Apparatus and method for digital to analog conversion

[0001] 1. Field of Invention

[0002] Invention relates to digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and more particularly to digital-to-analog converters with cascading segments.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] DACs are presently available to produce an analog voltage output by selectively tapping a resistor string connected between the high voltage reference and ground or the low voltage reference. However, once the resolution of the DAC is over six or eight bits, the number of components required is fairly high. For example, a 10-bit DAC of this topology would require 1024 resistors, 1024 switches, and 1024 logic drive lines. A DAC design that does not require the high number of elements is desirable as the silicon area needed for the circuit would be reduced which in turn would lower manufacturing costs.

[0005] Several DAC architectures have concentrated on cascading segments where a first segment includes a resistor string that produces a first voltage corresponding to the most significant bits (MSB) and the second segment includes a resistor string that produces a voltage corresponding to the least significant bits (LSB). The second segment uses the output voltage of the first segment of the DAC such that the second segment effectively interpolates the selected first segment voltage to correspond with the LSBs. One such device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,997,892.

[0006] Other prior art approaches for cascaded segment converters suffer from linearity problems and other performance characteristics when applied to higher resolution DACs. Thus, there is a need for a DAC architecture that reduces the number of circuit components while achieving satisfactory linearity characteristics.

[0007] Invention resides in a cascading DAC design that achieves the reduction of number of circuit components and maintains good performance characteristics. The present invention includes a segmented DAC architecture where the first segment DAC processes N₁ most significant bits of an N-Bit DAC and the subsequent segment DACs process the balance of the bits, (NN₁), of the N-bit input digital signal. The DAC architecture includes ballast resistors that nullify the effect of any imbalance of the resistance on the first segment DAC versus the sum of the resistance in the remaining segment DACs.

[0008] One embodiment involves a two-segment cascading design for a 10-Bit DAC where the first segment processes the two MSBs and the second segment processes the eight LSBs. In one application of the present invention, two 10-Bit DACs, with their associated circuits comprising a 10-Bit volatile data latch, a 10-Bit nonvolatile data register, and a unity gain operational amplifier, are integrated with a configuration register and a standard two-wire serial interface.

[0009] The present invention may have a first segment that is a 2, 4, 6, 8 or higher bit DAC while the second or subsequent segments may be 2, 4, 6, 8, or higher bit DACs and the principles and approach of the architecture would apply.

[0010] FIG. 1 is general schematic diagram of a segmented digital-to-analog converter according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a more detailed circuit diagram of a first segment of a digital-to-analog converter according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the process in the digital-to-analog conversion according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 4 is an architectural diagram of a dual 10-Bit non-volatile digital-to-analog converter according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0014] FIG. 1 is general schematic diagram of a voltage-output segmented digital-to-analog converter (DAC) according to one embodiment of the present invention. A high voltage reference RHI 50 and a low voltage reference RLOW 52 are input to the first DAC segment 54. The most significant bits (MSB) of the input signal is selected by a decoder, (not shown), and comes in through D-MSB 70 into the first DAC segment 54. D-MSB 70 is used by first DAC segment 54 to activate the switches based on the values of the MSB. A high voltage output VOH 56 and a low voltage output VOL 58 comes out of the first DAC segment 54 and connect into the high input reference voltage RSHI 65 and the low input reference voltage RSLOW 66, respectively, of the second DAC segment 64. It should be noted that this segmented DAC architecture does not require a buffer amplifier between the first DAC segment and subsequent DAC segments. The least significant bits (LSB) of the input digital signal selected by the decoder becomes digital input to the second DAC segment 64 as input D-LSB 60 and DB-LSB 62. D-LSB 60 and DB-LSB 62 are used by the second DAC segment 64 to activate the switches based on the values of the LSB. The output voltage of the DAC is VOUT 68, which may go through a buffer amplifier, (not shown), before being used by an application.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a more detailed circuit diagram of the first DAC segment processing of a two-segment DAC according to one embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is for the first segment of a 10-Bit segmented DAC, the first segment being a 2-Bit DAC processing the MSB coupled to a second segment 8-Bit DAC processing the LSB. The first segment 2-Bit DAC processes bits 8 and 9 of the input digital signal and comprises a string of resistors, tap points for the output high voltage VOH, tap points for the output low voltage VOL, two switching networks, 72 and 78, and three ballast resistors, RDUM1, RDUM2, and RDUM3, for rectifying a mismatch between the resistance of the first segment DAC versus the resistance of the second segment DAC. The two switching networks are the switching network 72 controlling a set of single-pole-double-throw switches determining the path for the ballast resistors and the switching network 74 controlling single-pole-single-throw switches determining the paths for the taps of the output high voltage VOH and for the taps of the output low voltage VOL. The series string of resistors that decrements the reference high voltage RHI to the output high voltage VOH and output low voltage VOL consists of R1, R2, R3, and R4, with equal resistance values. The ballast resistors, consisting of RDUM1, RDUM2, and RDUM3, have equal resistance values. The resistance value of each of the ballast resistors RDUM1, RDUM2, or RDUM3 is equal to the sum of the resistors in the second segment DAC, expressed by the following formula:

[0016] For example, in the 8-Bit second segment DAC, each of the ballast resistors would be equal to the sum of the resistance of the 256 resistors of the 8-Bit second segment DAC. In practice, the value of each of the ballast resistors is slightly higher to account for the small circuit connection resistance encountered in the second segment DAC. Table 1 traces the circuit path for the output high voltage VOH, output low voltage VOL, and the ballast resistors for MSB bits (8,9) values of (1,1), (1,0), (0,1), and (0,0). For example, when the input digital value the MSB bits (8,9) is (1, 1), the tap for VOH is created by switching network 74 closing single-pole-single-throw switch SPST31 and the tap for VOL is created by switching network 74 closing the single-pole-single-throw switch SPST30. The output low voltage VOL is tapped after the signal passes through the series resistor R1. Similarly, when the input digital value of MSB bits (8,9) is (1,1), the circuit path for the ballast resistors is determined by switch network 72 activating single-pole-double-throw switches SPDT1, SPDT2, and SPDT3 as listed in Table 1.

[0017] The output voltage of the 10-bit DAC is calculated by the following formula:

[0018] where VOUT is the output voltage of the entire DAC, RHI is the high reference voltage, RLOW is the low reference voltage, N is the number of bits of the input digital signal, and D_INPUT is the decimal value of the input digital signal. For example, if the decimal value of the input digital signal of in a 10-Bit DAC is 25, (binary 00000 11001), and (RHIRLOW) is equal to 5.0000 volts, then VOUT is equal to 0.1221 volts.

[0019] The first DAC segment can be a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or higher MSB segment DAC. Similarly, the second segment DAC can be a 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or higher LSB segment DAC of any design and the principles and architecture of the present invention would still apply.

[0020] FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the process for an N-bit DAC according to one embodiment of the present invention. The N-bit input digital signal is decoded and the decoded output signals are routed to the appropriate segment DAC switching networks 100. The switches of the MSB segment DAC are activated based on the value of the decoded MSB of the N-Bit input digital signal 110. Concurrently, switches of the next segment DAC are activated based on the value of the decoded next set of bits of the N-Bit input digital signal 111. This process is repeated until the switches of the LSB segment DAC are activated based on the value of the decoded LSB of the N-Bit input digital signal 119. The output high and low signal from the MSB segment DAC is tapped and relayed to the next segment DAC, repeating the process until the output high and low signal is input into the LSB segment DAC 130. The voltage output from the LSB segment DAC is tapped for further processing 140.

[0021] FIG. 4 is an architectural diagram of a serial input, voltage output dual 10-Bit DAC according to one embodiment of the present invention. The 10-Bit DAC consists of a 2-Bit DAC segment processing the MSB, (bits 8 and 9), coupled to an 8-Bit DAC processing the LSB, (bits 0-7), of the input 10-bit digital signal. The design of the 10-Bit DAC includes a serial interface and control logic 20 for initial processing of input data for the configuration register 32, for the non-volatile registers 26, 28, and for processing the input 10-bit digital signal. The serial interface and control logic 20 is an industry standard 2-wire serial interface with coupling for a serial clock 12 and serial data in/out 14. The top 10-Bit DAC 30 has a 10-Bit nonvolatile register 22, a 10-Bit volatile control register 26, and a buffer amplifier 36. The bottom 10-Bit DAC 34 has a 10-Bit nonvolatile register 24, a 10-Bit volatile control register 28, and a buffer amplifier 38. The configuration register 32 is programmable to set the power-on options to recall a full-scale value, a zero scale value, a mid-scale value, or a nonvolatile register value. Each of the 10-Bit DACs has the 10-Bit nonvolatile register that can hold a value that can be recalled whenever the device is powered on, based on the setting of the configuration register 32. Each of the 10-Bit DACs has the 10-Bit volatile register that holds the current digital value. In addition, the 10-Bit volatile register can be set to any value by the serial interface and control logic 20; commanded to load the power-on zero scale, mid-scale, or full scale value; or commanded to recall a preset value stored in the 10-Bit nonvolatile register. The high and low reference voltages for the top 10-Bit DAC are labeled as V_REFH 2 4 and V_REFL 2 5 respectively, while the output voltage is V_OUT2 6. The high and low reference voltages for the bottom 10-Bit DAC are labeled as V_REFH1 11 and V_REFL1 10 respectively, while the output voltage is V_OUT1 9. The dual 10-Bit DACs can be operated independently or in tandem.

[0022] Other embodiments of the present invention includes other configurations where the first segment DAC processes N₁ most significant bits of an N-Bit DAC and the subsequent segment DACs process the balance of the bits, (NN₁), of the N-bit input digital signal. The ballast resistors would function in the same manner to nullify the effect of any imbalance of the resistance on first segment DAC versus the sum of the resistance in the remaining segment DACs.

[0023] Foregoing described embodiments of the invention are provided as illustrations and descriptions. They are not intended to limit the invention to precise form described. In particular, it is contemplated that functional implementation of invention described herein may be implemented equivalently in hardware, software, firmware, and/or other available functional components or building blocks.

[0024] Other variations and embodiments are possible in light of above teachings, and it is thus intended that the scope of invention not be limited by this Detailed Description, but rather by claims following.

TABLE 1
PATH OF VOLTAGE OUTPUT HIGH, VOLTAGE OUTPUT LOW &
BALLAST RESISTORS FOR THE FIRST SEGMENT CONVERTER
INPUT
DIGITAL
BIT (9, 8)
VALUES	PATH	SWITCHES, TAPS, RESISTORS*
1, 1	VOH	RHI, NC1 SPST31, NC4, NC7, NC8, VOH
	VOL	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, SPST30, NC5,
		NC6, NC9, NC10, VOL
	BALLAST	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, RDUM3,
		SPDT3, B3, NC17, NC11, NC12, RDUM2,
		SPDT2, C2, NC15, RDUM1, SPDT1, C1, G1,
		RLOW
1, 0	VOH	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, SPST21, NC4,
		NC7, NC8, VOH
	VOL	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, NC20, R2,
		NC12, RTAP2, NC13, SPST20, NC6, NC9,
		NC10, VOL
	BALLAST	RHI, L1, C3, SPDT3, RDUM3, NC2, NC20,
		R2, NC11, NC12, RDUM2, SPDT2, C2,
		NC18, RDUM1, SPDT1, C1, G1, RLOW
0, 1	VOH	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, NC20, R2,
		NC11, NC12, RTAP2, NC13, SPST11,
		NC7, NC8, VOH
	VOL	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, NC20, R2,
		NC12, RTAP2, R3, RTAP1, NC15,
		SPST10, NC9, NC10, VOL
	BALLAST	RHI, L1, C3, SPDT3, RDUM3, B2, SPDT2,
		NC2, NC20, RDUM2, NC12, RTAP2, R3,
		NC14, NC18, RDUM1, SPDT1, C1, G1,
		RLOW
0, 0	VOH	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, NC20, R2,
		NC11, NC12, RTAP2, R3, NC14, RTAP1,
		NC15, SPST01, NC8, VOH
	VOL	RHI, L1, NC1, R1, RTAP3, NC2, NC20, R2,
		NC11, NC12, RTAP2, R3, NC14, RTAP1,
		R4, NC16, SPST00, NC10, VOL
	BALLAST	RHI, L1, NC3, SPDT3, RDUM3, B2, SPDT2,
		RDUM2, NC12/NC11, NC17, B1, SPDT1,
		RDUM1, NC18, R4, NC16, G1, RLOW
*Origination points, resistors, and termination points are in bold characters.