Child-resistant and airtight container

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a modular container system for storage and inventory systems, comprising the child-resistant containers and methods for using the containers.

[0002] Containers intended for storing substances or materials which may be harmful to children are designed to prevent opening by a child and yet can be manipulated by adults, including seniors, to gain access to the substance. These “child-resistant” containers are typically used for over the counter and prescription medications. Other child-resistant containers are used for other household items, that are toxic if swallowed or ingested, such as laundry detergent and cleaning solutions. These systems are in place to prevent children from inadvertently gaining access to the contents of these containers.

[0003] Generally, child resistant containers include a multi-step opening process or require steps to be completed simultaneously. A certain level of mental and physical dexterity is required for opening such a container, making it difficult for children to access the contents within. For example, use of a certain amount of pressure or force while a second action is completed is needed to open such a container, which prevents children from being able to open and access the contents of the container.

[0004] A challenge in creating child resistant containers is making the container easy enough for the elderly and other individuals to be able to use. For example, some child resistant containers offer a screw-cap or pop-top closure, and although they are efficient for child resistance, these devices pose a degree of hardship for individuals with inflammation or arthritis in the fingers, hands or wrists.

[0005] Currently available child resistant containers are also often inadequate in protecting the contents from degradation upon exposure to environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, bacteria or air.

[0006] Also, most screw cap medicine containers lack external features favorable for counting, sorting, stacking and efficient inventory management.

[0007] Therefore, there remains a need for improved containers and systems that are easy to use for an elderly or disabled individual, while providing child-resistant features. Also, there remains a need for a container where the contents are protected for improved shelf-life, such as being liquid-tight, air-tight, or both. Finally, there remains a need for containers that can be adapted for efficient stacking and can be part of a larger storage and inventory system. Such features allow for the containers to be used in the automation in packaging and distribution centers. The container is part of a storage system that allows easy storage, inventory, inventory reconciliation, and distribution in bulk quantities.

[0008] The present disclosure relates to a modular container system. The modular container system generally has a tray frame, a tray insert and a container. Parts of the modular container system, as well as the system itself, is modular, including stackable components that are able to stack on each other, or combination of components that are stackable. The modular container system can be used as an inventory system.

[0009] The containers described herein can be part of the modular container system. Embodiments of the containers are configured to be child-resistant. The disclosed containers provide an improved packaging and storage of substances or materials in a controlled environment, providing, for example, an air-tight, liquid-tight, water-tight, humidity-controlled, light-controlled, or any combination thereof, environment.

[0010] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a container comprising a base, a cap and a hinge. The base comprises a closed bottom end, a neck having an open top end, and a cap engagement element positioned on a first side of the neck. The cap comprises a base engagement element on an inner surface of the cap, wherein base engagement element is configured to engage with the cap engagement element. The hinge attaches the base to the cap.

[0011] In some aspects, the container further comprises one or more ramps positioned on the outer surface of the base.

[0012] In some aspects, two ramps are positioned on a second side of the neck and two ramps are positioned on a third side of the neck, wherein the second side and the third side are opposite each other.

[0013] In some aspects, the container is a child-resistant tube container.

[0014] In some aspects, the base, the cap, the hinge or a combination thereof comprises a plastic.

[0015] In some aspects, the container further comprises an annular sealing ring on an inner surface of the cap.

[0016] In some aspects, the container further comprises a seat that positions the annular sealing ring in place within the cap.

[0017] In some aspects, the container is substantially air-tight, liquid-tight, water-tight, humidity-controlled, light-controlled (e.g., light-resistant such as UV-resistant), or any combination thereof.

[0018] In some aspects, a length of the tube container is about 20 mm to about 500 mm. In other aspects, the length of the tube container is about 50 mm to about 200 mm.

[0019] In some aspects, a length to width ratio is about 2:1 to about 15:1. In other aspects, the length to width ratio is about 3:1 to about 12:1.

[0020] In some aspects, the hinge disposes the cap at one or more positions relative to the base. In some aspects, the hinge disposes the cap at a position between 20 degrees and 140 degrees relative to the base.

[0021] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of effecting a container comprising providing a container comprising a base, a hinge and a cap, wherein the base comprises a closed bottom end, a neck having an open top end, and a cap engagement element, wherein the cap engagement element is disposed on the outer surface of the neck, wherein the cap comprises a base engagement element configured to couple with the cap engagement element, and moving the cap over the open end of the base, wherein the cap engagement element couples to or engages with the base engagement element.

[0022] In some aspects, the base further comprises a radially-extending flange disposed on the outer surface of the base positioned beneath the cap engagement element.

[0023] In some aspects, the base further comprises one or more ramps disposed on the outer surface of the base.

[0024] In some aspects, the method further comprises removing the cap by simultaneously applying an external force to a back of the cap and lifting the cap off the base.

[0025] In some aspects, the method further comprises storing a consumer product, a pharmaceutical, a nutraceutical, an herbal material, a food product, an animal-based product or a plant-based product in the container.

[0026] Accordingly, in another aspect, the present invention is directed to a modular container system. The modular container system comprises a tray frame, a tray insert, and one or more child-resistant containers. The tray frame is sized and configured to receive the tray insert. The one or more child-resistant containers comprises a container base and a container cap, with a hinge that tethers the base to the cap. In some embodiments, the container cap can further comprise an annular sealing ring positioned on an inner surface of the container cap.

[0027] In some embodiments, the tray insert is sized and configured to receive the one or more child-resistant containers. The tray insert also comprises a plurality of recessed portions, wherein each recessed portion is configured to receive a single child-resistant container. Each recessed portion comprises an identifying mark. For example, the identifying mark is a number. The plurality of recessed portions are sequentially numbered, labeled or marked.

[0028] In some embodiments, the tray insert has 1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 20, 25, 36, 42, 64, 81, 100, 121, or 144 recessed portions, in a, for example, 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 5×5, 6×6, 7×7, 8×8, 9×9, 10×10, 11×11, or 12×12 configuration.

[0029] In some embodiments, the tray insert comprises a first locking mechanism disposed on a first side of the tray insert and a second locking mechanism disposed on a second side of the tray insert. The first and the second locking mechanism comprises a male connector and a female connector, so that the tray insert is configured to reversibly connect with a second tray insert. In some embodiments, the tray insert comprises one or more locking mechanisms. The tray insert, for example, can have 1, 2, 3, 4 or more locking mechanisms.

[0030] In some embodiments, the tray insert is configured to nest on top of another tray insert. The tray insert is also configured to be stacked on top of another tray insert having a container in substantially all of the recessed portions.

[0031] In some embodiments, the container or the tray insert is a plastic, recycled material, or other suitable material. For example, the plastic is polypropylene, fluorinated ethylene propylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride.

[0032] Other materials or additives can be added to the container or tray insert. For example, the container and/or the tray insert further comprises an antimicrobial additive.

[0033] In some embodiments, the tray frame is made from cardboard, plastic, glass, recycled material or a combination thereof.

[0034] In some embodiments, the modular container system can comprise a tamper evident element. For example, the tamper evident element is a seal, a tape, or a combination thereof. Also, the modular container system can comprise an RFID tag.

[0035] In some embodiments, each of the tray frame, the tray insert, the one or more child-resistant containers, or a combination thereof can comprise a writing surface compatible with a pen, a pencil, or a marker.

[0036] In some embodiments, the container base, the container cap, the hinge or a combination thereof comprises a polymer. For example, the polymer comprises polypropylene, polypropylene copolymer, ultra-clarified polypropylene, colored polypropylene, PET, PETE, polycarbonate, polystyrene, or a combination thereof.

[0037] In some embodiments, the container cap further comprises an annular ring (e.g., an O-ring) positioned on an inner surface of the top end of the cap. The annular ring helps create a seal in the container. In some embodiments, the child-resistant container is substantially air-tight, liquid-tight, light resistant, temperature resistant, moisture resistant, bacteria resistant, tamper resistant, or a combination thereof.

[0038] In some embodiments, the method of affecting a child-resistant closure of a container further comprises removing the container cap by simultaneously applying about 2 to about 6 pounds of external compression force to opposite sides of the container base and pulling the container cap off of the container base.

[0039] Additional aspects of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

[0075] The present disclosure relates to modular container systems including tray frames, tray inserts, and/or child-resistant containers. Aspects of present disclosure also include storage systems and inventory systems. Other aspects include methods for using the child-resistant containers (e.g., for creating child-resistance and for storing or holding a material). The modular container systems can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0076] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an element” includes two or more elements.

[0077] Ranges can be expressed herein as from one particular value, and/or to another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent ‘about,’ it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

[0078] As used herein, the terms “about” and “at or about” mean that the amount or value in question can be the value designated some other value approximately or about the same. It is generally understood, as used herein, that it is the nominal value indicated ±10% variation unless otherwise indicated or inferred. The term is intended to convey that similar values promote equivalent results or effects recited in the claims. That is, it is understood that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but can be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is “about” or “approximate” whether or not expressly stated to be such. It is understood that where “about” is used before a quantitative value, the parameter also includes the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0079] The terms “first,” “second,” “first part,” “second part,” and the like, where used herein, do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, and are used to distinguish one element from another, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0080] As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase “optionally affixed to the surface” means that it can or cannot be fixed to a surface.

[0081] Moreover, it is to be understood that unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that any method set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim does not actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is not otherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including matters of logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number or type of aspects described in the specification.

[0082] It is understood that the modular container systems, materials and devices disclosed herein have certain functions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements for performing the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there are a variety of structures that can perform the same function that are related to the disclosed structures, and that these structures will typically achieve the same result.

Modular Container Systems

[0083] The modular container systems described herein generally have a tray frame, a tray insert and a container. Parts or components of the modular container system, as well as the system itself, is modular. The components are stackable—they are able to stack on each other or in combination with other components of the system. The modular container system can be used as an inventory system.

[0084] The containers described herein can be part of the modular container system. Embodiments of the containers are configured to be child-resistant. The disclosed containers provide an improved packaging and storage of substances or materials in a controlled environment, providing, for example, an air-tight, liquid-tight, water-tight, humidity-controlled, light-controlled, or any combination thereof, environment.

Tray Inserts

[0085] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the modular container system includes a tray insert. Referring to FIGS. 1-10, a tray insert is sized and configured to fit within a tray frame (described in detail below). Also, the tray insert is configured to specifically house an embodiment of a child-resistant container (described in detail below). It is also contemplated that a tray insert can house more than one type (e.g., size) of child-resistant container. As described herein, the tray inserts can have any number of recessed portions (i.e., the number of child-resistant containers it can hold). For example, the tray insert has 1 to 144 recessed portions. The tray insert can have 1, 2, 4, 9, 16, 20, 25, 36, 42, 64, 81, 100, 121 or 144 recessed portions in a symmetrical arrangement, in, for example, a 1×1, 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 5×5, 6×6, 7×7, 8×8, 9×9, 10×10, 11×11 or 12×12 configuration. The tray insert can have recessed portions in an asymmetrical arrangement, in for example, a 1×2, 2×3, 3×4, 4×5, 5×6, 6×7, 7×8, 8×9, 9×10, or another configuration.

[0086] The tray insert, regardless of the container size it is designed to house, has substantially the same footprint. The tray inserts have substantially the same area (width times length) for each container size. The tray inserts can also have substantially the same depth for each container size.

[0087] Referring to FIG. 1, tray insert 100 has a plurality of recessed portions 110. Each recessed portion 110 can comprise an identifying mark 111 to easily aid in the inventory methods described herein. For example, the identifying mark 111 can be a letter, number, or other symbol. Tray insert 100 also has a first locking mechanism 120 and a second locking mechanism 130. Each locking mechanism 120, 130 has a male 121, 131 and a female 122, 132 connector. The locking mechanism 120, 130 is disposed on a side of the tray insert 100 and allows for mating to another tray insert 100 (or, e.g., tray insert 200, 300, 400 or 500). The locking mechanisms 120, 130 are disposed in such a way so that the tray inserts must be oriented in such a position in order to mate with another tray insert. Tray insert 100 is in a 10×10 configuration with 100 recessed portions 110, sized to house an embodiment of a tube container (described in detail below). Recessed portions 110 are sized and configured to friction fit a tube container, such that the tube containers do not fall out even after inversion of the tray insert.

[0088] Similarly, tray insert 200 of FIG. 2 has a plurality of recessed portions 210, each with an identifying mark 211. The identifying mark 211 is a number shown on the bottom of each recessed portion 210. Locking mechanisms 220, 230 are disposed on opposite sides of the tray insert 200 and allow for mating to another tray insert 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 (FIGS. 1-5). Although male-female 221, 222; 231, 232 type connectors are shown, other locking and connecting means can be used, such as a rail-type system, adhesives, glues, VELCRO®, hook and loop fasteners, snap-fit mechanisms, tabs, connectors, and the like. Tray insert 200 is in a 6×6 configuration, having 36 recessed portions 210. Each recessed portion 210 is sized and configured to house an embodiment of a child-resistant container (e.g., a 15D container). Recessed portions 210 are sized and configured to friction fit a 15D container, such that the 15D containers do not fall out even after inversion of the tray insert.

[0089] Tray insert 300 of FIG. 3 has a 4×4 configuration, sized to house another embodiment of a child resistant container (e.g., a 45D container). Tray insert 400 of FIG. 4 has a 3×3 configuration, sized to house yet another embodiment of a child-resistant container (e.g., a 145D container). Tray insert 500 of FIG. 5 has a 5×5 configuration, sized to house another embodiment of a child-resistant container (e.g., a 25D container). FIGS. 1-5 show various embodiments of tray inserts configured for various embodiments of child-resistant containers and tube containers. However, it is also contemplated that other configurations are possible, including more than one type of child-resistant container for a single tray insert.

[0090] The tray inserts of FIGS. 1-5 all have universal locking mechanisms that allow for mating between any of the tray inserts, regardless of the size of the recessed portions. As such, tray inserts 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 are substantially similar to or equal in height, length and/or width to allow for such mating. Locking mechanisms 120/130, 220/230, 320/330, 420/430, 520/530 are place on opposite sides of the tray insert (e.g., one the left and one on the right side). Other configurations and placements of the locking mechanisms are contemplated. For example, 1, 2, 3 or 4 locking mechanisms can be positioned and provided on a tray insert. One or more locking mechanisms can be found on each side (e.g., left, right, top, and bottom sides) of a tray insert. A single locking mechanism can include one or more components or subcomponents, such as, for example, a male and female connector. FIGS. 1-5 all illustrate two locking mechanisms, one on the left side and one on the right side of the tray insert.

[0091] FIGS. 6A-6C and 8A-9 illustrate other views of tray insert 500, as shown in FIG. 5. Identifying marks 511 are illustrated in each recessed portion 510. The identifying marks 511 are numbers in sequential order starting at the number 0, starting from the top left and numbered from left to right and from top to bottom, ending in number 24. However, other number sequencing is also contemplated. For example, the numbers can be in sequential order starting at the number 0, starting from the top left and numbered from top to bottom in a column-like manner. Thus, tray insert 500 has 25 recessed portions. When tray insert 500 is completely filled with child-resistant containers, each of the identifying marks are covered by each container. Once containers are removed from the tray insert, identifying mark 511 becomes visible. Containers removed in reverse order (i.e., starting from the bottom right and moving from right to left and bottom to top), easily allows for quantifying and counting the number of remaining containers. For example, if a single container is removed from tray insert 500 from the bottom right position, the identifying mark 511 “24” is revealed and tells a person that 24 containers remain in tray insert 500.

[0092] Referring to FIG. 6A, tray insert 500 has locking mechanisms 520, 530 having male 521, 531 and female 522, 532 connectors. Locking mechanisms 520 is on the right side of tray insert 500 and locking mechanism 530 is on the left side of tray insert 500. Insert 500 has 25 recessed portions 510, which are configured to friction fit a 25D container.

[0093] Tray insert 500A is configured to attach to and connect with another tray insert 500B, as illustrated in FIGS. 6B and 6C. Tray insert 500A is in close proximity to tray insert 500B, where locking mechanism 520 having male 521 and female 522 connectors on tray insert 500A can connect with counterpart locking mechanism 530 having male 531 and female 532 connectors on tray insert 500B. FIG. 6C illustrates tray inserts 500A and 500B connected in a locked configuration. Insert 500A can be disconnected from insert 500B by lifting one insert relative to the other such that locking mechanisms 520 and 530 disengage from each other.

[0094] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate another embodiment how tray inserts can interconnect to each other. The tray inserts can be combined to form a 3×3 grid and can be combined in any shape or pattern based on placement of the locking mechanisms. Tray inserts 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 707, 708, 709 have sides 710A (top), 710B (right), 710C (bottom), 710D (left). Side 710A (top) has locking mechanism 720. Side 710B (right) has locking mechanism 730. Side 710C (bottom) has locking mechanism 740. Side 710D (left) has locking mechanism 750. Each locking mechanism has a male and a female connector. For example, locking mechanism 720 has male connector 721 and female connector 722. Locking mechanism 730 has male connector 731 and female connector 732. Locking mechanism 740 has male connector 741 and female connector 742. Locking mechanism 750 has male connector 751 and female connector 752. Although male-female type connectors are illustrated, other locking means and connecting means can be used, such as a rail-type system, adhesives, glues, VELCRO®, hook and loop fasteners, snap-fit mechanisms, tabs, connectors, and the like.

[0095] Tray inserts 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 707, 708, 709 in FIGS. 7A-7C form a 3×3 grid (illustrated in FIG. 7D). To arrange such a pattern, the locking mechanisms found on each insert is different. Referring to FIG. 7A, tray insert 701 has locking mechanisms 730 and 740. Tray insert 702 has locking mechanisms 720, 730 and 740. Tray insert 703 has locking mechanisms 720 and 730.

[0096] Referring to FIG. 7B, tray insert 704 has locking mechanisms 730, 740 and 750. Tray insert 705 has locking mechanisms 720, 730, 740 and 750, i.e., on all sides of the insert. Tray insert 706 has locking mechanisms 720, 730 and 750.

[0097] Referring to FIG. 7C, tray insert 707 has locking mechanisms 740 and 750. Tray insert 708 has locking mechanisms 720, 740 and 750. Tray insert 709 has locking mechanisms 720 and 750.

[0098] Multiple arrangement of tray inserts can be formed using inserts 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 707, 708, 709. Inserts 701, 703, 707 and 709 form “corners” of any arrangement. None, or one or more of any of inserts 702, 704, 705, 706, and 708 can be used to build and arrange any desired shape or pattern. An arrangement can have 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more individual inserts. An arrangement of inserts can be square in shape (e.g., 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 5×5, 6×6, 7×7, 8×8, etc.), rectangular (e.g., 1×2, 1×3, 1×4, 1×5, 2×3, 2×4, 2×5, 3×4, 3×5), or any pattern. For example, a “donut” shape can be formed by using a 3×2×3 pattern, with the middle space empty. See FIG. 7E.

[0099] Referring to FIGS. 8A and 9, tray insert 500 has male 521, 531 and female 522, 532 connectors. Connectors 521, 522 form locking mechanism 520 and connectors 531, 532 form locking mechanism 530.

[0100] An anti-slip or anti-skid material can be added or incorporated to the bottom of tray insert 500. The anti-slip material can be a tape, fabric, tape, adhesive, mat, rubber, foam, cork, or other material that prevents tray insert 500 from unwanted movement or sliding on a surface.

[0101] Referring to FIG. 8B, tray insert 500 has a top portion 544 and a bottom portion 542, having a depth. The depth of each recessed portion 510 is no greater than the depth of the tray insert 500.

[0102] FIG. 10 shows tray insert 500 within a tray frame 600, forming part of a modular container system 1000. Portions of male 521, 531 and female 522, 532 of the first and second locking mechanisms 520 and 530 protrude out from tray frame 600.

Child-Resistant Containers

[0103] Another aspect of the modular container system is a child-resistant container, such as a tube container. The child-resistant containers are configured to store, hold and/or preserve a substance or a material as well as providing a mechanism for child-resistance.

[0104] Generally, the child-resistant containers described herein comprise a container base and a container cap. When the container is in a closed configuration, the container base is engaged with the container cap. In a closed configuration, the container is substantially child-resistant, that is, a child would have a difficult time removing the container cap from the container base.

[0105] The container base has a closed bottom end, an open top end and an outer surface. Embodiments of the container, including the container base, are substantially symmetrical in shape.

[0106] The container base can have markings on one or more sides of the container. The marking can be used for gripping the container base and/or distinguish one side of the container from another side. The markings can be, for example, slightly raised from the outer surface of the container base. A user squeezes or presses inwardly at the positions of the markings, simultaneously pulling upward the container cap, to remove the container cap from the container base.

[0107] A radially extending flange is part of container base. The flange structurally separates a lower body portion from a neck of the base. The flange is positioned near and parallel to the top end of container base. The flange adds to the child-resistance of the container (e.g., to prevent children from getting under the cap and using nails/teeth to pry open). The flange can prevent the cap from over compressing the seal. The combination of the flange and the retention features create a sufficient amount of compression.

[0108] The container cap has an outer surface and an inner surface. The container cap also has an open bottom end (base receiving end) and a closed top end. The top end of the container cap has a shoulder, a ramp, and an elevated portion. The shoulder, ramp and elevated portion allow for stacking a container base on top of the container cap (e.g., containers are self-stacking), and allow for a tray insert or tray frame to stack on top of the container cap. The container cap can have markings on the inner surface and/or outer surface.

[0109] The container cap can have an annular seal or sealing ring (e.g., annular ring 1270 in FIG. 12B; O-ring 2408 in FIG. 15A). The annular seal is positioned on the inner surface at or near the top end of the cap. The annular seal can help provide a barrier between the container environment and the external environment. Materials being stored in the container can be sensitive to air, water, oxygen, light, UV, temperature, bacteria, or combinations thereof.

[0110] The annular seal has a durometer of about 20 to about 70 in order to provide a water/liquid-tight, air-tight, or both seal between the container cap and the container base. In some embodiments, the annular seal has a durometer of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, or 70. In another embodiment, the annular seal has a durometer of 25 to 40. In another embodiment, the annular seal has a durometer of 30 to 35. In one embodiment, the annular seal has a durometer of about 30. In another embodiment, the annular seal has a durometer of about 35.

[0111] The container cap has one or more base engagement elements. Each of the base engagement elements are positioned on the inner surface of container cap, e.g., on some of or all sides of container cap. Each base engagement element comprises one or more rows of ridges, where each row has one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more) ridges. In some aspects, the base engagement element has one or more ridges. In some aspects, the base engagement element has two ridges.

[0112] Ridges can be arranged as an upper row of ridges and a lower row of ridges. There is a space between the two rows of ridges. The ridges are shaped such that they are slightly ramped. The ridges are sized and configured to slide and fit into a groove of a cap engagement element. In some aspects, the ridges are sized and configured to fit around a cap engagement element.

[0113] The child-resistant features of the container relate to the engagement of the container base with the container cap. One or more cap engagement elements are part of the container base. The cap engagement element is made up of a raised surface or ledge. The raised surface is positioned near and parallel to the top end of container base. Just above a radially-extending flange and below the raised surface are longitudinally extending ridges or ramps. The ridges extend from at or near the raised surface to the flange. A groove is formed between two ridges (i.e., the space between the ridges is the groove). The ridges and groove provide guidance and alignment of the container cap in addition to providing a tight fit with the container base. The cap engagement element prevents a container cap from easily being taken off the container base or removed improperly. Generally, a cap engagement element is positioned on two, opposite sides of the container base. However, a single cap engagement element can be positioned on the container base (e.g., for a tube container), or 3 or more cap engagement elements be positioned on the container base.

[0114] FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate various embodiments of the child-resistant containers and tube containers described herein. Child-resistant tube container 1100 and containers 1110, 1120, 1130, and 1140 vary in shape and size. Each of containers 1100, 1110, 1120, 1130, and 1140 are sized to fit into a matching tray insert (see FIGS. 1-9). The containers described herein are stackable on itself (e.g. FIG. 16A) and have features to make them child-resistant. Other features will be readily apparent in light of the foregoing.

[0115] Child-resistant tube container 1500 of FIG. 12A, has a container base 1520 and a container cap 1510. Container cap 1510 is attached to container base 1520 via hinge 1560. Container cap 1510 has base engagement elements 1505 on an inner or inside surface 1504 of the container cap 1510. Base engagement elements 1505 can mate or engage with cap engagement elements 1530 on the container base 1520. Container base 1520 includes ramps 1550. Ramps 1550 are positioned substantially on the corners of the neck of the base.

[0116] Container base has an outer surface 1524, an open top end 1522 and a closed bottom end 1521, the bottom end 1521 acting as a receiving portion for receiving a container cap of another container. A cap engagement element 1530 is disposed on the outer surface 1524 of the container base 1520, between the top end 1522 and a flange 1523. Radially extending flange 1523 acts a physical stop when the container cap is on the container base. Textured or grip markings 1540 and text 1541 on the outer surface 1524 help guide the user to open and close the tube container 1500.

[0117] FIGS. 12B-12H illustrate various views of another embodiment of a tube container 1200. Tube container 1200 has cap 1210 and elongate base 1220. Container cap 1210 is connected to base 1220 by hinge 1260. Base 1220 has upper neck 1235 and tube 1240. Cap 1210 attaches to base 1220 at neck 1235. Neck 1235 is sized and configured to receive cap 1210.

[0118] Referring to FIGS. 12B, 12C, and 12F, cap 1210 has base engagement element 1205 on inner surface 1204. Base engagement element 1205 is sized and configured to mate and engage with cap engagement element 1230. Base engagement element is positioned on inner surface 1204 of an inner wall on a front side of cap 1210. Base engagement element 1205 has ridges 1205A. Base engagement element can also have ridge 1205B, as illustrated in FIGS. 12B and 12C. Ridge 1205A slides over cap engagement element 1230 and locks cap 1210 into place on neck 1235 of base 1220. A space or gap is formed between ridges 1205A and 1205B which is sized and configured for cap engagement element 1230 to fit. Base engagement element 1205 is positioned on one side (e.g., a front side) of cap 1210, however base engagement element 1205 can be configured to be placed on other inner sides of cap 1210.

[0119] Elongate base 1220 has tube 1240 having closed bottom end 1221 and neck 1235 having open top end 1222. Both tube 1240 and neck 1235 have outer surface 1224. Bottom end 1221 can act as a receiving portion for raised portion 1206 of cap 1210 to allow for stacking of one tube container on top of another tube container. Bottom end 1221 is substantially flat and substantially parallel to open top end 1222. The cavity defined by tube 1240 can have a round or curved internal bottom end 1241 as illustrated in FIG. 12H. Internal bottom 1241 can also be flat or have another geometry.

[0120] Base has cap engagement element 1230 positioned on an outer surface 1224 of neck 1235. Cap engagement element 1230 is positioned between top end 1222 and a radially extending flange 1223. Cap engagement element 1230 is positioned on a single side (e.g., front side) of the neck 1235, however cap engagement element 1230 can be positioned on one or more sides of neck 1235. Cap engagement element 1230 engages with base engagement element 1205 and provides a child-resistant tube container 1200 in a closed configuration. Cap engagement element 1230 is substantially parallel to flange 1223 and open top end 1222. Cap engagement element 1230 has a ramp-like structure so that base engagement element 1205, particularly ridge 1205A, can slide over cap engagement element 1230 and sit just beneath (e.g., inferior to) cap engagement element 1230. Ridge 1205B sits just above (e.g., superior to) cap engagement element 1230.

[0121] Radially-extending flange 1223 separates neck 1235 from tube 1240 of base 1220. Flange can act as a physical stop for cap 1210 on top of base 1220.

[0122] Positioned on opposite sides of the neck of container base 1220 are ramps 1231 and ramps 1232. Ramps 1231, 1232 are adjacent to cap engagement element 1230. Ramps 1231 and 1232 include a pair of ramps (e.g., ramp 1231 has ramp 1231A and ramp 1231B; ramp 1232 has ramps 1232A and 1232B) or includes a single ramp (e.g., 1231A only or 1231B only). Ramps 1231, 1232 can be positioned opposite each other (e.g., on opposite sides of the container neck 1235) or on a single side (e.g., left only or right only) of neck 1235. Ramps 1231 are positioned on a first side (e.g., left side) of the base and ramps 1232 are positioned on a second side (e.g., right side) of the base. Ramps 1231, 1232 are sized and configured to aid in securing the cap 1210 to base 1220. Ramps 1231, 1232 provide additional support and a friction fit between cap 1210 and base 1220. Although ramp-like structures are illustrated in FIGS. 12B, 12C, 12D, 12E and 12F, other structures, sizes, and configurations are contemplated and can achieve substantially the same result.

[0123] To disengage cap 1210 from base 1220, force is applied to the back 1261 of cap 1210. A user pushes against back 1261 and the pressure is applied just above (i.e., superior to) and near hinge 1260 to slightly slide the cap in a forward direction and disengage base engagement element 1205 from cap engagement element 1230. At about the same time, or simultaneously, the user lifts cap 1210 upwards by grabbing opposites sides of the cap to remove cap from base 1220.

[0124] Tube containers 1200, 1500 can be sized and shaped in a variety of ways. Tube containers, 1200, 1500 are substantially rectangular in shape having rounded corners. Cap 1210, base 1220, and neck 1235 and tube 1240 can each have horizontal cross-sections in the general shape of a square with rounded corners. Other geometries, such as rectangular, oblong, or polygon can be used for containers 1200, 1500.

[0125] The tube containers internal or outer diameter can be greater at the top end of the base (e.g., at or near the neck) compared to the bottom end of the base (e.g., at or near the closed bottom end). For example, as illustrated in FIGS. 12D and 12E, tube 1240 of container 1200 tapers from just below flange 1223 to closed bottom end 1221. The tube containers can be substantially straight, where the internal or outer diameter at the top end is substantially the same as the internal or outer diameter of the bottom end.

[0126] Tube containers generally have a length (height) that is greater than the depth and/or the width. The length can be measured from the closed bottom end to the top of the cap or to the open top end of the base. The depth and/or width can be measured either at the neck, near the neck, at the closed bottom end, or near the closed bottom end. The height to width ratio is, for example, at least 2:1. The height to width ratio can be about 2:1 to about 15:1, about 3:1 to about 12:1, about 5:1 to about 10:1, about 3:1 to about 5:1, about 5:1 to about 7:1, about 7:1 to about 9:1, about 9:1 to about 11:1, about 11:1 to about 13:1, or about 13:1 to about 15:1. The height to width ratio can be about 2:1, 2.5:1, 3:1, 3.5:1, 4:1, 4.5:1, 5:1, 5.5:1, 6:1, 6:5:1, 7:1, 7.5:1, 8:1, 8.5:1, 9:1, 10:1, 11:1, 12:1, 13:1, 14:1, 15:1 or more than 15:1.

[0127] The length (height) of tube container 1200 can be about 20 mm to about 500 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 30 mm to about 400 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 40 mm to about 300 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 50 mm to about 200 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 60 mm to about 150 mm. In one embodiment, the length is about 70 mm to about 125 mm. In some embodiments, the length is about 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 225, 230, 235, 240, 245, or 250 mm.

[0128] Container cap 1210 can also have gasket or annular seal 1270 positioned around and on the inner surface 1204 as illustrated in FIG. 12F. Annular seal 1270 is sized and configured to be positioned on seat 1271 (illustrated in FIG. 12B) within cap 1210. Annular seal 1270 helps establish tube container 1200 to be substantially air-tight, liquid-tight, water-tight, humidity-controlled, or any combination thereof. Annular ring 1270 helps prevent the influx and efflux of air, liquids, water, water vapor, humidity, odors and the like when tube container is closed. Seat 1271 positions annular sealing ring 1270 within container cap 1210.

[0129] Tube container 1200 also provide protection from light (e.g., ultraviolet light), bacteria, fungus, other microorganisms, and static electricity.

[0130] Hinge 1260 connects or tethers cap 1210 to base 1220 and allows for movement of cap 1210 to securely fit over base 1220. Hinge 1260 can allow the cap to move from about 0° (cap is on base) to about 180° or more. Hinge 1260 can be formed of a shape memory material so that one or more positions of the cap relative to the base are retained. In some embodiments, hinge 1260 preferentially disposes cap 1210 at one, two, three or more than three positions. For example, hinge 1260 can preferentially dispose cap 1210 at a position between 0 and 180°, between 20 and 140°, or between 45 and 120°. In some embodiments, the cap is at a 45° position, a 90° position (e.g., the cap is perpendicular relative to the base), a 135° position, at a 180° position and/or at an angle greater than 180°. These positions relate to the cap relative to the base, such that the cap on the base at 0° and at 180° the cap is off base as illustrated in FIG. 12D. There are various advantages of having hinge 1260 to remember or retain one or more positions of the cap relative to the base. For example, a cap at an angle less than 180 degrees can allow for improved manufacturing and labeling of tube container 1200. Hinge 1260 can be reinforced at certain areas with a material (e.g., a plastic) so that container 1200 can withstand hundreds, thousands or more cycles (e.g., being opened and closed).

[0131] Child-resistant container 1600 of FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate another embodiment of the containers described herein. Container cap 1610 has a raised surface or elevated portion 1601 and a ramp 1602 that slopes to a shoulder portion 1603. Each of elevated portion 1601, ramp 1602 and shoulder 1603 define a closed top end of the container cap 1610.

[0132] Container base 1620 has an open top end 1622, a closed bottom end 1621, a radially-extending flange 1623 disposed on outer surface 1624. Container base 1620 also has a first cap engagement element 1630A and a second cap engagement element 1630B (FIG. 13F). The cap engagement elements 1630A, 1630B are disposed on the outer surface 1624 of the container base 1620, on opposite sides of the container base, and between the open top end 1622 and flange 1623. Cap engagement elements 1630A, 1630B each have a raised surface 1631 substantially parallel to the flange 1623, a plurality of ridges 1632 disposed between the raised surface 1631 and the flange 1623, the ridges forming at least one groove 1633 between the ridges. The at least one groove 1633 is sized to receive a ridge from a lower row of ridges on an inside surface the container cap 1610. Container base 1620 also has one or more anti-rotation locks 1650A and 1650B symmetrically and radially disposed on the outer surface 1624 on adjacent sides of the container base from the cap engagement elements 1630A, 1630B, and extend from about the flange 1623. Container base 1620 also has ramps 1660 symmetrically and radially disposed on the outer surface 1624 between a cap engagement element 1630 and an anti-rotation lock 1650. Ramps 1660 help align the container cap 1610 with the container base 1620. Container base 1620 can also have grip markings 1640 and/or text 1641 instructing the user how and where to open the container. Text 1631 can be any language, font, size, design, braille, and/or symbols.

[0133] Container base 1620 also has one or more protrusions 1670 that help secure the container base 1620 when placed on top of a container cap, such as 1610 (FIG. 13E). The container base 1620 has a recessed floor on the closed bottom end 1621 to allow for securing and mating with another container.

[0134] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate additional features of an embodiment of the container base 2200. Container base 2200 has a closed bottom end 2221, open top end 2222, radially-extending flange 2223, and outer surface 2224. Container base 2200 also has cap engagement elements 2230, disposed on opposite sides of the container base, on the outer surface, between the flange 2223 and open end 2222. Grip markings 2240 and text 2241 sit just below flange 2223, on the same side of cap engagement elements 2230.

[0135] FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate interior views of a container cap 2400. Container cap 2400 has an outer surface 2406 and an inner (interior) surface 2407. Disposed on the inner surface 2407 are one or more base engagement elements 2401. The one or more base engagement elements 2401 comprise an upper row of ridges 2403 and a lower row of ridges 2402 (each row relative to the cap when orientated on a container base), each row of ridges having 1 or more ridges. Base engagement elements 2401A, 2401B, 2401C and 2401D are disposed circumferentially around the interior surface 2407 of the container cap 2400. The one or more base engagement elements lockably secures with the first and second cap engagement elements (e.g., 2230 of FIG. 14B) to provide a child-resistant container when in a closed configuration.

[0136] FIG. 15C is a top view of a container cap 2400, having an elevated portion 2401, ramp 2402 and shoulder 2403.

[0137] The child-resistant containers described herein are stackable, as illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16B. That is, one container 2700 having a container cap 2710 and container base 2720 can be stacked on top of another container 2703 having a container cap 2710 and a container base 2720. Container cap 2710 includes ramps 2702. The elevated portion 2701 of a container cap 2710 from one container 2700 is configured to sit inside of a receiving portion defined by a recessed floor of the closed bottom end 2721 of container base 2720. The child-resistant containers and tube containers each have similar configurations to allow for self-stacking. The containers 2700 and 2703 can include grip markings 2740. See FIGS. 11A-11E.

[0138] Similarly, FIG. 17 illustrates container 2900 having a container cap 2910 nested with the bottom end of a container base 2920. The elevated portion (not shown) and ramp (not shown) are nested within the recessed floor of the base 2920. Bottom end of container base 2920 rests on shoulder 2903 of container cap 2910. As illustrated, container base 2920 includes open top end 2922, radially extending flange 2923, anti-rotation locks 2950, cap engagement elements 2930, ramps 2960 and grip markings 2940.

[0139] As described herein, the container cap is configured to associate with the container base. The container base form an enclosure for containing materials, and the container cap encloses the open top end of the base. The container base and the container cap can be a plastic, plastic composite, reinforced plastic, thermoplastic material, thermoplastic, metal, metal composite, a copolymer polypropylene, ultra-clarified polypropylene, colored PP, PET, PETE, PS, PC, glass or a combination thereof. The container base, the container cap could be prepared, for example, from a combination of any of the materials listed below: polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, phenol-formaldehyde resin, para-aramid, polyethylene terephthalate, polychloroprene, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, copolyimide, aromatic polyester, poly-p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole; glass, plexiglass, resin, wood, rubber, elastomeric rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, silicone, fluorinated ethylene propylene, vulcanized rubber, metal.

Tray Inserts and Containers

[0140] As discussed above, the modular container system comprises tray insert and child-resistant containers, each described in detail above. FIGS. 18-22 illustrate various embodiments (3100, 3200, 3300, 3400, 3500) of a tray insert (3120, 3220, 3320, 3420 and 3520) and a child-resistant container (3110, 3210, 3310, 3410 and 3510). For example, referring to FIG. 20, in the instance where the tray insert 3220 is not completely filled with containers 3210, markings in recessed portions 3223 identify the number of containers 3210 that remain in the tray insert 3220. Since “12” is visible to the user, 12 containers remain on the tray insert 3220. Other numbering or labeling schemes can also be used to achieve the same result, i.e., to quickly and easily determine the remaining containers or, alternatively, the numbers of containers missing.

[0141] Another aspect of the modular container system allows for tray inserts with containers to stack upon other tray inserts with containers. Referring to FIG. 23, a stack of two tray insert/container “units” is illustrated 3000. Although FIG. 23 illustrates the stacking of similar containers 3010 and tray inserts 3020, any of the tray insert 3020 and child-resistant container embodiments disclosed herein can stack on another embodiment. Tray inserts 3020 includes female locking elements 3022 and male locking elements 3021.

[0142] FIG. 24A is a top view of a tray insert 3620 partially filled with child-resistant containers 3630. Containers 3630 fit securely in recessed portions 3610, which prevent containers from moving or sliding within the tray insert 3620. Identifying mark 3611 aid in determining how many containers 3630 remain in the tray insert 3620. Tray insert 3620 has two pairs of locking mechanisms 3621, 3622. A male 3621 and a female 3622 locking mechanism are disposed on opposite sides of the tray insert 3620. The arrangement of the locking mechanism allows for multiple insert trays to lock together in a side by side arrangement, such that a male portion 3621 on one tray insert mates to a female portion 3622 on another tray insert.

[0143] FIGS. 24B and 24C illustrate a side by side arrangement of tray inserts 3600A and 3600B. Locking mechanism 3620 of tray insert 3600A mates with locking mechanism 3620 of tray insert 3600B (FIG. 24C). As illustrated in FIG. 24D, multiple tray inserts 3600A, 3600B, 3600C, 3600D can be arranged to form larger shapes, designs or patterns of inserts. See FIGS. 7A-7E. Locking mechanism 3620 can be found on one, two, three, or all four sides 3650A (top), 3650B (right), 3650C (bottom), 3605D (left) of inserts 3600A, 3600B, 3600C, 3600D. Each locking mechanism 3620 has male 3621 and female 3622 connectors.

[0144] Containers 3630 friction-fit in recessed portions 3610 so that containers do not fall out of the insert. For example, tray insert can be hung or attached to a wall or a ceiling without containers from falling out.

[0145] FIGS. 25A-25C are side views of a tray insert/child-resistant container combination 3700 having child-resistant containers 3710A-E. Locking mechanisms 3721, 3722 are shown in FIG. 25B. A cross-sectional side view of the combination 3700 is shown in FIG. 25C. Row of ridges 3701 of the container cap comprise an upper row 3702 and a lower row 3703. Lower row 3703 engages with cap engagement element 3730 to provide a substantially child-resistant closed container. Container cap has an elevated portion 3711, ramp 3712 and shoulder 3713.

Tray Frames

[0146] Another part of the modular container system is tray frame as illustrated in FIGS. 26 and 27. Tray frame 5010 is sized and configured to nest within another tray frame 5020 forming a stack of tray frames 5000. Each tray frame 5010, 5020 have one or more slots 5011, 5012, 5021, 5022 disposed on a side of the tray. The slots are sized to allow for a locking mechanism of the tray insert to protrude out of the tray frame. Slot 5011 of frame 5010 is sized so a male connector of a locking mechanism on a tray insert can protrude out from the tray frame. Slot 5012 of frame 5010 is sized so a female connector of a locking mechanism on a tray insert can protrude out from the tray frame. Slots 5011 and 5012 are disposed on a left and right side of the tray frame, corresponding to the first and second locking mechanisms of a tray insert.

[0147] FIG. 27 illustrates tray frames 5110 and 5120 nested within one another forming a stack of tray frames 5100. Any number of tray frames can be stacked for storage or other uses. A notch 5125 provides correct orientation of the tray frame, so that multiple tray frames all align in the same direction and orientation. Tray frame 5110, 5120 includes slots 5111, 5112, 5121 and 5122 configured to engage with the locking mechanisms of the tray insert.

[0148] Tray frame also have rounded feet or corners (see FIG. 34B, 4091) on the bottom of the tray frame. The corners 4091 each has a rounded edge so that it is able to lock or mate with an outside radius of a child-resistant container cap, regardless of container size (e.g., 15D, 25D, 45D, or 145D). The tray frame feet 4091 are configured so that the tray frame does not slide or otherwise move when placed on top of containers.

[0149] The disclosure provides for a single tray frame that universally fits with multiple tray inserts. The tray inserts, although having similar dimensions, are unique for the container type it is holding. Other embodiments include having the tray frame and tray insert formed as a single unit.

Other Components

[0150] The modular container system can include a tamper evident element. The tamper evident element can be found on the tray insert, tray frame, and/or child-resistant containers. For example, the tamper evident element is a break-away component. The break-away component can comprise a seal, a tape, or a combination thereof.

[0151] The modular container storage system can further comprise a product identification, a manufacturer's note, a RFID tag, NFC tag, barcode, or a combination thereof.

[0152] In some aspects, the parts of the modular container system further comprise a writing surface compatible with a pen, a pencil, or a marker. In some aspects, the modular container system further comprise a space available for a specialty material or a surface application to easily remove stickers and labels without leaving residue.

[0153] In some aspects, the modular container storage system further comprises one or more sensors. For example, any sensor can be used in the modular container storage system such as an environmental sensor (e.g., a humidity sensor, an oxygen sensor, a temperature sensor, a barometric pressure sensor, a light sensor), a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a GPS sensor, a magnetometer, a proximity sensor, a fingerprint sensor, and an retinal sensor.

Methods of Using and Storing

[0154] The present disclosure relates to a method for packaging and/or storing a material. The method of packaging comprises providing a modular container system having a child-resistant container and introducing the material into the container. The method includes adding the child-resistant containers to one or more tray inserts and then adding the one or more tray inserts into tray frames.

[0155] The material being packaged can be a material sensitive to one or more environmental factors. Sensitivities include, but it not limited to, air, water, oxygen, light, UV, temperature, bacteria, or combinations thereof. For example, the material is a consumer product, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, herbal material, botanical material, food product, animal-based product, plant-based product, or the like. Thus, parts or all of the modular container system create a substantially air-tight seal, liquid-tight seal or both.

[0156] The cap engagement elements and base engagement elements are configured to cooperatively engage in a locked position that releasably secures the container cap to the container base in a closed position in which the open end of the base is covered by the cap prohibiting access to the open cavity. Securing the container cap on the container base comprises the following steps: sliding and pressing the container cap over the open end of the container base along the long axis of the container. The container is locked by sliding and pressing the cap over the raised surface of the container base, until an audible noise is heard as well as a tactile snap. In other words, the sides of the container cap have to be pressed with a force sufficient to overcome the hindrance of the raised surface and then settle in a secure base-cap engagement, such that one end of the plurality of the ridges of the inner sides of the container cap press against the raised surface. Simultaneously, one or more ridges will lodge or fit within the groove of the cap engagement element of the container base, and one or more ridges of the container base can lodge in between ridges on the container cap. This forms a secure coupling of the base engagement element of the container cap and the cap engagement element of the container base. Additional grooves and ridges can be included in order to increase the hardship or complexity of accessing the contents or using the container.

[0157] In some embodiments the complete coupling of the base engagement element and the cap engagement element is designed to release an acoustic signal, a snap-sound, which lets the operator know that the cap is secure on the base and thereby the contained elements are secure in the child-resistant container.

[0158] Visual signals are provided on the surface of the container which correspond to the site and direction of force to be applied. For example, a marking for grip is provided on the surface of the container base, designating the side of the container base that has the cap engagement element. A second marking is provided on the cap usually on the side not opposite, but adjacent to the one containing the cap engagement element. It corresponds to application of pulling force on the container cap to dissociate the cap from the base, while the container base is held by another hand.

[0159] To access the contents from a closed container, application of a predetermined amount of compression force radially inward on two opposing sides of the base is necessary. One would press with finger two opposing sides of the base having the cap engagement element and marked by the grip markings to resiliently reduce a first width of the base along a compression axis to a second width, which releases the cap engagement element from the base engagement element. This frees the cap from the pressure of the raised surface on the sides of the cap. In one aspect the predetermined amount of force can be applied to a position on opposed cap sides adjacent to the cap engagement elements. The markings constitute the visual indicator of the side for the application of the compression force in order to open the container. The container cap and container base can be uncoupled from the closed position by axially pulling the container base and the container cap away from each other along a longitudinal axis of the container. The pulling can occur after the engagement elements are in an unlocked position. The predetermined amount of force is between about 1 pounds to about 9 pounds, or between about 2 pounds to about 8 pounds, about 2 points to about 6 pounds, or between 3 pounds to 5 pounds. The predetermined amount of force is at least about 4 pounds.

[0160] The cap engagement element and base engagement element can be configured to disengage from a locked position to an unlocked position in which the container cap and container base can be uncoupled from a closed position to an open position such that the open cavity of the container is accessible. A change from a locked position to an unlocked position is achieved by radially inwardly applying a predetermined amount of compression force at two opposing sides of the base to resiliently reduce a first width of the base along a compression axis to a second width, where the second width is slightly lesser than the first width. In some aspects, the predetermined amount of force can be applied to a position on opposing base sides, wherein, at least one side of the base comprises the cap engagement element. The cap and base can be uncoupled from the closed position by pulling apart the cap along an longitudinal axis of the container by simultaneously applying a predetermined force of compression on two opposing sides of the base, where at least one of the two opposing sides comprises the cap-engagement element, and pulling the cap away from the base along the longitudinal axis. In still other aspects, the cap can be pulled using cap sides corresponding to a position parallel to the expansion axis. In some aspects, the reduction is from a first width to a second width, where the second width is less than the first width, and the second width expands to the first with resiliently upon release of pressure.

[0161] The present disclosure relates, in various aspects, to containers and devices for storing substances of restricted use. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPC, www.cspc.gov) provides guidance for packaging drugs and other controlled substances for special child-resistant and senior friendly packaging (CRP). The CSPC also administers the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA), 15 U.S.C. § 1471-1476. Substances for restricted use as intended in this application include but are not limited to tobacco, medicines, federally controlled substances, nutraceuticals and/or vitamins. The substance can be sensitive to environmental exposure and is liable to decay, decomposition, loss of desirable property upon exposure, for example, pharmaceutical medications, herbal products, botanical products. A substance for storage in a container of the invention can include but is not limited to one or more of the components or drugs classified under Schedules I, II, III, or Schedule IV in the Controlled Substance Act (CSA) by the Drug Enforcement Authority of the United States of America (https://www.dea.gov/druginfo/ds.shtml): combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage unit (Vicodin), cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine (Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl, Dexedrine, Adderall, and Ritalin; products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit (Tylenol with codeine), ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone; or products including Xanax, Soma, Darvon, Darvocet, Valium, Ativan, Talwin, Ambien, Tramadol.

[0162] The disclosure provides a method of storing a material in a child resistant container. The method involves providing a child-resistant container comprising a container base having a cap engagement element and a container cap having a base engagement element, wherein the cap engagement element is configured to engage and reversibly couple to the base engagement element cooperatively; introducing the material in the base; and securing the cap over the base, wherein the cap engagement element engages and couples to the base engagement element to form a child-resistant container.

[0163] FIGS. 28-34C illustrate various embodiments of the modular container system having a tray frame, a tray insert, and one or more child-resistant containers. For example, FIG. 28 is an exploded view of modular system 4900 having child-resistant containers 4910, tray insert 4920, and tray frame 4930. As disclosed herein, tray insert 4920 corresponds to a specifically sized container 4910. Tray insert 4920 is in a 5×5 configuration and therefore capable of holding 25 containers 4910.

[0164] FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment of the modular container system 4400 having a tray frame 4430, tray insert 4420, and plurality of containers 4410. Tray insert 4420 is in a 6×6 configuration capable of holding 36 containers 4410. Tray insert 4420 has a plurality of recessed portions 4421, each with an identifying numerical mark 4422. Male 4423 and female 4424 connectors of a first locking mechanism of the tray insert 4420 protrude out of the slots in the tray frame 4430.

[0165] FIG. 30 illustrates another embodiment of a modular container system 4500 having a tray frame 4530, tray insert 4520 and a plurality of containers 4510. Tray insert 4520 is in a 5×5 configuration capable of holding 25 containers 4510. Tray frame 4530 can include notch 4525. FIG. 31 illustrates another embodiment of a modular container system 4600 having a tray frame 4630, tray insert 4620 and a plurality of containers 4610. Tray insert 4620 is in a 4×4 configuration capable of holding 16 containers 4610. Tray frame 4630 can include notch 4625. FIG. 32 illustrates another embodiment of a modular container system 4700 having a tray frame 4730, tray insert 4720 and a plurality of containers 4710. Tray frame 4730 can include notch 4725. Tray insert 4720 is in a 3×3 configuration capable of holding 9 containers 4710. FIG. 33 illustrates another embodiment of a modular container system 4800 having a tray frame 4830, tray insert 4820 and a plurality of tube containers 4810. Tray insert 4820 is in a 10×10 configuration capable of holding 100 tube containers 4810. Tray frame 4830 can include notch 4825.

[0166] FIGS. 34A-34D illustrate various views of an embodiment of the modular container system 4000. FIG. 34A is a perspective view of a stack of tray frames 4060, each having a tray insert and containers 4010, 4020, 4030, 4040 and 4050. The stacking or arrangement of the tray frame, tray insert, and container subunits does not affect the system in any way and can be in any order. FIGS. 34B-34C show that the tray frame 4060 has lip 4061, which can be used for holding or carrying the tray frame. A portion of the tray frame locking mechanism 4071, 4072 abuts out from the tray frame. FIG. 34D is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the modular container system.

Methods of Making Modular Container Systems

[0167] The component described herein, including, but not limited to, the tray inserts, child-resistant containers, child-resistant tube containers, and the tray frames can be formed of plastic or any other suitable material. For example, any of the components of the modular container system can be a plastic, thermoplastic material, cardboard, recycled material, glass, metal, metal-alloy, combinations thereof, or other suitable materials. For example, suitable plastics include, but is not limited to, polypropylene, polypropylene copolymer, ultra-clarified polypropylene, colored polypropylene, PET, PETE, fluorinated ethylene propylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or combinations thereof.

[0168] Other materials or additives can be added to any of the components (e.g., tray insert, child-resistant container, tray frame). For example, an antimicrobial additive can be added. Other additives can include as oxo-degradable additives, and biodegradable material substrate additives, UV resistance additives, and anti-static additives.

[0169] Parts of the modular container system, such as the container base and/or the container cap have an UV resistant or blocking material. The container base and/or the container cap are composed of a material having complete opacity. Complete opacity or an opaque material is described herein as exhibiting 100% opacity, wherein the material is light impermeable. In certain aspects the base or the cap or both are composed of a material having less than complete opacity. Such material can include characteristics having 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% 10% or 0% opacity, or any range in between. In certain embodiments, the container cap and/or base is completely opaque, and light protective. In some aspects the container cap and/or base is transparent, wherein the opacity is less than 100%. In some aspects the container cap and/or base is transparent, wherein the opacity about 10% or about approximately 0%.

[0170] In various aspects, part of the modular container system, such as the container cap and/or the container base, are protected by a removable sleeve. The removable sleeve can be opaque. The removable sleeve can be UV-resistant. In some aspects the removable sleeve is moisture resistant. In some aspects the removable sleeve is light impermeable. In some aspects the removable sleeve comprises surface markings for product identification, security notice or any combination thereof

[0171] The plastic can be injection molded, thermoformed, vacuum formed, or manufactured in any way suitable to make the components described herein to achieve the desired functionality.

[0172] The teachings of all patents, published applications and references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0173] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.