Variable pitch fan-out routing for display panels having narrow borders

[0001] This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/182,268, filed Mar. 10, 2023, titled “Variable Pitch Fan-out Routing for Display Panels Having Narrow Borders,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/182,268 claims priority to Chinese Invention Patent Application No. 2022113781761, filed Nov. 4, 2022, titled “Variable Pitch Fan-out Routing for Display Panels Having Narrow Borders,” and Chinese Patent Application No. 2022112383038, filed Oct. 10, 2022, entitled “Dual-Side Folded Source Driver Outputs of a Display Panel Having a Narrow Border,” each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0002] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 18/182,268 is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/974,407, filed Oct. 26, 2022, entitled “Dual-Side Folded Source Driver Outputs of a Display Panel Having a Narrow Border,” which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/88,263, filed Sep. 28, 2021, entitled “Distributed and Multi-Group Pad Arrangement,” which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/334,370, filed May 28, 2021, entitled “Pad Arrangement in Fan-Out Areas of Display Devices.” Each of these applications is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0003] U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/974,407 claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 2022112383038, filed Oct. 10, 2022, entitled “Dual-Side Folded Source Driver Outputs of a Display Panel Having a Narrow Border,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0004] The disclosed implementations relate generally to display devices, including methods and systems for adaptively arranging routing interconnects within a fan-out area located in a bezel of a display screen.

[0005] Display screens are widely applied in today's industrial and consumer products (e.g., cellular phones, GPS devices, set-top boxes, cameras, computer screens, MP3 players, digital tablets, and the like). Some of these display screens are touch display screens that utilize capacitive sense arrays made of capacitive sense elements. In most of these display screens, display elements and capacitive sense elements are hard-wired to an edge area (i.e., a bezel) where the electrical circuit for driving the display elements and detecting touches on the capacitive sense array can be accessed. However, this arrangement is at odds with a technological trend to create a large display screen having a substantially narrow bezel in many state-of-the-art consumer electronics devices (e.g., a bezel-less mobile phone or a laptop having an extremely narrow screen edge). When the resolution of a display screen is substantially large (e.g., 3840×1760 pixels), a relatively large number of hard wires need to extend from the display area and access a relatively small edge of the electrical circuit within a fan-out area of the bezel of the display screen. Despite the technological trend towards a substantially narrow bezel, the display and capacitive sense elements' need to access the electrical circuit creates a challenge to keep a substantially small bezel width or fan-out area height for the display screen.

[0006] Various implementations of systems, methods and devices within the scope of the appended claims each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the attributes described herein. After considering this disclosure, one will understand how the aspects of various implementations are used to adaptively arrange routing interconnects of display elements and/or capacitive sense elements in a fan-out area located in a bezel of a display screen to reduce a height of the fan-out area (e.g., below a threshold fan-out height).

[0007] In some implementations, an electronic device includes a display screen and a driver chip. The display screen has a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area, and the driver chip is disposed on the driver area of the display screen. The fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area. The driver chip further includes a first edge placed adjacent to the display area, one or more second edges distinct from the first edge, and a first row of electronic pads proximate to the first edge. The first row of electronic pads has a first subset of end pads at a first end of the first row, a second subset of end pads at a second opposite end of the first row, and a first subset of intermediate pads located between the first subset of end pads and the second subset of end pads. The first subset of end pads physically contact a first subset of interconnects from the first edge, and the first subset of intermediate pads physically contact a second subset of interconnects from the one or more second edges.

[0008] In some implementations, the plurality of interconnects are formed on a single layer of conductive material, cannot cross each other, and are spatially ordered on the display screen.

[0009] In some implementations, the fan-out area at least partially surrounds the driver area, and the one or more second edges include two side edges connecting to the first edge. Further, in some implementations, the second subset of interconnects include a first number of interconnects. The first number is determined based on a length of the two side edges connecting to the first edge. The plurality of interconnects include a remaining number of interconnects that physically access the first row of electronic pads from the first edge. The height of the fan-out area is configured to accommodate the remaining number of interconnects that are routed from the display area to the first row of electronic pads via the first edge.

[0010] In some implementations, the second subset of end pads physically contact a corresponding subset of interconnects from the first edge. Further, in some implementations, the first subset of end pads include more than one pad that are located at the first end of the first row, and the second subset of end pads include more than one pad that are located at the second opposite end of the first row.

[0011] In some implementations, the first row of electronic pads further include a second subset of intermediate pads. The first subset of intermediate pads are located between the second subset of intermediate pads and the first subset of end pads, and the second subset of intermediate pads physically contact a third subset of interconnects from the first edge. Further, in some implementations, each of the third subset of interconnects at least partially has a respective serpentine shape and has a respective length that matches that of the first subset of interconnects.

[0012] In some implementations, each of the first subset of interconnects at least partially has a respective serpentine shape and has a respective length that matches that of the second subset of interconnects.

[0013] In some implementations, the driver chip includes an interconnect compensation component configured to generate electrical signals that compensate for parasitics (e.g., parasitic resistance) of one or more interconnects of the plurality of interconnects actively.

[0014] In some implementations, the first row of electronic pads further include a plurality of adjacent subsets of intermediate pads that are located between the first subset of end pads and the second subset of end pads and spatially ordered in the first row. The plurality of adjacent subsets of intermediate pads contact respective subsets of interconnects alternatingly from a respective second edge and from the first edge.

[0015] In some implementations, the driver chip further includes a second row of electronic pads proximate to the first edge and the first row of electronic pads. The second row of electronic pads include a third subset of end pads at a third end of the second row, a fourth subset of end pads at a fourth end of the second row, and a second subset of intermediate pads located between the third subset of end pads and the fourth subset of end pads. The third subset of end pads physically contact a third subset of interconnects from the first edge, and the second subset of intermediate pads physically contact a fourth subset of interconnects from the one or more second edges. Further, in some implementations, the first subset of interconnects and third subset of interconnects interleave with each other, and the second subset of interconnects and fourth subset of interconnects interleave with each other. Additionally, in some implementations, the driver chip further includes one or more third rows of electronic pads proximate to the first edge and the second row of electronic pads. Each of the one or more third rows of electronic pads include a fifth subset of end pads at a fifth end of the respective third row, a sixth subset of end pads at a sixth opposite end of the respective third row, and a third subset of intermediate pads located between the fifth subset of end pads and the sixth subset of end pads. The fifth subset of end pads physically contacts a fifth subset of interconnects from the first edge.

[0016] In some implementations, the one or more second edges distinct from the first edge include a bottom edge that opposes and is parallel to the first edge. The bottom edge includes a first portion and a second portion. The second subset of interconnects access the first subset of intermediate pads from the first portion. The second portion includes a plurality of input electronic pads and is adjacent to a fan-in area of the display screen.

[0017] In some implementations, the first subset of end pads are arranged in a first order that is consistent with that of the first subset of intermediate pads and the first subset of interconnects, and the first subset of intermediate pads are arranged in a second order that is opposite to that of the second subset of interconnects.

[0018] In some implementations, the driver chip is flip-chip assembled to the display screen, thereby facilitating the first subset of end pads and the first subset of intermediate pads to physically contact the first subset of interconnects and the second subset of interconnects, respectively.

[0019] In some implementations, the electronic device is a laptop display, a tablet computer display, or a mobile phone display. The driver chip includes at least one source driver configured to drive the plurality of display elements and includes a timing controller configured to control driving of the plurality of display elements in a synchronous manner.

[0020] In some implementations, the one or more second edges include a third edge that opposes the first edge. The display screen further includes a fan-in area disposed adjacent to the third edge. Flexible printed circuit (FPC) is disposed on the fan-in area to provide one or more input signals to the display chip.

[0021] In some implementations, the driver area is a first driver area, and the display area is a first fan-out area. The display screen has a plurality of driver areas including the first driver area, and a plurality of fan-out areas including the first fan-out area. Each fan-out area has a plurality of respective interconnects configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of respective display elements of the display area. A plurality of driver chips are disposed on the plurality of driver areas. Among the plurality of driver chips, at least a first driver chip disposed on the first driver area is routed with outmost interconnects routed from one or more second edges of the first driver chip. In some implementations, each and every driver chip is routed with respective outmost interconnects routed from the respective one or more second edges of the respective driver chip. By these means, the height of the fan-out area is reduced not only by using multiple driver chips, but also by routing a subset of the interconnects from the one or more second edges of the respective driver chip.

[0022] In another aspect, an electronic device has a display substrate and a drive chip. The display substrate includes a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area. The fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area. The driver chip is disposed on the driver area of the display substrate, and further includes a first edge adjacent to the display area and a plurality of pad groups. Each pad group includes a respective row of electronic pads that is (i) arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge and (ii) electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects routed on a respective region of the fan-out area. The plurality of pad groups includes a first pad group and a second pad group, and the first and second pad groups have two different distances from the first edge and correspond to two different subsets of interconnects routed on two non-overlapping regions of the fan-out area.

[0023] In yet another aspect, an electronic device includes a display substrate, and a driver chip. The display substrate includes a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area. The fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area. The driver chip is disposed on the driver area of the display substrate. The driver chip further includes a first edge adjacent to the display area, two side edges connected to the first edge, and a plurality of pad groups. Each pad groups includes a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects routed on the fan-out area. The plurality of pad groups includes a first pad group and a second pad group disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group. A first subset of interconnects cross one of the two side edges, and extend above a gap between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups to reach the first pad group.

[0024] In yet another aspect, an electronic device includes a driver chip configured to be disposed on a display substrate including a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area. The driver area is configured to receive the driver chip, and the fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects and is configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area. The driver chip further includes a first edge configured to be adjacent to the display area, two side edges connected to the first edge, and a plurality of pad groups, each pad group including a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects routed on the fan-out area. The plurality of pad groups include a first pad group and a second pad group disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group, and a first subset of interconnects cross one of the two side edges, and extend above a gap between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups to reach the first pad group.

[0025] In another aspect, an apparatus includes a display substrate. The display substrate further includes a display area, a fan-out area, and a driver area. The display area has a plurality of display elements. The fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects that are configured to provide electrical accesses to the plurality of display elements of the display area. The fan-out area is divided to a plurality of fan-out regions. The driver area of the display substrate is configured to receive a driver chip including a plurality of pads, and each pad is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective display element via a respective interconnects routed on the fan-out area. The plurality of interconnects include a subset of first interconnects. The plurality of interconnects include a subset of first interconnects, and each first interconnect is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective first pad of the driver chip, and passes a first fan-out region and a second fan-out region to access a respective first display element. A first portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the first fan-out region with a first interconnect pitch, and a second portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the second fan-out region with a second interconnect pitch. The second interconnect pitch is different from the first interconnect pitch.

[0026] In yet another aspect, an electronic device includes a display substrate and a driver chip. The display substrate includes a display area, a driver area, and a fan-out area, and the fan-out area has a plurality of interconnects configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area. The driver chip is disposed on the driver area of the display substrate, and further includes a plurality of pads. Each pad is electrically coupled to a respective display element via a respective interconnect routed on the fan-out area. The fan-out area is divided to a plurality of fan-out regions. The plurality of interconnects include a subset of first interconnects, and each first interconnect is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective first pad of the driver chip, and passes a first fan-out region and a second fan-out region to access a respective first display element. A first portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the first fan-out region with a first interconnect pitch, and a second portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the second fan-out region with a second interconnect pitch. The second interconnect pitch is different from (e.g., greater than) the first interconnect pitch.

[0027] These illustrative implementations and implementations are mentioned not to limit or define the disclosure, but to provide examples to aid understanding thereof. Additional implementations are discussed in the Detailed Description, and further description is provided there.

[0047] Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

[0048] Reference will now be made in detail to implementations, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described implementations. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described implementations may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, mechanical structures, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the implementations.

[0049] This application introduces a new output pad sequence design to significantly reduce the fan-out area (specifically, the height of the fan-out area) to fit into a substantially narrow bezel of a display screen. The new output pad sequence design is incorporated on a driver chip that is disposed in proximity to the fan-out area and flip-chip coupled to wires formed on a display substrate of the display screen. The display substrate is optionally made of glass, and the driver chip is coupled to the display substrate via chip-on-glass (COG) bonding. Interconnects coupling display and/or capacitive sense elements to pads of the driver chip are adjusted according to the new output pad sequence design. For example, a subset of interconnects are routed to take a detour to access corresponding pads in the new output pad sequence design from side edges of the driver chip, rather than accessing the corresponding pads from a top edge of the driver chip directly. This addresses the challenge of routing all of the interconnects from the top edge, thereby reducing the height of the fan-out area and the width of a bezel area containing the fan-out area. Thinner bezels help maximize the screen real estate of a laptop and make multiple desktop displays look more like a single screen when placed side by side.

[0050] FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating an electronic device 100, in accordance with some implementations, and FIG. 1B is an exploded view of a display screen 125 of the electronic device in FIG. 1A, including a plurality of structural layers, in accordance with some implementations. The electronic device 100 includes a processing device 110 that is electrically coupled to the display screen 125 having a display pixel array. The display pixel array further includes a plurality of display elements driven between a plurality of display electrodes and one or more common electrodes. Each display element is disposed between a display electrode and a common electrode. In a display driving state, a voltage bias is generated by the processing device 110 and applied between the display and common electrodes of each display element to enable display of a color on the respective display element. In the depicted implementation, the display and/or common electrodes are electrically coupled to the processing device 110 via a bus 124, and configured to receive display driving signals (e.g., the voltage bias that enables display of the color on each display pixel) from the processing device 110 via the bus 124.

[0051] In some implementations, the display screen 125 further includes a capacitive sense array 128 including a two-dimensional array of capacitive sense elements. Each capacitive sense element is formed by a respective intersection of (i) a respective row electrode in a first electrode layer and (ii) a respective column electrode in a second electrode layer. The processing device 110 operates in a touch sensing state in addition to a display driving state. In the touch sensing state, the processing device 110 is configured to measure capacitance variations at the row and column electrodes and detect one or more touches on or proximate to a surface of the display screen 125. In some implementations, the processing device 110 alternates between the display driving state and the touch sensing state according to a predetermined duty cycle (e.g., 80%) for the display driving state, and detects a contact with or a proximity to a touch sensing surface associated with the display pixel array at a distinct duty cycle, thereby avoiding interfering with display operations of the display pixel array during the predetermined duty cycle. In some implementations, the processing device 110 operates in the display driving state and the touch sensing state concurrently by two separate circuit blocks (e.g., a pixel drive circuit 102 and a capacitance sense circuit 101). These circuits implement display operations via the display pixel array and detect a contact with or a proximity to a touch sensing surface associated with the display pixel array. The capacitive sense array 128 is coupled to the processing device 110 via a bus 122, and the capacitive sense array 128 is configured to provide capacitive sense signals to the capacitance sense circuit 101 of the processing device 110 via the bus 122.

[0052] In some implementations, the processing device 110 includes analog and/or digital general purpose input/output (“GPIO”) ports 107. The GPIO ports 107 may be programmable. The GPIO ports 107 may be coupled to a Programmable Interconnect and Logic (“PIL”), which acts as an interconnect between the GPIO ports 107 and a digital block array of the processing device 110 (not shown). In some implementations, the digital block array is configured to implement a variety of digital logic circuits (e.g., DACs, digital filters, or digital control systems) using configurable user modules (“UMs”). The digital block array may be coupled to a system bus. The processing device 110 may also include memory, such as random access memory (“RAM”) 105 and non-volatile memory (“NVM”) 104. The RAM 105 may be static RAM (“SRAM”). The non-volatile memory 104 may be flash memory, which may be used to store firmware (e.g., control algorithms executable by processing core 109 to implement operations described herein). The processing device 110 may also include a memory controller unit (“MCU”) 103 coupled to the memory and the processing core 109. The processing core 109 is a processing element configured to execute instructions or perform operations stored in the memory for the purposes of driving the display pixel array or detecting touches on the touch sensing surface. It should also be noted that the memory may be internal to the processing device 110 or external to it.

[0053] Some or all of the operations of the processing core 109 may be implemented in firmware, hardware, software, or some combination thereof. The processing core 109 may provide display information to the pixel drive circuit 102, such that the pixel drive circuit 102 can be configured to drive individual display elements in the display screen 125 to display images or videos based on the display information. In some implementations, the processing core 109 includes the pixel drive circuit 102. In some implementations, the processing core 109 includes some or all functions of the pixel drive circuit 102 (e.g., part or all of the pixel drive circuit 102 is integrated into the processing core 109). Additionally, in some implementations, the processing core 109 receives signals from the capacitance sense circuit 101, determine the state of the capacitive sense array 128 (e.g., determining whether an object is detected on or in proximity to the touch sensing surface), resolve where the object is on the sense array (e.g., determining the location of the object), track the motion of the object, or generate other information related to an object detected at the touch sensor. In some implementations, the processing core 109 includes the capacitance sense circuit 101. In some implementations, the processing core 109 performs some or all the functions of capacitance sense circuit 101.

[0054] In some implementations, the processing core 109 generates a display driving enable signal 121 used to enable a display driving state (e.g., decouple the capacitance sense circuit 101 from the capacitive sense array 128 and couple the pixel drive circuit 102 to the common electrodes). In such a display driving state, the pixel drive circuit 102 enables a bias voltage and a reference voltage corresponding to an intended color on each display element of the display pixel array. The display element displays the intended color when the bias voltage and the reference voltage are applied on the display electrode and the common electrode of the respective display element. In some implementations, the processing core 109 generates both a touch detection enable signal 120 and a display driving enable signal 121, which are synchronized to control the capacitance sensing circuit 101 and the pixel drive circuit 102 to detect touch locations and drive individual display elements, respectively. The touch detection enable signal 120 is used to enable a touch sensing state in which one or more touch locations are thereby detected if one or more objects touch the touch sensing surface of the electronic device 100. The touch detection enable signal 120 and the display driving enable signal 121 can be enabled sequentially and share operation time of electrodes that are shared by the display pixel array and the capacitive sense array.

[0055] The processing device 110 may include internal oscillator/clocks 106 and a communication block (“COM”) 108. In some implementations, the processing device 110 includes a spread-spectrum clock (not shown). The oscillator/clocks 106 provides clock signals to one or more of the components of processing device 110. The communication block 108 may be used to communicate with an external component, such as an application processor 150, via an application interface (“I/F”) line 151. In some implementations, the processing device 110 may also be coupled to an embedded controller 154 to communicate with the external components, such as a host 150. In some implementations, the processing device 110 is configured to communicate with the embedded controller 154 or the host 150 to send and/or receive data. The host 150, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, may include decision logic 153 that performs some or all of the operations of the processing core 109. Operations of the decision logic 153 may be implemented in firmware, hardware, software, or a combination thereof. The host 150 may include a high-level Application Programming Interface (API) in the applications 152, which perform routines on the received data, such as compensating for sensitivity differences, other compensation algorithms, baseline update routines, start-up and/or initialization routines, interpolation operations, or scaling operations. The operations described with respect to the processing core 109 may be implemented in the decision logic 153, the applications 152, or in other hardware, software, and/or firmware external to the processing device 110. In some other implementations, the processing device 110 includes the host 150. As such, instead of performing the operations of the processing core 109 locally, the processing device 110 may send the raw data or partially-processed data to the host 150 under some circumstances.

[0056] The processing device 110 may reside on a common carrier substrate such as an integrated circuit (“IC”) die substrate, a multi-chip module substrate, or the like. In some implementations, the components of the processing device 110 includes one or more separate integrated circuits and/or discrete components. In some implementations, the processing device 110 includes one or more other processing devices known by those of ordinary skill in the art, such as a microprocessor or central processing unit, a controller, a special-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (“DSP”), an application specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”), a field programmable gate array (“FPGA”), or the like.

[0057] In some implementations, the electronic device 100 is used in a tablet computer. In some implementations, the electronic device 100 is used in other applications, such as a notebook computer, a mobile handset, a personal data assistant (“PDA”), a keyboard, a television, a remote control, a monitor, a handheld multi-media device, a handheld media (audio and/or video) player, a handheld gaming device, a signature input device for point of sale transactions, an eBook reader, a global position system (“GPS”), or a control panel. In some implementations, the electronic device 100 further includes one or more alternative sense elements 156 configured to communicate with the processing device 110 via a bus 157. Each alternative sense element 156 is optionally a capacitance based sensor or a non-capacitance sensor. Example alternative sense elements 156 include, but are not limited to, an ambient light sensor, a capacitive touch button, and a side touch sensor.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 1B, the plurality of structural layers of a display screen 125 include a display element assembly 166 that is protected by a top glass or dielectric layer 174. The display element assembly 166 includes a common electrode layer 168 and a display electrode layer 170, which are separated by an intermediate LCD display layer 172. The display electrode layer 170 and common electrode layer 168 are applied directly above and below the LCD display layer 172 to form display electrodes and common electrodes on which a voltage bias is applied to drive LCD display cells in the LCD display. In some implementations, the display screen 125 of the electronic device 100 further includes a bottom glass or dielectric layer 176 and/or an electric shielding 178, which are disposed under the display element assembly 166 to support the display pixel array mechanically and shield the display pixel array from electrical noises.

[0059] In some implementations not shown in FIG. 1B, a touch display screen 125 of the electronic device further includes a touch detection assembly having a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a dielectric layer separating the first and second electrode layers. In the stack shown in FIG. 1B, the touch detection assembly is optionally placed under the display element assembly 166 or inserted between the top glass or dielectric layer 174 and the display element assembly 166. In some implementations, the first electrode layer, the second electrode layer, the display electrode layer 170, and the common electrode layer 168 are distinct from each other. In some implementations, one of the first and second electrode layers is used as the display electrode layer 170 or common electrode layer 168. For example, when the LCD display layer 172 is disposed below the touch detection assembly, the display electrode layer 170 is optionally used as the second electrode layer, and the row or column electrodes made from the second electrode layer may be reconfigured to the display electrodes of the display electrode layer 170 to drive the LCD display cells formed in the LCD display layer 172.

[0060] In some implementations, the display screen 125 includes one or more additional routing layers 180 distinct from the display and common electrode layers applied in each display element. In a touch display screen 125, the one or more additional routing layers 180 are also distinct from the first and second electrode layers applied in each capacitive sense element. The one of more additional routing layers 180 are configured to provide the buses 122, 124, and/or 157 electrically coupling the processing device 110 to the display screen 125, thereby enabling display, touch sensing, and/or alternative sensing capabilities on the display screen 125. More details on the one or more additional routing layers 180 are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 2A-6.

[0061] FIG. 2A is an example electronic device 200 having a display screen 125 using a driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The display screen 125 includes a display area 204 on which display elements are formed from a common electrode layer 168, a display electrode layer 170, and an LCD display layer 172. In some implementations, the display area 204 further includes an array of capacitive sense elements that are formed from two electrode layers and an intermediate dielectric layer. The display area 204 is surrounded by a bezel 206 on the display screen 125. The bezel 206 has four bezel regions 206T, 206L, 206R, and 206B. The bottom bezel region 206B includes a driver area 208 and a fan-out area 210. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 and in proximity to a display edge 204A of the display area 204. The driver area 208 and the display area 204 are separated by the fan-out area 210 of the display screen 125. A plurality of interconnects are routed on the fan-out area 210 to electrically couple the display elements and capacitive sense elements (if any) on the display area 204 to the driver chip 202 disposed on the driver area 208 of the display screen 125. The bezel 206 has a bezel width D1 in the bottom bezel region 206B, and the fan-out area has a fan-out area height D2 measured from the display edge 204A of the display area 204 to a first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. In some situations, the fan-out area height D2 is critical for narrowing the bezel width D1 of the bottom bezel region 206B, and any reduction of the fan-out area height D2 helps reduce the bezel width D1 of the bottom bezel region 206B directly.

[0062] In some implementations, the bezel 206 has a bezel width that varies between the four sides of the touch display screen 125 (e.g., the left bezel region 206L and the right bezel region 206R are narrower than the bottom bezel region 206B). Typically, the bezel width is identical on the left side and on the right side of the display area 125. In many situations, given that the driver chip 202 is placed on the bottom bezel region 206B, the bottom bezel region 206B can only be reduced to a bezel width limit that is greater than the bezel width of any other bezel regions 206T, 206L and 206B. In some implementations, the bezel width is reduced below a threshold bezel width at least on the left side and on the right side of the display screen 125. Conversely, in some implementations, the bezel width is reduced below a threshold width at all four sides of the display screen 125. For example, an industrial definition for a bezel-less electronic device requires the threshold width to be less than 2 mm, and the bezel width has to be reduced below 2 mm at all four sides of the display screen 125. In some examples, a cathode ray tube has a bezel width of two inches or more, and an LCD display has a bezel width less than one inch. A small bezel width (e.g., less than 2 mm) makes the display area 204 of the display screen 125 look larger, and multiple touch display screens 125 look more like a single screen when placed side by side.

[0063] The driver chip 202 has a first edge 202A facing the display area 204, two second edges 202B connected to the first edge 202A, and a third edge 202C opposite the first edge 202A. The display screen 125 further includes a fan-in area 212 in proximity to the third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 when the driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208. In some implementations, a first end of a flexible printed circuit (FPC) cable 214 is disposed on the fan-in area 212. Interconnects are routed on the fan-in area 212 to electrically couple at least the driver chip 202 to the FPC cable 214, such that the FPC cable 214 can provide one or more input signals to the driver chip 202 or receive one or more output signals from the driver chip 202. The FPC cable 214 has a second end opposite the first end. In some implementations, the second end of the FPC cable 214 is electrically coupled to a processor 216 (e.g., a processing core 109 in FIG. 1A), and the FPC cable 214 is configured to facilitate exchanging the input and output signals between the driver chip 202 and the processor 216.

[0064] In some implementations, the interconnects routed on the fan-out area 210 and fan-in area 212 are formed on the same routing layer 180. In some situations, the same routing layer 180 is only formed on the bezel 206 of the display screen 125, and electrodes formed on the display and common electrode layers 170 and 168 are substantially limited on the display area 204 and electrically coupled to the interconnects of the routing layer 180 via electrical contacts located around the display area 204. Alternatively, in some situations, the routing layer 180 is extended from one of the display and common electrode layers 170 and 168, and the other one of the electrodes layers 170 and 168 is electrically coupled to the interconnects of the routing layer 180 via electrical contacts located around the display area 204. Further, in some implementations, the display area 204 includes both display elements and capacitive sense elements. Electrodes that are formed on first and second electrode layers associated with the capacitive sense elements are substantially limited on the display area 204, and electrically coupled to the interconnects of the routing layer 180 via electrical contacts located around the display area 204. Alternatively, in some situations, the routing layer 180 is extended from one of the first and second electrode layers associated with the capacitive sense elements. The other one of the first and second electrode layers associated with the capacitive sense elements, display electrode layers 170, and common electrode layer 168 are electrically coupled to the interconnects of the routing layer 180 via electrical contacts located around the display area 204.

[0065] FIG. 2B is an example electronic device 250 having a display screen 125 using a plurality of driver chips 202, in accordance with some implementations. The display elements and capacitive sense elements (if any) are electrically coupled to multiple driver chips 202. The bottom bezel region 206B includes a plurality of driver areas 208 and a fan-out area 210. Each driver chip 202 is disposed on a respective driver area 208 and in proximity to a display edge 204A of the display area 204. The driver areas 208 and the display area 204 are separated by the fan-out area 210 of the display screen 125. The plurality of interconnects are routed on the fan-out area 210 to electrically couple each driver chip 202 to a respective subset of the display elements and capacitive sense elements (if any) on the display area 204.

[0066] Each driver chip 202 has a first edge 202A facing the display area 204, two second edges 202B connected to the first edge 202A, and a third edge 202C opposite the first edge 202A. The display screen 125 further includes a fan-in area 212 in proximity to the third edge 202C of the driver chips 202 when the driver chips 202 are disposed on the driver areas 208. In some implementations, interconnects are routed on the fan-in area 212 to electrically couple at least two immediately adjacent driver chips 202 to each other. In some implementations, a first end of a flexible printed circuit (FPC) cable 214 (also called a display data link) is disposed on the fan-in area 212. Interconnects are routed on the fan-in area 212 to electrically couple at least a subset of the driver chips 202 to the FPC cable 214, such that the FPC cable 214 can provide one or more input signals to the subset of driver chips 202 or receive one or more output signals from the subset of driver chips 202. In some implementations, a second end of the FPC cable 214 is electrically coupled to a processor 216 (e.g., a processing core 109 in FIG. 1A), and the FPC cable 214 is configured to facilitate exchange of the input and output signals between the driver chips 202 and the processor 216 and allow the processor 216 to coordinate operations of the driver chips 202.

[0067] Referring to FIG. 2A, in some implementations, the display edge 204A of the display area 204 is substantially larger than the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. In an example, the display edges 204A and first edge 202A are approximately 13 inches and 1 inch, respectively. A lateral width (WL) of each interconnect is measured in a direction parallel to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, and is fixed once a dimension of the first edge 202A and a total number of interconnects are known. A minimal titling angle (TA) is determined for the interconnects routed on the fan-out area 210 based on the lateral width and a minimum feature size (MS) of each interconnect. This minimal titling angle is associated with the leftmost interconnect, and sets a minimum value for the fan-out area height D2 of the fan-out area 210 based on a lateral distance (LD) of the leftmost interconnect. In contrast, referring to FIG. 2B, the first edge 202A of each driver chip 202 only corresponds to a portion of the display edge 204A of the display area 204. For example, four driver chip 202 are applied, and each driver chip 202 corresponds to a quarter of the display area 204. The portion of the display edge 204A and the first edge 202A are approximately 2.25 inches and 1 inch, respectively. For each driver chip 202, the same minimal titling angle (TA) associated with the leftmost interconnect applies. The lateral distance of the leftmost interconnect of each driver chip 202 is reduced, so are the fan-out area height D2 of the fan-out area 210 and the bezel width D1 of the bottom bezel region 206B.

[0068] FIG. 2C a block diagram of a periphery system 280 coupled to a display screen 125 in an electronic device 200 or 250, in accordance with some implementations. The periphery system 280 includes the driver chip 202, a frame buffer 218, and a processor 216. The driver chip 202 includes a timing controller 220 and a plurality of source drivers 222, and each source driver 222 corresponds to a respective subset of the display area 204. The frame buffer 218 stores digital display data provided by the processor 216 on a frame basis. The timing controller 220 processes the display data received from a source (e.g., the frame buffer 218, the processor 216, or external computing systems including a set-top box, digital video disk player) and generates display panel interface signals for driving the source drivers 222. The timing controller 220 receives display and control data from the processor 216 and generates control and data signals to cause the display data to be displayed on the display screen 125. In some implementations, the timing controller 220 stores the received display data in the frame buffer 218. The frame buffer 218 includes a memory configured to store the display data. To individually address each display element, the timing controller 220 applies control and data signals to a specified row driver and source driver 222 to enable or disable the pixel located at the intersection of the specified row and column. In some implementations, each display element within a column of pixels included in the display screen 125 is connected to a source driver 222 via one or more data bus lines 124. The magnitude of the voltage of the display data signal carried by the one or more data bus lines 124 determines the amount of light transmission supplied by each corresponding display element located in the display screen 125.

[0069] In some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes the source drivers 222, and does not include the timing controller 220. The timing controller 220 interfaces with the display screen 125 using the FPC cable 214 (also called display data link 214). The display data link 214 includes multiple point-to-point interconnects that couple the output of the timing controller 220 to each source driver 222. In an example, the display data link 214 is a point-to-point intra panel interface that conforms to the Scalable Intra Panel Interface (SIPI) standard.

[0070] The source driver 222 receives multi-bit digital display data from the timing controller 220 via a signal line included in the display data link 214, converts the display data to analog voltage signals, and sends the analog voltage signals to a specified column of sub-pixels using the column line. The number of data bits used to represent a display data value determines the number of light levels that a particular sub-pixel may produce. For example, 10-bit display data may be converted into 1024 analog signal levels generated by the output buffers included in a source driver 222. A measure of the intensity of the light emitted by each sub-pixel may be represented as a gray level. In one implementation, the gray level is represented by a multi-bit value ranging from 0, corresponding to black, to a maximum value. In one example, a gray level is a 10-bit value representing one of 1024 values, with a maximum value of 1023.

[0071] The source drivers 222 are part of the pixel drive circuit 102, and are optionally integrated into a single driver chip 202 (FIG. 2A) or a plurality of driver chips (FIG. 2B). The timing controller 220 is also part of the pixel driver circuit 102, and is optionally located on the driver chip(s) 202 or on an IC chip or circuit board integrating remaining components of the processing device 110. In some implementations, programs enabling functions of the pixel drive circuit 102 may be generated and compiled for incorporation into other integrated circuits. For example, behavioral level code describing the pixel drive circuit 102, or portions thereof, may be generated using a hardware descriptive language, such as VHDL or Verilog, and stored to a machine-accessible medium (e.g., NVM 104, RAM 105, CD-ROM, hard disk, floppy disk, or flash memory). Furthermore, the behavioral level code can be compiled into register transfer level (“RTL”) code, a netlist, or a circuit layout, and stored onto a machine-accessible medium. The behavioral level code, the RTL code, the netlist, and the circuit layout may represent various levels of abstraction to describe and control the functions of the pixel drive circuit 102.

[0072] The periphery system 280 further includes one or more of: a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) component 224, a backlight light emitting diode (LED) component 226, and a backlight driver 228. The PMIC component 224 is configured to provide and manage power for the periphery system 280 coupled to the display screen 125. The backlight LED component 226 is configured to apply LEDs to provide backlight illumination for LCD display cells in the display screen 125, and the backlight driver 228 is configured to drive the backlight LED component 226.

[0073] FIG. 3 is an example bezel region 300 of a display screen 125 in which all interconnects 302 contact a driver chip 202 from a single edge 202A of the driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 300 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204. The driver chip 202 further includes one or more rows of electronic pads 304 proximate to the first edge 202A. The display screen 125 further includes a plurality of interconnects 302 that extend from the display edge 204A of the display area 204 to the one or more rows of electronic pads 304 of the driver chip 202. At the display edge 204A of the display area 204, the plurality of interconnects 302 include m interconnects, where m is an integer number, and are arranged according to a predefined connection order. Starting from a right most interconnect 302, the plurality of interconnects 302 are numbered from 1 to m successively. At the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, the electronic pads 304 include at least m pads to be consistent with the plurality of interconnects 302 and are arranged according to the predefined connection order to receive the plurality of interconnects 302. Starting from a right most pad on FIG. 3, the one or more rows of electronic pads 304 are numbered from 1 to m successively.

[0074] FIG. 4A is an example bezel region 400 of a display screen 125 in which interconnects 402 extending from a display area 204 contact a single row of a driver chip 202 from two or more edges of the driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 400 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is immediately adjacent to the display area 204, i.e., the first edge 202A faces a display edge 204A of the display area 204 and is closer to the display area 204 than any other edge of the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 further includes a first row of electronic pads 404 proximate to the first edge 202A. In an example, the first row of electronic pads 404 extends along a straight first row line 406 that is substantially parallel to the first edge 202A. As explained above, the display screen 125 is used in one of a laptop display, a tablet computer display, and a mobile phone display, and the driver chip 202 includes at least a plurality of source drivers 222 configured to drive a plurality of display elements. In some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes a timing controller 220 configured to control driving of the plurality of display elements in a synchronous manner.

[0075] The display screen 125 further includes a plurality of interconnects 402 that extends from the display edge 204A of the display area 204 to the driver area 208. The driver chip 202 is flip-chip disposed onto the driver area 208, allowing the plurality of interconnects 402 to reach and form electrical contacts with the first row of electronic pads 404 of the driver chip 202. The plurality of interconnects 402 contact the first row of electronic pads 404 from at least two edges of the driver chip 202, e.g., enter the driver area 208 from the first edge 202A and one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip 202 to come into contact with the first row of electronic pads 404. In an example, the one or more second edges 202B includes one or two side edges connected to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. The plurality of interconnects 402 are allowed to route across both the first edge 202A and the one or more second edges 202B to access the first row of electronic pads 404. The fan-out area 210 is not limited to an area between the display area 204 and the driver chip 202, and is expanded to include at least areas immediately adjacent to the one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip 202 and partially surround the driver area 208 that supports the driver chip 202. Stated another way, the driver chip 202 is partially surrounded by the fan-out area 210.

[0076] The first row of electronic pads 404 have a first subset of end pads 404A at a first end of the first row, a second subset of end pads 404B at a second opposite end of the first row, and a first subset of intermediate pads 404C located between the first subset of end pads 404A and the second subset of end pads 404B. The first subset of end pads 404A physically contact a first subset of interconnects 402A from the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, and the first subset of intermediate pads 404C physically contact a second subset of interconnects 402B from the one or more second edges 202B. At the display edge 204A of the display area 204, the plurality of interconnects 402 include m interconnects, where m is an integer number, and are arranged according to a predefined connection order. Starting from a right most interconnect 402 on FIG. 4A, the plurality of interconnects 402 are numbered from 1 to m successively. At the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, the electronic pads 404 include at least m pads to receive the plurality of interconnects 402, and however, are arranged according to a distinct connection order. For example, the first subset of intermediate pads 404C have a first number N of electronic pads, and the first subset of end pads 404A have a second number L of electronic pads. Starting from a right most pad on FIG. 4A, the first subset of end pads 404A correspond to the (N+1)-th to (N+L)-th interconnects 402 successively, consistent with the predefined connection order of the interconnects 402. The first subset of intermediate pads 404C immediately follow the first subset of end pads 404A and correspond to the N-th to first interconnects 402 successively in a reverse order, which is opposite to the predefined connection order of the interconnects 402. By these means, at least the second subset of interconnects 402B associated with the first subset of intermediate pads 404C do not need to access the electronic pads via the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, thereby facilitating reduction of the fan-out area height D2.

[0077] In some implementations, the first row of electronic pads 404 further include a second subset of intermediate pads 404D. The first subset of intermediate pads 404C are located between the second subset of intermediate pads 404D and the first subset of end pads 404A, and the second subset of intermediate pads 404D physically contact a third subset of interconnects 402C from the first edge 202A. Further, in some implementations not shown in FIG. 4A, each of the third subset of interconnects 402C is shorter than that of the first subset of interconnects 402A, and at least partially has a respective serpentine shape with a respective length that matches that of the first subset of interconnects 402A.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 4A, the second subset of end pads 404B physically contact a corresponding subset of interconnects 402D from the first edge 202A. In some implementations, the first subset of end pads 404A include more than one pad that are located at the first end of the first row, and the second subset of end pads 404B include more than one pad that are located at the second opposite end of the first row.

[0079] In some implementations, the second subset of interconnects 402B includes a first number N of interconnects corresponding to the first subset of intermediate pads 404C. The first number N is determined based on a length of the two side edges 202B connecting to the first edge. The plurality of interconnects 402 further include a remaining number P of interconnects 402 that physically access the first row of electronic pads 404 from the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. A height of the fan-out area (i.e., the fan-out area height D2) is configured to accommodate the remaining number P of interconnects 402 that are routed from the display area 204 to the first row of electronic pads 404 via the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. In some situations, the remaining number P of interconnects 402 are formed between the first subset of interconnects 402A and another subset of interconnects 402D contacting the second subset of end pads 404B.

[0080] In some implementations, the plurality of interconnects 402 are formed on a single layer of conductive material (e.g., the routing layer 180 in FIG. 1B), cannot cross each other, and are spatially ordered on a display substrate of the display screen 125 (e.g., in a glass substrate). Given the single layer of conductive material, only outmost interconnects 402 (e.g., 402B) can be routed across, and contact the first row of electronic pads 404 from, the one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip 202. In this application, the outmost interconnects 402 are not electrically coupled to the leftmost and rightmost pads 404A and 404B in the first row of electronic pads 404. The outmost interconnects 402 optionally includes a single interconnect or more than one interconnect crossing either one of a left side and a right side of the driver chip 202.

[0081] In some implementations, an overall routing pattern of the plurality of interconnects 402 is symmetric with respect to a central axis 240 of the display screen 125. The second subset of interconnects 402B access the intermediate pads 404C from the right edge of the driver chip 202, and a corresponding subset of interconnects 402E access another subset of intermediate pads 404E from the left edge of the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is preferably symmetric with respect to the central axis 240 of the display screen 125. Alternatively, in some implementations, the overall routing pattern of the plurality of interconnects 402 is asymmetric with respect to the central axis 240 of the display screen 125. The driver chip 202 is shifted with respect to the central axis 240 of the display screen 125 to reduce the fan-out area height D2. For example, a subset of leftmost interconnects 402E is connected to the second subset of end pads 404B rather than a subset of intermediate pads 404E, and the entire driver chip 202 is shifted towards the left of the central axis 240 of the display screen 125.

[0082] It is noted that the interconnects 402 routed via the first edge 202A are shorter interconnects 402 routed via the one or more second edges 202B and that the interconnects 402 routed via the first edge 202A have different lengths based on their positions relative to the driver chip 202. In some implementations, each of the first subset of interconnects 402A at least partially has a respective serpentine shape with a respective length that matches that of the second subset of interconnects 402B. In some implementations, each of the third subset of interconnects 402C at least partially has a respective serpentine shape and has a respective length that matches that of the first subset of interconnects 402A. Additionally, in some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes an interconnect compensation component configured to generate electrical signals that compensate for parasitics (e.g., parasitic resistance) of one or more interconnects of the plurality of interconnects 402 actively.

[0083] FIG. 4B is another example bezel region 450 of a display screen 125 in which interconnects 402 extending from a display area 204 contact two rows of pads of a driver chip 202 from two or more edges of the driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. Compared with the driver chip 202 in FIG. 4A, the driver chip 202 in FIG. 4B further includes a second row of electronic pads 408 proximate to the first edge 202A and the first row of electronic pads 404. The second row of electronic pads 408 include a third subset of end pads 408A at a third end of the second row, a fourth subset of end pads 408B at a fourth end of the second row, and a second subset of intermediate pads 408C located between the third subset of end pads 408A and the fourth subset of end pads 408B. The third subset of end pads 408A physically contacts a third subset of interconnects 402C′ from the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. The second subset of intermediate pads 408C physically contact a fourth subset of interconnects 402D′ from the one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip 202. The first subset of interconnects 402A and third subset of interconnects 402C′ interleave with each other, and the second subset of interconnects 402B and fourth subset of interconnects 402D′ interleave with each other.

[0084] Additionally, in some implementations not shown in FIG. 4B, the driver chip 202 further including one or more third rows of electronic pads proximate to the first edge 202A and the second row of electronic pads 408. Each of the one or more third rows of electronic pads include a fifth subset of end pads at a fifth end of the respective third row, a sixth subset of end pads at a sixth opposite end of the respective third row, and a third subset of intermediate pads located between the fifth subset of end pads and the sixth subset of end pads. The fifth subset of end pads physically contacts a fifth subset of interconnects from the first edge. The first subset of interconnects 402A, third subset of interconnects 402C′, and fifth subset of interconnects interleave with each other. The third subset of intermediate pads physically contact a sixth subset of interconnects from the one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip. The second subset of interconnects 402B, fourth subset of interconnects 402D′, and the sixth subset of interconnects interleave with each other, and get access to their respective electronic pads from the one or more second edges 202B.

[0085] FIG. 5A is an example bezel region 500 of a display screen 125 in which interconnects 402 contact one or more rows of electronic pads of a driver chip 202 from two or more edges using an alternating scheme, in accordance with some implementations, and FIGS. 5B-5E are exploded views of interleaving pad subsets 520, 530, 540, and 550 in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 500 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204. The driver chip 202 further includes at least a first row of electronic pads 404 proximate to the first edge 202A. The first row of electronic pads 404 have a first subset of end pads 404A at a first end of the first row, a second subset of end pads 404B at a second opposite end of the first row, and a first subset of intermediate pads 404C located between the first subset of end pads 404A and the second subset of end pads 404B.

[0086] In some implementations, the first row of electronic pads 404 further include a plurality of adjacent subsets of intermediate pads 504 that are located between the first subset of end pads 404A and the second subset of end pads 404B and spatially ordered in the first row. The plurality of adjacent subsets of intermediate pads 504 alternatingly contact respective subsets of interconnects 502 routed from a respective second edge 202B and from the first edge 202A, i.e., the subsets of interconnects 502 crossing the respective second edge 202B and the subsets of interconnects 502 crossing the first edge 202A alternatingly come into contact with the plurality of adjacent subsets of intermediate pads 504. For example, referring to FIGS. 5B and 5C, four subsets of intermediate pads 504A, 504B, 504C, or 504D are successively arranged from right to left. According to this alternating scheme, the first subset of interconnects 502A pass the first edge 202A to contact and electrically couple to a corresponding subset of intermediate pads 504A, the second subset of interconnects 502B pass the second edge 202B to contact and electrically couple to a corresponding subset of intermediate pads 504B, the third subset of interconnects 502C pass the first edge 202A to contact and electrically couple to a corresponding subset of intermediate pads 504C, the fourth subset of interconnects 502D pass the second edge 202B to contact and electrically couple to a corresponding subset of intermediate pads 504D, and so on. In this example of FIG. 5B, each adjacent subset 504A-504D of intermediate pads includes a single intermediate pad. In another example of FIG. 5C, each adjacent subset 504A-504D of intermediate pads includes two or more intermediate pads, i.e., every two or more immediately adjacent intermediate pads 504 contact interconnects 502 from the same first or second edge 202A or 202B of the driver chip 202.

[0087] Additionally, in some implementations, the alternating scheme is applied to two or more rows of electronic pads (e.g., rows 404 and 408). For each row of electronic pads, two end pads at two opposite ends of the respective row contact their corresponding interconnects 402 routed via the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, and the intermediate pads between the two end pads can be grouped into pad subsets (e.g., 504A-504D) that alternatingly contact the corresponding interconnect subsets 502A-502D routed via the first edge 202A and second edges 202B of the driver chip 202. Additionally, each pad subset of one of the two or more rows is associated and grouped with a respective counterpart subset of the other row(s), such that the pad subsets 504A-504D alternate between the corresponding interconnect subsets 502A-502D routed via the first edge 202A and second edges 202B concurrently for all of the two or more rows. Any interconnect 402 accessing a first row of electronic pads 404 from the second edge 202B passes through an open space between two neighboring pads of a second row of electronic pads 408. Any interconnect 402 accessing the second row of electronic pads 408 from the first edge 202A passes through an open space between two neighboring pads of the row of electronic pads 404.

[0088] In the example shown in FIG. 5D, each pad subset (e.g., 504A) includes a pad from the first row 404 and an adjacent pad from the second row 408, and is followed by a respective adjacent pad subset (e.g., 504B) includes a neighboring pad from the first row 404 and a neighboring pad of the adjacent pad from the second row 408. The respective pad subset (e.g., 504A) is connected to a correspond interconnect subset (e.g., 502A) routed from one of the first and second edges of the driver chip 202, and the respective adjacent pad subset (e.g., 504B) is connected to another correspond interconnect subset routed from the other one (e.g., 502B) of the first and second edges of the driver chip 202. Alternatively, in an example shown in FIG. 5E, each pad subset (e.g., 504A) includes two or more neighboring pads from the first row 404 and two or more adjacent neighboring pads from the second row. Each corresponding interconnect subset (e.g., 502A) includes a plurality of interconnects to access the two or more neighboring pads in the two rows 404 and 408 alternatingly, from the same first or second edge of the driver chip 202.

[0089] The plurality of interconnects 402 include m interconnects, where m is an integer number, and are arranged according to a predefined connection order at the display edge 204A of the display area 204. Starting from a right most interconnect 402, the plurality of interconnects 402 are numbered from 1 to m successively. Referring to FIG. 5A, each row of electronic pads 404 or 408 include at least m/2 pads to be consistent with the plurality of interconnects 402, and are arranged according to a mixed connection order different from the predefined connection order. Specifically, in each row of electronic pads 404 or 408, a first type of pads corresponding to the interconnects that access the electronic pads 404 and 408 from the first edge 202A follow the predefined connection order, and a second type of pads corresponding to the interconnects that access the electronic pads 404 and 408 from the one or more second edges 202B have a reversed connection order and are inserted into the first type of pads. The first type of pads have a plurality of pad subsets 506-1 that follows the predefined connection order, and the second type of pads having a plurality of pad subsets 506-2 that reverses the predefined connection order. In some implementations, the alternating scheme (e.g., FIGS. 5B-5E) includes a plurality of in-sequence pad subsets 506-1 and a plurality of reversely-ordered pad subsets 506-2, and the in-sequence pad subsets 506-1 are interleaved with the reversely-ordered pad subsets 506-2.

[0090] FIG. 6 is an example bezel region 600 of a display screen 125 in which interconnects 402 contact electronic pads of a driver chip 202 from at least a bottom edge of the driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 600 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204. The driver chip 202 further includes at least a first row of electronic pads 404 proximate to the first edge 202A. The first row of electronic pads 404 have a first subset of end pads 404A at a first end of the first row, a second subset of end pads 404B at a second opposite end of the first row, and a first subset of intermediate pads 404C located between the first subset of end pads 404A and the second subset of end pads 404B. The first subset of end pads 404A physically contact a first subset of interconnects 402A from the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, and the first subset of intermediate pads 404C physically contact a second subset of interconnects 402B from the one or more second edges 202B of the driver chip 202.

[0091] In some implementations, the one or more second edges 202B are distinct from the first edge 202A and include a third edge 202C (also called a bottom edge) of the driver chip 202. The third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 opposes and is parallel to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202. The third edge 202C of the driver chip includes a first portion 602 and a second portion 604. The second subset of interconnects 402B access the first subset of intermediate pads 404C from the first portion 602. A plurality of input electronic pads 606 are formed on the driver chip 202 and adjacent to the bottom edge of the driver chip 202, thereby allowing the plurality of input electronic pads 606 to be located adjacent to a fan-in area 212 of the display screen 125.

[0092] It should be noted that details of a display fan-out scheme described with respect to each of FIGS. 4A-4B, 5A-5D, and 6 are also applicable to any other display fan-out schemes described with respect to other figures of FIGS. 4A-4B, 5A-5D, and 6 in an analogous manner. Each of the display fan-out schemes in FIGS. 4A-4B, 5A-5D, and 6 can be applied to route a subset of interconnects extending from the display area 204 to each of a subset or all of the plurality of driver chips 202 in FIG. 2B. Particularly, each of the plurality of driver chips 202 has a first edge 202A placed adjacent to the display area 204, one or more second edges 202B distinct from the first edge 202A, and a first row of electronic pads 404 proximate to the first edge 202A. The first row of electronic pads 404 has a first subset of end pads 404A at a first end of the first row, a second subset of end pads 404B at a second opposite end of the first row, and a first subset of intermediate pads 404C located between the first subset of end pads 404A and the second subset of end pads 404B. The first subset of end pads 404A physically contact a first subset of interconnects 402A from the first edge 202A, and the first subset of intermediate pads 404C physically contact a second subset of interconnects 402B from the one or more second edges 202B. By these means, the height of the fan-out area 210 is reduced not only by using multiple driver chips 202, but also by routing a subset of the interconnects from the one or more second edges 202B of the respective driver chip 202.

[0093] FIGS. 7A and 7B are two example bezel regions 700 and 750 of a display screen 125 in which interconnects 702 extending from a display area 204 contact a plurality of pad groups 704 of a driver chip 202 having different distances from the display area 204, in accordance with some implementations. Each of the bezel regions 700 and 750 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208 such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204, The first edge 202A faces a display edge 204A of the display area 204 and is closer to the display area 204 than any other edges of the driver chip 202 (e.g., a first side edge 202B-1, a second side edge 202B-2, and a third edge 202C). In some implementations, the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is substantially parallel to the display edge 204A of the display area 204. The plurality of interconnects 702 of the display screen 125 extend from the display edge 204A of the display area 204 to the driver area 208. The driver chip 202 is flip-chip disposed onto the driver area 208 of a display substrate, thereby facilitating the plurality of interconnects 702 to reach and form electrical contacts with the pad groups 704 of the driver chip 202. As explained above, the display screen 125 can be used in a laptop display, a tablet computer display, or a mobile phone display, and the driver chip 202 includes at least a plurality of source drivers 222 configured to drive a plurality of display elements. In some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes a timing controller 220 configured to control driving of the plurality of display elements of the display screen 125 in a synchronous manner by way of the interconnects 702 and pad groups 704. It is noted that in some implementations, all of the plurality of interconnects 702 are formed on a single layer of conductive material, cannot cross each other, and are spatially ordered on the display substrate.

[0094] Each of the plurality of pad groups 704 (e.g., 704A, 704B, 704C, 704D, and 704E) includes at least one respective row of electronic pads that is arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements (not shown) via a respective subset of interconnects 702 routed on a respective region of the fan-out area 210. The plurality of pad groups 704 includes at least a first pad group 704A and a second pad group 704B, and the first and second pad groups have two different distances d₁ and d₂ from the first edge 202A and correspond to two different subsets of interconnects 702A and 702B routed on two non-overlapping regions of the fan-out area 210. Further, in some implementations, the plurality of pad groups 704 includes a third pad group 704C. The third pad group 704C and second pad group 704B are symmetric with respect to a central axis 240 of the driver chip 202. The central axis 240 is perpendicular to the first edge 202A and configured to divide the driver chip 202 into two equal halves. The second and third pad groups 704B and 704C have the same distance d₂ from the first edge 202A. Further, in some implementations, the central axis 240 crosses the first pad group 704A, and the first pad group 704A is symmetric with respect to the central axis 240 of the driver chip 202.

[0095] In some implementations, for each pad group 704, the electronic pads have a predefined pad size and are arranged in the respective row according to a pad pitch. A respective lateral shift S is optionally measured from a side edge 202B to an electronic pad that is closest to the side edge 202B among the electronic pads in the respective pad group 704. The first and second pad groups 704A and 704B have two distinct lateral shifts S₁ and S₂ from either one of the two side edges 202B of the driver chip 202 connecting to the first edge 202A. For example, the first pad group 704A has a first lateral shift S₁ from the side edge 202B and a first distance d₁ from the first edge 202A, and the second pad group 704B has a second lateral shift S₂ from the side edge 202B and a second distance d₂ from the first edge 202A. The first lateral shift S₁ is greater than the second lateral shift S₂, and the first distance d₁ is less the second distance d₂. In another example not shown in FIG. 7A, the first lateral shift S₁ is greater than the second lateral shift S₂, and the first distance d₁ is also greater than the second distance d₂. In some situations, projections of the first and second pad groups 704A and 704B to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 do not overlap. Stated another way, all electronic pads of the second pad group 704B are closer to a side edge 202B-1 than any of the electronic pads of the first pad group 704A. That is, an electronic pad that is furthest from a side edge 202B-1 among the electronic pads in the second pad group 704B is closer to the side edge 202B-1 than an electronic pad that is closest to the side edge 202B-1 among the electronic pads in the first pad group 704A.

[0096] The respective row of electronic pads of the first pad group 704A is coupled to a first subset of interconnects 702A, and the respective row of electronic pads of the second pad group 704B is coupled to a second subset of interconnects 702B. In some implementations, each of the first subset of interconnects 702A at least partially has a respective serpentine shape and has a respective length that matches that of the second subset of interconnects 702B. Alternatively, in some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes an interconnect compensation component configured to generate electrical signals that compensate for parasitics of one or more interconnects of the plurality of interconnects 702 actively.

[0097] In some implementations, the plurality of pad groups 704 include three or more pad groups 704. The driver chip 202 has a central axis 240 that is perpendicular to the first edge 202A and configured to divide the driver chip to two equal halves including a first half 202-1. Each pad group 704A, 704B, or 704D that is partially or entirely formed on the first half 202-1 of the driver chip 202 has a respective lateral shift S′ from the central axis 240, and a respective distance D from the first edge 202A. On the first half of each pad group (e.g., 704B), the respective distance (e.g., d₂) from the first edge 202A is distinct from that of any other pad group, and the respective lateral shift (e.g., S′₂) from the central axis 240 is distinct from that of any other pad group.

[0098] In some implementations, for the plurality of pad groups 704, the respective distance D from the first edge 202A of each pad group 704 increases with the respective lateral shift S′ from the central axis 240. Referring to FIG. 2A, given the minimum feature size (MS) and minimal titling angle (TA) of interconnects 702, a set 702 LM of leftmost interconnects and a set 702RM of rightmost interconnects come into contact with a portion of the driver chip 202 that has a distance d₃ from the first edge 202A. As such, the driver chip 202 is moved closer to the display edge 204A of the display area 204 by a distance equal to d₃-d₁, and a width of the fanout area 210 is therefore reduced by the distance of d₃-d₁. In an example, this distance of d₃-d₁ is equal to 0.8 millimeters, and the fanout area is reduced by approximately 10%.

[0099] In some implementations, a furthest pad group 704D of the plurality of pad groups 704 is disposed adjacent to a second edge 202B-1 (also called a side edge) connecting to the first edge 202A and a third edge 202C opposing the first edge 202A. One or more interconnects 702 LM of the subset of interconnects 702D associated with the furthest pad group 704D access the row of electronic pads of the furthest pad group 704D from the second edge 202B-1. In some implementations, the fan-out area 210 at least partially surrounds the driver area 208 where the driver chip 202 is disposed. Additionally, a plurality of input electronic pads 706 are formed on the driver chip 202 and adjacent to the third edge 202C (also called a bottom edge) of the driver chip 202, thereby allowing the plurality of input electronic pads 706 to be located adjacent to a fan-in area 212 of the display screen 125. In some implementations not shown in FIG. 7A, a subset of input electronic pads 706 are disposed between the furthest pad group 704D and the third edge 202C. Alternatively, in some implementations, there are no input electronic pads 706 disposed between the furthest pad group 704D and the third edge 202C. Stated another way, the driver chip 202 includes the third edge 202C that opposes and is parallel to the first edge 202A. The third edge 202C includes a first portion 202C-1 and a second portion 202C-2. The plurality of pad groups 704 include a pad group 704D located immediately adjacent to the first portion 202C-1 of the third edge 202C. The second portion 202C-2 includes a plurality of input electronic pads 706 and is adjacent to a fan-in area 212 of the display substrate. A flexible printed circuit (FPC) 214 is disposed on the fan-in area 212 to provide one or more input signals to the driver chip 202.

[0100] In some implementations, the plurality of interconnects 702 are spatially arranged according to a first order, and the respective row of electronic pads of each pad group 704 is spatially arranged according a second order that is consistent with the first order. The first and second orders are observed along a direction parallel with the first edge 202A. The driver chip 202 is flip-chip assembled to the display substrate, thereby facilitating the respective row of electronic pads of each pad group 704 to physically contact the subset of interconnects 702 corresponding to the respective pad group 704.

[0101] In some implementations, each of the plurality of pad groups 704 includes a respective number of electronic pads, and every two pad groups 704 optionally have the same or distinct numbers of electronic pads, while each pad group 704 has a respective distance D from the first edge 202A and a respective lateral shift S′ from the central axis 240. For example, the plurality of pad groups 704 is divided from a single row of electronic pads (e.g., the pads 404 in FIG. 4A, having a distance of d₁ from the first edge 202A). Except the first pad group 704A, each pad group 704 is moved in parallel with the central axis 240 to the respective distance from the first edge 202A. The further away from the central axis 240 a pad group 704, the larger the respective lateral shift is, thereby allowing the drive chip 202 to be closer to the display edge 204A and allowing the fan-out area 210 to be reduced.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 7B, in some implementations, each pad group 704 includes two rows of electronic pads, including a respective first row of electronic pads and a respective second row of electronic pads arranged immediately adjacent to the respective first row. For each pad group, the respective second row of electronic pads is arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and electrically coupled to another respective subset of display elements (not shown) via another respective subset of interconnects 702 routed on the same respective region of the fan-out area 210. The fan-out area 210 supports the respective subset of interconnects 702 connecting to the respective first row of electronic pads. For each pad group 704, the interconnects coupled to the first and second rows of electronic pads are interleaved with each other in the same respective region of the fan-out area 210. In some implementations, the first and second rows of a pad group 704 have the same number of electronic pads and are aligned to each other. One or more of the interconnects connecting to the second row are routed around electronic pads of the first row. Alternatively, in some implementations, for each pad group 704, the respective second row of electronic pads is shifted with respect to the respective first row of electronic pads by a portion of a pad pitch of the respective first rows of electronic pads along a first direction that is parallel with the first edge 202A, allowing the interconnects connecting to the second row to pass between the electronic pads of the first row directly without routing around the electronic pads of the first row. In some implementations, for each pad group 704, the respective first and second rows of electronic pads have the same pad size, the same pad pitch, and the same number of electronic pads, independently of whether the two rows of electronic pads are aligned or not.

[0103] From a different perspective, for each pad group 704, the respective first row of electronic pads and the respective second row of electronic pads have two lateral shifts S′ from the central axis 240. The two lateral shifts S′ are substantially identical (e.g., less than a predetermined shift tolerance, which is equal to three times of a pad pitch). The respective first row of electronic pads and the respective second row of electronic pads also have two different distances D from the first edge 204A. The difference of the two distances D is flexible based on whether the first and second rows of the respective pad group 704 are disposed close to or far away from each other.

[0104] In some implementations not shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, each pad group 704 includes three or more rows of electronic pads. The respective pad group 704 includes one or more respective third rows of electronic pads. Each respective third row of electronic pads is arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A, adjacent to the respective second row of electronic pads, and electrically coupled to a respective third subset of display elements via a respective third subset of interconnects routed on the corresponding region of the fan-out area 210. This also supports the respective subsets of interconnects 702 connecting to the respective first and second rows of electronic pads. The interconnects coupled to the first, second, and third rows of electronic pads are interleaved with each other on the same region of the fan-out area 210. Within each pad group 704, the three or more rows of electronic pads are optionally aligned or shifted with respect to each other. In some implementations, for each pad group 704, the respective three or more rows of electronic pads have the same pad size, the same pad pitch, and the same number of electronic pads.

[0105] It should be noted that details of each of the display fan-out schemes in FIGS. 7A and 7B can be applied to route a subset of interconnects extending from the display area 204 to each of a subset or all of the plurality of driver chips 202 in FIG. 2B. Particularly, each of the plurality of driver chips 202 has a first edge 202A placed adjacent to the display area 204, second edges 202B (e.g., side edges) connecting to the first edge 202A, a third edge 202C opposing the first edge 202A, and a plurality of pad groups 704 each having one or more rows of closely spaced electronic pads. For each driver chip 202, each pad group has a distinct distance from the first edge 202A from any other pad group on the same half of the driver chip 202. For example, the plurality of pad groups 704 includes a first pad group 704A and a second pad group 704B, and the first and second pad groups 704A and 704B have two different distances d₁ and d₂ from the first edge 202A and correspond to two different subsets of interconnects 702A and 702B routed on two non-overlapping regions of the fan-out area 210 of each driver chip 202. In an example, the first pad group 704A is proximate to the first edge 202A, while the second pad group 704B is proximate to the third edge 202C opposing to the first edge 202A. By these means, the height of the fan-out area 210 is reduced not only by using multiple driver chips 202, but also by routing a subset of the interconnects to a plurality of pad groups 704 having different distances from the first edge 202A of each driver chip 202.

[0106] Referring to FIG. 2B, in some implementations, two identical driver chips, a first driver chip 202-1 and a second driver chip 202-2, are disposed in the driver area 208. The first edges 202A (see FIG. 2A) of the first and second driver chips 202-1 and 202-2 are aligned and arranged in parallel with the display edge 204A of the display area 204. Further, in some implementations, one or more third driver chips 202-3 that are identical to the first driver chip 202-1 are disposed in the driver area, and the first edges 202A of the first, second and third driver chips 202-1, 202-2, and 202-3 are aligned and arranged in parallel with the display edge 204A of the display area 204. In some implementations, the first, second, and third driver chips are equally spaced (e.g., every two adjacent driver chips are separated by a predefined separation). In some implementations, each of the first, second, and third driver chips 202 adopts a first pad arrangement scheme shown in FIGS. 4A-4B, 5A, and 6 or a second pad arrangement scheme shown in FIGS. 7A-7B, independently of the other driver chips 202. In some implementations, all of the first, second, and third driver chips 202 adopts the same pad arrangement scheme selected from those described with reference to FIGS. 4A-4B, 5A, 6, and 7A-7B.

[0107] FIG. 8 is an example bezel region 800 of a display screen 125 in which a first subset of interconnects 802A extend above a gap 804 between adjacent pad groups 806 of a driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 800 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by, and hidden under, the driver chip 202. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208, such that the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204, e.g., separated from the display area 204 by part of the fan-out area 210. The first edge 202A faces a display edge 204A of the display area 204 and is closer to the display area 204 than any other edge of the driver chip 202 (e.g., two side edges 202B-1 and 202B-2 connected to the first edge 202A, a third edge 202C that opposes and is parallel to the first edge 202A). In some implementations, the first edge 202A is parallel to the display edge 204A of the display area 204, and the two side edges 202B are perpendicular to the first edge 202A.

[0108] The driver chip 202 further includes a plurality of pad groups 806 (e.g., including pad groups 806A-806C and 806A′-806C′). Each pad group 806 includes a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects 802 (e.g., including interconnects 802A-802C, 802A′, and 802B′) routed on the fan-out area 210 of a display substrate of the display screen 125. In some implementations, respective rows of electronic pads of the plurality of pad groups 806 are parallel to each other. In some implementations, for each pad group 806, the respective row of electronic pads is arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A and has a respective distinct distance from the first edge 202A.

[0109] The plurality of pad groups 806 include a first pad group 806A and a second pad group 806B. The second pad group 806B is disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group 806A, and there is no additional pad group 806 disposed between the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. The first subset of interconnects 802A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above a gap 804 formed between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B to reach the first pad group 806A. Referring to the cross-sectional view A-A′ in FIG. 8, the driver chip 202 is flip-chip disposed onto the driver area 208 of the display substrate of the display screen 125. The first subset of interconnects 802A are formed on the display area 204 of the display substrate and float above the gap 804 formed between the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B.

[0110] In some implementations, the first pad group 806A is closer to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and the display area 204 than the second pad group 806B. Further, in some implementations, the third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 opposing the first edge 202A are connected to the two side edges 202B. A second subset of interconnects 802B that are electrically coupled to the second pad group 806B cross the third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 and does not extend above the gap 804 between the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. Additionally, in some implementations, the plurality of pad groups 806 include an input/output pad group 806-IO located immediately adjacent to the third edge 202C. The second pad group 806B and the input/output pad group 806-IO are aligned with a virtual pad line 808 that is parallel with the first and third edges 202A and 202C. The input/output pad group 806-IO are configured to provide one or more of a plurality of power supplies, input signals, and output signals. In some implementations, a subset of the input/output pad group 806-IO is coupled to a gate on array (GOA) driver. The GOA driver is configured to generate a plurality of high voltage output signals to drive a GOA circuit on a display screen 125. The GOA driver is optionally a standalone chip or integrated in the driver chip 202. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the driver chip 202 includes the GOA driver.

[0111] In some implementations, each of the first pad group 806A and the second pad group 806B includes a predefined number of pads, and the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B are aligned at two ends of the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. Alternatively, in some implementations, the gap 804 of the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B is formed between a subset of the first pad group 806A and a subset of the second pad group 806B, and each of the subsets of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B includes at least two electronic pads. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the first pad group 806A and the second pad group 806B include different number of pads and are parallel with each other. At least two electronic pads of the first pad group 806A face, and form the gap 804 with, at least two electronic pads of the second pad group 806B.

[0112] In some implementations, the plurality of pad groups 806 further includes a third pad group 806C adjacent to the first pad group 806A, and no interconnect is routed to extend above a second gap 810 between the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and third pad groups 806A and 806C. In some implementations, referring to FIG. 8, the third pad group 806C are electrically coupled to a third subset of interconnects 802C, which are routed between the display edge 204A and first edge 202A and cross the first edge 202A of the display chip 202 to access the third pad group 806C.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 8, in some implementations, each of the display area 204, fan-out area 210, and driver area 208 is symmetric with respect to a central axis 240 of the display screen 125, so is the display chip 202 disposed symmetrically with respect to the central axis 240. The plurality pad groups 806 of the display chip 202 and the plurality of interconnects 802 of the fan-out area 210 are also arranged symmetrically with respect to the central axis 240. For example, each of the respective rows of electronic pads of the first, second, and third pad groups 806A, 806B, and 806C corresponds to a respective row of electronic pads of pad group 806A′, 806B′, and 806C′. Each of the subsets of interconnects 802A and 802B corresponds to a respective subset of interconnects 802A′ or 802B′. The subset of interconnects 802C passes the entire length of the first edge 202A of the display chip 202 in a symmetric manner with respect to the central axis 240 to access the pad groups 806C and 806C′.

[0114] In some implementations, the driver chip 202 includes integrated circuit configured to drive the plurality of display elements formed on the display area 204. The integrated circuit includes a plurality of source drivers configured to drive the plurality of display elements. For each pad group 806, the respective row of electronic pads are electrically coupled to a respective subset of source drivers, allowing the respective subset of source drivers to be electrically coupled to the respective subset of display elements via the respective subset of interconnects 802 routed on the fan-out area 210. Particularly, referring to FIG. 8, the second pad group 806B and the third pad group 806C are located immediately adjacent to the third edge 202C and the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202, respectively. The second subset of interconnects 802B and the third subset of interconnects 802C cross the third edge 202C and the first edge 202A to access the second pad group 806B and the third pad group 806C, which are coupled to different source drivers, respectively. As such, the second pad group 806B and third pad group 806C are folded output pads of the different source drivers configured to provide display signals to drive the plurality of display elements on the display area 204 of the display screen 125. Stated another way, the second pad group 806B includes a set of input-side source driver folded output pads of the source drivers of the driver chip 202, and the third pad group 806C includes a set of output-side source driver folded output pads of the source drivers.

[0115] Some implementations of this application are directed to a driver chip 202 that is configured to be disposed on a display substrate including a display area 204, a driver area 208, and a fan-out area 210. The driver area 208 is configured to receive the driver chip 202, and the fan-out area 210 has a plurality of interconnects 802 and is configured to provide electrical accesses to a plurality of display elements of the display area 204. The driver chip 202 further includes a first edge 202A configured to be adjacent to the display area 204, two side edges 202B connected to the first edge 202A, and a plurality of pad groups 806. Each pad group 806 includes a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects 802 routed at least partially on the fan-out area 210. The plurality of pad groups 806 include a first pad group 806A and a second pad group 806B disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group 806A. A first subset of interconnects 802A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above a gap 804 between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B to reach the first pad group 806A.

[0116] FIG. 9 is another example bezel region 900 of a display screen 125 in which a first subset of interconnects 802A access, and extend above a gap 804 between, adjacent pad groups 806 of a driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The driver chip 202 includes a plurality of pad groups 806 (e.g., including pad groups 806A-806C and 806A′-806C′). Each pad group 806 includes a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of display elements via a respective subset of interconnects 802 routed on the fan-out area 210 of a display substrate of the display screen 125. The plurality of pad groups 806 include a first pad group 806A and a second pad group 806B. The second pad group 806B is disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group 806A, and there is no additional pad group 806 disposed between the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. The first subset of interconnects 802A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above a gap 804 formed between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B to reach the first pad group 806A.

[0117] Referring to FIG. 9, in some embodiments, a second subset of interconnects 802B that are electrically coupled to the second pad group 806B cross the same one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above the gap 804 between the respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. In an example, the second pad group 806B is disposed immediately adjacent to and in parallel with the third edge 202C of the driver chip 202. The second subset of interconnects 802B do not cross the third edge 202C to access the second pad group 806B. In another example not shown in FIG. 9, the second pad group 806B is separated from each of the first edge 202A and third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 by at least one pad group 806.

[0118] FIGS. 10A-10C are enlarged areas of three example bezel regions 1000, 1020, and 1040 of display screens 125 each having interconnects coupled to electronic pads of a driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. The driver chip 202 includes a plurality of pad groups 806. Each pad group 806 includes a respective row of electronic pads that are electrically coupled to a respective subset of interconnects 802 routed on a fan-out area 210 of a display substrate of a display screen 125. The plurality of pad groups 806 include a first pad group 806A and a second pad group 806B disposed immediately adjacent to the first pad group 806A. The first subset of interconnects 802A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above the gap 804 formed between respective rows of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B to reach the first pad group 806A.

[0119] Referring to FIG. 10A, in some implementations, the second pad group 806B is closer to the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and the display area 204 than the first pad group 806A. A second subset of interconnects 802B that are electrically coupled to the second pad group 806B cross the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and does not extend above the gap 804 between the respective row of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B.

[0120] In some implementations, each of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B is separated from a respective edge 202A or 202C by one or more pad group 806. The second pad group 806B is optionally closer to or further away from the first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 and the display area 204 than the first pad group 806A. The second subset of interconnects 802B are electrically coupled to the second pad group 806B. Further, referring to FIG. 10B, in some implementations, both the first subset of interconnects 802A and the second subset of interconnects 802B cross the same one of the second edges 202B-1 of the driver chip 202 and extend above the gap 804 between the respective row of electronic pads of the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 10C, in some implementations, the second subset of interconnects 802B that are electrically coupled to the second pad group 806B cross the one of the two side edges 202B-1, and extend above a second gap 1002 between the respective rows of electronic pads of the second pad group 806B and a third pad group (not shown). In some implementations, the third pad group is immediately adjacent to the second pad group 806B.

[0121] As explained above, the driver chip 202 includes at least two pad groups 806A and 806B that intersect a vertical axis 1004 perpendicular to the first and third edges 202A and 202C and form the gap 804 to route at least the first subset of interconnects 802A. In some embodiments, the driver chip 202 includes more than two pad groups 806 (e.g., 8 pad groups) that intersect the vertical axis 1004 perpendicular to the first and third edges 202A and 202C. Except for a top pad group that can be accessed via the first edge 202A, remaining pad groups in the more than two pad groups 806 can be accessed from the two side edges 202B-1 and 202B-2, thereby reducing a number of interconnects routed in the part of the fan-out area 210 that located between the display edge 204A and first edge 202A. By these means, an open space of the fan-out area 210 that is next to the two side edges 202B of the driver chip 202 is utilized to reduce a height of the fan-out area 210 (i.e., D1 in FIGS. 8 and 9).

[0122] FIGS. 11A-11C are enlarged areas of another three example bezel regions 1100, 1120, and 1140 of display screens 125 each having interconnects 802 coupled to electronic pads 806 of a driver chip 202, in accordance with some implementations. Each pad group 806 includes two or more rows of electronic pads, and the two or more rows are parallel to each other and staggered. Particularly, in some implementations, the plurality of interconnects 802 are formed on a single layer of conductive material and cannot cross each other. For each pad group, a respective subset of interconnects 802 accesses the two or more rows of electronic pads in an interleaving manner. In some embodiments, each of the first, second, and third pad groups 806A-806C includes a respective first row of electronic pads (e.g., 806A-1) and a respective second row of electronic pads (e.g., 806A-2).

[0123] For example, for the first pad group 806A, the second row of electronic pads 806A-2 are arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A and immediately adjacent to the first row of electronic pads 806A-1. In some implementations, the first and second rows of electronic pads 806A-1 and 806A-2 have the same pad size, the same pad pitch, and the same number of electronic pads. The second row of electronic pads 806A-2 are shifted with respect to the first row of electronic pads 806A-1 by a portion of a pad pitch of the first rows of electronic pads 806A-1 along a first direction that is parallel with the first edge 202A. The first subset of interconnects 802 include both interconnects coupled to the first row of electronic pads 806A-1 and interconnects coupled to the second row of electronic pads 806A-2. The interconnects coupled to the first row of electronic pads 806A-1 are interleaved with the interconnects coupled to the second row of electronic pads 806A-2, which access the second row of electronic pads 806A-2 via spaces separating immediately adjacent electronic pads in the first row 806A-1.

[0124] Further, in some implementations not shown, for each pad group 806, the respective pad group 806 includes one or more respective third rows of electronic pads. Each respective third row of electronic pads are arranged substantially in parallel with the first edge 202A and immediately adjacent to the respective second row of electronic pads (e.g., 806A-2). For example, in the first pad group 806A, interconnects coupled to the third row of electronic pads 806A-3 interleave with both the interconnects coupled to the first row of electronic pads 806A-1 and the interconnects coupled to the second row of electronic pads 806A-2, and access the third row of electronic pads 806A-3 via the spaces separating immediately adjacent electronic pads in the first row 806A-1 and via the spaces separating immediately adjacent electronic pads in the second row 806A-2.

[0125] Referring to FIG. 11A, in some implementations, the interconnects 802A to both the first and second rows of electronic pads 806A-1 and 806A-2 of the first pad group 806A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1 and extend above a gap 804 between the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. A third pad group 806C is adjacent to the first pad group 808A. In this example, the second pad group 806B is immediately adjacent to the third edge 202C, and the second subset of interconnects 802B cross the third edge 202C to access the second pad group 806B. The third pad group 806C is immediately adjacent to the first edge 202A, and the third subset of interconnects 802C cross the first edge 202A to access the third pad group 806C.

[0126] Referring to FIG. 11B, in addition to the interconnects 802A to the electronic pads of the first pad group 806A, the interconnects 802B to both the first and second rows of electronic pads 806B-1 and 806B-2 of the second pad group 806B also cross one of the two side edges 202B-1 and extend above the gap 804 between the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B. Further, the second pad group 806B is immediately adjacent to the third edge 202C of the driver chip 202 or separated from the third edge 202C by one or more pad groups 806.

[0127] Referring to FIG. 11C, in some implementations, the interconnects 802A to both the first and second rows of electronic pads 806A-1 and 806A-2 of the first pad group 806A cross one of the two side edges 202B-1 and extend above a gap 804 between the first and second pad groups 806A and 806B, so do the interconnects 802B to both the first and second rows of electronic pads 806B-1 and 806B-2 of the second pad group 806B. The plurality of pad groups 806 further include a third pad group 806C and a fourth pad group 806D that are immediately adjacent to the first and third edges 202A and 202C, respectively. The subsets of interconnects 802C and 802D cross the first and third edges 202A and 202C to access the respective rows of electronic pads of the third and fourth pad groups 806C and 806D, respectively.

[0128] It is noted that in some implementations, all interconnects 802 (e.g., including the interconnects 802A and 802B) cross the first edge 202A to access the plurality of electronic pads 806 of the driver chip 202 in FIG. 3 with the fan-out area height D2. The fan-out area height D2 is expanded to accommodate all of the interconnects 802. Referring to FIGS. 11B and 11C, the interconnects 802A, 802B, 802A′, and 802B′ are moved to access the pad groups 806A and 806B via the second side edges. The number of interconnects 802 that need to cross the first edge 202A decreases, thereby requiring a smaller height D2 of the fan-out area 210 between the display edge 204A and the first edge 202A. In an example, 10% of the interconnects 802 (e.g., approximately 100 interconnects) are moved to access the pad groups 806 from the two side edges 202B, and reduce a width of a bezel region by 10%. By these means, a display screen 125 is developed to have no or litter display border area.

[0129] FIG. 12 is an example bezel region 1200 of a display screen 125 in which a first subset of interconnects 802 having different interconnect pitches over different regions of a fan-out area 210, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 1200 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by, and hidden under, the driver chip 202. The display area 204 has a plurality of display elements (not shown). The fan-out area 210 has a plurality of interconnects 1202 that are configured to provide electrical accesses to the plurality of display elements of the display area 204. The fan-out area 210 is further divided to a plurality of fan-out regions, e.g., a first fan-out region 210A, a second fan-out region 210B, and a third fan-out region 210C. In some implementations (e.g., in FIG. 14), the driver area 208 is immediately adjacent to the fan-out area 210. Alternatively, in some implementations, the fan-out area 210 includes the driver area 208, e.g., in the first fan-out region 210A. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208, such that a first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204, e.g., separated from the display area 204 by part of the fan-out area 210. The first edge 202A faces a display edge 204A of the display area 204 and is closer to the display area 204 than any other edge of the driver chip 202 (e.g., two side edges 202B-1 and 202B-2 connected to the first edge 202A, a third edge 202C that opposes and is parallel to the first edge 202A). In some implementations, the first edge 202A is parallel to the display edge 204A of the display area 204, and the two side edges 202B are perpendicular to the first edge 202A.

[0130] The driver chip 202 includes a plurality of pads 1204, and each pad 1204 is electrically coupled to a respective display element via a respective interconnect 1202 routed on the fan-out area 210. The plurality of pads 1204 are optionally arranged in one or more rows on the driver chip 202. The plurality of interconnects 1202 routed on the display substrate include a subset of first interconnects 1202A. Each first interconnect 1202A is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective first pad 1204A of the driver chip 202, and passes both a first fan-out region 210A and a second fan-out region 210B to access a respective first display element on the display area 204. A first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with a first interconnect pitch P₁. A second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the second fan-out region 210B with a second interconnect pitch P₂. The second interconnect pitch P₂ is different from the first interconnect pitch P₁. Specifically, in some embodiments, the second interconnect pitch P₂ is greater than the first interconnect pitch P₁.

[0131] In some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A includes two interconnects 1202A. In some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A includes three or more interconnects 1202A. In some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A include all interconnects 1202 that cross the display edge 204A in the second fan-out region 210B. In some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A include a subset of (i.e., less than all) interconnects 1202 that cross the display edge 204A in the second fan-out region 210B. Two subsets of interconnects 1202 that cross the display edge 204A in the second fan-out region 210B optionally have equal or distinct interconnect pitches in the second fan-out region 210B.

[0132] In some implementation, the fan-out area 210 further includes a third fan-out region 210C connected to the second fan-out region 210B. The second fan-out region 210B is located between the first and third fan-out regions 210A and 210C. Each of the subset of first interconnects 1202A also passes the third fan-out region 210C to access the respective first display element. Further, in some implementations, a third portion 1202A-3 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the third fan-out region 210C with a third interconnect pitch P₃. The second interconnect pitch P₂ is greater than the first interconnect pitch P₁ and less than the third interconnect pitch P₃. Stated another way, a pitch at a certain location of the subset of first interconnects 1202A increases with a corresponding distance from the central axis 240. In some embodiments, the first fan-out region 210A includes the driver area 208 onto which the driver chip 202 is flip-chip disposed. Further, in some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A cross the first edge 202A to access the subset of first pads 1204A. Alternatively, in some implementations, the subset of first interconnects 1202A cross the side edge 202B-1 to access the subset of first pads 1204A. The first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is partially or entirely concealed between the driver area 208 of the display substrate and the driver chip 204, and the second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A lies on the display substrate without being concealed by the driver chip 204.

[0133] In some implementations, the plurality of interconnects 1202 further include one or more second interconnects 1202B passing the first fan-out region 210A. Each second interconnect 1202B electrically couples a respective second pad 1204B on the driver chip 202 and a respective second display element on the display area 204 without extending to the second fan-out region 210B. Further, in some implementations, the one or more second interconnect 1202B have a substantially uniform pitch equal to the first interconnect pitch P₁ of the subset of first interconnects 1202A in the first fan-out region 210A. Additionally, in some implementations, the one or more second interconnects 1202B further include a second interconnect 1202B-1, and each portion of the second interconnect 1202B-1 is substantially parallel to a respective portion of each first interconnect 1202A.

[0134] In some implementation, the fan-out area 210 includes a central axis 240 and is symmetric with respect to the central axis 240. The central axis 240 is located in the first fan-out region 210A and external to the second fan-out region 210B. The first fan-out region 210A is optionally symmetric with respect to the central axis 240. Further, in some implementations, the fan-out area 210 further includes a fourth fan-out region 210D. The second and fourth fan-out regions 210B and 210D are symmetric with respect to the central axis 240. A first portion 1202C-1 of a subset of third interconnects 1202C is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with the first interconnect pitch P₁, and a second portion 1202C-2 of the subset of third interconnects 1202C is formed on the fourth fan-out region 210D with the second interconnect pitch P₂.

[0135] In some implementations, the first fan-out region 210A has a region width WD₁ equal to a driver width of the driver chip, and the plurality of interconnects 1202 passes the first fan-out region 210A to access the plurality of pads 1204 of the driver chip 204. The first fan-out region 210A includes the driver area 208 onto which the driver chip 202 is flip-chip disposed. Each of the interconnects 1202A, 1202B, and 1202C has a respective portion that is routed on the first fan-out portion 210A and contacts a respective pad 1204A, 1204B, or 1204C of the driver chip 204.

[0136] In some embodiments, the fan-out region 210 is laterally divided into the plurality of fan-out regions (e.g., 210A-210D), which are arranged along a direction perpendicular to the central axis 240 or parallel with the first edge 204A. The second fan-out region 210B is immediately adjacent to the first fan-out region 210A. The second interconnect pitch P₂ of the subset of first interconnects 1202A in the second fan-out region 210B is determined based on a first interconnect length L₁ of the subset of first interconnects 1202A. Specifically, in an example, the plurality of interconnects 1202 include a subset of second interconnects 1202B, and each second interconnect 1202B is electrically coupled to a respective second pad 1204B and passes the first fan-out region 210A, but not the second fan-out region 210B, to access a respective second display element on the display area 204. The subset of second interconnects 1202B have an alternative interconnect pitch and an alternative interconnect length. The second interconnect pitch P₂ of the subset of first interconnects 1202A in the second fan-out region 210B is determined based on the first interconnect length L₁ of the subset of first interconnects 1202A, the alternative interconnect pitch, and the alternative interconnect length. In an example, the alternative interconnect pitch is equal to the first interconnect pitch P₁. Additionally, in some situations, the first interconnect length L₁ is the longest interconnect length of the subset of first interconnects 1202A, and the alternative interconnect length is the longest interconnect length of the subset of second interconnects 1202B. Alternatively, in some situations, the first interconnect length L₁ is an average or median interconnect length of the subset of first interconnects 1202A, and the alternative interconnect length is an average or median interconnect length of the subset of second interconnects 1202B.

[0137] In some implementations, this application is directed to an electronic device including both a display substrate and a driver chip 204. Alternatively, in some implementations, this application is directed to a display substrate that is configured to receive the driver chip 204. The display substrate further includes (1) a display area 204 having a plurality of display elements, (2) a fan-out area 210 divided to a plurality of fan-out regions and having a plurality of interconnects 1202 that are configured to provide electrical accesses to the plurality of display elements of the display area 204, and (3) a driver area 208 adjacent to the fan-out area 210 and configured to receive the driver chip 202 including a plurality of pads 1204. Each pad 1204 is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective display element via a respective interconnect 1202 routed on the fan-out area 210. The plurality of interconnects 1202 include a subset of first interconnects 1202A. Each first interconnect 1202A is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective first pad 1204A of the driver chip 202, and passes a first fan-out region 210A and a second fan-out region 210B to access a respective first display element. A first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with a first interconnect pitch P₁, and a second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the second fan-out region 210-B with a second interconnect pitch P₂, The second interconnect pitch P₂ is different from (e.g., greater than) the first interconnect pitch P₁.

[0138] FIGS. 13A and 13B are enlarged areas of two example bezel regions 1300 and 1350 of display screens 125 having interconnects 1202 of variable width, in accordance with some implementations. A fan-out area 210 of a display substrate is divided into a plurality of fan-out regions including a first fan-out region 210A, a second fan-out region 210B, and a transition region 210T connecting the first and second fan-out regions 210A and 210B. A subset of first interconnects 1202A pass a first fan-out region 210A and a second fan-out region 210B. A first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with a first interconnect pitch P₁, and a second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the second fan-out region 210-B with a second interconnect pitch P₂. A pitch of the subset of first interconnects 1202A increases from the first interconnect pitch P₁ to the second interconnect pitch P₂within the transition region 210T.

[0139] In some implementations, the first and second fan-out regions 210A and 210B have distinct heights H₁ and H₂, respectively. The transition region 210T has a height H_T identical to the height H₂ of the second fan-out region 210B. The first fan-out region 210A includes the driver area 208 on which the driver chip 202 is disposed. Alternatively, in some implementations not shown, the first and second fan-out regions 210A and 210B have the same height, and the transition region 210T covers the same height.

[0140] In some implementations, for each first interconnect 1202A, a width of the first interconnect 1202A increases from a first interconnect width W₁ to a second interconnect width W₂ within the transition region 210T. The second interconnect width W₂ is greater than the first interconnect width W₁. In some implementations, each first interconnect 1202A is routed in part with a respective angle to couple the first portion 1202A-1 to the second portion 1202A-2 in the transition region 210T. A titling portion 1202AT of the respective first interconnect 1202A has a fixed interconnect width. The fixed interconnect width is equal to one of the first interconnect width W₁, the second interconnect width W₂, and an intermedia intermediate width that is greater than the first interconnect width W and less than less the second interconnect width W₂. Further, referring to FIG. 13A, in some implementations, the tilting portion 1202AT of a first interconnect 1202A has the first interconnect width W₁. In the transition region 210T, the first interconnect 1202A corresponds to a spatial rate in which an end of the tilting portion 1202AT extends to an end of the second portion 1202A-2. The first interconnect width W₁ of the tilting portion 1202AT gradually increases to the second interconnect width of the second portion of the tilting portion 1202AT according to the spatial rate in the transition region 210T. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 13B, in some implementations, independently of the fixed width of the tilting portion 1202AT, two ends of the tilting portion 1202AT of each first interconnect 1202A are connected to the first portion 1202A-1 and second portion 1202A-2 of the respective first interconnect 1202 in the transition region 210T, respectively.

[0141] The subset of first interconnects 1202A correspond to an interconnect gap G between two immediately adjacent first interconnects 1202A. In some embodiments not shown, the interconnect gap G of two of the subset of first interconnects 1202A remains constant on the first and second fan-out regions 210A and 210B, independently of the pitch of the subset of first interconnects 1202A. A width of each interconnect 1202A increases from the first fan-out region 210A to the second fan-out region 210B. Alternatively, referring to FIG. 13A and 13B, in some implementations, the interconnect gap G of two of the subset of first interconnects 1202A increases with the pitch of the subset of first interconnects 1202A, e.g., by keeping a constant ratio between the interconnect gap and the pitch. The first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A corresponds to a first interconnect gap on the first fan-out region 210A, and the second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A corresponds to a second interconnect gap on the second fan-out region 210B. The second interconnect gap is greater than the first interconnect gap. Alternatively, in some implementations not shown, while the width of the first interconnect 1202A increases from the first interconnect width in the first fan-out region 210A to the second interconnect width in the second fan-out region 210B, the first interconnect gap of the first interconnects 1202A in the first fan-out region 210A is smaller than the second interconnect gap of the first interconnects 1202A in the second fan-out region 210B,

[0142] FIG. 14 is another example bezel region 1400 of a display screen 125 in which a subset of first interconnects 1202A having different interconnect pitches over different regions of a fan-out area 210, in accordance with some implementations. The bezel region 1400 is immediately adjacent to a display area 204, and includes a fan-out area 210 and a driver area 208 that is covered by, and hidden under, the driver chip 202. The display area 204 has a plurality of display elements (not shown). The fan-out area 210 has a plurality of interconnects 1202 that are configured to provide electrical accesses to the plurality of display elements of the display area 204, and the fan-out area 210 is divided to a plurality of fan-out regions, e.g., a first fan-out region 210A, a second fan-out region 210B. In this example, the first fan-out region 210A has a first height h1, and the second fan-out region 210B has a second height h2. The driver area 208 is immediately adjacent to the first fan-out region 210A of the fan-out area 210. The driver chip 202 is disposed on the driver area 208, such that a first edge 202A of the driver chip 202 is adjacent to the display area 204, e.g., separated from the display area 204 by the first fan-out area 210A. The first edge 202A faces, and is parallel to, a display edge 204A of the display area 204.

[0143] The driver chip 202 includes a plurality of pads 1204 that are arranged in a row immediately adjacent to the first edge 202A. The plurality of interconnects 1202 cross the first edge 202A to access the plurality of pads 1204. The plurality of pads 1204 are configured to be electrically coupled to the plurality of display elements of the display area 204 via the plurality of interconnects 1202. The plurality of pads 1204 include a subset of first pads 1204A and a second subset of second pads 1204B. The subset of first pads 1204A are electrically coupled to a subset of first interconnects 1202A. Each first interconnect 1202A contacts a respective first pad 1204A and passes the first fan-out region 210A and second fan-out region 210B successively to access a respective first display element. A first portion 1202A-1 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with a first interconnect pitch P₁, and a second portion 1202A-2 of the subset of first interconnects 1202A is formed on the second fan-out region 210B with a second interconnect pitch P₂. The second interconnect pitch P₂ is different from (e.g., greater than) the first interconnect pitch P₁. Conversely, the subset of second pads 1204B are electrically coupled to a subset of second interconnects 1202B. Each second interconnect 1202B contacts a respective second pad 1204B and passes the first fan-out region 210A to access a respective second display element. The second interconnects 1202B does not pass the second fan-out region 210B. The subset of second interconnects 1202B is formed on the first fan-out region 210A with the first interconnect pitch P₁.

[0144] The subset of first interconnects 1202A are longer than the subset of second interconnects 1202B because the first interconnects 1202A have to extend to the second fan-out region 210B to reach the display edge 204A. Given greater lengths, the subset of first interconnects 1202A tend to have more parasitic capacitance, resistance, and inductance if none of their pitch, gap, and width is adjusted to suppress at least part of parasitic effects. Parasitic capacitance, resistance, and inductance of the first interconnects 1202A compromises electrical performance of these interconnects 1202. In various implementations of this application, the pitch, gap, and/or width is controlled to counteract the loss of electrical performance caused by the length-induced parasitic effects.

[0145] It should be understood that the particular implementations in FIG. 12-14 have been described are merely exemplary and are not intended to indicate that the described implementations are the only implementations in which interconnects having variable widths can be routed. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to route interconnects 1202. Also, one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize various ways to place a plurality of pads 1204 on the driver chip 202. Additionally, it should be noted that details of other electronic devices described above with respect to FIGS. 1A-11C are also applicable in an analogous manner to the electronic devices described above with respect to FIGS. 12-14. For brevity, these details are not repeated here.

[0146] The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific implementations. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The implementations were chosen in order to best explain the principles underlying the claims and their practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular uses contemplated.

[0147] Referring to FIGS. 12-14, some implementations of this application are summarized as follows:

[0148] Clause 1. an electronic device, comprising: a display substrate further including a display area having a plurality of display elements; a fan-out area, the fan-out area having a plurality of interconnects that are configured to provide electrical accesses to the plurality of display elements of the display area, wherein the fan-out area is divided to a plurality of fan-out regions; and a driver area adjacent to the fan-out area and configured to receive a driver chip including a plurality of pads, each pad configured to be electrically coupled to a respective display element via a respective interconnect routed on the fan-out area; wherein the plurality of interconnects include a subset of first interconnects, and each first interconnect is configured to be electrically coupled to a respective first pad of the driver chip, and passes a first fan-out region and a second fan-out region to access a respective first display element; and wherein a first portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the first fan-out region with a first interconnect pitch, and a second portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the second fan-out region with a second interconnect pitch, the second interconnect pitch different from the first interconnect pitch.

[0149] Clause 2. The electronic device of clause 1, wherein the second interconnect pitch of the subset of first interconnects in the second fan-out region is greater than the first interconnect pitch of the subset of first interconnects in the first fan-out region.

[0150] Clause 3. The electronic device of clause 1 or 2, wherein the first portion of the subset of first interconnects has a first interconnect width, and the second portion of the subset of first interconnects has a second interconnect width, the second interconnect width greater than the first interconnect width.

[0151] Clause 4. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-3, wherein the fan-out area further includes a third fan-out region, the second fan-out region located between the first and third fan-out regions, and each first interconnect passes the third fan-out region.

[0152] Clause 5. The electronic device of clause 4, wherein a third portion of the subset of first interconnects is formed on the third fan-out region with a third interconnect pitch, the second interconnect pitch greater than the first interconnect pitch and less than the third interconnect pitch.

[0153] Clause 6. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-5, wherein the plurality of interconnects include a second interconnect passing the first fan-out region to electrically couple a second pad and a second display element, and the second interconnect does not extend to the second fan-out region and has a substantially uniform pitch equal to the first interconnect pitch of the subset of first interconnects in the first fan-out region.

[0154] Clause 7. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-6, where the first fan-out region has a region width equal to a driver width of the driver chip, and the plurality of interconnects passes the first fan-out region to access the plurality of pads of the driver chip.

[0155] Clause 8. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-7, wherein the driver chip includes an interconnect compensation component configured to generate electrical signals that compensate for parasitics of one or more interconnects of the plurality of interconnects actively.

[0156] Clause 9. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-8, wherein the driver chip is flip-chip assembled to the display substrate, thereby facilitating each first interconnect to contact the respective first pad of the driver chip.

[0157] Clause 10. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-9, wherein the electronic device is one of a laptop display, a tablet computer display, and a mobile phone display, and the driver chip includes at least a source driver configured to drive the plurality of display elements and a timing controller configured to control driving of the plurality of display elements in a synchronous manner.

[0158] Clause 11. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-10, wherein: the second fan-out region is immediately adjacent to the first fan-out region; and the second interconnect pitch of the subset of first interconnects in the second fan-out region is determined based on a first interconnect length of the subset of first interconnects.

[0159] Clause 12. The electronic device of clause 11, wherein: the plurality of interconnects include a subset of second interconnects, and each second interconnect is electrically coupled to a respective second pad and passes the first fan-out region to access a respective second display element; and the subset of second interconnects have an alternative interconnect pitch and an alternative interconnect length; and the second interconnect pitch of the subset of first interconnects in the second fan-out region is determined based on the first interconnect length of the subset of first interconnects, the alternative interconnect pitch, and the alternative interconnect length.

[0160] Clause 13. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-12, wherein: the plurality of fan-out regions include a transition region connecting the first and second fan-out regions; a pitch of the subset of first interconnects increases from the first interconnect pitch to the second interconnect pitch within the transition region.

[0161] Clause 14. The electronic device of clause 13, wherein for each first interconnect, a width of the first interconnect increases from a first interconnect width to a second interconnect width within the transition region, the second interconnect width greater than the first interconnect width.

[0162] Clause 15. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-14, wherein the first portion of the subset of first interconnects is partially or entirely concealed between the display substrate and the driver chip, and the second portion of the subset of first interconnects lies on the display substrate without being concealed by the driver chip.

[0163] Clause 16. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-15, wherein the plurality of interconnects include a second interconnect, and the second interconnect is electrically coupled to a second pad of the driver chip and passes the first fan-out region to access a second display element, and at least a portion of the second interconnect is substantially parallel to a respective portion of each first interconnect.

[0164] Clause 17. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-16, wherein the fan-out area includes and is symmetric with respect to a central axis, and the central axis is located in the first fan-out region and external to the second fan-out region.

[0165] Clause 18. The electronic device of clause 17, wherein: the fan-out area further includes a fourth fan-out region; the second and fourth fan-out regions are symmetric with respect to the central axis; and a portion of a subset of third interconnects is formed on the fourth fan-out region with the second interconnect pitch.

[0166] Clause 19. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-18, wherein the plurality of interconnects are formed on a single layer of conductive material, cannot cross each other, and are spatially ordered on the display substrate.

[0167] Clause 20. The electronic device of any of clauses 1-19, further comprising: the driver chip coupled to the driver area and including the plurality of pads.

[0168] It will also be understood that, although the terms first and second are used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first fastener can be termed a second fastener, and, similarly, a second fastener can be termed a first fastener, without departing from the scope of the various described implementations. The first fastener and the second fastener are both fasteners, but they are not the same fastener.

[0169] The terminology used in the description of the various described implementations herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described implementations and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, components, structures and/or groups, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, structures, and/or groups thereof.

[0170] As used herein, the term “if” means “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting” or “in accordance with a determination that,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” means “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in accordance with a determination that [a stated condition or event] is detected,” depending on the context.