Large SEI messages

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application 63/541,223, filed on Sep. 28, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The disclosed subject matter relates to video coding and decoding, and more specifically, to a syntax and semantics mechanism to include SEI payloads of more than 255 bytes into a VVC coded video bitstream.

[0003] Video coding and decoding using inter-picture prediction with motion compensation has been known for decades. Uncompressed digital video can consist of a series of pictures, each picture having a spatial dimension of, for example, 1920×1080 luminance samples and associated chrominance samples. The series of pictures can have a fixed or variable picture rate (informally also known as frame rate), of, for example 60 pictures per second or 60 Hz. Uncompressed video has significant bitrate requirements. For example, 1080 p60 4:2:0 video at 8 bit per sample (1920×1080 luminance sample resolution at 60 Hz frame rate) requires close to 1.5 Gbit/s bandwidth. An hour of such video requires more than 600 GByte of storage space.

[0004] One purpose of video coding and decoding can be the reduction of redundancy in the input video signal, through compression. Compression can help reducing aforementioned bandwidth or storage space requirements, in some cases by two orders of magnitude or more. Both lossless and lossy compression, as well as a combination thereof can be employed. Lossless compression refers to techniques where an exact copy of the original signal can be reconstructed from the compressed original signal. When using lossy compression, the reconstructed signal may not be identical to the original signal, but the distortion between original and reconstructed signal is small enough to make the reconstructed signal useful for the intended application. In the case of video, lossy compression is widely employed. The amount of distortion tolerated depends on the application; for example, users of certain consumer streaming applications may tolerate higher distortion than users of television contribution applications. The compression ratio achievable can reflect that: higher allowable/tolerable distortion can yield higher compression ratios.

[0005] A video encoder and decoder can utilize techniques from several broad categories, including, for example, motion compensation, transform, quantization, and entropy coding, some of which will be described below.

[0006] There is included a method and apparatus comprising memory configured to store computer program code and a processor or processors configured to access the computer program code and operate as instructed by the computer program code. The computer program is configured to cause the processor implement obtaining code configured to cause the at least one processor to obtain video data comprising at least one coded picture; identifying code configured to cause the at least one processor to identify, by a decoder, at least one first supplementary information enhancement (SEI) message, the at least one first SEI message indicating variables specifying a type payloadType and a size payloadSize of a payload of the at least one SEI message and specified in bytes; and decoding code configured to cause the at least one processor to decode, by the decoder, the video data based on the first SEI message.

[0007] Obtaining the video data may include receiving a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit with a type different from an NAL unit type in the at least one first SEI message.

[0008] The received NAL unit may include at least a length header field specifying values larger than 256 bytes, wherein a maximum size of a (SEI) message payload may be less than or equal to 256 bytes; and wherein decoding the video data may include extracting from the NAL unit a payload larger than 256 bytes.

[0009] The at least one first SEI message may include a start fragment, the start fragment comprising a start fragment payload.

[0010] Decoding the video data may include receiving a second SEI message comprising an end fragment, the end fragment comprising an end fragment payload.

[0011] Decoding the video data may include extracting the start fragment and the end fragment.

[0012] Decoding the video data may include assembling a large SEI payload based on the extracted start fragment and the extracted end fragment, wherein the start fragment is at the beginning of the assembled large SEI payload and the end fragment is at the end of the assembled large SEI payload, the large SEI payload being at least greater than 256 bytes.

[0023] Disclosed are techniques for extending the payload of SEI messages to more than the H.266 syntax-imposed limit of 255 bytes through fragmentation. Various techniques are disclosed to indicate the relationship of fragments to each other and to other SEI messages that may be part of a NAL unit.

[0024] The H.266/VVC syntax allows a maximum of 255 bytes in an SEI payload due to the SEI payload_size_byte being an 8 bit fixed length codeword with the value 0xff reserved for certain purposes. The SEI message mechanism, however, may be useful for data that may exceed 255 bytes in size, for example to act as a container for data structures such as EXIF, for thumbnail images, or similar. Therefore, techniques are needed to allow for SEI message payloads in excess of 255 bytes.

[0025] The proposed features discussed below may be used separately or combined in any order. Further, the embodiments may be implemented by processing circuitry (e.g., one or more processors or one or more integrated circuits). In one example, the one or more processors execute a program that is stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium.

[0026] In the context of the video coding for machines project ongoing in JVET and MPEG, a mechanism is required that maintains the basic syntax structure of video codec specifications such as Versatile Video Coding (H.266/VVC), can enhance the syntax of the video codec ideally without involving a change in the syntax of H.266 itself (or, at least not in a major way), and still allows changes in the decoding process.

[0027] FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a communication system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication system 100 may include at least two terminals 102 and 103 interconnected via a network 105. For unidirectional transmission of data, a first terminal 103 may code video data at a local location for transmission to the other terminal 102 via the network 105. The second terminal 102 may receive the coded video data of the other terminal from the network 105, decode the coded data and display the recovered video data. Unidirectional data transmission may be common in media serving applications and the like.

[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates a second pair of terminals 101 and 104 provided to support bidirectional transmission of coded video that may occur, for example, during videoconferencing. For bidirectional transmission of data, each terminal 101 and 104 may code video data captured at a local location for transmission to the other terminal via the network 105. Each terminal 101 and 104 also may receive the coded video data transmitted by the other terminal, may decode the coded data and may display the recovered video data at a local display device.

[0029] In FIG. 1, the terminals 101, 102, 103 and 104 may be illustrated as servers, personal computers and smart phones but the principles of the present disclosure are not so limited. Embodiments of the present disclosure find application with laptop computers, tablet computers, media players and/or dedicated video conferencing equipment. The network 105 represents any number of networks that convey coded video data among the terminals 101, 102, 103 and 104, including for example wireline and/or wireless communication networks. The communication network 105 may exchange data in circuit-switched and/or packet-switched channels. Representative networks include telecommunications networks, local area networks, wide area networks and/or the Internet. For the purposes of the present discussion, the architecture and topology of the network 105 may be immaterial to the operation of the present disclosure unless explained herein below. The network 105 may include Media Aware Network Elements (MANEs) that may be included in the transmission path between, for example, terminal 101 and 104. The purpose of a MANE may be selective forwarding of parts of the media data to react to network congestions, media switching, media mixing, archival, and similar tasks commonly performed by a service provider rather than an end user. Such MANEs may be able to parse and react on a limited part of the media conveyed over the network, for example syntax elements related to the network abstraction layer of video coding technologies or standards.

[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates, as an example for an application for the disclosed subject matter, the placement of a video encoder and decoder in a streaming environment. The disclosed subject matter can be equally applicable to other video enabled applications, including, for example, video conferencing, digital TV, storing of compressed video on digital media including CD, DVD, memory stick and the like, and so on.

[0031] A streaming system may include a capture subsystem 203, that can include a video source 201, for example a digital camera, creating, for example, an uncompressed video sample stream 213. That sample stream 213 may be emphasized as a high data volume when compared to encoded video bitstreams and can be processed by an encoder 202 coupled to the video source 201, which may be for example a camera as discussed above. The encoder 202 can include hardware, software, or a combination thereof to enable or implement aspects of the disclosed subject matter as described in more detail below. The encoded video bitstream 204, which may be emphasized as a lower data volume when compared to the sample stream, can be stored on a streaming server 205 for future use. One or more streaming clients 212 and 207 can access the streaming server 205 to retrieve copies 208 and 206 of the encoded video bitstream 204. A client 212 can include a video decoder 211 which decodes the incoming copy of the encoded video bitstream 208 and creates an outgoing video sample stream 210 that can be rendered on a display 209 or other rendering device (not depicted). In some streaming systems, the video bitstreams 204, 206 and 208 can be encoded according to certain video coding/compression standards. Examples of those standards are noted above and described further herein. Examples of those standards include ITU-T Recommendations H.265 and H.266. The disclosed subject matter may be used in the context of VVC.

[0032] FIG. 3 may be a functional block diagram of a video decoder 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] A receiver 302 may receive one or more codec video sequences to be decoded by the decoder 300; in the same or another embodiment, one coded video sequence at a time, where the decoding of each coded video sequence is independent from other coded video sequences. The coded video sequence may be received from a channel 301, which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which stores the encoded video data. The receiver 302 may receive the encoded video data with other data, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams, that may be forwarded to their respective using entities (not depicted). The receiver 302 may separate the coded video sequence from the other data. To combat network jitter, a buffer memory 303 may be coupled in between receiver 302 and entropy decoder/parser 304 (“parser” henceforth). When receiver 302 is receiving data from a store/forward device of sufficient bandwidth and controllability, or from an isosychronous network, the buffer 303 may not be needed, or can be small. For use on best effort packet networks such as the Internet, the buffer 303 may be required, can be comparatively large and can advantageously of adaptive size.

[0034] The video decoder 300 may include a parser 304 to reconstruct symbols 313 from the entropy coded video sequence. Categories of those symbols include information used to manage operation of the decoder 300, and potentially information to control a rendering device such as a display 312 that is not an integral part of the decoder but can be coupled to it. The control information for the rendering device(s) may be in the form of Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI messages) or Video Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments (not depicted). The parser 304 may parse/entropy-decode the coded video sequence received. The coding of the coded video sequence can be in accordance with a video coding technology or standard, and can follow principles well known to a person skilled in the art, including variable length coding, Huffman coding, arithmetic coding with or without context sensitivity, and so forth. The parser 304 may extract from the coded video sequence, a set of subgroup parameters for at least one of the subgroups of pixels in the video decoder, based upon at least one parameters corresponding to the group. Subgroups can include Groups of Pictures (GOPs), pictures, tiles, slices, macroblocks, Coding Units (CUs), blocks, Transform Units (TUs), Prediction Units (PUs) and so forth. The entropy decoder/parser may also extract from the coded video sequence information such as transform coefficients, quantizer parameter values, motion vectors, and so forth.

[0035] The parser 304 may perform entropy decoding/parsing operation on the video sequence received from the buffer 303, so to create symbols 313. The parser 304 may receive encoded data, and selectively decode particular symbols 313. Further, the parser 304 may determine whether the particular symbols 313 are to be provided to a Motion Compensation Prediction unit 306, a scaler/inverse transform unit 305, an Intra Prediction Unit 307, or a loop filter 311.

[0036] Reconstruction of the symbols 313 can involve multiple different units depending on the type of the coded video picture or parts thereof (such as: inter and intra picture, inter and intra block), and other factors. Which units are involved, and how, can be controlled by the subgroup control information that was parsed from the coded video sequence by the parser 304. The flow of such subgroup control information between the parser 304 and the multiple units below is not depicted for clarity.

[0037] Beyond the functional blocks already mentioned, decoder 300 can be conceptually subdivided into a number of functional units as described below. In a practical implementation operating under commercial constraints, many of these units interact closely with each other and can, at least partly, be integrated into each other. However, for the purpose of describing the disclosed subject matter, the conceptual subdivision into the functional units below is appropriate.

[0038] A first unit is the scaler/inverse transform unit 305. The scaler/inverse transform unit 305 receives quantized transform coefficient as well as control information, including which transform to use, block size, quantization factor, quantization scaling matrices, etc. as symbol(s) 313 from the parser 304. It can output blocks comprising sample values, that can be input into aggregator 310.

[0039] In some cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform 305 can pertain to an intra coded block; that is: a block that is not using predictive information from previously reconstructed pictures, but can use predictive information from previously reconstructed parts of the current picture. Such predictive information can be provided by an intra picture prediction unit 307. In some cases, the intra picture prediction unit 307 generates a block of the same size and shape of the block under reconstruction, using surrounding already reconstructed information fetched from the current (partly reconstructed) picture 309. The aggregator 310, in some cases, adds, on a per sample basis, the prediction information the intra prediction unit 307 has generated to the output sample information as provided by the scaler/inverse transform unit 305.

[0040] In other cases, the output samples of the scaler/inverse transform unit 305 can pertain to an inter coded, and potentially motion compensated block. In such a case, a Motion Compensation Prediction unit 306 can access reference picture memory 308 to fetch samples used for prediction. After motion compensating the fetched samples in accordance with the symbols 313 pertaining to the block, these samples can be added by the aggregator 310 to the output of the scaler/inverse transform unit (in this case called the residual samples or residual signal) so to generate output sample information. The addresses within the reference picture memory form where the motion compensation unit fetches prediction samples can be controlled by motion vectors, available to the motion compensation unit in the form of symbols 313 that can have, for example X, Y, and reference picture components. Motion compensation also can include interpolation of sample values as fetched from the reference picture memory when sub-sample exact motion vectors are in use, motion vector prediction mechanisms, and so forth.

[0041] The output samples of the aggregator 310 can be subject to various loop filtering techniques in the loop filter unit 311. Video compression technologies can include in-loop filter technologies that are controlled by parameters included in the coded video bitstream and made available to the loop filter unit 311 as symbols 313 from the parser 304, but can also be responsive to meta-information obtained during the decoding of previous (in decoding order) parts of the coded picture or coded video sequence, as well as responsive to previously reconstructed and loop-filtered sample values.

[0042] The output of the loop filter unit 311 can be a sample stream that can be output to the render device 312 as well as stored in the reference picture memory 557 for use in future inter-picture prediction.

[0043] Certain coded pictures, once fully reconstructed, can be used as reference pictures for future prediction. Once a coded picture is fully reconstructed and the coded picture has been identified as a reference picture (by, for example, parser 304), the current reference picture 309 can become part of the reference picture buffer 308, and a fresh current picture memory can be reallocated before commencing the reconstruction of the following coded picture.

[0044] The video decoder 300 may perform decoding operations according to a predetermined video compression technology that may be documented in a standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.266. The coded video sequence may conform to a syntax specified by the video compression technology or standard being used, in the sense that it adheres to the syntax of the video compression technology or standard, as specified in the video compression technology document or standard and specifically in the profiles document therein. Also necessary for compliance can be that the complexity of the coded video sequence is within bounds as defined by the level of the video compression technology or standard. In some cases, levels restrict the maximum picture size, maximum frame rate, maximum reconstruction sample rate (measured in, for example megasamples per second), maximum reference picture size, and so on. Limits set by levels can, in some cases, be further restricted through Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD) specifications and metadata for HRD buffer management signaled in the coded video sequence.

[0045] In an embodiment, the receiver 302 may receive additional (redundant) data with the encoded video. The additional data may be included as part of the coded video sequence(s). The additional data may be used by the video decoder 300 to properly decode the data and/or to more accurately reconstruct the original video data. Additional data can be in the form of, for example, temporal, spatial, or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement layers, redundant slices, redundant pictures, forward error correction codes, and so on.

[0046] FIG. 4 may be a functional block diagram of a video encoder 400 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0047] The encoder 400 may receive video samples from a video source 401 (that is not part of the encoder) that may capture video image(s) to be coded by the encoder 400.

[0048] The video source 401 may provide the source video sequence to be coded by the encoder (303) in the form of a digital video sample stream that can be of any suitable bit depth (for example: 8 bit, 10 bit, 12 bit, . . . ), any colorspace (for example, BT.601 Y CrCB, RGB, . . . ) and any suitable sampling structure (for example Y CrCb 4:2:0, Y CrCb 4:4:4). In a media serving system, the video source 401 may be a storage device storing previously prepared video. In a videoconferencing system, the video source 401 may be a camera that captures local image information as a video sequence. Video data may be provided as a plurality of individual pictures that impart motion when viewed in sequence. The pictures themselves may be organized as a spatial array of pixels, wherein each pixel can comprise one or more samples depending on the sampling structure, color space, etc. in use. A person skilled in the art can readily understand the relationship between pixels and samples. The description below focuses on samples.

[0049] According to an embodiment, the encoder 400 may code and compress the pictures of the source video sequence into a coded video sequence 410 in real time or under any other time constraints as required by the application. Enforcing appropriate coding speed is one function of Controller 402. Controller controls other functional units as described below and is functionally coupled to these units. The coupling is not depicted for clarity. Parameters set by controller can include rate control related parameters (picture skip, quantizer, lambda value of rate-distortion optimization techniques, . . . ), picture size, group of pictures (GOP) layout, maximum motion vector search range, and so forth. A person skilled in the art can readily identify other functions of controller 402 as they may pertain to video encoder 400 optimized for a certain system design.

[0050] Some video encoders operate in what a person skilled in the art readily recognizes as a “coding loop.” As an oversimplified description, a coding loop can consist of the encoding part of an encoder 400 (“source coder” henceforth) (responsible for creating symbols based on an input picture to be coded, and a reference picture(s)), and a (local) decoder 406 embedded in the encoder 400 that reconstructs the symbols to create the sample data that a (remote) decoder also would create (as any compression between symbols and coded video bitstream is lossless in the video compression technologies considered in the disclosed subject matter). That reconstructed sample stream is input to the reference picture memory 405. As the decoding of a symbol stream leads to bit-exact results independent of decoder location (local or remote), the reference picture buffer content is also bit exact between local encoder and remote encoder. In other words, the prediction part of an encoder “sees” as reference picture samples exactly the same sample values as a decoder would “see” when using prediction during decoding. This fundamental principle of reference picture synchronicity (and resulting drift, if synchronicity cannot be maintained, for example because of channel errors) is well known to a person skilled in the art.

[0051] The operation of the “local” decoder 406 can be the same as of a “remote” decoder 300, which has already been described in detail above in conjunction with FIG. 3. Briefly referring also to FIG. 4, however, as symbols are available and en/decoding of symbols to a coded video sequence by entropy coder 408 and parser 304 can be lossless, the entropy decoding parts of decoder 300, including channel 301, receiver 302, buffer 303, and parser 304 may not be fully implemented in local decoder 406.

[0052] An observation that can be made at this point is that any decoder technology except the parsing/entropy decoding that is present in a decoder also necessarily needs to be present, in substantially identical functional form, in a corresponding encoder. The description of encoder technologies can be abbreviated as they are the inverse of the comprehensively described decoder technologies. Only in certain areas a more detail description is required and provided below.

[0053] As part of its operation, the source coder 403 may perform motion compensated predictive coding, which codes an input frame predictively with reference to one or more previously-coded frames from the video sequence that were designated as “reference frames.” In this manner, the coding engine 407 codes differences between pixel blocks of an input frame and pixel blocks of reference frame(s) that may be selected as prediction reference(s) to the input frame.

[0054] The local video decoder 406 may decode coded video data of frames that may be designated as reference frames, based on symbols created by the source coder 403. Operations of the coding engine 407 may advantageously be lossy processes. When the coded video data may be decoded at a video decoder (not shown in FIG. 4), the reconstructed video sequence typically may be a replica of the source video sequence with some errors. The local video decoder 406 replicates decoding processes that may be performed by the video decoder on reference frames and may cause reconstructed reference frames to be stored in the reference picture memory 405, which may be for example a cache. In this manner, the encoder 400 may store copies of reconstructed reference frames locally that have common content as the reconstructed reference frames that will be obtained by a far-end video decoder (absent transmission errors).

[0055] The predictor 404 may perform prediction searches for the coding engine 407. That is, for a new frame to be coded, the predictor 404 may search the reference picture memory 405 for sample data (as candidate reference pixel blocks) or certain metadata such as reference picture motion vectors, block shapes, and so on, that may serve as an appropriate prediction reference for the new pictures. The predictor 404 may operate on a sample block-by-pixel block basis to find appropriate prediction references. In some cases, as determined by search results obtained by the predictor 404, an input picture may have prediction references drawn from multiple reference pictures stored in the reference picture memory 405.

[0056] The controller 402 may manage coding operations of the source coder 403, which may be for example a video coder, including, for example, setting of parameters and subgroup parameters used for encoding the video data.

[0057] Output of all aforementioned functional units may be subjected to entropy coding in the entropy coder 408. The entropy coder translates the symbols as generated by the various functional units into a coded video sequence, by loss-less compressing the symbols according to technologies known to a person skilled in the art as, for example Huffman coding, variable length coding, arithmetic coding, and so forth.

[0058] The transmitter 409 may buffer the coded video sequence(s) as created by the entropy coder 408 to prepare it for transmission via a communication channel 411, which may be a hardware/software link to a storage device which would store the encoded video data. The transmitter 409 may merge coded video data from the source coder 403 with other data to be transmitted, for example, coded audio data and/or ancillary data streams (sources not shown).

[0059] The controller 402 may manage operation of the encoder 400. During coding, the controller 402 may assign to each coded picture a certain coded picture type, which may affect the coding techniques that may be applied to the respective picture. For example, pictures often may be assigned as one of the following frame types:

[0060] An Intra Picture (I picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded without using any other frame in the sequence as a source of prediction. Some video codecs allow for different types of Intra pictures, including, for example Independent Decoder Refresh Pictures. A person skilled in the art is aware of those variants of I pictures and their respective applications and features.

[0061] A Predictive picture (P picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most one motion vector and reference index to predict the sample values of each block.

[0062] A Bi-directionally Predictive Picture (B Picture) may be one that may be coded and decoded using intra prediction or inter prediction using at most two motion vectors and reference indices to predict the sample values of each block. Similarly, multiple-predictive pictures can use more than two reference pictures and associated metadata for the reconstruction of a single block.

[0063] Source pictures commonly may be subdivided spatially into a plurality of sample blocks (for example, blocks of 4×4, 8×8, 4×8, or 16×16 samples each) and coded on a block-by-block basis. Blocks may be coded predictively with reference to other (already coded) blocks as determined by the coding assignment applied to the blocks' respective pictures. For example, blocks of I pictures may be coded non-predictively or they may be coded predictively with reference to already coded blocks of the same picture (spatial prediction or intra prediction). Pixel blocks of P pictures may be coded non-predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one previously coded reference pictures. Blocks of B pictures may be coded non-predictively, via spatial prediction or via temporal prediction with reference to one or two previously coded reference pictures.

[0064] The encoder 400, which may be for example a video coder, may perform coding operations according to a predetermined video coding technology or standard, such as ITU-T Rec. H.266. In its operation, the encoder 400 may perform various compression operations, including predictive coding operations that exploit temporal and spatial redundancies in the input video sequence. The coded video data, therefore, may conform to a syntax specified by the video coding technology or standard being used.

[0065] In an embodiment, the transmitter 409 may transmit additional data with the encoded video. The source coder 403 may include such data as part of the coded video sequence. Additional data may comprise temporal/spatial/SNR enhancement layers, other forms of redundant data such as redundant pictures and slices, Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI) messages, Visual Usability Information (VUI) parameter set fragments, and so on.

[0066] Compressed video can be augmented, in the video bitstream, by supplementary enhancement information, for example in the form of Supplementary Enhancement Information (SEI) Messages or Video Usability Information (VUI). Video coding standards can include specifications parts for SEI and VUI. SEI and VUI information may also be specified in stand-alone specifications that may be referenced by the video coding specifications.

[0067] Referring to the example 500 of FIG. 5, shown is an exemplary layout of a Coded Video Sequence (CVS) in accordance with H.266. The coded video sequence is subdivided into Network Abstraction Layer units (NAL units). An exemplary NAL unit 501 can include a NAL unit header 502, which in turn comprises 16 bits as follows: a forbidden_zero_bit 503 and nuh_reserved_zero_bit 504 may be unused by H.266 and may be zero in a NAL unit. compliant with H.266. Three bits of nuh_layer_id 505 may be indicative of the (spatial, SNR, or multiview enhancement) layer to which the NAL unit belongs. Five bits of nuh_nal_unit_type define the type of NAL unit. In H.266, 22 NAL unit type values are defined for NAL unit types defined in H.266, six NAL unit types are reserved, and four NAL unit type values are unspecified and can be used by specifications other than H.266. Finally, three bits of the NAL unit header indicate the temporal layer to which the NAL unit belongs nuh_temporal_id_plus1 506.

[0068] A coded picture may contain one or more Video Coding Layer (VCL) NAL units and zero or more non-VCL NAL units. VCL NAL units may contain coded data conceptually belonging to a video coding layer as introduced before. Non-VCL NAL units may contain data conceptually belonging data not conceptually belonging to the video coding layer. Using H.266 as an example, they can be categorized into (1) Parameter sets, (2) Picture Header (PH_NUT), (3) NAL units, (4) Prefix and Suffix SEI Nal unit types (PREFIX_SEI_NUT and SUFFIX_SEI_NUT), (5) Filler Data NAL unit type FD_NUT, and (6) Reserved and Unspecified NAL unit types, as follows.

• • [0069] (1) Parameter sets, which comprise information that can be necessary for the decoding process and can apply to more than one coded picture. Parameter sets and conceptually similar NAL units may be of NAL unit types such as DCI_NUT (Decoding Capability Information (DCI)), VPS_NUT (Video Parameter Set (VPS), establishing, among other things, layer relationships), SPS_NUT (Sequence Parameter Set (SPS), establishing, among other things, parameters used and staying constant throughout a coded video sequence CVS), PPS_NUT (Picture Parameter Set (PPS), establishing, among other things, parameter used and staying constant within a coded picture), and PREFIX_APS_NUT and SUFFIX_APS_NUT (prefix and suffix Adaptation Parameter Sets). Parameter sets may include information required for a decoder to decode VCL NAL units, and hence are referred here as “normative” NAL units.
  • [0070] (2) Picture Header (PH_NUT), which is also a “normative” NAL unit.
  • [0071] (3) NAL units marking certain places in a NAL unit stream. Those include NAL units with the NAL unit types AUD_NUT (Access Unit Delimiter), EOS_NUT (End of Sequence) and EOB_NUT (End of Bitstream). These are non-normative, also known as informative, in the sense that a compliant decoder does not require them for its decoding process, although it needs to be able to receive them in the NAL unit stream.
  • [0072] (4) Prefix and Suffix SEI Nal unit types (PREFIX_SEI_NUT and SUFFIX_SEI_NUT) which indicate NAL units containing Prefix and Suffix supplementary enhancement information. In H.266, those NAL units are informative, as they are not required for the decoding process.
  • [0073] (5) Filler Data NAL unit type FD_NUT indicates filler data; data that can be random and can be used to “waste” bits in a NAL unit stream or bitstream, which may be necessary for the transport over certain isochronous transport environments.
  • [0074] (6) Reserved and Unspecified NAL unit types.

[0075] Still referring to FIG. 5, shown is a layout of a NAL unit stream in decoding order 510 containing a coded picture 511 containing NAL units of some of the types previously introduced. Somewhere early in the NAL unit stream, DCI 512, VPS 513, and SPS 514 may, in combination, establish the parameters which the decoder can use to decode the coded pictures of a coded video sequence (CVS), including coded picture 511 of the NAL unit stream.

[0076] The coded picture 511 can contain, in the depicted order or any other order compliant with the video coding technology or standard in use (here: H.266): a Prefix APS 516, Picture header (PH) 517, prefix SEI 518, one or more VCL NAL units 519, and suffix SEI 520.

[0077] Prefix and suffix SEI NAL units 518 and 520 were motivated during the standards development as, for some SEI messages, the content of the message would be known before the coding of a given picture commences, whereas other content would only be known once the picture were coded. Allowing certain SEI messages to appear early or late in a coded picture's NAL unit stream through prefix and suffix SEIs allows avoiding buffering. As one example, in an encoder the sampling time of a picture to be coded is known before the picture is coded, and hence the picture timing SEI message can be a prefix SEI message 516. On the other hand, a decoded picture hash SEI message, which contains a hash of the sample values of a decoded pictures and can be useful, for example, to debug encoder implementations, is a suffix SEI message 518 as an encoder cannot calculate a hash over reconstructed samples before a picture has been coded. The location of Prefix and Suffix SEI NAL units may not be restricted to their position in the NAL unit stream. The phrase “Prefix” and “Suffix” may imply to what coded pictures or NAL units the Prefix/Suffix SEI message may pertain to, and the details of this applicability may be specified, for example in the semantics description of a given SEI message.

[0078] Still referring to FIG. 5, show is a simplified syntax diagram of a NAL unit that contains a prefix or suffix SEI message 520. This syntax is a container format for multiple SEI messages that can be carried in one NAL unit. Details of the emulation prevention syntax specified in H.266 are omitted here for clarity. As other NAL units, SEI NAL units start with a NAL unit header 521. The header is followed by one or more SEI messages; two are depicted 530, 531 and described henceforth. Each SEI message inside the SEI NAL unit includes an 8 bit payload_type_byte 522 which specifies one of 256 different SEI types; an 8 bit payload_size_byte 523 which specifies the number of bytes of the SEI payload, and payload_size-byte number of bytes Payload 524. This structure can be repeated until a payload_type_byte equal to 0xff is observed, which indicates the end of the NAL unit. The syntax of the Payload 524 depends on the SEI message, it can be of any length between 0 and 255 bytes.

[0079] The following description uses H.266/VVC and its SEI message syntax as an example; however, similar techniques may be applicable to other video compression technologies, especially H.264 and H.265 as well as future video compression technologies.

[0080] To overcome the 255 byte size limit for SEI payloads, two basic design alternatives are considered according to embodiments.

[0081] A first design alternative according to embodiments is to use a currently available NAL unit type for an SEI message syntax that may use more than a single byte for the syntax element currently known as payload_size_byte. In this design alternative, certain shortcomings of the SEI message syntax may be fixed also, as described below. The original SEI message definition and the new SEI message syntax can co-exist.

[0082] A second design alternative according to embodiments is to fragment a payload larger than 255 bytes into as many fragments of 255 bytes or less as needed or desirable. Control information may be required to identify the first, any interim, and the last fragment of a fragmented payload for various purposes including error resilience.

[0083] Referring to examples 600 and 700 of FIGS. 6 and 7, shown is syntax and semantics of an exemplary implementation of the first design alternative.

[0084] In an embodiment, in the NAL unit type definition table 601, which is reproduced only in parts with codepoints not relevant to the disclosed subject matter omitted 602, a previously reserved NAL unit type—here, as an example, 26—can be assigned to represent a Large Supplementary Enhancement Information RBSP, also known as lsei_rbsp. Doing so implies that there is only one unassigned reserved NAL unit type 27 604.

[0085] An exemplary syntax for the RBSP of the new NAL unit type is shown in FIG. 7. The lsei_rbsp 701 can have a syntax similar to the sei_rbsp of H.266, except that it refers to one or more lsei_message( ) 703 in the do-loop 702.

[0086] Also in FIG. 7, shown is the syntax of the lsei_message( ) 710. This syntax can be quite different from the H.266 sei_message( ) syntax and introduced below. Certain syntax mechanisms implemented in H.266 for purposes such as emulation prevention have been omitted for clarity.

[0087] The lsei_message( ) syntax 710 can include, for example a syntax element lsei_position 711. That syntax element can serve the same purpose as currently the distinguished NAL unit types PREFIX_SEI_NUT and POSTFIX_SEI_NUT. In other words, instead of using two NAL unit types for the long SEI messages, only a single such NAL unit type may be used and the easy to find and parse first two bits in that RBSP's payload are employed to distinguish between prefix and postfix SEI messages. Using two bits is suggested for future extensibility. A value of 0 may indicate a prefix large NAL unit while a value of 1 may indicate a postfix large NAL unit.

[0088] Syntax element lsei_relevance 712 may indicate the relevance of the SEI message as selected by the encoder, with abstract values between, for example, 0 and 3 available, where 0 can least relevant and 3 can most relevant. Recent projects in MPEG have started using SEI messages that, for certain applications and possibly certain profiles, are required to be processed not only for achieving a good user experience (as is the case for current SEI messages), but also to preserve the integrity of decoding processes outside the H.266 decoder but still in a normative non-H.266 context. Specifications outside H.266 may indicate that certain SEIs must be available and processed at/by the H.266 decoder for forwarding to entities downstream from the H.266 decoder. Middleboxes must not discard such SEIs. The lsei_relevance can be used for all those purposes. Relevance may follow the semantics defined in H.266's SEI manifest SEI.

[0089] In the exemplary syntax, four bits 713 are reserved for byte alignment and future extensions.

[0090] The 8 bits reserved for lsei_payload_type_byte 714 can have semantics similar to H.266's payload_type_byte. 8 bits allow for 256 different messages.

[0091] The payload_size_16 bits 715, allows for up to 64 kbyte sized payloads.

[0092] A lsei_payload( ) syntax 720 may include an if-then-elseif chain 721 of the various defined payload types, followed by byte alignment as usual for RBSPs 722.

[0093] Aforementioned second design alternative can be less efficient from a coding efficiency viewpoint, and may be less elegant than the first alternative, but has the advantage of not requiring one of the two unallocated NAL unit types.

[0094] According to embodiments, each Large SEI message consists of the variables specifying the type payloadType and size payloadSize of the large SEI message payload. Large SEI message payloads are specified in Annex D. The derived Large SEI message payload size payloadSize is specified in bytes and shall be equal to the number of RBSP bytes in the Large SEI message payload.

[0095] NOTE—The NAL unit byte sequence containing the Large SEI message might include one or more emulation prevention bytes (represented by emulation_prevention_three_byte syntax elements). Since the payload size of a Large SEI message is specified in RBSP bytes, the quantity of emulation prevention bytes is not included in the size payloadSize of a Large SEI payload.

[0096] According to embodiments, lsei_position indicates if the SEI message corresponds to the PREFIX_SEI_NUT and SUFFIX_SEI_NUT. lsei_position equal 0 indicates that the SEI message is treated as PREFIX_SEI_NUT. lsei_position equal 1 indicates that the SEI message is treated as SUFFIX_SEI_NUT. Values 3 and 4 of lsei_position are reserved for future use and shall be ignored.

[0097] According to embodiments, lsei_relevance indicates the relevance of the SEI message for the target application. lsei_relevance ranges from 0 to 3, 0 being the least relevant and 3 being the most relevant.

[0098] NOTE—The relevance of an SEI message is an arbitrary decision and its use is to be specified by the target application.

[0099] According to embodiments, lsei_reserved is revered for future use and shall be ignored.

[0100] According to embodiments, lsei_payload_type_byte is a byte of the payload type of a large SEI message. payloadType=lsei_payload_type_byte. And payload_size_16 bits is the payload size in bits of a large SEI message. payloadSize=payload_size_16 bits.

[0101] It is proposed to define a large SEI message header representing: the payload size in a fixed length 16-bits syntax element allowing to signal any payload up to 64 kB. The signalling of the large SEI position that can serve the same purpose of the currently distinguished prefix and suffix SEI NAL unit types, meaning that only one NAL unit type would be needed. (1 bit would be enough but 2 bits would allow the definition of future cases). The SEI message relevance that would indicate how important the SEI message is for a given application. The use of 2 bits would permit to signal 4 levels of relevance (0 being the least relevant and 3 the most). For byte alignment, 4 reserved bits could be used in the future. For example, those bits could be used for signalling payload sizes greater than 64 kB.

[0102] As such, problems in at least HEVC and VVC specifications may be improved with respect to such SEI messages.

[0103] Referring to FIG. 8, in an embodiment, shown is an SEI payload of, for example 900 bytes 801, which is more than 255 bytes allowed in H.266's syntax. The payload is split into four fragments: a first fragment 802, two interim fragments 803, 804, and a last fragment 805. The size of each of these fragments (and associated header/control, information; see below) can be chosen such that it does not exceed the 255 byte limit. Each fragment can, therefore, be included in its own SEI message. None, some, or all fragments may have a header 806 containing control information.

[0104] For fragmentation purposes, a syntax may be required that knows where the chain of fragments starts and where it ends; absent such syntax, it may not be clear what is in a fragmented payload and where payload boundaries are when multiple fragments follow each other. There are many different options to code such start and end information, some of which shall be briefly introduced.

[0105] In a first option according to embodiments, each fragment may be proceeded by a header 810 including at least a start bit 811 and an end bit 812. The header may be padded 813 until byte alignment is reached to make filling the fragment an easy byte-oriented memcpy( ) operation.

[0106] In a second option the start fragment may include a header 820 what may include number of fragments 821 that together form the payload. For error resilience purposes, that field could count down towards zero for interim and last fragments, reaching 0 for the last fragment. Using all 8 bits of a the minimum byte-aligned header size, 256 fragments would be possible which would allow for an SEI payload of close to 64 kbyte.

[0107] In a third option, no header is required. Instead, the labelling of first, interim, and last fragment could be achieved through the selection of three different values for the SEI payload_type_byte 522. For example, the first fragment 802 could be coded as an SEI message with a payload type byte equal to 60, the second and third interim fragments could be coded with a payload_type_byte equal to 61, and the third interim fragment could be coded with a payload_type_byte equal to 62.

[0108] Combinations of these mechanisms are possible. For example, it can make sense to label the start and end fragment using a header with a start/end bit, and rely on the labelling of the interim packets by using a different payload_type_byte.

[0109] In a receiver, the use of such fragmentation can be relatively simple. Upon receiving of a fragment that's labelled as the start fragment, for example through any of the three mechanisms above or a combination thereof, the decoder can copy the fragment's payload into the beginning of an assembly buffer. It could further set itself into a state where it is expecting either an end fragment or an interim fragment. Upon receiving either an end or interim fragment, the decoder can copy the fragments's payload into the assembly buffer following previous fragment payloads. If the fragment were an interim fragment, the decoder's internal state could left as is, whereas in case the decoder received an end fragment, the decoder, after copying, could forward the assembly buffer's content to the using entity, and reset the state to expect a start fragment. Error conditions can be easily detected through the state machine.

[0110] The techniques for Large SEI messages described above, can be implemented as computer software using computer-readable instructions and physically stored in one or more computer-readable media. For example, FIG. 9 shows a computer system 900 suitable for implementing certain embodiments of the disclosed subject matter.

[0111] The computer software can be coded using any suitable machine code or computer language, that may be subject to assembly, compilation, linking, or like mechanisms to create code comprising instructions that can be executed directly, or through interpretation, micro-code execution, and the like, by computer central processing units (CPUs), Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), and the like.

[0112] The instructions can be executed on various types of computers or components thereof, including, for example, personal computers, tablet computers, servers, smartphones, gaming devices, internet of things devices, and the like.

[0113] The components shown in FIG. 9 for computer system 900 are exemplary in nature and are not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of the computer software implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Neither should the configuration of components be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary embodiment of a computer system 900.

[0114] Computer system 900 may include certain human interface input devices. Such a human interface input device may be responsive to input by one or more human users through, for example, tactile input (such as: keystrokes, swipes, data glove movements), audio input (such as: voice, clapping), visual input (such as: gestures), olfactory input (not depicted). The human interface devices can also be used to capture certain media not necessarily directly related to conscious input by a human, such as audio (such as: speech, music, ambient sound), images (such as: scanned images, photographic images obtain from a still image camera), video (such as two-dimensional video, three-dimensional video including stereoscopic video).

[0115] Input human interface devices may include one or more of (only one of each depicted): keyboard 901, mouse 902, trackpad 903, touch screen 910, joystick 905, microphone 906, scanner 908, camera 907.

[0116] Computer system 900 may also include certain human interface output devices. Such human interface output devices may be stimulating the senses of one or more human users through, for example, tactile output, sound, light, and smell/taste. Such human interface output devices may include tactile output devices (for example tactile feedback by the touch-screen 910, or joystick 905, but there can also be tactile feedback devices that do not serve as input devices), audio output devices (such as: speakers 909, headphones (not depicted)), visual output devices (such as screens 910 to include CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens, OLED screens, each with or without touch-screen input capability, each with or without tactile feedback capability—some of which may be capable to output two dimensional visual output or more than three dimensional output through means such as stereographic output; virtual-reality glasses (not depicted), holographic displays and smoke tanks (not depicted)), and printers (not depicted).

[0117] Computer system 900 can also include human accessible storage devices and their associated media such as optical media including CD/DVD ROM/RW 920 with CD/DVD 911 or the like media, thumb-drive 922, removable hard drive or solid state drive 923, legacy magnetic media such as tape and floppy disc (not depicted), specialized ROM/ASIC/PLD based devices such as security dongles (not depicted), and the like.

[0118] Those skilled in the art should also understand that term “computer readable media” as used in connection with the presently disclosed subject matter does not encompass transmission media, carrier waves, or other transitory signals.

[0119] Computer system 900 can also include interface 999 to one or more communication networks 998. Networks 998 can for example be wireless, wireline, optical. Networks 998 can further be local, wide-area, metropolitan, vehicular and industrial, real-time, delay-tolerant, and so on. Examples of networks 998 include local area networks such as Ethernet, wireless LANs, cellular networks to include GSM, 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE and the like, TV wireline or wireless wide area digital networks to include cable TV, satellite TV, and terrestrial broadcast TV, vehicular and industrial to include CANBus, and so forth. Certain networks 998 commonly require external network interface adapters that attached to certain general-purpose data ports or peripheral buses (950 and 951) (such as, for example USB ports of the computer system 900; others are commonly integrated into the core of the computer system 900 by attachment to a system bus as described below (for example Ethernet interface into a PC computer system or cellular network interface into a smartphone computer system). Using any of these networks 998, computer system 900 can communicate with other entities. Such communication can be uni-directional, receive only (for example, broadcast TV), uni-directional send-only (for example CANbusto certain CANbus devices), or bi-directional, for example to other computer systems using local or wide area digital networks. Certain protocols and protocol stacks can be used on each of those networks and network interfaces as described above.

[0120] Aforementioned human interface devices, human-accessible storage devices, and network interfaces can be attached to a core 940 of the computer system 900.

[0121] The core 940 can include one or more Central Processing Units (CPU) 941, Graphics Processing Units (GPU) 942, a graphics adapter 917, specialized programmable processing units in the form of Field Programmable Gate Areas (FPGA) 943, hardware accelerators for certain tasks 944, and so forth. These devices, along with Read-only memory (ROM) 945, Random-access memory 946, internal mass storage such as internal non-user accessible hard drives, SSDs, and the like 947, may be connected through a system bus 948. In some computer systems, the system bus 948 can be accessible in the form of one or more physical plugs to enable extensions by additional CPUs, GPU, and the like. The peripheral devices can be attached either directly to the core's system bus 948, or through a peripheral bus 949. Architectures for a peripheral bus include PCI, USB, and the like.

[0122] CPUs 941, GPUs 942, FPGAs 943, and accelerators 944 can execute certain instructions that, in combination, can make up the aforementioned computer code. That computer code can be stored in ROM 945 or RAM 946. Transitional data can be also be stored in RAM 946, whereas permanent data can be stored for example, in the internal mass storage 947. Fast storage and retrieval to any of the memory devices can be enabled through the use of cache memory, that can be closely associated with one or more CPU 941, GPU 942, mass storage 947, ROM 945, RAM 946, and the like.

[0123] The computer readable media can have computer code thereon for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and computer code can be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present disclosure, or they can be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts.

[0124] As an example and not by way of limitation, the computer system having architecture 900, and specifically the core 940 can provide functionality as a result of processor(s) (including CPUs, GPUs, FPGA, accelerators, and the like) executing software embodied in one or more tangible, computer-readable media. Such computer-readable media can be media associated with user-accessible mass storage as introduced above, as well as certain storage of the core 940 that are of non-transitory nature, such as core-internal mass storage 947 or ROM 945. The software implementing various embodiments of the present disclosure can be stored in such devices and executed by core 940. A computer-readable medium can include one or more memory devices or chips, according to particular needs. The software can cause the core 940 and specifically the processors therein (including CPU, GPU, FPGA, and the like) to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein, including defining data structures stored in RAM 946 and modifying such data structures according to the processes defined by the software. In addition or as an alternative, the computer system can provide functionality as a result of logic hardwired or otherwise embodied in a circuit (for example: accelerator 944), which can operate in place of or together with software to execute particular processes or particular parts of particular processes described herein. Reference to software can encompass logic, and vice versa, where appropriate. Reference to a computer-readable media can encompass a circuit (such as an integrated circuit (IC)) storing software for execution, a circuit embodying logic for execution, or both, where appropriate. The present disclosure encompasses any suitable combination of hardware and software.

[0125] While this disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, there are alterations, permutations, and various substitute equivalents, which fall within the scope of the disclosure. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise numerous systems and methods which, although not explicitly shown or described herein, embody the principles of the disclosure and are thus within the spirit and scope thereof.

[0126] The above disclosure also encompasses the features noted below. The features may be combined in various manners and are not limited to the combinations noted below.

• • [0127] (1) A method of video decoding, the method including: obtaining video data comprising at least one coded picture; identifying, by a decoder, at least one first supplementary information enhancement (SEI) message, the at least one first SEI message indicating variables specifying a type payloadType and a size payloadSize of a payload of the at least one SEI message and specified in bytes; and decoding, by the decoder, the video data based on the first SEI message.
  • [0128] (2) The method of feature (1), in which obtaining the video data comprises receiving a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit with a type different from an NAL unit type in the at least one first SEI message.
  • [0129] (3) The method of any of features (1) to (2), in which the received NAL unit comprises at least a length header field specifying values larger than 256 bytes, a maximum size of a (SEI) message payload is less than or equal to 256 bytes, and decoding the video data comprises extracting from the NAL unit a payload larger than 256 bytes.
  • [0130] (4) The method of any of features (1) to (3), in which the at least one first SEI message comprises a start fragment, the start fragment comprising a start fragment payload.
  • [0131] (5) The method of any of features (1) to (4), in which decoding the video data further comprises receiving a second SEI message comprising an end fragment, the end fragment comprising an end fragment payload.
  • [0132] (6) The method of any of features (1) to (5), in which decoding the video data further comprises extracting the start fragment and the end fragment.
  • [0133] (7) The method of any of features (1) to (6), in which decoding the video data further assembling a large SEI payload based on the extracted start fragment and the extracted end fragment, wherein the start fragment is at the beginning of the assembled large SEI payload and the end fragment is at the end of the assembled large SEI payload, the large SEI payload being at least greater than 256 bytes.
  • [0134] (8) A method of video encoding, the method including: obtaining video data comprising at least one picture; encoding the video data and the at least one picture such that the encoded video data indicates an encoded version of the at least one picture and at least one first supplementary information enhancement (SEI) message, wherein the at least one first SEI message indicates variables specifying a type payloadType and a size payloadSize of a payload of the at least one SEI message and specified in bytes.
  • [0135] (9) The method of features (8), in which the encoded video data indicates a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit with a type different from an NAL unit type in the at least one first SEI message.
  • [0136] (10) The method of any of features (8) to (9), in which the received NAL unit comprises at least a length header field specifying values larger than 256 bytes, a maximum size of a (SEI) message payload is less than or equal to 256 bytes, and the encoded video data is configured to be decoded based on extracting from the NAL unit a payload larger than 256 bytes.
  • [0137] (11) The method of any of features (8) to (10), in which the at least one first SEI message comprises a start fragment, the start fragment comprising a start fragment payload.
  • [0138] (12) The method of any of features (8) to (11), in which the encoded video data indicates a second SEI message comprising an end fragment, the end fragment comprising an end fragment payload.
  • [0139] (13) The method of any of features (8) to (12), in which the encoded video data is configured to be decoded based on extracting the start fragment and the end fragment.
  • [0140] (14) The method of any of features (8) to (13), in which the encoded video data is configured to be decoded based on assembling a large SEI payload based on the extracted start fragment and the extracted end fragment, wherein the start fragment is at the beginning of the assembled large SEI payload and the end fragment is at the end of the assembled large SEI payload, the large SEI payload being at least greater than 256 bytes.
  • [0141] (15) A method of processing visual media data, the method including: performing a conversion between a visual media file and a bitstream of a visual media data according to a format rule, wherein the format rule indicates processing of at least one first supplementary information enhancement (SEI) message, wherein the at least one first SEI message indicating variables specifying a type payloadType and a size payloadSize of a payload of the at least one SEI message and specified in bytes.
  • [0142] (16) The method of features (15), in which the format rule further indicates processing of a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit with a type different from an NAL unit type in the at least one first SEI message.
  • [0143] (17) The method of any of features (15) to (16), in which the NAL unit comprises at least a length header field specifying values larger than 256 bytes, wherein a maximum size of a (SEI) message payload is less than or equal to 256 bytes, and wherein the format rule further indicates extracting from the NAL unit a payload larger than 256 bytes.
  • [0144] (18) The method of any of features (15) to (17), in which the at least one first SEI message comprises a start fragment, the start fragment comprising a start fragment payload.
  • [0145] (19) The method of any of features (15) to (18), in which the format rule further indicates processing a second SEI message comprising an end fragment, the end fragment comprising an end fragment payload.
  • [0146] (20) The method of any of features (15) to (19), in which the format rule further indicates processing of the start fragment and the end fragment and assembling a large SEI payload based on the extracted start fragment and the extracted end fragment, wherein the start fragment is at the beginning of the assembled large SEI payload and the end fragment is at the end of the assembled large SEI payload, the large SEI payload being at least greater than 256 bytes.
  • [0147] (21) An apparatus for video decoding, including processing circuitry that is configured to perform the method of any of features (1) to (7).
  • [0148] (22) An apparatus for video encoding, including processing circuitry that is configured to perform the method of any of features (8) to (15).
  • [0149] (23) A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions which when executed by at least one processor cause the at least one processor to perform the method of any of features (1) to (20).