Enhanced collaboration between user equipment and network to facilitate machine learning

[0001] This application is a U.S. National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. 371 and claims the priority benefit of International Application No. PCT/US2022/027141, filed Apr. 29, 2022 and PCT Provisional Application No. PCT/CN2021/091798, filed May 2, 2021, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference as set forth in full.

[0002] This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for wireless communications and, more particularly, to network and user equipment device collaboration for machine learning in 5^th Generation (5G) and 6th Generation (6G) communications.

[0003] Wireless devices are becoming widely prevalent and are increasingly using wireless channels. The 3^rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) is developing one or more standards for wireless communications.

[0009] The following description and the drawings sufficiently illustrate specific embodiments to enable those skilled in the art to practice them. Other embodiments may incorporate structural, logical, electrical, process, algorithm, and other changes. Portions and features of some embodiments may be included in, or substituted for, those of other embodiments. Embodiments set forth in the claims encompass all available equivalents of those claims.

[0010] Wireless devices may perform measurements as defined by technical standards. For cellular telecommunications, standardization groups such as the 3^rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) and the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) Alliance define communication techniques, including for using machine learning with 5^th Generation (5G) network devices and user equipment (UE) devices.

[0011] Machine learning applications in use cases of self-organized networks (SONs) and minimization of drive tests (MDTs) are being studied in 3GPP RAN3, as part of the study on enhancement for data collection for new radio (NR) and evolved universal mobile telecommunications systems terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) new radio dual connectivity (ENDC). Some machine learning applications in SON focus on network resource optimization and coordination in NG-RAN (next generation radio access network). However, it would be more beneficial to a wireless network for the UE to take advantage of machine learning outcomes and optimize UE performance jointly with the network or on its own.

[0012] Distributed learning and federated learning can be used as the framework supporting joint machine learning capability between a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN) and UE. An example for using federated learning supporting machine learning between NG-RAN and UE has been proposed. However, different from machine learning (ML) applications in NG-RAN nodes where the ML information/models can be transmitted over transport network layer (TNL) interfaces, joint machine learning between network and UE requires coordination and collaboration over an air interface.

[0013] Therefore, it is important to support the machine learning capability over air interface signaling, including model deployment, model information update, machine learning configuration, and the like.

[0014] In the present disclosure, embodiments related to the coordination between NG-RAN and UE to support federated/distributed learning, including signaling aspects, machine learning based UE behavior and configuration/reporting, and the like, are provided.

[0015] The present disclosure provides embodiments/implementations to support machine learning configuration/reporting between NG-RAN and UE over radio resource control (RRC) signaling. Embodiments include new radio bearer(s) and/or a new system information block (SIB) to carry new messages including ML configurations, ML reporting and information update, ML requests, and the like. According to a ML report from a UE, the NG-RAN can also update and provide a ML model to different UEs according to the confidence level/model bias/variance of ML results in the reports from UEs. Considering the different roles that the NG-RAN and UE play in a ML framework, the present disclosure describes how the UE behavior is defined and its corresponding information carried over the air interface.

[0016] The ML communication embodiments discussed herein allow for the deployment of distributed learning and federated learning by enabling information exchanges over air interface (e.g., RRC signaling). Information exchanging over air interface can successfully help the coordination and collaboration between network and UE for network performance optimization and resource allocation.

[0017] In one or more embodiments, the NG-RAN (e.g., a gNB device) may generate and send a ML capability indication to UEs to indicate that the NG-RAN supports ML (e.g., and may facilitate ML operations at the UE). A UE may respond with an interest indication (e.g., service registration) that indicates for which service a UE requests a ML model for use by the UE. The NG-RAN may generate and send a UE capability inquiry to the UE to request ML and hardware capabilities of the UE, and the UE may respond by providing the NG-RAN with its ML and hardware capabilities. Based on the ML and hardware capabilities of the UE, the NG-RAN may generate a ML configuration for a ML model of a service requested by the UE, and may send the ML model and ML configuration to the UE for use by the UE. Once the UE has implemented the ML model and generated results, the UE may send a ML report to the NG-RAN to report the predictions, outcomes, and action space (e.g., actions that the UE will or is requesting to perform as a result of the ML outcomes). The NG-RAN may provide an updated ML model and/or ML configuration, which may be based on a request from the UE or without UE solicitation.

[0018] In one or more embodiments, compared with messages such as UE capability and measurement reports, machine learning model and related parameter updates (e.g., for federated learning) may have a lower priority. A new radio bearer is proposed to be used for carrying such information between NG-RAN and UE.

[0019] Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) are defined as Radio Bearers (RBs) that are used only for the transmission of RRC and NAS messages (e.g., control plane messages). More specifically, the following SRBs are defined: SRB0 is for RRC messages using the CCCH logical channel. SRB1 is for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS message) as well as for NAS messages prior to the establishment of SRB2, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB2 is for NAS messages and for RRC messages which include logged measurement information, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB2 has a lower priority than SRB1 and may be configured by the network after AS security activation. SRB3 is for specific RRC messages when UE is in (NG) EN-DC or NR-DC, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB4 is for RRC messages which include application layer measurement reporting information, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB4 can only be configured after security activation. In one or more embodiments, a new SRB is introduced for RRC messages to include machine learning model and model parameters information, all using DCCH logical channel. SRB5 may only be configured after security activation.

[0020] In one or more embodiments, it is also possible that a new data radio bearer (e.g., user data plane) can be used to carry machine learning model and parameter updates. The new data radio bearer (e.g. MLRB) may be dedicated for machine learning and mapping to a PDU session. Compared with carrying via SRB, machine learning model transmitted via MLRB from upper layer can thus be intercepted by NG-RAN. Each ML model/service can be mapped to one dedicated PDU session, and it is possible that all machine learning models share the same PDU session which contains different QoS flows carrying different ML models. The priority between different ML models or between ML models and normal traffic can be handled by QoS requirement or logical channel priority.

[0021] In one or more embodiments, three types of UE behavior should be considered under RAN-UE joint machine learning optimization: (1) RRC configuration per RAN configuration. In this mode, UE behavior is the same as the legacy mechanism. The difference is how NG-RAN decides the resource allocation and configuration for a certain UE. (2) Policy guided. Per policy guidance, UE decide by itself according to the policy. In this mode, according to the outcome (inference output) from the machine learning model, UE can decide its action based on the policy (Policy Guidance configured via RRC configuration) configured by the network. After action is taken, UE may also be required to send the configuration update via RRC signaling. One example use case is beam management. Assuming distributed learning is adopted at UE side, UE will predict the best receiving beam index or beamforming matrix according to the inference result. UE may also receive a policy guidance from the network. The guidance policy may include a tolerant range of how UE can tune their receiving beams. If the predicted result of receiving beam matrix is within the tolerant range, UE can thus tune its receiving beams. (3) Action guided. UE sends action space to RAN, and perform action according to NG-RAN's feedback. In this mode, UE can either get the direct action from the machine learning model (action in reinforcement learning) or UE decide to take certain action according to the prediction results. However, UE cannot take those actions on its own, as network grants is needed. In this case, UE will send request messages to NG-RAN, indicating the action required at the UE side. Upon receiving this request, according to its own resource status, RAN can decide whether to grant the action or not. For example, UE is performing positioning prediction and the predicted location shows that the UE is moving out of the coverage of cell A. According to the geo-location of other NG-RAN or according to the measurement of neighbor cells, UE can request handover to cell B (if cell B is outperformed cell A) via a handover request. Once RAN accepts the handover request, NG-RAN will send a granted response to the request UE and forward the corresponding UE context to the target cell. In one or more embodiments, before setting machine learning configuration, UE is required to send an indication to NG-RAN to indicate whether NG-RAN can support machine learning or not. A new field “ue-capabilityML-RequestFilter” in a UECapabilityEnquiry message is introduced to request UE radio access capability of support machine learning. Moreover, A new field “ue-capabilityML-Information” in UEInformationRequest message is also used to send the machine learning capability of UE to the network. The present disclosure considers categories of UE capability: (1) Hardware capability; (2) Machine learning capability. For hardware capability, in general, it is used to indicate whether the hardware of UE chip can/want support machine learning or not. Details may also include: Chip type, max battery capacity, UE's current battery status, batching data size, etc. For machine learning capability, it is used to indicate: what type of machine learning model UE can support (e.g. CNN, RNN, RL, Classification, regression, etc.) and for each machine learning model, it includes: maximum model size, training capability, e.g. supported SW library, inference capability, e.g. supported SW library, etc. A Machine learning capability field is used to indicate NG-RAN the machine learning capability of UE. The UECapabilityEnquiry message is used to request UE radio access capabilities for NR as well as for other RATs. Signaling radio bearer: SRB1. RLC-SAP: AM. Logical channel: DCCH. Direction: Network to UE.

[0022] In one or more embodiments, a UECapabilityEnquiry message may look as follows:

[0023]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-UECAPABILITYENQUIRY-START
UECapabilityEnquiry-IEs ::=	SEQUENCE {
ue-CapabilityML-RequestFilter	UE-CapabilityML-RequestFilter,
nonCriticalExtension	SEQUENCE { }    OPTIONAL
}
-   UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter
The IE UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter is used to request filtered UE capabilities.
The filter is common for all capability containers that are requested.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, a UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter information element may look as follows:

[0025]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-UE-CAPABILITYMLREQUESTFILTER-START
UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter ::=	SEQUENCE {
machinelearning-Request	SEQUENCE {
omitML	ENUMERATED {true}     OPTIONAL,
-- Need N
hardwareCapability	ENUMERATED {true}
OPTIONAL,  -- Need N
modelCapability	ENUMERATED {true}     OPTIONAL
-- Need N
}	OPTIONAL,   -- Need N
}
-- TAG-UE-CAPABILITYMLREQUESTFILTER-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0026] Table 1 below provides descriptions of the UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter field:

[0027]

TABLE 1
	UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter field descriptions:
	UE-CapabilityMLRequestFilter field descriptions
	machinelearningRequest
	This message is used to request hardware or model support
	capability at UE side. This can be used at network to decide
	whether and what machine learning model is configured.
	hardwareCapability
	Only if this field is present, the UE shall indicate the request-
	ed hardware capability to the network.
	modelCapability
	Only if this field is present, the UE shall indicate the request-
	ed machine learning model capability to the network.
	omitML
	Only if this field is present, the UE shall omit the machine
	learning request from the network. The UE

[0028] In one or more embodiments, the IE UBCapabilityInformation message is used to transfer UE radio access capabilities requested by the network. Signaling radio bearer: SRB1. RLC-SAP: AM. Logical channel: DCCH. Direction: UE to Network.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the UBCapabilityInformation message may look as follows:

[0030]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-UECAPABILITYINFORMATION-START
UECapabilityInformation-IEs ::= SEQUENCE {
ue-CapabilityML-Information	UE-CapabilityML-Information
OPTIONAL,
nonCriticalExtension	SEQUENCE{ }
OPTIONAL
}
-- TAG-UECAPABILITYINFORMATION-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0031] In one or more embodiments, the IE UE-CapabilityML-Information information element contains machine learning specific capability.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, the UECapabilityML-Information information element may look as follows:

[0033]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-UE-CAPABILITYML-INFORMATION-START
UE-CapabilityML-Information ::=	SEQUENCE {
hardwareCapability	HardwareCapability,
modelCapability	ModelCapability
}
HardwareCapability ::=	SEQUENCE {
chiptype	ENUMERATED
{CPU,GPU,ASIC,TPU,others,spare3,spare2,spare1}	OPTIONAL,
maxPower	INETGER(0..100)	OPTIONAL,
batchsize	ENUMERATED {1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB,16GB, spare3,
spare2, spare1},   OPTIONAL
batterycapacity	INTEGER (0...100)	OPTIONAL,
currentbatterystatus	INTEGER (0...100)	OPTIONAL,
currentbattery	INTEGER (0...100)	OPTIONAL,
}
ModelCapability ::=	SEQUENCE {
modeltype	ENUMERATED {CNN, RNN, Regression, Classification,
RL, spare3, spare2, spare1}	OPTIONAL,
modelsize	ENUMERATED {1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB,16GB, spare3,
spare2, spare1},   OPTIONAL,
trainingCapability	ENUMERATED {supported}	OPTIONAL,
inferenceCapability	ENUMERATED {supported}	OPTIONAL,
}
-- TAG-UE-CAPABILITYML-INFORMATION-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the machine learning configuration may be sent via RRC signaling from the NG-RAN to the UE. To support distributed/federated learning between the NG-RAN and the UE, the following content should be included in the RRC messages: A new message type “MachineLearningConfiguration” can be used to carry machine learning configuration. The information from RAN to UE includes machine learning model, configuration, (and model parameter updates,) etc. Service type: Distributed learning and federated learning have different requirements to information exchanging between NG-RAN and UE. For distributed learning when UE is independently responsible for machine learning training and inference (scenario 1), because NG-RAN is not required to maintain the machine learning model adopted at UE side, UE does not need to download/synchronize machine learning model with NG-RAN. Therefore, NG-RAN does not have to know the machine learning use cases at UE side. For this scenario, the NG-RAN may set the service type as “Default.” Another scenario of distributed learning (scenario 2) is that NG-RAN serves as the machine learning training node and the UE as the inference node. UE can download the model trained by RAN according to its interested machine learning service type. Upon receiving such model, UE can start inference based on the input data. “service type” is used to indicate the service where the machine learning model is trained from. Examples include positioning, V2X, channel estimation, etc.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, for federated learning, the same machine learning model is shared between NG-RAN and UE (scenario 3). The UE may need to register for a machine learning service and receive the ML model from NG-RAN. Thus, NG-RAN may define certain use cases as different “service types” that can be supported for federated learning between NG-RAN and UE.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the Machine learning Report configuration field specifies machine learning to be performed by the UE, as well as configuration of machine learning reporting types or periodicity, etc.

[0037] In one or more embodiments, the ML configuration may include a Machine learning reporting type. For scenario 1, since NG-RAN does not have the machine learning model, UE is only required to forward the outcome from the machine learning model to NG-RAN. This field may include prediction of measurement, performance feedback, UE action space (handover request, etc.). Those reports can be categorized as prediction results and action space.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, for federated learning or model deployment from NG-RAN node to the UE, both NG-RAN and UEs may maintain the same machine learning model downloaded from NG-RAN during initialization. As for federated learning, UE will update and iterate local machine learning model based on its own environment and input/output, UE can also report the updated machine learning parameters generated by local nodes to NG-RAN, so that NG-RAN can update the centralized model accordingly. This type of reporting can be called a model parameter update.

[0039] In one or more embodiments, for scenario 2 and scenario 3, except for reports mentioned above, NG-RAN may also request the UE to report the “model bias” and “model variance”. Details can be found below.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, there may be a ML report periodicity and offset. The report periodicity is used to indicate how frequent the UE should report the Model Parameter Update or prediction results to NG-RAN. This periodicity can be per UE basis or per model basis. The periodicity field is used to indicate the periodicity of UE reporting “Model Parameter Update” or “prediction results” to NG-RAN. In case prediction results need immediate feedback from NG-RAN (such as Case 3 above), the field can also be set to zero. Each periodicity corresponds to an offset (given in number of slots), indicating the offset of start time among different UEs.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, there may be a ML result storing duration and start time. Duration: In addition to periodicity, for “prediction results” which does not require immediate feedback to NG-RAN, NG-RAN may also configure UE how long it needs to store the prediction results before the periodicity ends. This field is used to indicating how long time the report should be stored at UE. Start time: This field is the start time of UE recording the prediction results.

[0042] In one or more embodiments, there may be policy guidance provided by the NG-RAN to the UE. A guided policy can be provided by OAM or CN or gNB itself, indicating the high-level action that UE can perform according to the output of machine learning algorithms at UE side.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, UE behavior can either be decided by NG-RAN or by UE itself. This field is used to indicate UE which type of behavior it can be consider upon getting the inference result from machine learning model. The types of UE action include: 1) RRC configuration 2) Policy Guided 3) Action Guided. UE can decide its behavior according to the configured behavior type.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, the Model Bias Threshold field sets a model bias threshold to UE when to trigger MachineLearningModelUpdateRequest.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, the Model Variance Threshold field sets a model variance threshold to UE when to trigger MachineLearningModelUpdateRequest.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, if machine learning model and parameter updates are also carried via control plane, following two fields are also considered to be included in the MachineLearningConfiguration.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the machine learning model may be deployed at a UE. This model can also be joint optimized at NG-RAN and UE if federated learning is used as the framework in machine learning supported NG-RAN network. The model is generated by training node located at network nodes (CU/DU, OAM or CN) and transmitted to UE in the container via the new SRB or via MLRB/DRB in data plane (e.g., as described above). The ML models can also be in the form of identifiers for UE to download the models. According to different UE capability, NG-RAN may assign models with smaller granularity.

[0048] In one or more embodiments, the Machine Learning Model field can also include other training related information, such as loss function, optimizer for training. The Machine Learning Model field is optional for distributed learning framework, mandatory for federated framework or model deployment from NG-RAN to UE. If the model size is larger than 8000 bytes, RRC Segmentation is supported.

[0049] In one or more embodiments, the Machine Learning Model Parameter Updates field may carry the information used for machine learning model update and iteration, such as hidden layer, weight, gradient etc. Considering the machine learning algorithms vary among different use cases and vendors, those information are generated from the network nodes who performs machine learning training and they are carried in a container passing to UE.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, in federated learning framework, it is possible that the central server is located at NG-RAN (e.g. CU or DU), OAM or CN. If OAM or CN plays the role of the central server in federated framework, the model parameters are generated by OAM or CN. One container is used to transfer those parameters between the network and the UE. Under this circumstance, if it is transmitted over control plane, the RRC layer is transparent to this field. If the update model size is larger than 8000 bytes, RRC Segmentation is supported. Transmission via DRB/MLRB in data plane is also considered, in case the data size is large. If NG-RAN (e.g. CU or DU) is the central server, this container will be formed by NG-RAN (e.g. CU or DU, depends on who is the training node).

[0051] In one or more embodiments, as for RRC messages, the MachineLearningConfiguration has three options: (1) New field in rrcReconfiguration, which can be carried in either otherConfig field or a new dedicated field. Examples of new field in rrcReconfiguration is shown as below:

[0052]

RRCReconfiguration-vxyz-IEs ::= SEQUENCE {
machineLearningConfiguration	MachineLearningConfgiuration	OPTIONAL
}
OtherConfig-vxyz-IEs ::= SEQUENCE {
machineLearningConfiguration	MachineLearningConfgiuration	OPTIONAL
}
(2) New DL-DCCH-Message. One example of the RRC signaling from NG-RAN to
UE is shown as below:
-  DL-DCCH-Message
The DL-DCCH-Message class is the set of RRC messages that may be sent from the
network to the UE on the downlink DCCH logical channel.
-- ASN1START
-- TAG-DL-DCCH-MESSAGE-START
DL-DCCH-Message ::=	SEQUENCE {
message	DL-DCCH-MessageType
}
DL-DCCH-MessageType ::=	CHOICE {
c1	CHOICE {
rrcReconfiguration	RRCReconfiguration,
rrcResume	RRCResume,
rrcRelease	RRCRelease,
rrcReestablishment	RRCReestablishment,
securityModeCommand	SecurityModeCommand,
dlInformationTransfer	DLInformationTransfer,
ueCapabilityEnquiry	UECapabilityEnquiry,
counterCheck	CounterCheck,
mobilityFromNRCommand	MobilityFromNRCommand,
dlDedicatedMessageSegment-r16	DLDedicatedMessageSegment-r16,
ueInformationRequest-r16	UEInformationRequest-r16,
dlInformationTransferMRDC-r16	DLInformationTransferMRDC-r16,
loggedMeasurementConfiguration-r16	LoggedMeasurementConfiguration-r16,
machineLearningConfiguration	MachineLearningConfiguration,
spare2 NULL, spare1 NULL
},
messageClassExtension	SEQUENCE { }
}
-- TAG-DL-DCCH-MESSAGE-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0053] In one or more embodiments, a new SIB may be used to indicate the network's ML capability. Except for a machine learning model and machine learning model parameter update, other fields also may be broadcasted to UE(s) via a new SIB.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, an example of a MachineLearningConfiguration message and information elements are shown as below:

MachineLearningConfiguration

[0055] The MachineLearningConfiguration message is used to perform machine learning at UE side. It is used to transfer the machine learning configuration for enabling machine learning services for network performance optimization.

[0056]

Signalling radio bearer: SRBX
RLC-SAP: AM
Logical channel: DCCH
Direction: Network to UE
MachineLearningConfiguration message
-- ASN1START
-- TAG-MACHINELEARNINGCONFIGURATION-START
MachineLearningConfiguration ::= SEQUENCE {
criticalExtensions	CHOICE {
machineLearningConfiguration	MachineLearningConfiguration-IEs,
criticalExtensionsFuture	SEQUENCE { }
}
}
MachineLearningConfiguration-IEs ::= SEQUENCE {
serviceType	ENUMERATED {default, positioning, V2X, spare5,
spare4, spare3, spare2, spare1 }	OPTIONAL,
machineLearningReportConfiguration	MachineLearningReportConfiguration,
policyGuidance	OCTET STRING (SIZE(1..8000))	OPTIONAL,
machineLearningModelUpdate	machineLearningModelUpdate,
lateNonCriticalExtension	OCTET STRING	OPTIONAL,
nonCriticalExtension	SEQUENCE { }	OPTIONAL
}
MachineLearningReportConfiguration ::=	SEQUENCE {
reportType	ENUMERATED {prediction-result, action-space, model-
update, model-bias, model-variance, spare3, spare2, spare1},
behaviorType	ENUMERATED {rrc-config, policy-guided, action-
guided, spare4, space3, space2, space1},
reportPeriodicityAndOffset	MachinelearningPeriodicityAndOffset,
reportDurationAndStarttime	MachineLearningDurationAndStarttime,
predictionResultConfiguration	PredictionResultConfiguration,
actionSpaceConfiguration	ActionSpaceConfiguration,
...
}
MachineLearningModelUpdate ::=	SEQUENCE {
machineLearningModel	OCTET STRING (SIZE(1..8000))	OPTIONAL,
modelUpdate	OCTET STRING (SIZE(1..8000))	OPTIONAL,
...
}
MachinelearningPeriodicityAndOffset ::=	SEQUENCE {
slots4	INTEGER(0..3),
slots5	INTEGER(0..4),
slots8	INTEGER(0..7),
slots10	INTEGER(0..9),
slots16	INTEGER(0..15),
slots20	INTEGER(0..19),
slots40	INTEGER(0..39),
slots80	INTEGER(0..79),
slots160	INTEGER(0..159),
slots320	INTEGER(0..319)
}
-- TAG-MACHINELEARNINGCONFIGURATION-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0057] Table 2 below shows MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions:

[0058]

TABLE 2
	MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions:
	MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions
	serviceType
	Indicates the machine learning services that the UE is registered.
	If UE performs machine learning on its own and requires no machine
	learning model from network side, the service type is set to “Default”.
	policyGuidance
	Indicate the guided policy from the network.
	reportType
	Indicates the type of reporting that the UE reports after performing
	machine learning services.
	reportPeriodicity
	This field indicates the periodicity of reporting the configured report
	type. Value ms 20 corresponds to 20 ms, ms 50 corresponds to
	50 ms and so on.
	machineLearningModel
	This field contains container of machine learning model. The
	machine learning model can either be generated from NG-RAN
	itself or received from upper layers.
	modelUpdate
	This field contains container of machine learning parameters updated
	after training or upon receiving model-update report from the UE.
	predictionResultConfiguration
	This field contains the configuration of prediction results need to be
	reported to the network after the UE performs machine learning. It
	should be specific for different use cases.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, the ML report may be sent via RRC signaling from UE to NG-RAN. The information uploaded/reported from UE to RAN includes machine learning model parameter updates, prediction results, action space, feedback (e.g., model performance feedback and/or wireless feedback (e.g., system KPI, e.g. throughput/latency, etc.)) via a new message type “MachineLearningReport”. The reporting types depends on the Machine learning reporting types configuration received from NG-RAN. If the report size is larger than 8000 bytes, RRC Segmentation is supported. The service type field is used to report the registered machine learning service(s) to NG-RAN. If report type is configured as “Machine learning model parameter updates,” UE will report the corresponding updated parameters which is updated by itself according to environment and local training. If report type is configured as “prediction result,” UE will report the prediction values which is the outcome of machine learning model. The prediction values may be different among different machine learning use cases, some examples can be channel matrix prediction, CSI prediction, position prediction, etc. This field can be carried in the new message “MachineLearningReport”. Or if there's a corresponding measurement report or information sent from UE to RAN, the prediction results can also be included in the same message/field as the legacy report, but with a separate IE specifically for prediction values. The current/expected feedback is also reported back together with prediction results. The expected feedback represents what the UE's performance looks like if the corresponding prediction results are used by UE.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, according to the output of machine learning algorithms, UE can also decide its own action according to the guidance policy (embodiment 4) received from NG-RAN or direct outcome from machine learning algorithm. If report type is configured as “action space,” UE will then send its action space to NG-RAN and let NG-RAN to decide how UE should perform. The action space can either be a request or a report. For example, for mobility enhancement use case, according to the predicted channel quality and positioning, UE may request a handover to a neighbor cell. In this case, UE will send its preferred neighbor cell identity and related information to NG-RAN requesting handover. The preferred neighbor cell identity and handover request in this example can be called as action space. The current/expected feedback is also reported back together with prediction results. The expected feedback represents what will be the UE's performance looks like if the corresponding action is taken by UE.

[0061] In one or more embodiments, when input data cannot fit to the inference/trained model well at UE side, UE would calculate the bias of the model and report to NG-RAN. The values can be categorized into different levels, for example, poor bias, less poor bias, no bias, etc.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, according to different input data and environment, it is possible that the inference model or trained model could hardly fit to the input data. Hence, this field is used to report the variance of the machine learning model.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, a confidence level is introduced to indicate how much network can trust the reporting from the UE.

[0064] One example of the RRC signaling from UE to NG-RAN is shown as below. The—DCCH-Message class is the set of RRC messages that may be sent from the UE to the network on the uplink DCCH logical channel:

[0065]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-UL-DCCH-MESSAGE-START
UL-DCCH-Message ::=	SEQUENCE {
message	UL-DCCH-MessageType
}
UL-DCCH-MessageType ::=	CHOICE {
c1	CHOICE {
measurementReport	MeasurementReport,
rrcReconfigurationComplete	RRCReconfigurationComplete,
rrcSetupComplete	RRCSetupComplete,
rrcReestablishmentComplete	RRCReestablishmentComplete,
rrcResumeComplete	RRCResumeComplete,
securityModeComplete	SecurityModeComplete,
securityModeFailure	SecurityModeFailure,
ulInformationTransfer	ULInformationTransfer,
locationMeasurementIndication	LocationMeasurementIndication,
ueCapabilityInformation	UECapabilityInformation,
counterCheckResponse	CounterCheckResponse,
ueAssistanceInformation	UEAssistanceInformation,
failureInformation	FailureInformation,
ulInformationTransferMRDC	ULInformationTransferMRDC,
scgFailureInformation	SCGFailureInformation,
scgFailureInformationEUTRA	SCGFailureInformationEUTRA
},
messageClassExtension	CHOICE {
c2	CHOICE {
ulDedicatedMessageSegment-r16	ULDedicatedMessageSegment-r16,
dedicatedSIBRequest-r16	DedicatedSIBRequest-r16,
mcgFailureInformation-r16	MCGFailureInformation-r16,
ueInformationResponse-r16	UEInformationResponse-r16,
sidelinkUEInformationNR-r16	SidelinkUEInformationNR-r16,
ulInformationTransferIRAT-r16	ULInformationTransferIRAT-r16,
iabOtherInformation-r16	IABOtherInformation-r16,
machineLearningReport	MachineLearningReport,
spare8 NULL, spare7 NULL, spare6 NULL,
spare5 NULL, spare4 NULL, spare3 NULL, spare2 NULL, spare1 NULL
},
messageClassExtensionFuture-r16 SEQUENCE { }
}
}
-- TAG-UL-DCCH-MESSAGE-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0066] In one or more embodiments, the MachineLearningReport message is used for the indication of measurement results. Signalling radio bearer: SRBX. RLC-SAP: AM. Logical channel: DCCH. Direction: UE to Network. The MachineLearningReport message may look as follows:

[0067]

-- ASN1START
-- TAG-MACHINELEARNINGREPORT-START
MachineLearningReport ::=	SEQUENCE {
criticalExtensions	CHOICE {
machineLearningReport	MachineLearningReport-IEs,
criticalExtensionsFuture	SEQUENCE { }
}
}
MachineLearningReport-IEs ::=	SEQUENCE {
serviceType	ENUMERATED {default, positioning, V2X, spare5, spare4,
spare3, spare2, spare1}	OPTIONAL,
modelUpdate	OCTET STRING (SIZE(1..8000))	OPTIONAL,
modelBias	ENUMERATED {poor-bias, less-poor, no-bias, spare5,
spare4, spare3, spare2, spare1}	OPTIONAL,
modelVariance	INTEGER (0,...,100)	OPTIONAL,
predictionResult	PredictionResult	OPTIONAL,
confidenceLevel	ENUMERATED {0, 1, 2, ..., 10}	OPTIONAL,
modelPerformanceFeedback	ENUMERATED {good, medium, poor} OPTIONAL,
userPerformanceFeedback	ENUMERATED	{increase,  decrease,  fair}
OPTIONAL,
lateNonCriticalExtension	OCTET STRING	OPTIONAL,
nonCriticalExtension	SEQUENCE{ }	OPTIONAL
}
-- TAG-MEASUREMENTREPORT-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

• • [0068] userPerformanceFeedback can further break down to IEs, e.g. throughput, latency, QoS, etc.

[0069] Table 3 below shows MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions:

[0070]

TABLE 3
	MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions:
	MachineLearningConfiguration field descriptions
	modelUpdate
	This field contains container of machine learning parameters
	updated after local training at the UE.
	predictionResult
	This field contains the prediction results need to be reported to the
	network after the UE performs machine learning. It should be
	specific for different use cases.
	confidenceLevel
	This field indicates how much network can trust the prediction
	results or model parameters generated by the UE. Value 0 repre-
	sents UE prediction is not accurate, Value 10 represents the network
	should fully take the report into account.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, for a ML model update request and response exchange, when RAN and UE are coordinated with federated learning framework or model deployed from NG-RAN to the UE. Each UE will train the machine learning model locally if federated learning is considered. However, after certain time (e.g., before UE needs to report “Machine learning model parameter update,” it is possible that some machine learning model cannot be converged at certain UE(s) or the prediction result is out of the tolerant range according to the policy. In this case, UE can send a “MachineLearningModelUpdateRequest” to the network, requesting a parameter update to the corresponding machine learning model. Upon receiving the request, network will send “MachineLearningModelUpdateResponse messages which includes “MachineLearningModelUpdate” and corresponding service type.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, there may be a UE selective training/ML model update. “ConfidenceLevel” is introduced to show how network can trust the model updated by UE or the prediction results get from UE. According to the “confidenceLevel” reported by UE, NG-RAN can selectively update machine learning model to different UEs. NG-RAN can prioritize to update machine learning models to UEs with lower rate of confidenceLevel.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, the network's ML capability may be indicated by a new SIB. This new SIB (e.g. SIBX) contains information related to machine learning. It may contain following information: Network machine learning capability, machine learning services that the network can provide, and for each service, the information includes: required software library, required machine learning model, required memory size (e.g., unit: MB/KB), other information (e.g., machine learning configurations). An example of this new SIB is shown as below:

[0074]

-SIBX
SIBX5 contains machine learning related information.
-- ASN1START
-- TAG-SIB15-START
SIB15-rxyz ::=	SEQUENCE{
MachineLearningSupport	ENUMERATED{true,false},
mlServiceInfoList	MLServiceInfoList	OPTIONAL,
(machineLearningConfiguration	MachineLearningConfiguration
OPTIONAL,)
...
}
MLServiceInfoList ::=	SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxMLSerivce)) OF
MLServiceInfo
MLServiceInfo ::=	SEQUENCE {
mlServiceId	MIServiceId,
memoryRequirement	INTEGER (1,..,1000),
requiredMlModelList	MLModelList,
requiredMlSoftwareLibList	MLModelSoftwareLibList,
...
}
MLModelList ::=	SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxModel)) OF MLModel
MLModelSoftwareLibList  ::=	SEQUENCE (SIZE (1..maxSoftLib)) OF
MILSoftwareLib
MLModel ::= ENMERATED {CNN, RNN, NN, DQN, RandomForest, ...}
MLSoftwareLib ::= ENUMERATED {numpy, scipy, ...}
-- TAG-SIB15-STOP
-- ASN1STOP

[0075] In one or more embodiments, there may be a service registration/interest indication message. Upon receiving the service list provided by network (carried in network capability indication in Embodiment 8), UE(s) send their interested service type/ID to the network and requesting such service(s). If UE is interested and request receiving machine learning model from the network, UE send the requested service ID/service type to the network.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, there may be an action feedback message. For action-guided RAN-UE machine learning coordination, instead of sending RRC configuration to UE, network can send a new message carrying action feedback instead. This can reduce reconfigure such UE and reduce message size over air interface. This feedback can either be action grant or action denied.

[0077] The above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting. Numerous other examples, configurations, processes, algorithms, etc., may exist, some of which are described in greater detail below. Example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures.

[0078] FIG. 1 shows an example process 100 for network and user equipment collaboration to facilitate machine learning on the user equipment, according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0079] Referring to FIG. 1, the process 100 may include a network device 102 (e.g., a gNB) and a UE device 104 collaborating to allow the UE device 104 to perform ML. The network device 102 may generate and send a ML capability indication 106 to indicate that the network device 102 may provide ML models and configurations for one or more services, and may collaborate with the UE device 104 to provide the relevant ML models, configurations, and other data to allow the UE device 104 to perform ML. The UE device 104 may respond by generating and sending a service registration 108 (e.g., an interest indication) that indicates to the network device 102 that the UE device 104 is interested in ML for one or more of the services advertised by the network device 102. The network device 102 may generate and send a UE capability inquiry 110 to the UE device 104 to request the UE device 104 to provide information about the UE's capabilities (e.g., ML capabilities and/or hardware capabilities). The UE device 104 may respond by generating and sending UE capability information 112 (e.g., indicating ML and/or hardware capabilities). Based on the UE capability information 112, the network device 102 may select or generate a ML configuration 114 for the UE device 104, and may send the ML configuration 114 to the UE device. For example, based on any requested service in the service registration 108, the network device 102 may select a ML model and a ML configuration for the ML model for the service based on the UE capability information 112 (e.g., a ML model/configuration using more or fewer resources depending on the UE capability information 112).

[0080] Still referring to FIG. 1, after receiving the ML model and ML configuration 114, the UE device 104 may execute the ML model based on the ML configuration 114. Once the UE device 104 has executed the ML model and generated corresponding outputs, the UE device 104 may generate and send a ML report 118 to the network device 102. The ML report 118 may indicate predictions prior to the ML execution 116, outcomes of the ML execution 116 (e.g., actual outputs of the ML execution 116), and requested or selected actions (e.g., an action space) for the UE device 104 to perform based on the ML execution 116. The ML model and/or configuration may be trained and/or updated by the network device 102 and/or the UE device 104. When the ML model and/or configuration is updated by the network device 102, the UE device 104 periodically and optionally may generate and send a ML model update request 120 to the network device 102 to request the update. The network device 102 may generate and send the model update response 122 with updated ML models and configurations, optionally in response to the ML model update request 120, or without the UE device 104 requesting the update.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, the ML capability indication 106 may be sent via a SIB.

[0082] In one or more embodiments, the ML configuration 114 and the ML report 118 may be sent using a new SRB or a new data radio bearer.

[0083] In one or more embodiments, the network device 102 may initiate the ML configuration procedure by sending the ML configuration 114 message.

[0084] The UE device 104 may include any suitable processor-driven device including, but not limited to, a mobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static device. For example, the UE device 104 may include, a personal computer (PC), a wearable wireless device (e.g., bracelet, watch, glasses, ring, etc.), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, an Ultrabook™ computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a PDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalities with PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively small computing device, a non-desktop computer, a context-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, a set-top-box (STB), a blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a digital video disc (DVD) player, a high definition (HD) DVD player, a DVD recorder, a HD DVD recorder, a personal video recorder (PVR), a broadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, an audio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat panel display, a personal media player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), a digital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier, a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a digital still camera (DSC), a media player, a smartphone, a television, a music player, or the like. Other devices, including smart devices such as lamps, climate control, car components, household components, appliances, etc. may also be included in this list.

[0085] As used herein, the term “Internet of Things (IoT) device” is used to refer to any object (e.g., an appliance, a sensor, etc.) that has an addressable interface (e.g., an Internet protocol (IP) address, a Bluetooth identifier (ID), a near-field communication (NFC) ID, etc.) and can transmit information to one or more other devices over a wired or wireless connection. An IoT device may have a passive communication interface, such as a quick response (QR) code, a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag, an NFC tag, or the like, or an active communication interface, such as a modem, a transceiver, a transmitter-receiver, or the like. An IoT device can have a particular set of attributes (e.g., a device state or status, such as whether the IoT device is on or off, open or closed, idle or active, available for task execution or busy, and so on, a cooling or heating function, an environmental monitoring or recording function, a light-emitting function, a sound-emitting function, etc.) that can be embedded in and/or controlled/monitored by a central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor, ASIC, or the like, and configured for connection to an IoT network such as a local ad-hoc network or the Internet. For example, IoT devices may include, but are not limited to, refrigerators, toasters, ovens, microwaves, freezers, dishwashers, dishes, hand tools, clothes washers, clothes dryers, furnaces, air conditioners, thermostats, televisions, light fixtures, vacuum cleaners, sprinklers, electricity meters, gas meters, etc., so long as the devices are equipped with an addressable communications interface for communicating with the IoT network. IoT devices may also include cell phones, desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), etc. Accordingly, the IoT network may be comprised of a combination of “legacy” Internet-accessible devices (e.g., laptop or desktop computers, cell phones, etc.) in addition to devices that do not typically have Internet-connectivity (e.g., dishwashers, etc.).

[0086] Any of the UE device 104 and the network device 102 may include one or more communications antennas. The one or more communications antennas may be any suitable type of antennas corresponding to the communications protocols used by the UE device 104 and the network device 102. Some non-limiting examples of suitable communications antennas include 3GPP antennas, directional antennas, non-directional antennas, dipole antennas, folded dipole antennas, patch antennas, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, omnidirectional antennas, quasi-omnidirectional antennas, or the like. The one or more communications antennas may be communicatively coupled to a radio component to transmit and/or receive signals, such as communications signals to and/or from the UE device 104 and the network device 102.

[0087] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow diagram of illustrative process 200 for network and user equipment collaboration to facilitate machine learning on the user equipment, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0088] At block 202, a device (e.g., the network device 102 of FIG. 1, the NG-RAN 314 of FIG. 3) may generate and transmit, to a UE device (e.g., the UE device 104 of FIG. 1), an indication that the network device supports ML (e.g., the ML capability indication 106 of FIG. 1).

[0089] At block 204, the device may identify a service registration (e.g., the service registration 108 of FIG. 1) received from the UE device. The service registration may indicate a request for ML models and configurations for one or more services supported by the device.

[0090] At block 206, the device may generate and transmit, to the UE device, a request for information (e.g., the UE capability inquiry 110 of FIG. 1) to the UE device to request ML and/or hardware capabilities of the UE device. The device may rely on this information to select/generate a ML configuration, ML parameters, policies, and the like to send to the UE device for use by the UE device. For example, a given service may have one or multiple ML models with different parameters that may be selected based on the UE device's ML and/or hardware capabilities.

[0091] At block 208, the device may identify the information received from the UE device (e.g., the UE capability information 112 of FIG. 1). The device may select models and configurations based on which models and configurations the UE device supports and that meet hardware capabilities of the UE device.

[0092] At block 210, the device may generate/select and transmit, to the UE device, a machine learning configuration and a ML model (e.g., the ML configuration 114 of FIG. 1) based on the information received from the UE device. The device may update the ML model and/or configuration, optionally in response to a request received from the UE device and/or in response to a ML report provided by the UE device (e.g., indicating what the results were of execution of the ML model in comparison with predicted results). The device may provide policies to govern the decisions of the UE device with respect to use of and outcomes of the ML model, and/or may receive respond to requests (e.g., confirm or reject) received from the UE device regarding which actions the UE device may perform based on results of execution of the ML model.

[0093] It is understood that the above descriptions are for purposes of illustration and are not meant to be limiting.

[0094] FIG. 3 illustrates a network 300, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0095] The network 300 may operate in a manner consistent with 3GPP technical specifications for LTE or 5G/NR systems. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems, or the like.

[0096] The network 300 may include a UE 302, which may include any mobile or non-mobile computing device designed to communicate with a RAN 304 via an over-the-air connection.

[0097] The UE 302 may be communicatively coupled with the RAN 304 by a Uu interface. The UE 302 may be, but is not limited to, a smartphone, tablet computer, wearable computer device, desktop computer, laptop computer, in-vehicle infotainment, in-car entertainment device, instrument cluster, head-up display device, onboard diagnostic device, dashtop mobile equipment, mobile data terminal, electronic engine management system, electronic/engine control unit, electronic/engine control module, embedded system, sensor, microcontroller, control module, engine management system, networked appliance, machine-type communication device, M2M or D2D device, IoT device, etc.

[0098] In some embodiments, the network 300 may include a plurality of UEs coupled directly with one another via a sidelink interface. The UEs may be M2M/D2D devices that communicate using physical sidelink channels such as, but not limited to, PSBCH, PSDCH, PSSCH, PSCCH, PSFCH, etc.

[0099] In some embodiments, the UE 302 may additionally communicate with an AP 306 via an over-the-air connection. The AP 306 may manage a WLAN connection, which may serve to offload some/all network traffic from the RAN 304. The connection between the UE 302 and the AP 306 may be consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 306 could be a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In some embodiments, the UE 302, RAN 304, and AP 306 may utilize cellular-WLAN aggregation (for example, LWA/LWIP). Cellular-WLAN aggregation may involve the UE 302 being configured by the RAN 304 to utilize both cellular radio resources and WLAN resources.

[0100] The RAN 304 may include one or more access nodes, for example, AN 308. AN 308 may terminate air-interface protocols for the UE 302 by providing access stratum protocols including RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC, and L1 protocols. In this manner, the AN 308 may enable data/voice connectivity between CN 320 and the UE 302. In some embodiments, the AN 308 may be implemented in a discrete device or as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of, for example, a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN or virtual baseband unit pool. The AN 308 be referred to as a BS, gNB, RAN node, eNB, ng-eNB, NodeB, RSU, TRxP, TRP, etc. The AN 308 may be a macrocell base station or a low power base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

[0101] In embodiments in which the RAN 304 includes a plurality of ANs, they may be coupled with one another via an X2 interface (if the RAN 304 is an LTE RAN) or an Xn interface (if the RAN 304 is a 5G RAN). The X2/Xn interfaces, which may be separated into control/user plane interfaces in some embodiments, may allow the ANs to communicate information related to handovers, data/context transfers, mobility, load management, interference coordination, etc.

[0102] The ANs of the RAN 304 may each manage one or more cells, cell groups, component carriers, etc. to provide the UE 302 with an air interface for network access. The UE 302 may be simultaneously connected with a plurality of cells provided by the same or different ANs of the RAN 304. For example, the UE 302 and RAN 304 may use carrier aggregation to allow the UE 302 to connect with a plurality of component carriers, each corresponding to a Pcell or Scell. In dual connectivity scenarios, a first AN may be a master node that provides an MCG and a second AN may be secondary node that provides an SCG. The first/second ANs may be any combination of eNB, gNB, ng-eNB, etc.

[0103] The RAN 304 may provide the air interface over a licensed spectrum or an unlicensed spectrum. To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may use LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms based on CA technology with PCells/Scells. Prior to accessing the unlicensed spectrum, the nodes may perform medium/carrier-sensing operations based on, for example, a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

[0104] In V2X scenarios the UE 302 or AN 308 may be or act as a RSU, which may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable AN or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE. An RSU implemented in or by: a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU”; an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU”; a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU”; and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs. The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may provide other cellular/WLAN communications services. The components of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller or a backhaul network.

[0105] In some embodiments, the RAN 304 may be an LTE RAN 310 with eNBs, for example, eNB 312. The LTE RAN 310 may provide an LTE air interface with the following characteristics: SCS of 15 kHz; CP-OFDM waveform for DL and SC-FDMA waveform for UL; turbo codes for data and TBCC for control; etc. The LTE air interface may rely on CSI-RS for CSI acquisition and beam management; PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH/PDCCH demodulation; and CRS for cell search and initial acquisition, channel quality measurements, and channel estimation for coherent demodulation/detection at the UE. The LTE air interface may operating on sub-6 GHz bands.

[0106] In some embodiments, the RAN 304 may be an NG-RAN 314 with gNBs, for example, gNB 316, or ng-eNBs, for example, ng-eNB 318. The gNB 316 may connect with 5G-enabled UEs using a 5G NR interface. The gNB 316 may connect with a 5G core through an NG interface, which may include an N2 interface or an N3 interface. The ng-eNB 318 may also connect with the 5G core through an NG interface, but may connect with a UE via an LTE air interface. The gNB 316 and the ng-eNB 318 may connect with each other over an Xn interface.

[0107] In some embodiments, the NG interface may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface, which carries traffic data between the nodes of the NG-RAN 314 and a UPF 348 (e.g., N3 interface), and an NG control plane (NG-C) interface, which is a signaling interface between the nodes of the NG-RAN 314 and an AMF 344 (e.g., N2 interface).

[0108] The NG-RAN 314 may provide a 5G-NR air interface with the following characteristics: variable SCS; CP-OFDM for DL, CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM for UL; polar, repetition, simplex, and Reed-Muller codes for control and LDPC for data. The 5G-NR air interface may rely on CSI-RS, PDSCH/PDCCH DMRS similar to the LTE air interface. The 5G-NR air interface may not use a CRS, but may use PBCH DMRS for PBCH demodulation; PTRS for phase tracking for PDSCH; and tracking reference signal for time tracking. The 5G-NR air interface may operating on FR1 bands that include sub-6 GHz bands or FR2 bands that include bands from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHZ. The 5G-NR air interface may include an SSB that is an area of a downlink resource grid that includes PSS/SSS/PBCH.

[0109] In some embodiments, the 5G-NR air interface may utilize BWPs for various purposes. For example, BWP can be used for dynamic adaptation of the SCS. For example, the UE 302 can be configured with multiple BWPs where each BWP configuration has a different SCS. When a BWP change is indicated to the UE 302, the SCS of the transmission is changed as well. Another use case example of BWP is related to power saving. In particular, multiple BWPs can be configured for the UE 302 with different amount of frequency resources (for example, PRBs) to support data transmission under different traffic loading scenarios. A BWP containing a smaller number of PRBs can be used for data transmission with small traffic load while allowing power saving at the UE 302 and in some cases at the gNB 316. A BWP containing a larger number of PRBs can be used for scenarios with higher traffic load.

[0110] The RAN 304 is communicatively coupled to CN 320 that includes network elements to provide various functions to support data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (for example, users of UE 302). The components of the CN 320 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes. In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the functions provided by the network elements of the CN 320 onto physical compute/storage resources in servers, switches, etc. A logical instantiation of the CN 320 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 320 may be referred to as a network sub-slice.

[0111] In some embodiments, the CN 320 may be an LTE CN 322, which may also be referred to as an EPC. The LTE CN 322 may include MME 324, SGW 326, SGSN 328, HSS 330, PGW 332, and PCRF 334 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the LTE CN 322 may be briefly introduced as follows.

[0112] The MME 324 may implement mobility management functions to track a current location of the UE 302 to facilitate paging, bearer activation/deactivation, handovers, gateway selection, authentication, etc.

[0113] The SGW 326 may terminate an SI interface toward the RAN and route data packets between the RAN and the LTE CN 322. The SGW 326 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement.

[0114] The SGSN 328 may track a location of the UE 302 and perform security functions and access control. In addition, the SGSN 328 may perform inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between different RAT networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by MME 324; MME selection for handovers; etc. The S3 reference point between the MME 324 and the SGSN 328 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle/active states.

[0115] The HSS 330 may include a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions. The HSS 330 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 330 and the MME 324 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the LTE CN 320.

[0116] The PGW 332 may terminate an SGi interface toward a data network (DN) 336 that may include an application/content server 338. The PGW 332 may route data packets between the LTE CN 322 and the data network 336. The PGW 332 may be coupled with the SGW 326 by an S5 reference point to facilitate user plane tunneling and tunnel management. The PGW 332 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (for example, PCEF). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the PGW 332 and the data network 336 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra-operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The PGW 332 may be coupled with a PCRF 334 via a Gx reference point.

[0117] The PCRF 334 is the policy and charging control element of the LTE CN 322. The PCRF 334 may be communicatively coupled to the app/content server 538 to determine appropriate QoS and charging parameters for service flows. The PCRF 332 may provision associated rules into a PCEF (via Gx reference point) with appropriate TFT and QCI.

[0118] In some embodiments, the CN 320 may be a 5GC 340. The 5GC 340 may include an AUSF 342, AMF 344, SMF 346, UPF 348, NSSF 350, NEF 352, NRF 354, PCF 356, UDM 358, AF 360, and LMF 362 coupled with one another over interfaces (or “reference points”) as shown. Functions of the elements of the 5GC 340 may be briefly introduced as follows.

[0119] The AUSF 342 may store data for authentication of UE 302 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 342 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. In addition to communicating with other elements of the 5GC 340 over reference points as shown, the AUSF 342 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

[0120] The AMF 344 may allow other functions of the 5GC 340 to communicate with the UE 302 and the RAN 304 and to subscribe to notifications about mobility events with respect to the UE 302. The AMF 344 may be responsible for registration management (for example, for registering UE 302), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 344 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 302 and the SMF 346, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 344 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 302 and an SMSF. AMF 344 may interact with the AUSF 342 and the UE 302 to perform various security anchor and context management functions. Furthermore, AMF 344 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the RAN 504 and the AMF 344; and the AMF 344 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signaling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection. AMF 344 may also support NAS signaling with the UE 302 over an N3 IWF interface.

[0121] The SMF 346 may be responsible for SM (for example, session establishment, tunnel management between UPF 348 and AN 308); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF 348 to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement, charging, and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF 344 over N2 to AN 308; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between the UE 302 and the data network 536.

[0122] The UPF 348 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to data network 336, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 348 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform uplink traffic verification (e.g., SDF-to-QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 548 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network.

[0123] The NSSF 350 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 302. The NSSF 350 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 350 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 302, or a list of candidate AMFs based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 354. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 302 may be triggered by the AMF 344 with which the UE 302 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 350, which may lead to a change of AMF. The NSSF 350 may interact with the AMF 344 via an N22 reference point; and may communicate with another NSSF in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown). Additionally, the NSSF 350 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

[0124] The NEF 352 may securely expose services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, AFs (e.g., AF 360), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 352 may authenticate, authorize, or throttle the AFs. NEF 352 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 560 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 352 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 352 may also receive information from other NFs based on exposed capabilities of other NFs. This information may be stored at the NEF 352 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 352 to other NFs and AFs, or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 352 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

[0125] The NRF 354 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 354 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 354 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

[0126] The PCF 356 may provide policy rules to control plane functions to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behavior. The PCF 356 may also implement a front end to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 358. In addition to communicating with functions over reference points as shown, the PCF 356 exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

[0127] The UDM 358 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 302. For example, subscription data may be communicated via an N8 reference point between the UDM 358 and the AMF 344. The UDM 358 may include two parts, an application front end and a UDR. The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 358 and the PCF 356, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 302) for the NEF 352. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 321 to allow the UDM 358, PCF 356, and NEF 352 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. In addition to communicating with other NFs over reference points as shown, the UDM 358 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

[0128] The AF 360 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to NEF, and interact with the policy framework for policy control.

[0129] In some embodiments, the 5GC 340 may enable edge computing by selecting operator/3rd party services to be geographically close to a point that the UE 302 is attached to the network. This may reduce latency and load on the network. To provide edge-computing implementations, the 5GC 340 may select a UPF 348 close to the UE 302 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 348 to data network 336 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 360. In this way, the AF 360 may influence UPF (re) selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 360 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 360 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 360 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

[0130] The data network 336 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services that may be provided by one or more servers including, for example, application/content server 338.

[0131] The LMF 562 may receive measurement information (e.g., measurement reports) from the NG-RAN 314 and/or the UE 302 via the AMF 344. The LMF 362 may use the measurement information to determine device locations for indoor and/or outdoor positioning.

[0132] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a wireless network 400, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0133] The wireless network 400 may include a UE 402 in wireless communication with an AN 404. The UE 402 and AN 404 may be similar to, and substantially interchangeable with, like-named components described elsewhere herein.

[0134] The UE 402 may be communicatively coupled with the AN 404 via connection 406. The connection 406 is illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols such as an LTE protocol or a 5G NR protocol operating at mmWave or sub-6 GHZ frequencies.

[0135] The UE 402 may include a host platform 408 coupled with a modem platform 410. The host platform 408 may include application processing circuitry 412, which may be coupled with protocol processing circuitry 414 of the modem platform 410. The application processing circuitry 412 may run various applications for the UE 402 that source/sink application data. The application processing circuitry 412 may further implement one or more layer operations to transmit/receive application data to/from a data network. These layer operations may include transport (for example UDP) and Internet (for example, IP) operations

[0136] The protocol processing circuitry 414 may implement one or more of layer operations to facilitate transmission or reception of data over the connection 406. The layer operations implemented by the protocol processing circuitry 414 may include, for example, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC and NAS operations.

[0137] The modem platform 410 may further include digital baseband circuitry 416 that may implement one or more layer operations that are “below” layer operations performed by the protocol processing circuitry 414 in a network protocol stack. These operations may include, for example, PHY operations including one or more of HARQ-ACK functions, scrambling/descrambling, encoding/decoding, layer mapping/de-mapping, modulation symbol mapping, received symbol/bit metric determination, multi-antenna port precoding/decoding, which may include one or more of space-time, space-frequency or spatial coding, reference signal generation/detection, preamble sequence generation and/or decoding, synchronization sequence generation/detection, control channel signal blind decoding, and other related functions.

[0138] The modem platform 410 may further include transmit circuitry 618, receive circuitry 420, RF circuitry 422, and RF front end (RFFE) 424, which may include or connect to one or more antenna panels 426. Briefly, the transmit circuitry 418 may include a digital-to-analog converter, mixer, intermediate frequency (IF) components, etc.; the receive circuitry 420 may include an analog-to-digital converter, mixer, IF components, etc.; the RF circuitry 422 may include a low-noise amplifier, a power amplifier, power tracking components, etc.; RFFE 424 may include filters (for example, surface/bulk acoustic wave filters), switches, antenna tuners, beamforming components (for example, phase-array antenna components), etc. The selection and arrangement of the components of the transmit circuitry 418, receive circuitry 420, RF circuitry 422, RFFE 424, and antenna panels 426 (referred generically as “transmit/receive components”) may be specific to details of a specific implementation such as, for example, whether communication is TDM or FDM, in mmWave or sub-6 gHz frequencies, etc. In some embodiments, the transmit/receive components may be arranged in multiple parallel transmit/receive chains, may be disposed in the same or different chips/modules, etc.

[0139] In some embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry 414 may include one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the transmit/receive components.

[0140] A UE reception may be established by and via the antenna panels 426, RFFE 424, RF circuitry 422, receive circuitry 420, digital baseband circuitry 416, and protocol processing circuitry 414. In some embodiments, the antenna panels 426 may receive a transmission from the AN 404 by receive-beamforming signals received by a plurality of antennas/antenna elements of the one or more antenna panels 426.

[0141] A UE transmission may be established by and via the protocol processing circuitry 414, digital baseband circuitry 416, transmit circuitry 418, RF circuitry 422, RFFE 424, and antenna panels 426. In some embodiments, the transmit components of the UE 404 may apply a spatial filter to the data to be transmitted to form a transmit beam emitted by the antenna elements of the antenna panels 426.

[0142] Similar to the UE 402, the AN 404 may include a host platform 428 coupled with a modem platform 430. The host platform 428 may include application processing circuitry 432 coupled with protocol processing circuitry 434 of the modem platform 430. The modem platform may further include digital baseband circuitry 436, transmit circuitry 438, receive circuitry 440, RF circuitry 442, RFFE circuitry 444, and antenna panels 446. The components of the AN 404 may be similar to and substantially interchangeable with like-named components of the UE 402. In addition to performing data transmission/reception as described above, the components of the AN 408 may perform various logical functions that include, for example, RNC functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management, and data packet scheduling.

[0143] FIG. 5 is a block diagram 500 illustrating components, in accordance with one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0144] The components may be able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 5 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources including one or more processors (or processor cores) 510, one or more memory/storage devices 520, and one or more communication resources 530, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 540 or other interface circuitry. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 502 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources.

[0145] The processors 510 may include, for example, a processor 512 and a processor 514. The processors 510 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

[0146] The memory/storage devices 520 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 520 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile, non-volatile, or semi-volatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

[0147] The communication resources 530 may include interconnection or network interface controllers, components, or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 504 or one or more databases 506 or other network elements via a network 508. For example, the communication resources 530 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB, Ethernet, etc.), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

[0148] Instructions 550 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 510 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 550 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 510 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 520, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 550 may be transferred to the hardware resources from any combination of the peripheral devices 504 or the databases 506. Accordingly, the memory of processors 510, the memory/storage devices 520, the peripheral devices 504, and the databases 506 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

[0149] For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

[0150] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The terms “computing device,” “user device,” “communication station,” “station,” “handheld device,” “mobile device,” “wireless device” and “user equipment” (UE) as used herein refers to a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a tablet, a netbook, a wireless terminal, a laptop computer, a femtocell, a high data rate (HDR) subscriber station, an access point, a printer, a point of sale device, an access terminal, or other personal communication system (PCS) device. The device may be either mobile or stationary.

[0151] As used within this document, the term “communicate” is intended to include transmitting, or receiving, or both transmitting and receiving. This may be particularly useful in claims when describing the organization of data that is being transmitted by one device and received by another, but only the functionality of one of those devices is required to infringe the claim. Similarly, the bidirectional exchange of data between two devices (both devices transmit and receive during the exchange) may be described as “communicating,” when only the functionality of one of those devices is being claimed. The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a wireless communication signal includes transmitting the wireless communication signal and/or receiving the wireless communication signal. For example, a wireless communication unit, which is capable of communicating a wireless communication signal, may include a wireless transmitter to transmit the wireless communication signal to at least one other wireless communication unit, and/or a wireless communication receiver to receive the wireless communication signal from at least one other wireless communication unit.

[0152] As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., to describe a common object, merely indicates that different instances of like objects are being referred to and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.

[0153] The term “access point” (AP) as used herein may be a fixed station. An access point may also be referred to as an access node, a base station, an evolved node B (eNodeB), or some other similar terminology known in the art. An access terminal may also be called a mobile station, user equipment (UE), a wireless communication device, or some other similar terminology known in the art. Embodiments disclosed herein generally pertain to wireless networks. Some embodiments may relate to wireless networks that operate in accordance with one of the IEEE 802.11 standards.

[0154] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices and systems, for example, a personal computer (PC), a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tablet computer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehicular device, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumer device, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communication station, a wireless communication device, a wireless access point (AP), a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device, an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wireless network, a wireless area network, a wireless video area network (WVAN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a personal area network (PAN), a wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

[0155] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-way radio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communication systems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, a personal communication system (PCS) device, a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portable global positioning system (GPS) device, a device which incorporates a GPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFID element or chip, a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transceiver or device, a single input multiple output (SIMO) transceiver or device, a multiple input single output (MISO) transceiver or device, a device having one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, digital video broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devices or systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a smartphone, a wireless application protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

[0156] Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types of wireless communication signals and/or systems following one or more wireless communication protocols, for example, radio frequency (RF), infrared (IR), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal FDM (OFDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), time-division multiple access (TDMA), extended TDMA (E-TDMA), general packet radio service (GPRS), extended GPRS, code-division multiple access (CDMA), wideband CDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier modulation (MDM), discrete multi-tone (DMT), Bluetooth®, global positioning system (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee, ultra-wideband (UWB), global system for mobile communications (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G, fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, 3GPP, long term evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used in various other devices, systems, and/or networks.

[0157] Various embodiments are described below.

[0158] Example 1 may be a system of a radio access network (RAN) node B device for facilitating machine learning operations on a user equipment (UE) device, the system comprising processing circuitry coupled to storage, the processing circuitry configured to cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an indication that the node B device supports machine learning; identify a service registration, received from the UE device, indicating that the UE device requests machine learning support and a machine learning model from the node B device; cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a request for information associated with the UE device, the information associated with at least one of hardware capabilities or machine learning capabilities of the UE device; identify the information received from the UE device based on the request for information; cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, the machine learning model, a machine learning model parameter, and a machine learning configuration for use by the UE device, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning parameter, and the machine learning configuration are based on the information; and cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an update to the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, or the machine learning configuration for use by the UE device.

[0159] Example 2 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning parameter, and the machine learning configuration are transmitted using a signaling radio bearer.

[0160] Example 3 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning parameter, and the machine learning configuration are transmitted using a radio bearer dedicated to machine learning transmissions.

[0161] Example 4 may include the system of example 2 or example 3 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a radio resource control (RRC) configuration associated with controlling a machine learning operation, using the machine learning configuration, of the UE device.

[0162] Example 5 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein to set the time period further comprises to: wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a policy comprising an action for the UE device to perform, the policy associated with the machine learning configuration, wherein the policy allows the UE device to select from among multiple actions based on the policy.

[0163] Example 6 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: identify a request, received from the UE, to perform an action based on results of use of the machine learning model by the UE device; and cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a response based on the request, the response confirming or rejecting the action.

[0164] Example 7 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the hardware capabilities comprises an indication of whether a processor of the UE device supports machine learning, and further comprises at least one of a processor type, a maximum battery capacity, a current battery status of the UE device, or a batching data size associated with the UE device.

[0165] Example 8 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning capabilities comprise a type of machine learning model supported by the UE device, and further comprises at least one of a maximum machine learning model size, a supported library, a machine learning model training capability, or a machine learning model inference capability.

[0166] Example 9 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein a RRC message comprises the machine learning configuration.

[0167] Example 10 may include the system of example 9 and/or some other example herein, wherein the RRC message further comprises a service type indicator indicating that the UE device is not required to synchronize the machine learning configuration with the node B device and that the UE device is permitted to train a machine learning model associated with an action space of the machine learning configuration.

[0168] Example 11 may include the system of example 9 and/or some other example herein, wherein the RRC message further comprises a service type indicator indicative of a service with which the machine learning configuration is associated, and indicative that the node B device trains a machine learning model associated with the machine learning configuration.

[0169] Example 12 may include the system of example 9 and/or some other example herein, wherein the RRC message further comprises a service type indicator indicating that the UE device is required to register, with the node B device, for a service associated with the machine learning configuration.

[0170] Example 13 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: identify a machine learning report, received from the UE device, the machine learning report comprising a measurement prediction associated with the machine learning configuration, performance feedback associated with the machine learning configuration, and a requested action for the UE to perform based on the performance feedback.

[0171] Example 14 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: identify a second machine learning configuration, received from the UE device, the second machine learning configuration comprising an update to the machine learning configuration.

[0172] Example 15 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: determine at least one of a machine learning model bias, a machine learning model variance, a machine learning model confidence level, or feedback associated with use of the machine learning model; generate, based on the at least one of the machine learning model bias, the machine learning model variance, the machine learning model confidence level, or the feedback, an update to the machine learning configuration for use by the UE device; and cause the node B device to transmit the update to the machine learning configuration to the UE device.

[0173] Example 16 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the processing circuitry is further configured to: identify an update request, received from the UE device, requesting an updated machine learning configuration, wherein to generate the update to the machine learning configuration is based on the update request.

[0174] Example 17 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein a system information block comprises the indication that the node B device supports machine learning, and wherein the indication that the node B device supports machine learning comprises an indication of a machine learning capability and an indication of machine learning services that the node B device provides.

[0175] Example 18 may include the system of example 17 and/or some other example herein, wherein the service registration comprises a requested machine learning service of the machine learning services.

[0176] Example 19 may include the system of example 1 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning configuration comprises service type of the machine learning model, a model bias threshold, a model variance threshold, an indication of whether the machine learning model is to be maintained and trained by the node B device or the UE device, and an indication of a machine learning report configuration.

[0177] Example 20 may include the system of example 19 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning report configuration comprises an indication of machine learning report, report periodicity and offset, duration and start time of storage for the machine learning result.

[0178] Example 21 may include a computer-readable storage medium comprising instructions to cause processing circuitry of a radio access network (RAN) node B device, upon execution of the instructions by the processing circuitry, to: cause the node B device to transmit, to a user equipment (UE) device, an indication that the node B device supports machine learning; identify a service registration, received from the UE device, indicating that the UE device requests machine learning support and a machine learning model from the node B device; cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a request for information associated with the UE device, the information associated with at least one of hardware capabilities or machine learning capabilities of the UE device; identify the information received from the UE based on the request for information; cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, the machine learning model, a machine learning model parameter, and a machine learning configuration for use by the UE device, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, and the machine learning configuration are based on the information; and cause the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an update to the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, or the machine learning configuration for use by the UE device.

[0179] Example 22 may include the computer-readable medium of example 21 and/or some other example herein, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, and the machine learning configuration are transmitted using a radio bearer dedicated to machine learning transmissions.

[0180] Example 23 may include a method for facilitating machine learning operations on a user equipment (UE) device, the method comprising: causing, by processing circuitry of a radio access network (RAN) node B device, the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an indication that the node B device supports machine learning; identifying, by the processing circuitry, a service registration, received from the UE device, indicating that the UE device requests machine learning support and a machine learning model from the node B device; causing, by the processing circuitry, the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a request for information associated with the UE device, the information associated with at least one of hardware capabilities or machine learning capabilities of the UE device; identifying, by the processing circuitry, the information received from the UE based on the request for information; causing, by the processing circuitry, the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, the machine learning model, a machine learning model parameter, and a machine learning configuration for use by the UE device, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, and the machine learning configuration are based on the information; and causing, by the processing circuitry, the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an update to the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, or the machine learning configuration for use by the UE device.

[0181] Example 24 may include an apparatus comprising means for: causing a node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an indication that the node B device supports machine learning; identifying a service registration, received from the UE device, indicating that the UE device requests machine learning support and a machine learning model from the node B device; causing the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, a request for information associated with the UE device, the information associated with at least one of hardware capabilities or machine learning capabilities of the UE device; identifying the information received from the UE based on the request for information; causing the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, the machine learning model, a machine learning model parameter, and a machine learning configuration for use by the UE device, wherein the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, and the machine learning configuration are based on the information; and causing the node B device to transmit, to the UE device, an update to the machine learning model, the machine learning model parameter, or the machine learning configuration for use by the UE device.

[0182] Example 25 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-24, or any other method or process described herein

[0183] Example 26 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, and/or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-24, or any other method or process described herein.

[0184] Example 27 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-24, or portions or parts thereof.

[0185] Example 28 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-24, or portions thereof.

[0186] Example 29 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

[0187] Example 30 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[0188] Example 31 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

[0189] Embodiments according to the disclosure are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a device and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g., method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g., system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However, any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.

[0190] The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

[0191] Certain aspects of the disclosure are described above with reference to block and flow diagrams of systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or computer program products according to various implementations. It will be understood that one or more blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and the flow diagrams, respectively, may be implemented by computer-executable program instructions. Likewise, some blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams may not necessarily need to be performed in the order presented, or may not necessarily need to be performed at all, according to some implementations.

[0192] These computer-executable program instructions may be loaded onto a special-purpose computer or other particular machine, a processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a particular machine, such that the instructions that execute on the computer, processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus create means for implementing one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable storage media or memory that may direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable storage media produce an article of manufacture including instruction means that implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. As an example, certain implementations may provide for a computer program product, comprising a computer-readable storage medium having a computer-readable program code or program instructions implemented therein, said computer-readable program code adapted to be executed to implement one or more functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational elements or steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions that execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide elements or steps for implementing the functions specified in the flow diagram block or blocks.

[0193] Accordingly, blocks of the block diagrams and flow diagrams support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of elements or steps for performing the specified functions and program instruction means for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flow diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flow diagrams, may be implemented by special-purpose, hardware-based computer systems that perform the specified functions, elements or steps, or combinations of special-purpose hardware and computer instructions.

[0194] Conditional language, such as, among others, “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain implementations could include, while other implementations do not include, certain features, elements, and/or operations. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or operations are in any way required for one or more implementations or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for deciding, with or without user input or prompting, whether these features, elements, and/or operations are included or are to be performed in any particular implementation.

[0195] Many modifications and other implementations of the disclosure set forth herein will be apparent having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

[0196] For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

[0197] The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

[0198] The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. Processing circuitry may include one or more processing cores to execute instructions and one or more memory structures to store program and data information. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. Processing circuitry may include more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

[0199] The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

[0200] The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

[0201] The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

[0202] The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

[0203] The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource.

[0204] The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

[0205] The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

[0206] The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

[0207] The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or link, and/or the like.

[0208] The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content.

[0209] Unless used differently herein, terms, definitions, and abbreviations may be consistent with terms, definitions, and abbreviations defined in 3GPP TR 21.905 v16.0.0 (2019-06) and/or any other 3GPP standard. For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations (shown in Table 4) may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein.

[0210]

TABLE 4
Abbreviations:
3GPP	Third Generation Partnership Project
4G	Fourth Generation
5G	Fifth Generation
5GC	5G Core network
AC	Application Client
ACK	Acknowledgement
ACID	Application Client Identification
AF	Application Function
AM	Acknowledged Mode
AMBR	Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate
AMF	Access and Mobility Management Function
AN	Access Network
ANR	Automatic Neighbour Relation
AP	Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point
API	Application Programming Interface
APN	Access Point Name
ARP	Allocation and Retention Priority
ARQ	Automatic Repeat Request
AS	Access Stratum
ASP	Application Service Provider
ASN.1	Abstract Syntax Notation One
AUSF	Authentication Server Function
AWGN	Additive White Gaussian Noise
BAP	Backhaul Adaptation Protocol
BCH	Broadcast Channel
BER	Bit Error Ratio
BFD	Beam Failure Detection
BLER	Block Error Rate
BPSK	Binary Phase Shift Keying
BRAS	Broadband Remote Access Server
BSS	Business Support System
BS	Base Station
BSR	Buffer Status Report
BW	Bandwidth
BWP	Bandwidth Part
C-RNTI	Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity
CA	Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority
CAPEX	CAPital EXpenditure
CBRA	Contention Based Random Access
CC	Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic
	Checksum
CCA	Clear Channel Assessment
CCE	Control Channel Element
CCCH	Common Control Channel
CE	Coverage Enhancement
CDM	Content Delivery Network
CDMA	Code-Division Multiple Access
CFRA	Contention Free Random Access
CG	Cell Group
CGF	Charging Gateway Function
CHF	Charging Function
CI	Cell Identity
CID	Cell-ID (e g., positioning method)
CIM	Common Information Model
CIR	Carrier to Interference Ratio
CK	Cipher Key
CM	Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory
CMAS	Commercial Mobile Alert Service
CMD	Command
CMS	Cloud Management System
CO	Conditional Optional
CoMP	Coordinated Multi-Point
CORESET	Control Resource Set
COTS	Commercial Off-The-Shelf
CP	Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point
CPD	Connection Point Descriptor
CPE	Customer Premise Equipment
CPICH	Common Pilot Channel
CQI	Channel Quality Indicator
CPU	CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit
C/R	Command/Response field bit
CRAN	Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN
CRB	Common Resource Block
CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check
CRI	Channel-State Information Resource Indicator,
	CSI-RS Resource Indicator
C-RNTI	Cell RNTI
CS	Circuit Switched
CSAR	Cloud Service Archive
CSI	Channel-State Information
CSI-IM	CSI Interference Measurement
CSI-RS	CSI Reference Signal
CSI-RSRP	CSI reference signal received power
CSI-RSRQ	CSI reference signal received quality
CSI-SINR	CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio
CSMA	Carrier Sense Multiple Access
CSMA/CA	CSMA with collision avoidance
CSS	Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space
CTF	Charging Trigger Function
CTS	Clear-to-Send
CW	Codeword
CWS	Contention Window Size
D2D	Device-to-Device
DC	Dual Connectivity, Direct Current
DCI	Downlink Control Information
DF	Deployment Flavour
DL	Downlink
DMTF	Distributed Management Task Force
DPDK	Data Plane Development Kit
DM-RS, DMRS	Demodulation Reference Signal
DN	Data network
DNN	Data Network Name
DNAI	Data Network Access Identifier
DRB	Data Radio Bearer
DRS	Discovery Reference Signal
DRX	Discontinuous Reception
DSL	Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line
DSLAM	DSL Access Multiplexer
DwPTS	Downlink Pilot Time Slot
E-LAN	Ethernet Local Area Network
E2E	End-to-End
ECCA	extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA
ECCE	Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE
ED	Energy Detection
EDGE	Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM
	Evolution)
EAS	Edge Application Server
EASID	Edge Application Server Identification
ECS	Edge Configuration Server
ECSP	Edge Computing Service Provider
EDN	Edge Data Network
EEC	Edge Enabler Client
EECID	Edge Enabler Client Identification
EES	Edge Enabler Server
EESID	Edge Enabler Server Identification
EHE	Edge Hosting Environment
EGMF	Exposure Governance Management Function
EGPRS	Enhanced GPRS
EIR	Equipment Identity Register
eLAA	enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA
EM	Element Manager
eMBB	Enhanced Mobile Broadband
EMS	Element Management System
eNB	evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B
EN-DC	E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity
EPC	Evolved Packet Core
EPDCCH	enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink
	Control Cannel
EPRE	Energy per resource element
EPS	Evolved Packet System
EREG	enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups
ETSI	European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETWS	Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System
eUICC	embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated
	Circuit Card
E-UTRA	Evolved UTRA
E-UTRAN	Evolved UTRAN
EV2X	Enhanced V2X
F1AP	F1 Application Protocol
F1-C	F1 Control plane interface
F1-U	F1 User plane interface
FACCH	Fast Associated Control CHannel
FACCH/F	Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate
FACCH/H	Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate
FACH	Forward Access Channel
FAUSCH	Fast Uplink Signalling Channel
FB	Functional Block
FBI	Feedback Information
FCC	Federal Communications Commission
FCCH	Frequency Correction CHannel
FDD	Frequency Division Duplex
FDM	Frequency Division Multiplex
FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access
FE	Front End
FEC	Forward Error Correction
FFS	For Further Study
FFT	Fast Fourier Transformation
feLAA	further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further
	enhanced LAA
FN	Frame Number
FPGA	Field-Programmable Gate Array
FR	Frequency Range
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name
G-RNTI	GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity
GERAN	GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access
	Network
GGSN	Gateway GPRS Support Node
GLONASS	GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya
	Sistema (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System)
gNB	Next Generation NodeB
gNB-CU	gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB
	centralized unit
gNB-DU	gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB
	distributed unit
GNSS	Global Navigation Satellite System
GPRS	General Packet Radio Service
GPSI	Generic Public Subscription Identifier
GSM	Global System for Mobile Communications,
	Groupe Spécial Mobile
GTP	GPRS Tunneling Protocol
GTP-U	GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane
GTS	Go To Sleep Signal (related to WUS)
GUMMEI	Globally Unique MME Identifier
GUTI	Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity
HARQ	Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
HANDO	Handover
HFN	HyperFrame Number
HHO	Hard Handover
HLR	Home Location Register
HN	Home Network
HO	Handover
HPLMN	Home Public Land Mobile Network
HSDPA	High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSN	Hopping Sequence Number
HSPA	High Speed Packet Access
HSS	Home Subscriber Server
HSUPA	High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HTTP	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTTPS	Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is
	http/1.1 over SSL, i.e. port 443)
I-Block	Information Block
ICCID	Integrated Circuit Card Identification
IAB	Integrated Access and Backhaul
ICIC	Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
ID	Identity, identifier
IDFT	Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IE	Information element
IBE	In-Band Emission
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEI	Information Element Identifier
IEIDL	Information Element Identifier Data Length
IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force
IF	Infrastructure
IM	Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP
	Multimedia
IMC	IMS Credentials
IMEI	International Mobile Equipment Identity
IMGI	International mobile group identity
IMPI	IP Multimedia Private Identity
IMPU	IP Multimedia PUblic identity
IMS	IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMSI	International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IoT	Internet of Things
IP	Internet Protocol
Ipsec	IP Security, Internet Protocol Security
IP-CAN	IP-Connectivity Access Network
IP-M	IP Multicast
IPv4	Internet Protocol Version 4
IPv6	Internet Protocol Version 6
IR	Infrared
IS	In Sync
IRP	Integration Reference Point
ISDN	Integrated Services Digital Network
ISIM	IM Services Identity Module
ISO	International Organisation for Standardisation
ISP	Internet Service Provider
IWF	Interworking-Function
I-WLAN	Interworking WLAN
Constraint length of the convolutional
code, USIM Individual key
kB	Kilobyte (1000 bytes)
kbps	kilo-bits per second
Kc	Ciphering key
Ki	Individual subscriber authentication key
KPI	Key Performance Indicator
KQI	Key Quality Indicator
KSI	Key Set Identifier
ksps	kilo-symbols per second
KVM	Kernel Virtual Machine
L1	Layer 1 (physical layer)
L1-RSRP	Layer 1 reference signal received power
L2	Layer 2 (data link layer)
L3	Layer 3 (network layer)
LAA	Licensed Assisted Access
LAN	Local Area Network
LADN	Local Area Data Network
LBT	Listen Before Talk
LCM	LifeCycle Management
LCR	Low Chip Rate
LCS	Location Services
LCID	Logical Channel ID
LI	Layer Indicator
LLC	Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility
LPLMN	Local PLMN
LPP	LTE Positioning Protocol
LSB	Least Significant Bit
LTE	Long Term Evolution
LWA	LTE-WLAN aggregation
LWIP	LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec
	Tunnel
LTE	Long Term Evolution
M2M	Machine-to-Machine
MAC	Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)
MAC	Message authentication code (security/encryption
	context)
MAC-A	MAC used for authentication and key agreement
	(TSG T WG3 context)
MAC-I	MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages
	(TSG T WG3 context)
MANO	Management and Orchestration
MBMS	Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
MBSFN	Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single
	Frequency Network
MCC	Mobile Country Code
MCG	Master Cell Group
MCOT	Maximum Channel Occupancy Time
MCS	Modulation and coding scheme
MDAF	Management Data Analytics Function
MDAS	Management Data Analytics Service
MDT	Minimization of Drive Tests
ME	Mobile Equipment
MeNB	master eNB
MER	Message Error Ratio
MGL	Measurement Gap Length
MGRP	Measurement Gap Repetition Period
MIB	Master Information Block, Management
	Information Base
MIMO	Multiple Input Multiple Output
MLC	Mobile Location Centre
MM	Mobility Management
MME	Mobility Management Entity
MN	Master Node
MNO	Mobile Network Operator
MO	Measurement Object, Mobile Originated
MPBCH	MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel
MPDCCH	MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel
MPDSCH	MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
MPRACH	MTC Physical Random Access CHannel
MPUSCH	MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel
MPLS	MultiProtocol Label Switching
MS	Mobile Station
MSB	Most Significant Bit
MSC	Mobile Switching Centre
MSI	Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling
	Information
MSID	Mobile Station Identifier
MSIN	Mobile Station Identification Number
MSISDN	Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MT	Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination
MTC	Machine-Type Communications
mMTC	massive MTC, massive Machine-Type
	Communications
MU-MIMO	Multi User MIMO
MWUS	MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS
NACK	Negative Acknowledgement
NAI	Network Access Identifier
NAS	Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer
NCT	Network Connectivity Topology
NC-JT	Non-Coherent Joint Transmission
NEC	Network Capability Exposure
NE-DC	NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity
NEF	Network Exposure Function
NF	Network Function
NFP	Network Forwarding Path
NFPD	Network Forwarding Path Descriptor
NFV	Network Functions Virtualization
NFVI	NFV Infrastructure
NFVO	NFV Orchestrator
NG	Next Generation, Next Gen
NGEN-DC	NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity
NM	Network Manager
NMS	Network Management System
N-PoP	Network Point of Presence
NMIB, N-MIB	Narrowband MIB
NPBCH	Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel
NPDCCH	Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel
NPDSCH	Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel
NPRACH	Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel
NPUSCH	Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel
NPSS	Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal
NSSS	Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal
NR	New Radio, Neighbour Relation
NRF	NF Repository Function
NRS	Narrowband Reference Signal
NS	Network Service
NSA	Non-Standalone operation mode
NSD	Network Service Descriptor
NSR	Network Service Record
NSSAI	Network Slice Selection Assistance Information
S-NNSAI	Single-NSSAI
NSSF	Network Slice Selection Function
NW	Network
NWUS	Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS
NZP	Non-Zero Power
O&M	Operation and Maintenance
ODU2	Optical channel Data Unit - type 2
OFDM	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OOB	Out-of-band
OOS	Out of Sync
OPEX	OPerating EXpense
OSI	Other System Information
OSS	Operations Support System
OTA	over-the-air
PAPR	Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PAR	Peak to Average Ratio
PBCH	Physical Broadcast Channel
PC	Power Control, Personal Computer
PCC	Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC
PCell	Primary Cell
PCI	Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity
PCEF	Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
PCF	Policy Control Function
PCRF	Policy Control and Charging Rules Function
PDCP	Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data
	Convergence Protocol layer
PDCCH	Physical Downlink Control Channel
PDCP	Packet Data Convergence Protocol
PDN	Packet Data Network, Public Data Network
PDSCH	Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDU	Protocol Data Unit
PEI	Permanent Equipment Identifiers
PFD	Packet Flow Description
P-GW	PDN Gateway
PHICH	Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel
PHY	Physical layer
PLMN	Public Land Mobile Network
PIN	Personal Identification Number
PM	Performance Measurement
PMI	Precoding Matrix Indicator
PNF	Physical Network Function
PNFD	Physical Network Function Descriptor
PNFR	Physical Network Function Record
POC	PTT over Cellular
PP, PTP	Point-to-Point
PPP	Point-to-Point Protocol
PRACH	Physical RACH
PRB	Physical resource block
PRG	Physical resource block group
ProSe	Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service
PRS	Positioning Reference Signal
PRR	Packet Reception Radio
PS	Packet Services
PSBCH	Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel
PSDCH	Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel
PSCCH	Physical Sidelink Control Channel
PSSCH	Physical Sidelink Shared Channel
PSCell	Primary SCell
PSS	Primary Synchronization Signal
PSTN	Public Switched Telephone Network
PT-RS	Phase-tracking reference signal
PTT	Push-to-Talk
PUCCH	Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUSCH	Physical Uplink Shared Channel
QAM	Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QCI	QoS class of identifier
QCL	Quasi co-location
QFI	QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier
QoS	Quality of Service
QPSK	Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying
QZSS	Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
RA-RNTI	Random Access RNTI
RAB	Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst
RACH	Random Access Channel
RADIUS	Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
RAN	Radio Access Network
RAND	RANDom number (used for authentication)
RAR	Random Access Response
RAT	Radio Access Technology
RAU	Routing Area Update
RB	Resource block, Radio Bearer
RBG	Resource block group
REG	Resource Element Group
Rel	Release
REQ	REQuest
RF	Radio Frequency
RI	Rank Indicator
RIV	Resource indicator value
RL	Radio Link
RLC	Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer
RLC AM	RLC Acknowledged Mode
RLC UM	RLC Unacknowledged Mode
RLF	Radio Link Failure
RLM	Radio Link Monitoring
RLM-RS	Reference Signal for RLM
RM	Registration Management
RMC	Reference Measurement Channel
RMSI	Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System
	Information
RN	Relay Node
RNC	Radio Network Controller
RNL	Radio Network Layer
RNTI	Radio Network Temporary Identifier
ROHC	RObust Header Compression
RRC	Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control
	layer
RRM	Radio Resource Management
RS	Reference Signal
RSRP	Reference Signal Received Power
RSRQ	Reference Signal Received Quality
RSSI	Received Signal Strength Indicator
RSU	Road Side Unit
RSTD	Reference Signal Time difference
RTP	Real Time Protocol
RTS	Ready-To-Send
RTT	Round Trip Time
Rx	Reception, Receiving, Receiver
S1AP	S1 Application Protocol
S1-MME	S1 for the control plane
S1-U	S1 for the user plane
S-GW	Serving Gateway
S-RNTI	SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity
S-TMSI	SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier
SA	Standalone operation mode
SAE	System Architecture Evolution
SAP	Service Access Point
SAPD	Service Access Point Descriptor
SAPI	Service Access Point Identifier
SCC	Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC
SCell	Secondary Cell
SCEF	Service Capability Exposure Function
SC-FDMA	Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCG	Secondary Cell Group
SCM	Security Context Management
SCS	Subcarrier Spacing
SCTP	Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDAP	Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data
	Adaptation Protocol layer
SDL	Supplementary Downlink
SDNF	Structured Data Storage Network Function
SDP	Session Description Protocol
SDSF	Structured Data Storage Function
SDU	Service Data Unit
SEAF	Security Anchor Function
SeNB	secondary eNB
SEPP	Security Edge Protection Proxy
SFI	Slot format indication
SFTD	Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame
	timing difference
SFN	System Frame Number
SgNB	Secondary gNB
SGSN	Serving GPRS Support Node
S-GW	Serving Gateway
SI	System Information
SI-RNTI	System Information RNTI
SIB	System Information Block
SIM	Subscriber Identity Module
SIP	Session Initiated Protocol
SiP	System in Package
SL	Sidelink
SLA	Service Level Agreement
SM	Session Management
SMF	Session Management Function
SMS	Short Message Service
SMSF	SMS Function
SMTC	SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration
SN	Secondary Node, Sequence Number
SoC	System on Chip
SON	Self-Organizing Network
SpCell	Special Cell
SP-CSI-RNTI	Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI
SPS	Semi-Persistent Scheduling
SQN	Sequence number
SR	Scheduling Request
SRB	Signalling Radio Bearer
SRS	Sounding Reference Signal
SS	Synchronization Signal
SSB	Synchronization Signal Block
SSID	Service Set Identifier
SS/PBCH	Block
SSBRI	SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization
	Signal Block Resource Indicator
SSC	Session and Service Continuity
SS-RSRP	Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal
	Received Power
SS-RSRQ	Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal
	Received Quality
SS-SINR	Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and
	Interference Ratio
SSS	Secondary Synchronization Signal
SSSG	Search Space Set Group
SSSIF	Search Space Set Indicator
SST	Slice/Service Types
SU-MIMO	Single User MIMO
SUL	Supplementary Uplink
TA	Timing Advance, Tracking Area
TAC	Tracking Area Code
TAG	Timing Advance Group
TAI	Tracking Area Identity
TAU	Tracking Area Update
TB	Transport Block
TBS	Transport Block Size
TBD	To Be Defined
TCI	Transmission Configuration Indicator
TCP	Transmission Communication Protocol
TDD	Time Division Duplex
TDM	Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access
TE	Terminal Equipment
TEID	Tunnel End Point Identifier
TFT	Traffic Flow Template
TMSI	Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TNL	Transport Network Layer
TPC	Transmit Power Control
TPMI	Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator
TR	Technical Report
TRP, TRxP	Transmission Reception Point
TRS	Tracking Reference Signal
TRx	Transceiver
TS	Technical Specifications, Technical Standard
TTI	Transmission Time Interval
Tx	Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter
U-RNTI	UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity
UART	Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter
UCI	Uplink Control Information
UE	User Equipment
UDM	Unified Data Management
UDP	User Datagram Protocol
UDSF	Unstructured Data Storage Network Function
UICC	Universal Integrated Circuit Card
UL	Uplink
UM	Unacknowledged Mode
UML	Unified Modelling Language
UMTS	Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UP	User Plane
UPF	User Plane Function
URI	Uniform Resource Identifier
URL	Uniform Resource Locator
URLLC	Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency
USB	Universal Serial Bus
USIM	Universal Subscriber Identity Module
USS	UE-specific search space
UTRA	UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN	Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UwPTS	Uplink Pilot Time Slot
V2I	Vehicle-to-Infrastruction
V2P	Vehicle-to-Pedestrian
V2V	Vehicle-to-Vehicle
V2X	Vehicle-to-everything
VIM	Virtualized Infrastructure Manager
VL	Virtual Link, VLAN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local
	Area Network
VM	Virtual Machine
VNF	Virtualized Network Function
VNFFG	VNF Forwarding Graph
VNFFGD	VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor
VNFM	VNF Manager
VoIP	Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol
VPLMN	Visited Public Land Mobile Network
VPN	Virtual Private Network
VRB	Virtual Resource Block
WiMAX	Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WLAN	Wireless Local Area Network
WMAN	Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
WPAN	Wireless Personal Area Network
X2-C	X2-Control plane
X2-U	X2-User plane
XML	eXtensible Markup Language
XRES	EXpected user RESponse
XOR	eXclusive OR
ZC	Zadoff-Chu
ZP	Zero Power