0169] Infrastructure Capability 2000represents all of the abilities provided by the technical infrastructure, such telephony, IP services, routers, telephones, buildings, etc.

[0170] Human Resource Capability 2005represents expertise and operational support that people offer the customer on behalf of the enterprise, sometimes direct and sometimes through an outsourcing arrangement. Operational support might include such activities as customer care and network management, e.g. hot-line support, operator services, network support for a customer. Other such areas of expertise might include sales support, education & training, undertaking activities such as: IP application consulting, product education and training, business improvement consulting etc.

[0171] The Enterprise Capability 110 is shown as a Parameter Defined class. This means that the class has associated with it any number of parameters that are used to capture the aspects and constraints of the capabilities. Such a parameter may state for example that email mailbox size must be less than 1 gigabyte or that number of address book entries must be less than 1000. The parameters are used to express the boundaries of characteristics for potential product.

[0172] Product Component Fulfilment

[0173] Referring to FIG. 17, the Product Component Fulfilment (PCF) 1720 is a Parameter Defined class that represents a specialisation of an Enterprise Capability 110, bound by the parameter choices made from the corresponding Component Selection 1715 when the Agreement is determined and a Product Selection 1710 is made.

[0174] The Enterprise Capability 110 defines what the enterprise can provide, and when, and the Product Component 1705 represents what is offered to the marketplace via the Marketplace Product 1700. The Product Selection 1710 represents what is chosen in the Agreement (as a collection of Component Selections 1715) and the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 is what is actually provided.

[0175] This is best served by example.

[0176] Danny Granville visits the BT shop in order to buy a new answering machine. BT has several models on show and others in a product catalogue. Danny has 100 to spend and chooses a top-of-the-range digital model with remote interrogation facility. The shop doesn't have this particular model in stock, but agrees to fulfil Danny's order within two weeks. One week later, Danny gets a Jiffy bag in the post in which is his new answering machine.

[0177] In the above example, BT's catalogues contain all the Marketplace Products 1700 that BT is making available to the public. Each answering machine type in the catalogue is a Marketplace Product 1700. Each type of answering machine consists of the basic machine and other features (such as digital recording or remote interrogation), each of which are Product Components 1705. The features that can be Product Components are dependent on the Enterprise Capabilities 110 that BT can command. Danny's selection of a specific answering machine type is the Product Selection 1710. The individual choices for component options within that selection are the Component Selections 1715. The Product Component Fulfilments 1720 are the collection of things which arrived for Danny in the post. These include the basic answering machine, the digital recording facility and the remote interrogation facility. Note that Product Component Fulfilment 1720 is a Parameter-defined Class, which in this case will indicate the relationship between the three Product Component Fulfilments 1720 that were in the Jiffy bag.

[0178] Another example:

[0179] Terry Cooke wants to receive cable service. The cable provider, Acme Cable, is able to supply basic cable, a multitude of film channels, and the Aquarium channel, which broadcasts the goings on within a tropical fish tank 24 hours a day. Acme has a special deal where the subscription for basic cable is bundled with the Aquarium channel for a mere $30 per month. Terry loves to watch fish so he signs an Agreement with Acme Cable for this special deal. Acme Cable activates the cable line in Terry's home, which automatically gives him TV access to the basic channels, and starts sending a feed for the Aquarium channel. Now, Terry can watch fish all day long from the privacy of his own home.

[0180] In this example, the Enterprise Capability is the cable network infrastructure and all the entertainment channels that Acme Cable can provide. The Marketplace Product is the special deal which consists of a Product Component called basic cable and a separate Product Component called Aquarium channel feed, to which a Pricing Policy is attached of $30/month. It should be noted that there is a dependency between the Product Components 1705 here; one cannot receive the Aquarium channel unless one also receives basic cable. The Product Selection 1710 is the request for the special deal by Terry, within the Agreement with Acme Cable. Note: he makes two Component Selections 1715 as part of this overall Product Selection 1710. Terry then receives two Product Component Fulfilments 1720, one for the basic cable feed to Terry's house and one for the additional Aquarium channel feed.

[0181] In the above example, the Aquarium channel must be treated as a separate Product Component/Product Component Fulfilment, since if Terry decided he no longer wants to pay for this channel, it can be cancelled without disrupting the basic cable feed. Thus, a Product Component Fulfilment 1720 is the realisation of what each Product Component 1705 represents within the context of a purchased Marketplace Product 1700.

[0182] Importantly, there is here a structure of dependency which can both prevent an organisation from failing to deliver correct goods and from failing to record what goods were delivered. That is, Product Component Fulfilment 1720 is dependent on Component Selection 1715 and Enterprise Capability 110. In known data management systems, it is possible for an enterprise to deliver a product to a user which is different from the original request, for instance because they only had an alternative in stock. The order record however may easily be marked off as dealt with. However, the alternative product may not meet the user's requirements and the delivery of a substitute may never be recorded in stock records. If the customer complains, the complaint could even be logged against the original order record, relating to the original product requested, and thus distort marketing data because the complaint should actually have been logged against the substitute. Importantly, subsequent support to the customer can be based on the wrong premise. An engineer may go wrongly equipped to the customer premises because the record for that customer shows the wrong product description.

[0183] In embodiments of the present invention, it is not possible to enter a record against product component fulfilment for a product that was not available or not requested. This is a direct consequence of the dependency of the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 class on Component Selection 1715 and Enterprise Capability.

[0184] In embodiment of the present invention, not only is the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 dependent on a current Enterprise Capability 110 but it can be made dependent on a planned Enterprise Capability. The class definitions are listed below. It can be seen that the Enterprise Capability 110 contains data for Effective Date and Termination Date while the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 contains date for Availability Date. Thus an instance of the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 can be given an availability date which will either be immediate or will be at a date in the future determined by the Effective Date of the Enterprise Capability supporting the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 instance. If the current date is already past the relevant Termination Date, the Product Component Fulfilment instance will show it to be unavailable. For instance the status might show suspended.

[0185] Dependency in this context means that it is not possible to instantiate an instance of a dependent class before there is a instantiated instance of a class from which it is dependent. In database terms, it is not possible to create a record in a table until reference has been made to another table for a record which matches the dependency. An example of the effect this has in the user world is that of a user trying to initiate a user session. Unless an Access & usage Rights Policy exists, which is met, the user is barred from initiating the user session (see below the description with reference to FIG. 19).

[0186] In the context of product fulfilment, the class dependencies described above mean that the following series of steps takes place:

[0187] i) A supplier decides to launch a new product on the market. To do that, it is first necessary to instantiate in the data management system an enterprise capability object 110 which may have an effective date in the past, present or future (thus accommodating planned infrastructure as well as existing infrastructure). This first necessary step is subsequently used by the data management system to ensure the new product can be supported as of launch.

[0188] ii) Before launch, it is necessary to instantiate a marketplace product object 1700 in the data management system. Because of the class dependency, this is not accepted by the system until it has located an existing enterprise capability object which satisfies the marketplace product object prior to instantiation. If there is such an enterprise capability object, the system accepts the marketplace product object 1700 and the supplier can now launch the product on the market. An example might be Internet Services.

[0189] iii) A customer decides to buy the product. The customer and the supplier come to an agreement about terms, such as price and start date, and an instantiated agreement object 100 is entered to the system.

[0190] iv) The marketplace product object 1700 will have generated a set of dependent product components 1705 which represent choices for the customer. For instance the Internet Services product may contain the components WWW access, UseNet access and SMTP access. A product component 1705 will identify one of these components, say WWW acess, plus a set of options within that component, such as whether access is available via all sites or via a selection and whether access is available all day or between certain hours. In making an agreement, the customer makes not just a product selection 1710 but also a component selection 1715. For instance the customer may choose the product WWW access with the components that it will be available at a subset of sites and for the hours 6pm to 8am only. In the data management system, this component selection 1715 is dependent on the product components 1705 and can only thus be instantiated if the system can locate a relevant product component 1705. The customer's product selection 1710 includes an aggregation of the component selections 1715 for the product.

[0191] v) The supplier will now want to deliver the customer's choice. To record delivery on the system, it is necessary to instantiate a product component fulfilment object 1720. This has dependency on both the customer's component selection 1715 and the enterprise capability 110. Hence, it is not possible to record delivery of a product to the customer which wasn't related to the customer's component selection 1715 or cannot be supported by the enterprise.

[0192] A strength of the system described above is that there are at least two checks made on enterprise capability. Support for products/services is a perennial problem for communication companies. In embodiments of the present invention, a first check is enforced when a marketplace product is launched. Although the enterprise capability doesn't have to be there at day one, as long as there is planned capability, the product can still be launched as long as the launch date instantiated in the marketplace product object 1700 is supported by the effective date in the enterprise capability object 110. Importantly, a second check is enforced at a time when the scenario may be very different, that is, after a customer has responded to a product launch and the supplier is ready to deliver a product to the customer. This may be some time after the product was first launched and the enterprise capability may have changed significantly. For instance, the termination date instantiated in a relevant enterprise capability object may have passed. If this is the case, it is not possible to enter to the system an unsupported product component fulfilment object 1720.

[0193] It is preferable that the product selection 1710 is dependent on the relationship between the agreement with a customer and a product. That is, an agreement which refers to a product.

[0194] It may be that a supplier is unable to deliver a product originally selected by the customer and intends to enter a product component fulfilment object 1720 which fails in its dependency on the component selection 1715. This will be acceptable as long as an instantiated agreement item 1410 could be satisfied by the substitute. To allow the system to deal with this, two instances of the product component fulfilment object 1720 which point to each other need to be entered in the system.

[0195] It can be important that there is an accurate entry in respect of product component fulfilment 1720. For instance, it may be that a customer wants a frame relay product. It may be found that the customer has no sites supported by frame relay but has sites supported by SMDS. Although an instantiated agreement 100 for the customer may show that the substitution is acceptable, it is very important that an engineer providing support is able to know that he is dealing with SMDS and can have the correct equipment for a site visit. It is important that the system can make two references, one to the component selection 1715 (what the customer ordered) and one to the product component fulfilment 1710 (what was delivered).

[0196] The enterprise capability in the above description will comprise a series of managed system elements and defined capacity. The arrows in FIG. 17 from the Product Component 1705 and the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 are references to the managed system elements. In an example of this in practice, a Marketplace Product 1700 might be PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) services. The supplier may have installed 10,000 switches. At product launch, the product components 1705 will point to all of the switches. However, a customer may need the service at a single switch, for instance the Ipswich switch. Hence the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 for this customer's order will be dependent on the Ipswich switch.

[0197] The presence of this dependency on the managed system elements allows the supplier to make decisions about where to launch new services (ie products). For instance, the ADSL product will need to be supported by ADSL switches. A database of switches is available to or contained in the enterprise capability 110. In the UK at present, the ADSL product component 1705 will point to about 30% of those switches and the product component fulfilment for a customer will probably point to just one of those switches. This prevents the supplier reaching agreement to supply the ADSL product to a customer who simply cannot be supplied with it.

[0198] If there is no longer support for a product component, it will simply lose its reference and fail in its dependency. If in the example above, all the ADSL switches are closed down, the ADSL product components 1705 will no longer be valid. This is standard database practice that once the last reference goes, it's flagged to the system that integrity has been lost and the relevant product component will be deleted.

[0199] An advantage of embodiments of the present invention is that kit can be changed without changing product definitions. For instance, if there had been 300 ADSL switches available, recorded in the enterprise capability 110, and 100 are closed, the product components 1705 dependent on ADSL switches remain unchanged. The only thing that will change is that the 300 references in the system which were previously between each ADSL product component 1705 and the switches recorded in the enterprise capability 110 will drop to 200 references.

[0200] Dependencies of the type described above will take different forms in different database technologies. In database jargon, they will often be referred to as foreign keys. Dependency as described is a particular form where one object can't exist without another existing first.

[0201] User vs. Customer

[0202] It is common practice in real life for the Customer and User of a service to be different entities. For example, a company might be identified as a Customer in an Agreement for a PC Helpdesk service but clearly it will be the individual employees that actually make use of the Helpdesk. Embodiments of the present invention therefore explicitly separate Customer from User in the model. A Customer is an Agreement Role within an Agreement that is associated with a specific Party. A User is an entity that actually interacts with the Product Component Fulfilment.

[0203] In the answering machine example above, Danny Granville is both the Customer and User. As a Customer he enters into an Agreement with BT for the purchase and provision of his chosen machine. He receives the Product Component Fulfilments in the mail and may interact with them as a User. For example, he may set-up the time on the answering machine, may record an out-going message with the digital recording facility and may interrogate the device remotely at some later time to pick up his messages. However, Danny in the Agreement Role of Customer could have requested that the machine be sent to his cousin Mortimer. In this case, Danny is the Customer and Mortimer will be the User, since Mortimer will now have the interaction with the device that he receives in the mail. Note that in this example, Danny is granting rights to Mortimer to use the answering machine.

[0204] Types of User

[0205] A User need not always be a person. The User may also be an organisation or a device, depending on nature of the Product Component Fulfilment. For example a CRON job (a Programme that is scheduled to run at regular times) that is collecting information from a database overnight would be the User of the database.

[0206] These different types of User are represented by the sub-classes Human, Non-Human and User Group. A Human User is associated with a Party, of sub-type Individual, but an Individual may be associated with one or more Human Users. A Non-Human User is associated with one Managed System Element, but an MSE may be associated with one or more Non-Human Users.

[0207] A User Group is a set of one or more Users, that have a common set of Credentials, interact with the exact same PCF and are administered as a single User. A User Group may consist of any combination of Human Users, Non-Human Users and User Groups.

[0208] Credentials and Access & Usage Rights Policy

[0209] User/Customer Separation and the Relationship of a User with a Service Fulfilment

[0210] Referring to FIG. 19, when a customer enters into an agreement with a supplier, the fulfilled product component 1720 (see above) may be presented to a number of users 150. FIG. 19 shows the construction of the way in which users are related to the product component fulfilment (PCF) and the original customer/supplier agreement.

[0211] Each user 150 is granted rights to use the product component fulfilment 1720, as determined in the agreement between customer and supplier which resulted in the selected product component 1705 being fulfilled (see above). When the user uses the PCF 1720, a user-fulfilment relationship (UFR) 2220 is formed, consisting of the data for each user session 2200. The ability to create a user session is determined by the access and usage rights policy (A&URP) 2210 in force for that UFR 2220. Each agreement between customer and supplier will contain one or more agreement items 1410, which may refer to an A&URP 2210. The A&URP 2210 determines the way in which the user interacts with the PCF 1720, as set out by the customer. The A&URP 2205 assesses the credentials of the user and the access-usage rights information 2210 of the PCF 1720, to determine the policy for access and usage.

[0212] The use of this construction has a number of benefits to an enterprise seeking to manage the data relating to customers, users and use of the fulfilled product components:

[0213] It allows data associated with the customer to be kept separate from that of the user. In examples of supplying communication services to large business there may be many users but only one customer. For efficient business management, it is essential to separate their concerns. For efficient data management, it is essential to manage user data (which tends to be concerned more with service elements and is transitory in nature) from customer data (which tends to be concerned more with commercial elements and is more long-lived).

[0214] While providing for separated customer and user concerns, it allows the use of flexible business rules (via a policy class) to ensure that users rights are governed by the contractual agreement binding on the customer.

[0215] It allows for separate data management of the user from its credentials. In fast-moving communication services, the credentials may need to be managed in real time to determine access rights on the fly.

[0216] It allows for separate data management of the PCF from the elements of service which need to be assessed by the rights policy. This allows for changes in operational capacity to be reflected in the rights granted to users, without affecting the overall service specification. This is essential in services that share common resources and where demand fluctuates over time.

[0217] The above is now discussed in more detail. In embodiments of the present invention, the commonly used terms of authentication and authorisation are modeled as the validation of a User's Credentials 2215 and the evaluation of business rules associated with the access and privileges pertaining to a User's interaction with a Product Component Fulfilment 1720.

[0218] There are many different schemes that can be used to determine the rights of a User 150 to make use of a Product Component Fulfilment 1720. These schemes may be based on who the User is, what role the User is playing, what tokens the User possesses, or some combination of these and other schemes. The security mechanism implemented is determined by the type of scheme and the level of security required. For example, username/password or digital certificates can both be used to enforce a scheme based on User identity but one provides a greater level of security than the other. The variety of options means that the model cannot prescribe the use of, or make assumptions about the type of scheme or choice of mechanism that will be used in any particular situation. To model this in a generic manner the following classes can be defined: Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205, Credentials 2215 and Access-Usage Rights Information 2210.

[0219] Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205

[0220] The Access & Usage Rights Policy is the set of business rules that determine the rights of a User 150 to use a Product Component Fulfilment 1720. This policy is established as a result of an Agreement. For example, a Customer has selected a 2 Mb Virtual Private Network, which supports up to 10 users. Of these 10 users, 2 will be enabled at the full 2 Mb and the other 8 will be enabled at 0.5 Mb. The set of valid user profiles and their bandwidth allocation will form part of the Policy Rules of the Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205. In addition to this information it is likely that a username/password system will be used in the validation of the Credentials 2215. A complete entry in the Access & Usage Rights Policy might then be IF loginJoe Mercer AND passwordHappy THEN allow access at 2 Mb. The Access & Usage Rights Policy must be evaluated to allow the User 150 to access and use the Product Component Fulfilment 1720.

[0221] The Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205 can be modified during the lifetime of the Agreement 100. This might be as a result of a revision to the Agreement 100 but could also be modified by the Users 150 themselves. An example of modifying Access & Usage Rights Policy is the head of a household who is able to set the rights of the children to access channels on a Video-On-Demand service. Within the Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205, there would be a Condition that grants the right to access a Product Component Fulfilment of a Policy Administration Product Component 1705, to a User 150 with the proper Credentials 2215. Access to this PCF 1720 would give the User the ability to change certain Conditions within the A & UR Policy 2205 governing the Video On Demand service for other Users 150 within a specified grouping.

[0222] Credentials 2215

[0223] The Credentials 2215 of a User 150 represents all information about the User 150 that is required by the Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205. The information held depends on the type of rights determination scheme and authorization/authentication mechanisms employed. In the VPN example, the User is identified via its account and password. The Credentials 2215 of the User 150 would therefore comprise the username and the password of the User.

[0224] Access & Usage Rights Information

[0225] The Access & Usage Rights Information 2210 holds all information relating to the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 that is required by the Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205. For example, an additional condition in the Access & Usage Rights Policy 2205 might be that a User 150 cannot connect to the VPN if the total bandwidth being utilized by the current Users is 90% of the agreed 2 Mb. The information about the total utilization would be held in the Access Rights Information 2210.

[0226] User-Fulfilment Relationship 2220 and User Session 2200

[0227] The User-Fulfilment Relationship (UFR) defines the association between a User 150 and a Product Component Fulfilment 1720. Minimally, the UFR 2220 describes the length of time that this association exists. The UFR contains one or more User Sessions 2200, defining specific instances when the User-Fulfilment Relationship 2220 is in use. Each User Session 2200 may generate Events 115, which may be interpreted as Usage by the Event Policy (see class descriptions).

[0228] For example, Shaun moves into a new apartment and enters into an Agreement 100 with the telephone company to activate the apartment's phone line. In this example, the Product Component Fulfilment 1720 is the activation of the phone line. The User 150 is the termination point of the phone line, an MSE, located in Shaun's apartment. The User-Fulfilment Relationship 2220 exists as long as Shaun pays the bills or doesn't request that the line be de-activated.

[0229] A User Session object 2200, associated with the UFR 2220, is created every time the phone goes off-hook and a phone number is entered. So, if Shaun picks up the phone and calls his mother, a User Session object 2200 is created.

[0230] Implementation Aspects

[0231] One option for implementation of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention is to implement an information repository which provides a set of information management services to the enterprise. This implementation is discussed in the following.

[0232] Referring to FIG. 20, the information model can be realized within an implemented infrastructure through the utilization of class and schema definitions. This utilization centres around two realization components: the IA Class Library 2300 and the Information Repository (IR) 2305.

[0233] The applications 2315 and network components 2320 of the infrastructure, collectively referred to as Apps, interact with the IA objects stored in the Information Repository 2305 across an object communications bus 2310. The objects that the Apps reference are compatible because the objects are based on the class definitions from the IA Class Library 2300. The IA Class Library, in turn, reflects a common information definition that is used across the infrastructure, namely the Information model 2325. The IA objects belong to the Infrastructure and contain the rules that specify the details and extent of the integrity they require. These objects are deconstructed and the values are stored. When the objects are needed, the values are retrieved and the objects are reconstructed.

[0234] The Information Repository Component Interface (IR Component Interface) 2330 provides an object-oriented interface to the IA objects in the Information Repository Component (IR Component) 2335. The Apps use the interface to perform data manipulation functions against the data defined by the Information model 2325. The IR Component 2335 knows in which Physical Data Store 2340 the data resides and translates the function requested into a request to the appropriate Physical Data Store 2340 in the data stores native request language, such as SQL. Upon return of the request, the IR Component 2335 maps the result back to an object-oriented response.

[0235] Two modes of service are offered though the IR Component Interface 2330: intelligent service and simple data persistence. With the intelligent-service mode, the IA classes are instantiated in the IR Component 2335 and may be used in place through proxies. This promotes sharing among Apps and decreases their size and complexity. The objects may also be mirrored in the App or even sub-classed to conform to the specialized requirements of the App. The simple-data-persistence mode is limited to providing persistent storage and prompt retrieval of individual data values. This mode is intended to relieve Apps of the necessity of managing private data storage.

[0236] IA Class Library 2300

[0237] The IA Class Library 2300 is the keystone for realizing the Information model within the infrastructure. The class definitions from the Information model 2325 (and shown in FIG. 1) are catalogued in the IA Class Library. These definitions are used to build the Information Repository (IR) 2305 and are made available to the development community to aid in the construction of infrastructure components 2320 and the adapters 2345 that allow applications to participate in the infrastructure. This ensures that the classes used within the infrastructure and the object-oriented IR 2305 are compatible, and guarantees interoperability.

[0238] The attributes and methods associated with the classes in the IA Class Library 2300 constitute the IA information environment for the infrastructure. This information is documented in an IA data dictionary. The class implementations are provided as a code library. The services associated with the IA Class Library 2300 need to be supported during the design and development of the infrastructure to make the concept of the IR feasible. IA Class Library services include the provision of:

	Documentation	Standards	Manuals
	Source Code	Library Source	Utilization Source
	Complied Code	XML Definitions

[0239] The scope of the IA Class Library 2300 is limited to the Information model. Material regarding the development environment, OA&M, and installation is excluded as is material that is the exclusive concern of the Apps.

[0240] Information Repository 2305

[0241] The Information Repository encompasses and unifies, in so far as practical, all the data stores 2340 associated with the physical infrastructure that implements the Information model. The IR 2340 is responsible for insulating the other architecture components from the physical implementation of the information.

[0242] The architecture of the IR envisions two data situations. In the first, the data are directly associated with objects in the model 2325 (and shown in FIG. 1). Object persistence and build operations are done by the IR Component 2335, which also executes and enforces the integrity rules. Since the IR Component has access to the methods associated with the objects, it is in a position to offer many services in addition to maintaining integrity.

[0243] In the second situation, the data belongs to and is managed by the Apps 2315,2320. This data needs to be reconciled with the IA objects or with that of other Apps. As one cannot forbid Apps from communicating directly with one another, the best one can do is to provide a set of useful services, such as a data-location registry containing a protocol and data-model translation or a central control point for the enforcement of whatever integrity rules the Apps supply.

[0244] To accommodate these two situations, the IR 2305 has two different aspects:

[0245] Information Repository Component (IR Component) 2335 that provide storage, retrieval, direct interaction, and other data services through the IR Component Interface 2330 for objects defined in the Information model 2325. This corresponds to the first situation.

[0246] The Information Repository Service (IR-Service) that provides access to services associated with the Information Repository for Supplementary Data Stores (SDS). A SDS is a data store that may only be accessed through the applications that own it. Examples include data services provided by other components of infrastructure, or customer databases owned by third-party applications running on the infrastructure. This corresponds to the second situation.

[0247] A fundamental property of the Information Repository 2305 is that there are no back doors to databases. A database is controlled by the application that owns it and may only be accessed and coordinated with other databases through that application.

[0248] The Information Repository Component 2335

[0249] The IR Component 2335 plays a central role in realizing the Information model 2325 and shown in FIG. 1. It is responsible for insulating the Infrastructure Components 2320 from the physical data stores 2340, which provide the persistent storage needed by the Infrastructure. The IR Component 2335 accomplishes this by mapping the data attributes of the classes to the data elements in the physical storage. Both the class definitions and the schema definitions are used by the IR Component 2335 to create the mappings.

[0250] In the intelligent-service mode, the IR Component can provide referential integrity, run business rules, take part in transactions, administer and maintain policies and profiles, provide access through proxies, and otherwise take advantage of the behavior and intelligence built into the IA classes. This is because it has complete knowledge of the public instance variables, associations, public methods, and the APIs the IA classes expose to proxies through IDL (Interface Definition Language) interfaces. The proposed IR Component 2335 facilities to support the intelligent-service mode include:

Storage	Access	Administration
Database Management	Security	Authorization
Integrity - Transactions	Audit Trails	History
Distribution	Load Balancing	Caching
Notification	Metrics (& Reports)	Maintenance

[0251] The IR Component also supports facilities for the simple-data-persistence mode. These facilities, such as access control and audit trails, are those that can be implemented by attaching metadata to the values but require no knowledge of the relationships among stored values.

[0252] The Information Repository Services

[0253] The purpose of the IR Services is to assure that the data associated with the Infrastructure are consistent, to the extent that is practical given the capabilities of the underlying APIs of the Apps 2315/2320 that manage Supplementary Data Stores. The IR-Service provides a central framework based on the IA classes for maintaining Infrastructure Information that is outside the purview of the IR Component 2335. The need for doing this arises when independently developed databases are integrated into the Infrastructure. Synchronization becomes an issue for the following situations:

[0254] 1. The data in the App's database changes, and the IR Component database needs to be updated.

[0255] 2. The data in the IR Component database changes, and the App's database needs to be updated.

[0256] 3. The data in an App's database changes, and the data in another App's database needs to be updated.

[0257] 4. An App needs to read data from the database of another App.

[0258] These interactions require a knowledge of the data items in the Apps, the APIs (and protocols) of the Apps 2315/2320, the relationships among data items that need to be preserved in the Apps, and the actions that need to be taken to preserve integrity. To support these interactions, the Information Repository Service will need to provide:

[0259] A common data language (CDL) for controlling and executing data exchange. A language such as XML is sufficient for exchanging data, however one may need additional language facilities to, for example, coordinate transactions.

[0260] A mapping facility to equivalence the names the different Apps use to designate the same variable.

[0261] A registry that identifies the App(s) that uses a variable. The registry may contain other information such as access permissions.

[0262] Containers for the logic required to implement the interaction. Sub-classes of the IA classes are the containers of choice.

[0263] It will be understood that, in use, one of the purposes of a data management system built according to the data structures described above is to control the generation of information, for instance for output to a user or other system. In particular, it controls the sources for that information output and the way in which the information output is constructed. It introduces a time factor so that an information output may be different if constructed before a certain time rather than after a certain time and, in the case of a planned enterprise capability supporting product component fulfilment, it provides flexibility in the content of the information output in relation to time.

[0264] Within the data management system, the classes and their dependencies act in a manner analogous to network routing. If data is input to the system, the data management system effectively routes it to entities within the system which require the data, which will act on the data, and which together will generate an output dependent on the input data.

[0265] Class Dictionary

[0266] The class dictionary provides definitions for each of the object classes given in the model described above.

[0267] 1. The Class Name column of the table contains the name of the class as it appears in the model.

[0268] Policy class names, designated in the diagrams with <<Policy>>, are in italics. Parameter Defined class names, designated in the diagrams with <<Parameter Defined>>, are underlined.

[0269] 2. The Definition column contains a short explanation of the class. This may include an example and potential attributes.

[0270] 3. The attributes assigned to each class represent a key set and not the definitive set. It is expected that in further refinements to this model, additional attributes may be identified.

[0271] 4. All sub-classes inherit the attributes of the super-class.

[0272] 5. The Notes column contains additional clarifying notes about the class, e.g. indicating that it's a sub-class of another listed class or that it is a placeholder.

[0273] 6. All information classes have the following methods available: createestablishing an instance of the class; readretrieving the values of the attributes of the instance; updatechanging one or more values of the attributes of the instance; and deleteremoving the instance of the class.

Class Name	Definition	Notes
Access &	The set of conditions and actions that	For details on policy
Usage Rights	determine the rights of a User to	class behaviour, see
Policy	use a Product Component Fulfilment.	description above.
	This policy is established as a result
	of an Agreement.
Access-	Information about a Product Compo-	Sub-classes are
Usage	nent Fulfilment in the context of	required to model
Rights	available capacity that is to be used	the information
Information	in evaluating an Access & Usage	relevant to each
	Rights Policy. For example, total	Product Component
	bandwidth utilised, the total mail-	Fulfilment.
	box space used, and number of users.
Activity	Represents a discrete unit of work	A constituent class
	which may be carried out by a	of Activity Program.
	person or a machine.	This class may be
	Attributes:	extended through
	Name	the use of sub-
	Start date	classes. Identified
	End Date	sub-classes are
	Description	Human Activity and
	Required Effort	Machine Activity.
	Dependency
	Associated Costs
	Required materials
Activity	This is an abstract class that defines	An interaction for
Interaction	the relationship of one Activity to	the Activity -
	another Activity. For example one	Activity relation-
	Activity may negate the need for	ship.
	another.
	Attributes:
	Priority
	Status
Activity	A planned collection of Activities	This class may be
Program	which realise the capabilities of	extended through
	the enterprise	the use of sub-
	Attributes:	classes. Identified
	Program Name	sub-classes are
	Program Description	Order-Based Pro-
	Effective Date	gram, and Non-
	Termination Date	Order Program.
Activity	This is an abstract class that defines	An interaction for
Program	the relationship of one Activity	the Activity Pro-
Interaction	Program to another Activity Program.	gram - Activity Pro-
	For example one Activity Program	gram relationship.
	may depend upon another one.
	Attributes:
	Priority
	Status
Agreement	A commercial arrangement between	This class may be
	at least two Parties.	extended through
	Attributes:	the use of sub-
	Effective Date	classes. Identified
	Termination Date	sub-classes are Bid,
	Signed Agreement Date	Contract, and Order
	Description
	Status
Agreement	The designation of a Party to under-	A RoleAssignment
Assignment	take the responsibilities of an	for the Party -
	Agreement Role.	Agreement Role
	Attributes:	relationship.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Status pending, active, tempo-
	rary, . . .
Agreement	This is an abstract class that defines	An interaction for
Interaction	the relationship of one Agreement to	the Agreement -
	another Agreement. For example an	Agreement
	Agreement may be revised and super-	relationship
	seded by another one.
Agreement	A line item within an Agreement	A constituent class
Item	indicating the selection of Market-	of Agreement.
	place Product to be purchased/
	supplied.
	Attributes:
	Quantity
Agreement	A responsibility that is defined	This class may be
Role	within an Agreement e.g. signatory,	extended through
	customer, guarantor	the use of sub-
	Attributes:	classes. Identified
	Type	sub-classes are
	Role Scope (responsibility)	Customer, Supplier,
	Importance mandatory, optional	Guarantor, and
		Distributor.
Component	Represents the Product Component	For details on
Selection	selected within a Product Selection.	parameter defined
	It is this Component Selection which	class behaviour, see
	is fulfilled by a Product Component	description above.
	Fulfilment.
	Attributes:
	Date Requested
	Date Fulfilled
Contained	Characterises the relationship be-	Association Class
Component	tween a Marketplace Product and	for the Marketplace
	its Product Components	Product - Product
		Component
		relationship
Contract	A legally binding agreement to pro-	A sub-class of
	vide services and/or goods at a	Agreement.
	stated price.
	Attribute:
	Renewal Notification Date
Credential	Information about a User that is to be	This class may be
	used in evaluating an Access &	extended through
	Usage Rights Policy. The information	the use of sub-
	held depends on the particular secu-	classes to model the
	rity scheme employed.	particular security
	Attributes:	scheme employed.
	Effective Timestamp	Potential sub-classes
	Termination Timestamp	are Password, Cer-
	Status	tificate, and
		LogName.
Customer	A role defined for an Agreement in	A sub-class of
	which the Party acting in this role	Agreement Role.
	purchases services or goods from an
	other Party.
Customised	A type of Marketplace Product which	A sub-class of
Product	has been tailored for a specific	Marketplace Prod-
	Party, group of Parties or a certain	uct.
	Market Segment.
	Attributes:
	Modification Date
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Ramifications
Distributor	A role defined for an Agreement. The	A sub-class of
	Party acting in this role mar-	Agreement Role.
	kets and sells services and goods to
	other Parties. For example, a whole-
	saler.
Enterprise	Represents all the product-	This class may be
Capability	forming and product-impacting	extended through
	capabilities of the enterprise.	the use of sub-
	Attributes:	classes. Identified
	Capability Name	sub-classes are
	Description	Infrastructure
	Status test, alpha, GA, . . .	Capability, Support
	Effective Date	Capability, and
	Termination Date	Consultation
		Capability.
		For details on
		parameter defined
		class behaviour,
		see description
		above.
Fulfilment	A collection of events and troubles	This class would
Performance	that are collected over a set period	provide the
	for the purpose of evaluating the	information from
	performance of a Product Component	which reports would
	Fulfilment against availability and	be generated.
	quality metrics outlined by the
	Agreement Service Level Guarantee.
	Attributes:
	Date
	Description
	Period
Generic	A standard (vanilla) product offered	A sub-class of
Product	to the marketplace.	Marketplace Prod-
		uct.
Guarantor	A role defined for an Agreement. The	A sub-class of
	Party acting in this role guarantees	Agreement Role.
	payment for purchases of products or
	services by another Party.
Human	An Activity that is performed by a	A sub-class of
Activity	human.	Activity.
Human	The responsibility for managing an	A RoleAssignment
Activity	Activity	for the Activity/
Role		Party relationship.
Human	Represents the people available in	A sub-class of
Resource	the enterprise with specialised	Enterprise Capabil-
Capability	expertise, for customer assist-	ity
	ance etc.
	Attributes:
	Name
	Description
	Type (Online, on premise, helpdesk)
	Class (Premium, Standard, Best
	Effort)
	Level
	Availability (24 7 52, 8 5)
Human	A role carried out in support of the	An RoleAssignment
Resource	Enterprise Capability.	for the Human
Capability		Resource Capabil-
Role		ity/Party relation-
		ship.
Human	The responsibility for carrying out a	An association class
Resource	specialist role in support of the	for Human Resource
Capability	Enterprise Capability.	Capability and
Assignment		Party.
Human User	A User that is associated with the	A sub-class of User.
	Individual subclass of Party.
Individual	Unique identifier for that individual.	A sub-class of
		Party. See the
		Party & Party
		Identifier classes
		for details.
Infrastruc-	A distinguishable collection of
ture	Managed System Elements which
	support the delivery of the
	Infrastructure Capability. e.g.
	the PSTN Platform which sup-
	ports and delivers telephony
	capabilities.
	Attributes:
	Name
	Description
	Owner
	Status
Infrastruc-	Defines the specific capabilities	A sub-class of
ture Capabil-	that an Infrastructure can deliver.	Enterprise Capabil-
ity		ity. For details on
		parameter defined
		class behaviour, see
		description above.
Logical	An abstract class that represents an	Sub-class of Logical
Device	abstraction or emulation of a hard-	Element. From the
	ware entity that may or may not be	DMTF CIM v2.2
	realised in physical hardware. Any	model. Sub-classes
	characteristics of a Logical Device	include Power
	are used to manage its operation or	Supply, Modem,
	configuration contained in, or	Controller, Printer,
	associated with, the Logical Device	Battery, USB De-
	object. E.g. support for paper	vice, Alarm Device,
	sizes and detection of errors in a	Scanner, Sensor,
	printer is modeled in a Logical	Cooling Device,
	Device.	Media Access
	Attributes:	Device, User
	as defined by DMTF CIM v2.2	Device, Network
		Adapter, Media
		Transfer Device,
		Logical Port
Logical	The base class of all components of a	Sub-class of
Element	system that represent abstract func-	Managed System
	tionality, such as, files, processes or	Element. From the
	other system capabilities that can be	DMTF CIM v2.2
	modeled as a Logical Device.	model. Sub-classes
	Attributes:	include Process,
	as defined by DMTF CIM v2.2	Logical File,
		Service Access
		Point, File System,
		Directory, Device
		File, Data File,
		Service, Software
		Feature, Software
		Element, Operating
		System, System,
		Computer System,
		Storage Library,
		Logical Device
Managed	This is the base class for the system	From the DMTF
System	element hierarchy. Membership	CIM v2.2 model.
Element	Criteria: Any distinguishable	Sub-classes include
(MSE)	component of a system is a candidate	Logical Element and
	for inclusion in this class. Examples:	Physical Element.
	software components, such as files;
	devices, such as disk drives and
	controllers; and physical components
	such as chips and cards. MSEs may
	be comprised of other MSEs
	Attributes:
	as defined by DMTF CIM v2.2
	must also include Capacity
MSE	A role assigned to a person to	A RoleAssignment
Assignment	manage a Managed system Element.	for the MSE/Party
		relationship.
MSE	This is an abstract class that	An interaction for
Interaction	defines the relationship of one	the MSE - MSE
	Managed System Element to another	relationship
	Managed System Element. For
	example one Managed System
	Element may be substituted for
	another one.
MSE Role	A role assigned to a person or	An association class
	machine to manage an activity.	for Party and MSE.
Marketing	A Marketing Campaign is the plan
Campaign	for delivery of a specific message
	to a segment of the community using
	suitable media.
	Attributes:
	Name
	Description
	Start Date
	End Date
Marketplace	A group of one or more Product	This class may be
Product	Components offered together and	extended through
	priced as one unit according to	the use of sub-
	Product Price Policy	classes. Identified
	Attributes:	sub-classes are
	Name	Generic Product and
	Description	Customised Product.
	Introduction Date
	Sales Discontinuation Date
	Support Discontinuation Date
Marketplace	This is an abstract class that defines	An interaction for
Product	the relationship of one Marketplace	the Marketplace
Interaction	Product to another Marketplace	Product - Market-
	Product. For example one Market-	place Product
	place Product may be substituted	relationship
	for another one.
Marketplace	A responsibility that is defined for a	A constituent class
Product Role	Marketplace Product. e.g. product	of Marketplace
	manager, support manager	Product.
	Attributes:
	Role Name
	Type
	Role Function
	Importance mandatory, optional
MPP	The designation of a Party to under-	An RoleAssignment
Assignment	take the responsibilities of a Market-	for the Party -
	place Product Role.	Marketplace Product
	Attributes:	Role relationship.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Status pending, active, tempo-
	rary, . . .
Non-Human	A User that is not human. For ex-	A sub-class of User
User	ample, a telephone line or a system
	element.
Non-Order-	A type of Activity Program that	A sub-class of
Based	delivers enhancements to Enterprise	Activity Program.
Program	Capability which cannot be directly
	associated with a product selection.
	For example, the replacement of
	copper networks with fibre or
	Year 2000 activities.
Organisation	A group of Individuals that functions	A sub-class of
	as one autonomous unit for some pur-	Party. This class
	pose or work.	may be extended
	Attributes:	through the use of
	Name	sub-classes. Some
	Function Description	potential sub-
		classes are House-
		hold, Corporation,
		Government
		Agency, and
		Non-profit.
Organisation	The designation of a Member to	A RoleAssignment
Assignment	undertake the responsibilities of an	for the Member -
	Organisation Role.	Organisation Role
	Attributes:	relationship.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Status pending, active, tempo-
	rary, . . .
Organisation	A responsibility that is defined	A constituent class
Role	within an Organisation e.g. vice-	of Organisation.
	president, manager, engineer, mem-
	ber.
	Attributes:
	Role Name
	Type
	Role Scope (responsibility)
	Consideration mandatory, optional
Party	Party is an abstract class that encom-	Sub-classes include
	passes both Organisation and Individ-	Individual and
	ual.	Organisation.
	Attributes:
	Party ID
	Party Name
	Legal Entity Status no, yes
	Legal Entity Date
	Commerce Credential
	Credit Bureau Score
	Credit Bureau Score Date
	Credit Bureau Name
Party	The ways of identifying a Party,	May also include
Identifier	including both unique and non-unique	credentials that a
	identifiers.	party must have to
	Names	be able to engage in
		commerce, such as
		tax ID, DUNS
		Number, SIC Code,
		Tax Exemption,
		mother's maiden
		name.
Physical	This class describes system compo-	A sub-class of
Element	nents that have distinct physical	Managed System
	manifestations Note that it is	Element. From the
	possible for a single Card - which	DMTF CIM v2.2
	is a type of Physical Element -	model. Sub-classes
	to host more than one Logical	include Physical
	Device. The card would be repre-	Link, Physical
	sented by a single Physical Element	Connector, Physical
	associated with multiple Logical	Component, Physi-
	Devices.	cal Package, Card,
	Attributes:	Physical Frame,
	as defined by DMTF CIM v2.2	Chassis, Rack,
		Physical Media,
		Chip
Product	A generalised classification of
Category	product offered into the marketplace
	by market segment and/or the nature
	of the service e.g. IP Services,
	Telephony, Application Hosting.
	Attributes:
	Classification Type
	Description/Definition
Product	A cohesive unit of a deliverable	A constituent class
Component	product that has business and/or	of Marketplace
	technical meaning (e.g. email	Product. A depend-
	service, address book)	ent class on
	Attributes:	Enterprise Capabil-
	Name	ity. For details on
	Description	parameter defined
	Status alpha, beta, GA, . . .	class behaviour,
		see description
		above.
Product	Represents the delivered product	A constituent class
Component	component.	of Product Selec-
Fulfilment	Attributes:	tion. A dependent
	Name	class on Product
	Description	Component and
	Status active, suspended, . . .	Enterprise
	Availability Date	Capability.
		For details on
		parameter defined
		class behaviour, see
		description above.
Product	This is an abstract class that defines	An Interaction for
Component	the relationship of one Product	the Product Compo-
Fulfilment	Component Fulfilment to another	nent Fulfilment -
Interaction	Product Component Fulfilment.	Product Component
	Attributes:	Fulfilment relation-
	Effective Date	ship.
	Termination Date
	Status
Product	This is an abstract class that defines	An Interaction for
Component	the relationship of one Product	the Product Compo-
Interaction	Component to another Product	nent - Product
	Component.	Component relation-
	Attributes:	ship.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Status
Product	This is an abstract class that defines	An interaction for
Interaction	the relationship of one Marketplace	the Marketplace
	Product to another Marketplace Prod-	Product - Market-
	uct.	place Product
	Attributes:	relationship.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
	Status
Product	Represents the Market Place Product	An association class
Selection	selected in the Agreement.	for the Marketplace
	Attributes:	Product - Agree-
	Date Requested	ment Item relation-
	Date Fulfilled	ship
Product	Defines an allowed substitution of	A sub-class of Prod-
Substitution	one Marketplace Product for another	uct Interaction
	Marketplace Product.
Supplier	A role defined for an Agreement.	Sub-class of
	The Party acting in this role pro-	Agreement Role.
	vides services or goods to another
	Party.
User	An entity that is authorised by an	A constituent class
	Agreement to register with and use	of User Group.
	the Product Component Fulfilment(s)	This class may be
	covered by the Agreement. That	extended through
	entity may be associated with an	the use of sub-
	individual, an organisation, or a	classes. Identified
	managed system element. (see sub-	sub-classes are User
	classes).	Group, Human
	Attributes:	Use, and Non-
	User Identification	Human User.
	Effective Date
	Termination Date
User Group	A set of one or more Users that	A sub-class of User.
	have a common set of Credentials,
	interact with the same Product
	Component Fulfilments, and are
	administered as a single User.
	A User Group may consist of any
	combination of Human Users, Non-
	Human Users, and User Groups.
	Attributes:
	Name
	Description
	Member Criteria
User Session	Information about a specific User	A constituent class
	engagement with a Product Compo-	of User-Fulfilment
	nent Fulfilment.	Relationship.
	Attributes:
	Begin Timestamp
	End Timestamp
	Termination Reason
	Status
User-	Information about a User's associa-	An association class
Fulfilment	tion with a Product Component	for the User - Prod-
Relationship	Fulfilment.	uct Component
	Attributes:	Fulfilment relation-
	Registration Date	ship.
	Termination Date
	Status active, suspended, . . .