Seamless edge application handover

[0001] This application is the National Stage Application of International Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/065268, filed Dec. 16, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/951,377, filed on Dec. 20, 2019, titled “Seamless Edge Application Handover,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0002] Machine-To-Machine (M2M), Internet-of-Things (IoT), and Web-of-Things (WoT) network deployments may encompass a wide variety of servers, gateways, and devices, such as those described in, for example: 3GPP Application layer support for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services, 3GPP TS 23.286 v16.1.0; 3GPP Study on enhancements to application layer support for V2X services, 3GPP TR 23.764, v0.2.0; 3GPP; Study on Application Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications, 3GPP TR 23.758, v.0.0; oneM2M 3GPP Interworking, oneM2M TS-0026, v4.2.0; and Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocol LWM2M, v 1.1.

[0003] Edge Application Handover Client (EAHC) functionality may be hosted on a UE that performs one or more of the following operations to assist Application Clients (ACs) on the UE with handovers between different instances of Edge Application Servers (EAS)s in the system.

[0004] The EAHC functionality on the UE may be a new dedicated function or it may be a sub-function of an existing function such as a 3GPP Edge Enabler Client, a 3GPP V2X Application Enabler Client, a oneM2M Common Services Entity (CSE), a oneM2M AE or a LWM2M Client.

[0005] An EAHC may support the capability to be configured with EAH policies. The EAH policies may include criteria used to determine what EAH operations an EAHC is to perform and under what conditions it is to perform these operations. The EAH policies may contain rules that are contingent upon:

• • [0006] types of requested services
  • [0007] users, subscribers, and/or ACs
  • [0008] network and/or service providers
  • [0009] QoS/QoE levels
  • [0010] location(s) of UE
  • [0011] specified route(s) or anticipate route(s) of a UE
  • [0012] edge or local area data network instances that a UE is connected to
  • [0013] the status or availability of edge nodes
  • [0014] deployment status of requested services

[0015] An EAHC may support the capability to interface to ACs hosted on the UE to enable the ACs to share their past, present or future application service requirements and context information with the EAHC. The EAHC may locally store and process this information to assist with seamless edge application handovers of ACs between EASs. The EAHC may factor this context into its determination of if/when a handover of the AC is required from one EAS to another EAS. The EAHC may also share this information with an EAHS in the network to assist the ACs with managing seamless edge application handovers between EASs.

[0016] By interfacing with ACs on the UE, the EAHC may also support the capability to allow ACs to initiate an EAH. For example, if an AC detects that the level of service that it is receiving from an EAS is not meeting its requirements, an AC may initiate an EAH via a request to the EAHC. The EAHC can receive such requests from ACs and assist the ACs by performing EAH operations on their behalf.

[0017] An EAHC may support the capability to analyze service requirements and context information pertaining to ACs, EASs and the network(s) that interconnect the ACs and EASs. Based on this analysis and EAH policies, an EAHC may determine if/when an EAH is required. An EAHC may trigger an AC to perform EAH operations. Alternatively, the EAHC may perform EAH operations on behalf of an AC to assist it with performing the EAH.

[0018] Since an EAHC may be privy to service requirements and context information of all the ACs hosted on the UE, the EAHC may aggregate this information to make EAH decisions that are optimized across all the ACs on a UE. For example, if a single edge node in a network supports all EASs required by the different ACs on the UE, the EAHC may determine that an EAH operation to have the ACs use the EASs hosted on this single edge node is desired to enable the UE to operate in a more efficient manner (e.g., UE only requires a single PDU session to a single edge node).

[0019] An EAHC may issue requests to one or more EAHSs in the network to have them assist with EAH operations. One type of request may include a request to obtain information regarding available EASs in the current proximity (e.g., within the same LADN) of the UE and that are the best candidate EASs for an AC to be handed over to.

[0020] An EAHC may issue subscription request(s) to an EAHS in the network to receive notifications from the EAHS. One type of subscription may to be receive notifications if/when the EAHS determines that an AC should be handed off from one EAS to another.

[0021] Based on subscription requests to an EAHS, the EAHC may receive notifications from the EAHS. One type of notification may be a trigger to the EAHC to perform EAH operations for one or more designated ACs.

[0022] An EAHC may perform EAS FQDN resolution assistance operations when an EAH occurs. To minimize impact of an EAH on an AC and allow the AC to continue to use the same EAS FQDN before and after an EAH occurs, the EAHC may perform EAS FQDN resolution operations on behalf of an AC. This enables ACs to use the same EAS FQDNs to communicate with EASs even after an EAH has occurred. Thus, ACs are not burdened with managing lower level EAS point-of-contact information (e.g., IP addresses, ports, URIs) which can become stale after an EAH occurs. Instead, the EAHC can handle this burden on behalf of an AC.

[0023] An EAHC may perform establishment and tear-down of security sessions in an EAH aware manner on behalf of an AC. These operations may be performed by the EAHC when it triggers an EAH or in response to an EAH request that it receives from an AC or EAHS.

[0024] An EAHC may trigger and monitor application state synchronization or migration between EASs during an EAH and based off the status of state synchronization or migration determine whether an EAH was successful or another EAH is required.

[0025] An EAHC may buffer outgoing requests from ACs towards EASs while EAH operations are being performed (e.g., refreshing DNS lookup results, migrating state information to a new EAS, etc.). When EAH operations are completed and a new EAS is accessible, an EAHC may forward these requests to the new EAS for processing.

[0026] Edge Application Handover Server (EAHS) functionality may perform one or more of the following operations to assist Application Clients (ACs) hosted on UEs with the seamless handover between different instances of Edge Application Servers (EAS)s in the system.

[0027] An EAHS may be a standalone function or a sub-function of an existing EAHS such as a V2X Application Enabler Server, SEAL Server, Edge Enabler Server, an Edge Data Network Configuration Server, a oneM2M CSE or a LWM2M Server.

[0028] An EAHS may support the capability to be configured with EAH policies. The EAH policies may include rules used to determine what EAH operations an EAHS is to perform and under what conditions it is to perform these operations. The EAH policies may contain rules that are contingent upon:

• • [0029] types of requested services
  • [0030] users, subscribers, and/or ACs
  • [0031] network and/or service providers
  • [0032] QoS/QoE levels
  • [0033] location(s) of UE
  • [0034] specified route(s) or anticipate route(s) of a UE
  • [0035] edge or local area data network instances that a UE is connected to
  • [0036] the status or availability of edge nodes
  • [0037] deployment status of requested services

[0038] EAHS policy rules may be contingent upon context information that pertain to information such as a UE's current location, a UE's planned or anticipated route, status information pertaining to the network (e.g., congestion levels).

[0039] An EAHS may interface to various entities in a 3GPP system and receive context information from these entities including but not limited to Core Network Functions, Application Clients, Edge Enabler Clients. Edge Application Handover Clients, V2X Application Enabler Servers, SEAL Servers, Edge Enabler Servers, Edge Data Network Configuration Servers, a oneM2M CSEs or LWM2M Servers.

[0040] Based on EAH policies, an EAHC may analyze context information and service requirements from entities in the system and determine if/when an EAH is required. An EAHS may trigger an EAHC to perform EAH operations on behalf of an AC to assist it with performing the EAH.

[0041] An EAHS may receive subscription request(s) from an EAHC hosted on a UE to receive notifications from the EAHS. One type of subscription may be to receive notifications if/when the EAHS determines that an AC should be handed off from one EAS to another.

[0042] Based on subscription requests from an EAHC, the EAHS may send notifications to an EAHC. One type of notification may be a trigger to the EAHC to perform EAH operations for one or more designated ACs.

[0043] An EAHS may interface to management function(s) in the system to query and discover available edge nodes that host (or that are capable of hosting) one or more specified types of EASs.

[0044] The EAHS may further specify the queried edge nodes to be located in proximity to a specified UE and/or located along an anticipated route of a UE

[0045] Based on EAH policies and related context information, an EAHS may determine if/when edge nodes require EAS management operations to be performed (e.g., edge nodes that are in proximity to an AC's current location or along an anticipated route).

[0046] An EAHS may interface to management function(s) in the system to manage the deployment of EASs and instances of installed EASs on available edge nodes (e.g., edge nodes that are in proximity to an AC's current location or along an anticipated route).

[0047] An EAHS may assist the management function(s) in the system by sharing EAH related context information and/or performing an EAH as required by the management function(s).

[0048] An EAHS may assist the management function(s) in the system to interact with the service provider to trigger management operations (e.g., deploying new EASs, install/activate EASs). An EMS may interface to 3GPP network functions to configure and reserve connectivity centric resources in the 3GPP network (e.g., QoS session) between ACs on UEs and EASs in proximity to the current location of UEs or along an anticipated route.

[0049] An EAHS may send a request to an EAHC to instruct it to refresh cached DNS lookup results for a specified EAS FQDN by having the EAHC perform another DNS lookup. The request may also instruct the EAHC to switch over to a new DNS server to perform the lookup by providing it with updated DNS Server point-of-contact information. Before issuing a request to an EAHC, the EAHS may first initiate the update of EAS point-of-contact information stored within the DNS records of a DNS server such that an EAS FQDN maps to a different EAS.

[0050] When a handover of an AC occurs to a new EAS, an EAHS may share the AC's credentials with the new EAS over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and EAS. An EAHS may also share the EAS's credentials with an EAHC over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and EAHC. During this process the EAHS may also communicate with a security function in the network if new/updated credentials are required.

[0051] When an EAH occurs, an EAHS may assist EASs, involved in handoffs with one another, to establish a trust relationship so that they can securely perform handoff operations such as secure synchronization/migration of application state. When a handover of an AC occurs to a new EAS, the EAHS can share the old EAS's credential with the new EAS and vice versa.

[0052] When an EAH occurs, an EAHS may trigger and monitor application state synchronization or migration operations that occur between EASs during the EAH. Based off the status of the application state synchronization or migration, the EAHS may determine whether an EAH was successful or another EAH is required.

[0053] Using context information, a predicted route may be calculated by an EAHS and then used to select the next EAS(s) that AC(s) hosted on a UE are handed off to. An EAHS may monitor the current location of UE(s) relative to the different way points defined by a route and track a UE's movement along the route as well as any unexpected deviations.

[0054] An EAHS may share anticipated route information for one or more UEs with a 3GPP network such that the network can configure and optimize its network resource to ensure the requirements (e.g., QoS) of the UE(s) are met while traveling along the route.

[0055] An EAHS may request that the 3GPP network track the movement of UE(s) along an anticipated route on its behalf and send it notifications regarding the movement of UE(s) along the route such as notifications of when the UE arrives at specified way points along the route or when the UE deviates from the route.

[0056] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to limitations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

[0090] Table 0.1 of the Appendix contains explanations of selected abbreviations used here. Table 0.2 contains explanations of selected terms.

Edge Application Deployments

[0091] The benefits of deploying Application Servers (ASs) at the edge of a 3GPP system rather than in the cloud include reduced access latency and increased reliability for Application Clients (ACs) who access the services offered by these ASs. In addition, network operators may also benefit from the deployment of ASs at the edge of their networks since this model of deployment may allow them to distribute the load and reduce congestion levels in their networks (e.g., by enabling localized communication between ACs and ASs).

[0092] For example, FIG. 1 illustrates an autonomous vehicular use case. A vehicle hosts a UE and hosted on the UE is a V2X AC used by the vehicle's autonomous driving control system. The V2X AC communicates with V2X services deployed in a 3GPP system (e.g., platooning service, cooperative driving service, collision avoidance service, etc.). The V2X services are deployed in a distributed manner across the system as a combination of V2X ASs deployed on edge nodes (e.g., road-side units, cell towers, etc.) as well as in the cloud.

[0093] For enhanced performance (e.g., reduced access latency and higher reliability), the preferred method for accessing the V2X services by V2X ACs is via V2X ASs that are deployed in edge networks in the system which are in closer proximity to the vehicles rather than accessing V2X ASs via the cloud. When accessing the V2X ASs at the edge, a V2X AC hosted on the UE within the vehicle can take advantage of timelier and more reliable information regarding other vehicles and conditions of the roadway and traffic. As a result, the vehicle can travel at higher rates of speed and at closer distances to other vehicles. The vehicle is also able to change lanes more often and effectively without sacrificing safety. In contrast, when accessing V2X ASs in the cloud, the vehicle must fall back into a more conservative mode of operation due to the decreased availability of timely information. This typically results in a reduction in the vehicle's speed, an increase in distance between the vehicle and other vehicles and less optimal lane changes.

[0094] As vehicles travel down roadways, handovers of V2X ACs between V2X ASs hosted on different edge nodes in closest proximity to the vehicles must be coordinated. Likewise, handovers of V2X ACs between V2X ASs hosted on edge nodes and V2X ASs hosted in the cloud must also be coordinated for cases where edge network coverage fades in and out during a vehicle's journey. For all of these scenarios, seamless (e.g., low latency and reliable) V2X AC handovers, between ASs hosted on both edge nodes as well as in the cloud, is critical and essential for the successful deployment of this type of V2X use case as well as other types of use cases having similar requirements as V2X.

3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications

[0095] FIG. 2 shows the 3GPP defined architecture for enabling edge applications. See TR 23.758. The Framework for enabling edge applications consists of an Edge Enabler Client and Application Client(s) hosted on the UE and an Edge Enabler Server and Edge Application Server(s) hosted in an edge data network. An Edge Data Network Configuration Server is used to configure Edge Enabler Clients and Edge Enabler Servers. The Edge Enabler Client and Server offer edge centric capabilities to Application Clients and Servers, respectively. The Edge Enabler server and Edge Data Network Configuration Server may also interact with the 3GPP network.

3GPP Architecture for Enabling V2X Applications

[0096] FIG. 3 shows the 3GPP defined architecture for enabling V2X applications. See TS 23.286. The V2X Application Enablement (VAE) layer consists of a VAE Client hosted on the UE and a VAE Server hosted in the network. The VAE Client and Server offer VAE centric capabilities to V2X application clients and servers. The VAE Client and Server interface to more generic (e.g., non-V2X specific) services offered by the Service Enabler Architecture Layer (SEAL) Client and Server, respectively. The SEAL services consist of location management, group management, configuration management, identity management, key management and network resource management.

[0097] The VAE and SEAL servers may also interact with the 3GPP network system (e.g., over 3GPP defined reference points such as V2, MB2, xMB, Rx and T8).

IoT Service Layer (SL)

[0098] An IoT Service Layer (SL) is a technology specifically targeted towards providing value-added services for IoT devices, IoT applications and IoT data. Recently, several industry standard bodies have been developing IoT SLs to address the challenges associated with the integration of IoT devices, applications and data into deployments with the Internet/Web, cellular, enterprise, and home network. These include oneM2M, ETSI, OCF, and OMA, for example. See, e.g., 3GPP Application layer support for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) services, 3GPP TS 23.286 v16.1.0, 3GPP Study on enhancements to application layer support for V2X services, 3GPP TR 23.764, v0.2.0, oncM2M TR 23.758, oneM2M 3GPP Interworking, oneM2M TS-0026, v4.2.0, and Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocol LWM2M, v 1.1.

[0099] An IoT SL can provide applications and devices access to a collection of IoT oriented capabilities. A few examples include security, charging, data management, device management, discovery, provisioning, and connectivity management. These capabilities are made available to devices and applications via APIs which make use of message formats, resource structures and resource representations supported by the IoT SL.

[0100] From a protocol stack perspective, SLs are typically situated above the Application Protocol Layer and provide value added services to applications they support. Hence SLs are often categorized as ‘middleware’ services. FIG. 4 shows an exemplary service layer between the Application Protocols and Applications.

[0101] From a deployment perspective, an IoT SL can be deployed on various types of network nodes including IoT servers, gateways and devices as shown in FIG. 5.

Example Challenges

[0102] 3GPP is in the process of defining a 5G edge application architecture. See, e.g., TR 23.758. The motivation is to define a standardized framework for deploying various types of Edge Application Servers (EASs) at edge nodes of a 3GPP system in a manner which has minimal impact on Application Clients (ACs) hosted on UEs. However, the current 5G Edge Application Architecture does not yet define adequate support for seamless handover of ACs from one EAS to another for use cases involving ACs hosted on UEs requiring frequent handovers between EASs. Wherein seamless handover of an AC from one EAS to another EAS means the level of service that the AC experiences is maintained and there are no noticeable service degradation or service interruptions. The frequency of handovers is determined by the level of service (e.g., latency) required by the AC and the service coverage areas of the available EASs.

[0103] 3GPP is also in the process of defining a 5G V2X Application Architecture. See, e.g., TS 23.286 and TR 23.764. The motivation is to define standardized types of V2X Application Servers (e.g., platooning) that can be deployed over 3GPP systems. However, the current 5G V2X Application Architecture does not yet define adequate support for seamless handover of V2X ACs between V2X EASs.

[0104] To support use cases such as the V2X example shown in FIG. 1, the capability to seamlessly transition (e.g., handover) an AC from one EAS to another EAS with low latency and high reliability is required. Below is a summary of some of the unique challenges involved with achieving seamless handover of ACs between EASs. These challenges have not yet been adequately addressed by the 5G Edge Application Architecture or 5G V2X Application Architecture.

[0105] Determining which EAS in the system is the most optimal one to use at a given point in time and when it is necessary to transition an AC over to using this EAS to ensure continuity of service is maintained can be challenging since the conditions that need to be considered can be numerous, have a high degree of variability and may originate from several different entities in the system. For example, the status and context of a UEs and their ACs, the health and availability of EASs in proximity to UEs, the health and availability of the network that connects the ACs and EASs, may all have high degree of variability. Relying on the AC to make optimal decisions on which EASs to use and when it is necessary to perform a handover to a different EAS is not realistic nor optimal in real-life deployments.

[0106] EASs will typically be deployed on different edge nodes in the system. Each EAS will have unique point-of-contact(s) including IP address(s), port(s) and URI path(s) for the services and resources that they offer. Accessing a given EAS requires an AC to send requests to an EAS's point-of-contact. If/when a handover to a new EAS occurs, a change in point-of-contact information will occur. A change in point-of-contact information of an EAS, can have a significant impact on ACs. It is not uncommon for point-of-contact information of EASs to be directly configured and/or coded into ACs. Hence if a change occurs to point-of-contact information of an EAS, this typically will require the AC to be made aware of this change. An AC must then stop its communication with the old EAS, initiate the teardown of various types of sessions (e.g., PDU, QoS, security) between the AC and the old EAS and establish corresponding sessions with the new EAS. This tear-down and re-establishment of the various types of sessions requires that new sessions be configured in a consistent manner as the prior ones such that the handover occurs seamlessly. This also needs to take place in a timely manner such that no disruptions in service occur for the AC.

[0107] Ensuring optimal usage of the limited edge node and edge network resources in the system while also ensuring the service requirements of the ACs are still met, can be challenging and in direct competition with one another. Edge nodes will typically be deployed with fixed/limited amounts of resources (e.g., CPU, memory, storage). Unlike cloud deployments, which typically support the capability to be dynamically scaled via cloud scaling techniques, once the resources of an edge node are consumed, additional resources typically cannot be easily added. Likewise, edge nodes will typically be deployed in edge networks (e.g., 3GPP LADNs) which will have fixed/limited amounts of resources (e.g., bandwidth) compared to core networks. Given these fixed/limited amounts of resources, it may not be possible to deploy EASs onto edge nodes in a static or pre-provisioned manner well in advance of when EASs are needed by ACs. For this reason, more dynamic methods may be needed to intelligently manage EASs on edge nodes in the system such that the resources on edge nodes are efficiently utilized and the service requirements of ACs are still met. For example, deploying an EAS onto an edge node may first require removing or disabling other EASs to free up edge node resources for the new EAS. This may require coordination between entities in the system to determine which EASs are actively being used by ACs and which ones are not such that candidates for removal or de-activation can be determined. For example, V2X use cases typically involve V2X ACs hosted on vehicles which move in and out of proximity of different edge nodes of the system with a high degree of frequency. For these use cases, V2X ACs require usage of V2X EASs for short durations of time while they are in proximity to the edge nodes hosting the V2X EAS. Once a vehicle and its V2X ACs leave the proximity of an edge node that hosts V2X EASs and enter the proximity of other edge nodes, methods are needed to ensure that the required type(s) of V2X EASs are available and accessible on the proper edge nodes that are in proximity to the V2X ACs. These methods must ensure that the required instance(s) of the V2X EASs are installed, running and securely accessible by the V2X ACs such that the transition occurs seamlessly and without interrupting the service continuity of the V2X ACs. Depending on the speed at which a vehicle is traveling and the service requirements (e.g., latency, reliability, etc.) of its V2X ACs, managing the different V2X EASs hosted on the different edge nodes in the system, such that seamless edge application handovers can occur, can be extremely challenging. Ensuring that the required instances of EAS are available on the proper edge nodes, in the proper locations and within the proper time windows for when an AC requires access to them, can be a challenging task to manage.

Example Solutions

[0108] FIG. 6 illustrates: edge application handover client and server functionality. Herein, several concepts are presented for addressing shortcomings of the existing 5G Edge Application Architecture and 5G V2X Application Architecture related to inadequate support for the seamless handover of UE Application Clients (AC)s between Edge Application Servers (EAS)s and/or vertical application servers such as VAE Application Servers in a 3GPP system. See, e.g., TS 23.286, TR 23.758, and TR 23.764. Herein, EASs may include or imply vertical application servers such as VAE Application Servers defined in 3GPP SA6 or other standards, unless explicitly specified.

[0109] The techniques are described herein to assist ACs with handovers between EASs may also be applied to assist ACs with handovers between EASs and Cloud Application Servers, e.g., as in the use case of FIG. 1.

Assisted Edge Application Handover Framework

[0110] To enable seamless handover of ACs between EASs in the system (e.g., when a UE moves out of the proximity of one EAS and into the proximity of another EAS), an Edge Application Handover (EAH) framework is described that provides assisted handover capabilities to ACs and EASs. The EAH framework may be deployed in a distributed manner consisting of an Edge Application Handover Client (EAHC) and an Edge Application Handover Server (EAHS) as shown in FIG. 6.

[0111] The Edge Application Handover Client (EAHC) and Edge Application Handover Server (EAHS) interface to various other entities in the system such as one or more Application Clients (ACs), Edge Application Servers (EASs), Management Functions (MFs) and 3GPP Networks as shown via the IEAHC-AC, IEAHS-EAS, IEAHS-MF and IEAHS-3GPP reference points, respectively. The EAHC and EAHS may also interface to one another via the IEAHS-EAHC reference point.

[0112] The EAHC functionality may be hosted on UEs in the system and interacts with EAHS functionality to assist with the seamless handover of ACs between EASs. An EAHC may be deployed as a standalone function on the UE or a sub-function of existing 3GPP defined functions such as an Edge Enabler Client or V2X Application Enabler Client. An EAHC may also be deployed as a sub-function of an existing non-3GPP defined function such as a oneM2M CSE or LWM2M Client. The EAHC may interface and interact with various other functions in the system when assisting with edge application handovers. This may involve the EAHC sharing information, receiving events, and performing operations involving other functions in the system. Further details of this interaction are provided in subsequent sections of this paper.

[0113] The EAHS functionality is defined such that it may be deployed external to UEs within the system. An EAHS may be deployed as a standalone function in the system or as a sub-function of an existing function such as a 3GPP V2X Application Enabler Server, SEAL Server, Edge Enabler Server, Edge Data Network Configuration Server or an SCS/AS. An EAHS may also be deployed as a sub-function of an existing non-3GPP defined function such as a oneM2M CSE or LWM2M Server. The EAHC interacts with EAHS functionality to assist with the seamless handover of ACs between EASs. The EAHS functionality may be deployed within an edge data network, within a cloud network or within the 3GPP network. The EAHS may also interface and interact with various other functions in the system when assisting with edge application handovers. This may involve the EAHS sharing information, receiving events, and performing operations involving other functions in the system. Further details of this interaction are provided in subsequent sections of this paper.

[0114] The Management Function (MF) functionality is defined such that it may be deployed external to UEs within the system. A MF may be deployed as a standalone function in the system or as a sub-function of an existing function such as a 3GPP Edge Data Network Configuration Server or an SCS/AS. An MF may also be deployed as a sub-function of an existing non-3GPP defined function such as a oneM2M CSE or LWM2M Server. The MF interacts with EAHS functionality to receive information about the capabilities and instantiation of EAHSs. The MF interacts with the EAHCs to send EAH policies to EAHCs. The MF functionality may be deployed within an edge data network, within a cloud network or within the 3GPP network. The MF may also interface and interact with various other functions in the system when assisting with edge application handovers. This may involve the MF sharing information, receiving events, and performing operations involving other functions in the system. Further details of this interaction are provided in subsequent sections of this paper.

Assisted Edge Application Handover Reference Points

IEAHC-AC Reference Point

[0115] As shown in FIG. 7, an EAHC may support a reference point (IEAHC-AC) to ACs hosted on the UE. Via IEAHC-AC an EAHC may support various types of EAH centric operations between itself and the ACs such as but not limited to those described in Table 1 of the Appendix and shown in FIG. 7. Note, the EAH operations may be performed in different sequences than the sequence shown, and the operations may be performed independently of one another.

[0116] Additional details of the of the example IEAHC-AC operations defined in Table 1 of the Appendix are described below.

[0117] An EAHC may support the capability to analyze (e.g., based on EAH policies) service requirements and context information received from ACs, EASs and the network that interconnects ACs and EASs. Based on this analysis, an EAHC may determine if/when an EAH is required. Then an EAHC may trigger an AC to initiate an EAH, or alternatively, the EAHC may perform EAH operations on behalf of an AC to assist it with performing the EAH.

[0118] Since an EAHC may be privy to service requirements and context information of all the ACs hosted on the UE, the EAHC may support the capability to aggregate this information to make EAH decisions that are optimized across all the ACs on a UE. For example, if a single edge node in a network supports all EASs required by the different ACs on the UE, the EAHC may determine that an EAH operation to have the ACs use the EASs hosted on this single edge node is desirable to enable the UE to operate in a more efficient manner (e.g., the UE only requires a single PDU session to a single edge node).

[0119] An EAHC may receive prioritization information. The prioritization information may come from a user interface (e.g., a graphical user interface). The prioritization information may indicate to the EAHC the relative importance of Application Clients and the EAHC may use this information when determining what edge data networks and EASs to connect to. For example, an EAHC may decide to not perform a handover action and cause one Application Client to lose connectivity in order to avoid disrupting the connection of another Application Client. Alternatively, an EAHC may decide to perform a handover action and cause one Application Client to lose connectivity in order to avoid disrupting the connection of another Application Client.

IEAHS-EAS Reference Point

[0120] As shown in FIG. 8, an EAHS may support a reference point (IEAHS-EAS) to communicate with EASs in the system. Via IEAHS-EAS an EAHS may support various types of EAH centric operations between itself and EASs such as but not limited to those in Table 2 of the Appendix. Note, the operations shown in FIG. 8 may be performed in different sequences than the one shown, and operations may be performed independently of others.

[0121] The IEAHS-EAS reference point may support operations such as but not limited to those in Table 2 of the Appendix.

IEAHS-EAHC Reference Point

[0122] As shown in FIG. 9, an EAHC may support a reference point (IEAHS-EAHC) to communicate with one or more EAHSs in the system. For example, an EAHC may support the capability to interface to an EAHS to share information about ACs with the EAHS such that the EAHS can help assist the EAHC with performing EAH operations on behalf of the ACs. Note, the operations shown in FIG. 9 may be performed in different sequences than the one shown, and some operations may be performed independently of others.

[0123] IEAHS-EAHC may support operations such as but not limited to those in Table 3 of the Appendix.

IEAHS-3GPP Reference Point

[0124] FIG. 10 illustrates IEAHS-3GPP functionality. As shown in FIG. 10, an EAHS may support a reference point (IEAHS-3GPP) to communicate with a 3GPP Network and its respective functions (e.g., NEF). Via IEAHS-3GPP an EAHS may support exchanging various types of EAH centric operations with a 3GPP Network. For example, an EAHS may send a request to a 3GPP Network to have it trigger a single UE (e.g., a vehicle) or a group of UEs (e.g., a platoon of vehicles) to connect to a specified edge data network (e.g., 3GPP LADN) that the EAHS has determined is in the same proximity as the UE(s). The 3GPP Network can then trigger the UE(s) to connect to the edge data network. Note, the operations shown in FIG. 10 may be performed in different sequences than the one shown, and operations may be performed independently of others. The IEAHS-3GPP reference point may support operations such as but not limited to those in Table 4 of the Appendix.

IEAHS-MF and IEAHC-MF Reference Points

[0125] FIG. 11 illustrates IEAHS-MF functionality. As shown in FIG. 11, an EAHS may support a reference point (IEAHS-MF) to communicate with Management Functions (MF) in the system. MFs in the system may have responsibility for managing EASs deployed in the system. For example, the installation/de-installation, activation/de-activation, configuration/re-configuration of EASs hosted on the edge nodes within the edge networks of the system. Via IEAHS-MF, an EAHS may support communicating with MFs to assist with the management of EASs and to ensure edge application handovers take place in a seamless fashion. For example, an EAHS may support the capability to interface to a MF to request that an EAS be installed, configured and/or activated on an edge node within a specified edge network which a UE has just connected to or is about to connect to. By interfacing to a MF and assisting with the management, the EAHS can help ensure that an AC hosted on the UE can transition over to the new EAS with little/no interruption. Note, the operations shown in FIG. 11 may be performed in different sequences than the one shown, and operations may be performed independently of others. The IEAHS-MF reference point may support operations such as but not limited to those in Table 5 of the Appendix.

[0126] In addition, but not shown in FIG. 11 or Table 5 of the Appendix, an EAHC may support being configured with EAH policies or instructed to perform EAH related operations via the MF over an IEAHC-MF reference point An EAHC can also issue requests to a MF to perform EAH related operations over an IEAHC-MF.

Assisted Edge Application Handover Procedures

[0127] In the following sub-clauses, procedures are defined which enable an EAHC and EAHS to assist ACs and EASs in performing edge application handovers. These procedures leverage the operations defined by each of the aforementioned EAHC and EAHS reference points.

EAH Policy Configuration

[0128] FIG. 12 illustrates EAH policy functionality. As shown in FIG. 12 Steps 1a and 1b, both the EAHSs and EAHCs in the system may be configured with EAH policies. The EAH policies may include criteria used to determine what EAH operations an EAHS or EAHC is to perform and under what conditions it is to perform these operations. These policies may be configured by various entities in the system such as but not limited to Users in the system, Core Network Functions, Application Clients. Edge Enabler Clients, Edge Application Handover Clients, V2X Application Enabler Servers, SEAL Servers, Edge Enabler Servers, Edge Data Network Configuration Servers and SCS/ASs. These entities may issue requests to an EAHS or EAHC to configure its EAH policies. Alternatively, an EAHS or EAHC may retrieve EAH policies from these entities or subscribe to these entities to receive notifications if/when changes to EAH policies are required (not shown in FIG. 12).

[0129] An EAH policy may include EAH rules such as but not limited to the ones defined in Table 6. These rules may be stored and used by an EAHS or EAHC to control what EAH operations it performs and under what conditions it performs EAH operations (FIG. 12 Steps 2a and 2b). The information in Table 6 of the Appendix can be provided per EAS or EAS type.

[0130] EAH policy rules may have dependencies upon various types of EAH related context information available in the system such as but not limited to the types defined in Table 7 of the Appendix. This context information may be generated from various entities in a 3GPP system such as but not limited to Core Network Functions, Application Clients, Edge Enabler Clients, Edge Application Handover Clients, V2X Application Enabler Servers, SEAL Servers, Edge Enabler Servers, Edge Data Network Configuration Servers and SCS/ASs. As shown in FIG. 12 Steps 3a and 3b, these entities may issue requests to an EAHS or EAHC to share EAH related context information. Alternatively, an EAHS or EAHC may retrieve EAH related context from these entities or subscribe to these entities to receive notifications if/when context information of interest becomes available (not shown in FIG. 12). EAH related context information may be made available to the EAHS and EAHC in the system such that they can evaluate it along with the specified rules defined within the EAH policies to determine what EAH operations to perform and under what conditions FIG. 12 Steps 4a and 4b.

EAH Aware FQDN Resolution

[0131] To minimize the complexity and overhead of EAH for ACs, EAHCs and EAHSs may support functionality to allow ACs to continue to use the same EAS FQDNs that they were using before an EAH after the EAH. The functionality involves the EAHC and EAHS managing the lower level point-of-contact information (e.g., IP addresses, ports, URI paths, identifiers, security credentials and/or service description information) of EASs and performing EAS FQDN resolution operations on behalf of ACs. In doing so, the EAHC and EAHS can offload ACs of the burden of performing these operations or even being aware that these operations are being performed on their behalf.

[0132] The functionality involves the EAHC supporting enhanced DNS client functionality which also has awareness of when edge application handovers occur. This allows the EAHC to correctly resolve EAS FQDNs to the correct EAS point-of-contacts even when a UE is connecting to/from different edge networks and run-time edge application handovers are occurring. The EAHC may also support an API that allows ACs to issue requests to the EAHC to resolve EAS FQDNs on their behalf and receive back EAS point-of-contact information if desired.

[0133] FIGS. 13A and 13B illustrates an example of EAH Aware FQDN Resolution functionality. To enable an EAHC to perform this functionality, the EAHC may support the capability to be configured with point-of-contact information for DNS server(s) (Step 1 of FIG. 13A). The DNS server(s) host the DNS records for EASs currently available to the AC (e.g., EAS #1). When a UE connects to a different network domain (either a core or edge network domain) it may be configured with this point-of-contact information of the DNS server(s). The entity that configures the UE's EAHC with this DNS server point-of-contact information may be an EAHS as shown in Step 1 or another entity in the system such as but not limited to an Edge Data Network Configuration Server, a SEAL Server, an Edge Enabler Server or SCS/ASs. In step 1, multiple DNS server point-of-contacts may be provided to the UE. Each point-of-contact may be associated with an S-NSSAI and a DNN. An EAS may be associated with a particular network slice. For example, the UE uses a particular 3GPP PDU session associated with a particular network slice to access a given EAS. For this reason, a given DNS server could be associated with a particular edge data network and/or a particular 3GPP network slice. Note the SMF may provide the UE with DNS server point-of-contacts during PDU Session establishment. The EAHC may give DNS server point-of-contacts that are provisioned by an Edge Data Network Configuration Server, a SEAL Server, an Edge Enabler Server or SCS/ASs higher precedence and only use the DNS server point-of-contacts that were provided by the SMF when the point-of-contacts that were provisioned by an Edge Data Network Configuration Server, a SEAL Server, an Edge Enabler Server or SCS/ASs are not able to resolve the FQDN.

[0134] Once an EAHC is configured with the point-of-contact information of one or more DNS Servers, it can service requests from ACs to resolve EAS FQDNs (Step 2). The first time the EAHC receives a request targeting a given EAS FQDN it may perform a DNS lookup (Step 3) to the configured DNS servers to resolve the FQDN to the proper EAS point-of-contact information (Step 4). The EAHC may return the EAS point-of-contact information to the AC (Step 5). The EAHC may also cache the point-of-contact information (Step 6) such that subsequent requests to the same EAS from the same AC do not require another DNS lookup to be repeated (Steps 8 and 9). The AC can then use the EAS point-of-contact information to access the EAS (Steps 7 and 10).

[0135] If/when an EAH for one or more ACs is triggered by an AC, EAHC or EAHS (Step 11), the EAHC can detect the occurrence of the EAH, determine the impacted ACs and EASs (Step 12a), and mark any cached DNS lookup results for these impacted ACs and EASs as invalid/stale such that they are no longer used (Step 12b). In addition, the EAHC may also receive updated DNS server point-of-contact(s) if the UE has connected to a different edge network having different DNS server(s) that bind EAS FQDNs to different point-of-contacts (Step 13a of FIG. 13B). Alternatively, if a handover to a different EAS in the same edge network occurs, an EAHS may instead update DNS server records on DNS servers such that EAS FQDN point-of-contact information is updated to reflect new EASs that should be accessed instead old EASs (Step 13b). Updated DNS information may be sent from an EAHS to an EAHC within an EAH Notification Requests. After updating DNS servers, an EAHS may notify EAHC(s) such that the EAHC(s) know to refresh any cached DNS results pertaining to the updated DNS server(s) (Step 13c). Following the EAH, and if/when an EAHC receives its next request from an AC to resolve an EAS FQDN (Step 14), the EAHC can perform a fresh DNS lookup and obtain the latest EAS point-of-contact information (Step 15 and 16). The EAHC may return this point-of-contact information to the AC as well as cache it until if/when another EAH is triggered (Step 17 and 18). The AC can then use the EAS point-of-contact information to access the new EAS (Steps 19).

[0136] Alternatively, but not shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, rather than an AC issuing EAS FQDN resolution requests to an EAHC and have it return EAS point-of-contact information to the AC, the EAHC may instead function as a message proxy between an AC and an EAS. When functioning as a proxy, an AC may forward its requests that target an EAS to an EAHC to proxy on its behalf. Within the request, the AC can use an FQDN of the targeted EAS rather than resolved point-of-contact information for the EAS. Upon receiving the request from the AC, the EAHC can then perform EAS FQDN resolution in an EAH aware fashion and replace the FQDN with the proper EAS point-of-contact information before forwarding the request to the EAS. In doing so, the AC does not need to have any awareness of the EAS point-of-contact information. The EAHC can hide EAS point-of-contact information from the AC and perform EAS FQDN resolution on the AC's behalf.

EAH Aware Security Session Tear-Down and Establishment

[0137] Depending on use case requirements, secure communication between ACs and EASs may be required. When secured communication is required, ACs and EASs must be configured with the proper credentials necessary to allows ACs and EASs to authenticate and establish a secure and trusted communication session with one another (e.g., performing two-way authentication handshakes using security protocols such as TLS). To enable seamless handovers of ACs between different EASs in the system, an EAHC and EAHS may provide assistance to ACs and EASs to help manage credentials and assist with the setup and teardown of secure communication sessions between ACs and EASs. In doing so, the EAHC and EAHS can offload ACs and EASs of the burden of performing these operations themselves.

[0138] FIGS. 14A and 14B illustrate an example of functionality that involves the EAHC and EAHS assisting with the setup and tear down of secure communication sessions between ACs and EASs when edge application handovers occur. An EAHC and EAHS may leverage existing trust relationships established between the different pairwise entities in the system such as ACs and EAHCs, EAHCs and EAHSs, EASs and EAHSs, or an EAHS and a security function in the network (e.g., AAA server, Certificate Authority, etc.). These pairwise trust relationships may be established using existing and well-known security methods (e.g., TLS sessions).

[0139] Once these pairwise trust relationships have been established, the EAHC and EAHS may layer additional security functionality overtop of these pairwise trust relationships. This additional functionality may aid ACs with establishing run-time trust relationships with EASs in the system and assistance to EASs with establishing run-time trust relationships with other EASs (e.g., to enable EASs to securely synchronize or migrate edge application state during edge application handovers). This functionality can be especially useful when frequent edge application handovers occur since the overhead of managing security credentials between ACs and EASs can be high.

[0140] Leveraging their awareness of when edge application handovers occur and their trust relationships with individual ACs and EASs (Step 0 of FIG. 14A), the EAHC and EAHS can perform credential management operations to securely configure ACs and EASs with one another's public credential information (e.g., PSKs, certificates, etc.) if/when an EAH occurs. ACs can securely pass (e.g., in an encrypted manner) their credential information to an EAHC over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHC and AC (Step 1). Likewise, EASs can securely pass their credential information to an EAHS over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and EAS (Step 2). When a handover of an AC occurs to a new EAS (Step 3), the EAHC can securely pass the AC's credential information to the EAHS over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHC and EAHS (Step 4). The EAHS can in turn securely pass the ACs credential to the new EAS over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and EAS (Step 5). Likewise, the EAHS can securely pass the EAS's credential to the EAHC over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and EAHC (Step 6). The EAHC can in turn securely pass the EAS's credential to the AC over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHC and AC (Step 7). During this process the EAHS may also communicate with a security function in the network if new/updated credentials are required (not shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B). Once an AC and EAS have been configured with one another's credentials they can perform a two-way authentication handshake to establish a trust relationship and secure communication session with one another that they can use to securely exchange application layer messages with one another (Step 12a).

[0141] In a similar fashion, an EAHS may also assist EASs involved in handoffs with each another and help them establish a trust relationship with one other such that they can securely perform handoff operations such as secure synchronization/migration of application state. When a handover of an AC occurs to a new EAS, the EAHS can securely pass the old EAS's credential to the new EAS and vice versa (Step 8 of FIG. 14A and Step 9 of FIG. 14B). This can be done over the secure communication session that exists between the EAHS and each EAS. During this process the EAHS may also communicate with a security function in the network if new/updated credentials are required (not shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B). Once EASs have been configured with one another's credentials they can perform a two-way authentication handshake to establish a trust relationship and secure communication session with one another (Step 10) that they can then use to securely synchronize/migrate application layer state with one another (Step 11).

[0142] In addition to assisting with credential management, an EAHC and/or EAHS may also assist with establishing and/or tearing down secure communication sessions between ACs and EASs. Since an EAHC is hosted on the same UE with the same IP address as the ACs, the EAHC is well-positioned to function as a security proxy on behalf of the ACs. The EAHC may establish (Step 12b) and/or tear secure communication sessions with EASs on behalf of ACs (Step 13). This can offload ACs of the burden of having to do this themselves and hence free them up to perform other application centric operations more efficiently. In addition, the EAHC may be able to perform these operations in a more efficient manner since the EAHC may be privy to the occurrence of EAH operations sooner than ACs. Hence the EAHC may be able to start establishing or tearing down secure communication sessions sooner than ACs would be able to. This can help reduce EAH latency and improve overall system performance. For example, if the EAHC and EAHS are performing EAH operations such as migrating/synchronizing state between ESAs during the EAH, the EAHC and EAHS may have awareness of when a secure communication session to an ESA is no longer needed and can tear down a secure communication between an AC and EAS is an efficient and timely manner.

EAH Aware Application State Synchronization/Migration

[0143] Depending on use case requirements, the synchronization or migration of application state from an EAS that an AC is currently using to a new EAS which the AC is being handed off to may be required.

[0144] To enable seamless handovers of ACs between different EASs in the system, an EAHC and EAHS may aid ACs and EASs to help manage efficient synchronization or migration of application state between EASs. In doing so, an EAHC and EAHS can offload ACs of the burden of performing these operations.

[0145] FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate an example of functionality which involves an EAHC and/or EAHS triggering application state synchronization or migration operations to occur during an EAH (Step 1 of FIG. 15A). These triggers can optionally be sent to ACs to have the ACs initiate and/or perform the synchronization or migration operation (Step 2a). Alternatively, the trigger can be sent from an EAHS or EAHC to the old EAS (EAS #1) (Step 2b) and/or new EAS (EAS #2) involved in the EAH (Step 2c), or both. An EAHC and/or EAHS may trigger application state synchronization or migration operations when they detect that an EAH is required and other pre-requisite EAH operations have been completed (e.g., discovery of selection of a new EAS, provisioning of EAS credentials to the EASs involved in the handoff). After triggering an application state synchronization or migration operation, the EAHC and/or EAHC may monitor whether the operation completes successfully or not (Step 4 of FIG. 15B). The EAHC and/or EAHS may receive status updates from EASs and/or ACs regarding whether the application state synchronization or migration operation completed successfully. If successful, the EAHC and/or EAHS may use this as a qualification that the EAH completed successfully and send a notification to the AC that the new EAS is ready to access (Step 6a). If unsuccessful, the EAHC and/or EAHS may use this as a qualification that the EAH failed and in turn perform additional operations such as identifying a new EAS and triggering a new EAH (Step 6b).

[0146] Leveraging their awareness of when edge application handovers are initiated, the EAHC and EAHS may be well-positioned to perform this triggering in a more optimal fashion than an AC. This can offload ACs of the burden of having to initiate this operation themselves.

EAH Aware Request Buffering

[0147] To enable seamless handovers of ACs between different EASs in the system, an EAHC may store-and-forward outgoing requests from ACs to EAS(s) until EAH operations have completed and an AC can communicate with its new EAS(s).

[0148] FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate an example of functionality wherein an EAH is triggered in the system (Step 1 of FIG. 16A). While the EAH is being processed, the AC continues to issue requests to access an EAS (Step 2). The EAHC buffers these requests while the EAH operations are performed by the EAHC and/or EAHS. For example, EAH operations such as EAH Aware FQDN Resolution, EAH Aware Session Tear-down and Establishment and EAH State Synchronization/Migration (Step 4). When all the EAS handover operations are successfully completed (Step 5 of FIG. 16B), the EAHC can forward buffered requests to the “new” EAS (EAS #2) involved in a handover (Step 6) and responses can flow back to the AC (Step 7). When forwarding the buffered requests, the EAHC can make sure the targeted EAS FQDNs specified in the buffered requests are correctly resolved to the refreshed point-of-contact information of the “new” EASs which the ACs have been handed off to.

EAH Aware Session QoS Continuity

[0149] To enable seamless handovers of ACs between different EASs in the system, an EAHC or EAHS may support the capability to support EAH aware session QoS continuity functionality. This functionality entails an EAHC or EAHS ensuring that the configuration of the 3GPP network QoS flow(s) established between AC(s) hosted on a UE and corresponding EAS(s) hosted on edge node(s) are kept consistent when an EAH handover occurs. When an EAH handover occurs, an EAHC or EAHS may assist with the establishment of new QoS flow(s) between the AC(s) and the new EAS(s) they are handed off to. An EAHC or EAHS can keep track of the configuration of session QoS flows existing between AC(s) and EAS(s) when it assists with their establishment. If/when an EAH is triggered, an EAHC or EAHS can configure session QoS flows between AC(s) and new EAS(s) such that they are kept consistent with the existing flows established between the AC(s) and the current EAS(s) they are accessing.

[0150] FIGS. 17A-C illustrate an example wherein an AC may share its QoS Requirements with an EAHC (Step 1 of FIG. 17A). A first EAH is triggered in the system (Step 2). While the EAH is being processed, the EAHS initiates a request to the 3GPP network to establish a session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 which meets the QoS session requirements of the AC (Step 3a). The 3GPP network receives and process the request and configures a QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 (Step 3b). The 3GPP network returns a response which include a flow identifier, e.g., 5QI (5G QoS Identifier) that the is used to identify the session QoS flow (Step 3c). The EAHS maintains the session QoS flow information including the flow identifier and the applicable AC and EAS (Step 4). The AC begins communicating with EAS #1 and accessing its offered services (Step 5). During this communication, the 3GPP network ensures the QoS requirements of the AC are met.

[0151] At some point later another EAH is triggered and EAS #2 is identified as the target EAS for the handover (Step 6). The EAHS performs EAH aware session QoS continuity functionality. One method that an EAHS may use to perform EAH aware session QoS continuity, is by first sending a new session QoS establishment request to the 3GPP network to establish a session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #2 having the same QoS requirements as defined by the AC and maintained by the EAHS (Step 7a of FIG. 17B). The 3GPP network receives and process the request and configures a QoS flow between the AC and EAS #2 (Step 7b). The 3GPP network returns a response which include a flow identifier that the is used to identify the session QoS flow (Step 7c). Next the EAHS issues another request to terminate the session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 (Step 8a). The 3GPP network receives and process the request and tears down the QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 (Step 8b). The 3GPP network returns a response (Step 8c). The EAHS maintains the session QoS flow information including the flow identifier and the applicable AC and EAS (Step 4). The AC begins communicating with EAS #1 and accessing its offered services (Step 5). During this communication, the 3GPP network ensures the QoS requirements of the AC are met.

[0152] Another method that the EAHS may use to perform EAH aware session QoS continuity, is to issue a session QoS handover request to the 3GPP network (Step 9a of FIG. 17C). In this request an EAHS may include a QoS flow identifier for the existing session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 and the identifier of the EAS targeted for the handover (EAS #2). The 3GPP network receives and process the request and establishes a session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #2 having the same QoS requirements as the flow between AC and EAS #1 (Step 9b). In this way, QoS flow identifier for the existing session is used to identify the desired QoS properties for the new session with the target EAS. After establishing this session QoS flow, the 3GPP network then tears down the session QoS flow between the AC and EAS #1 (Step 9c). The 3GPP network then returns a response to the EAHS that includes a flow identifier that is used to identify the new session QoS flow (Step 9d). The EAHS maintains the session QoS flow information including the flow identifier and the applicable AC and EAS (Step 10). The AC begins communicating with EAS #2 and accessing its offered services (Step 11). During this communication, the 3GPP network ensures the QoS requirements of the AC are met.

EAH Aware Management Procedures

[0153] To enable seamless handovers of ACs between different EASs in the system, an EAHC or EAHS may interface to various management functions in the system and assist them in performing different types of management operations. Conversely, management functions may also assist an EAHC or EAHS in performing edge application handovers.

[0154] FIGS. 18A and 18B illustrates an example wherein an EAHC or EAHS may provide EAH related context information to management functions in the system such as but not limited to the types of context defined in Table 7 of the Appendix (Step 1 of FIG. 18A). The management functions may factor this information into their decision making on if/when to perform certain management operations (Steps 2 and 3). For example, an EAHC or EAHS may provide EAH related context regarding where an EAS could be deployed (e.g., on a set of edge nodes such that load balancing or performance scaling could be performed by managing the EAS status on these nodes), when an EAH is required (e.g., immediately or some specified time or schedule in the future), where an EAH is required (e.g., within a specified geographic location or region, within a specified area of the network such as within a designated edge network, or along a specified route), who an EAH is required for (e.g., which UE, AC, EAS, edge node) and why an EAH is required (e.g., UE has changed location, AC is not satisfied with level of service from current EAS, 3GPP network has signaled an issue such as network congestion).

[0155] An EAHC or EAHS may also determine that a specific management operation is required (Step 4) and may send a trigger request to a management function (Step 5) to have it perform a specific type of management operation on its behalf (Step 6) such as but not limited to deploying an EAS in a specified edge network or on a specified edge node, installing and activating/deactivating an EAS in a specified edge network or on a specified edge node.

[0156] Some types of management operations that may benefit from EAHC or EAHS assistance may include but are not limited to the following:

• • [0157] Optimal selection of which edge networks and edge nodes in the system are the best candidates for the deployment of a certain EAS
  • [0158] Optimal selection of which edge networks and edge nodes in the system are the best candidates for the installation of new instances of EASs or the activation of already installed EASs
  • [0159] Optimal selection of which edge networks, edge nodes and existing EASs in the system are the best candidates for access by specific ACs
  • [0160] Detecting if/when there is a service availability issue in the system that is either entirely preventing an AC from accessing a certain EAS or degrading an AC's level of service when accessing the EAS
  • [0161] Optimal selection of which existing EASs in the system are the best candidates for disabling and/or de-installing from edge networks and edge nodes when there is a shortage of available resources in edge networks or on edge nodes
  • [0162] Determining the optimal timing for installing/activating/de-activating/modifying EASs
  • [0163] Determining the optimal schedules for activating and de-activating EASs
  • [0164] Reserving resources on an edge node for hosting an EAS
  • [0165] Adjusting the status of an EAS such as the edge resource utilization of an EAS
  • [0166] Configuration of access control policies in the system that determine which edge networks, edge nodes, edge servers, and edge application servers an AC is permitted to access.

[0167] Conversely, management functions in the system may assist an EAHC or EAHS by sharing management related information with it (Step 7 of FIG. 18B). Some types of management related information may be the status and/or availability of an edge network, edge node or an EAS in the system. An EAHC or EAHS may factor this information into its determination of whether to trigger an EAH (Step 8). An EAHC or EAHS may then determine to initiate a handover of an AC to a new EAS to alleviate an overloading condition on the EAS that the AC is currently accessing (Step 9).

[0168] A management function may also determine that an EAH is required (Step 10) and send a request to an EAHC or EAHS to trigger it to perform an EAH (Step 11) to alleviate an issue detected by a management function. An EAHC or EAHS may then initiate a handover of an AC to a new EAS to alleviate an overloading condition on the EAS that the AC is currently accessing (Step 12).

[0169] FIGS. 19A and 19B illustrate example EAH aware edge computing service provider interactions. The Edge Computing Service Provider (ECSP) may also interact with the management functions to trigger management operations such as to deploy new edge applications to the edge networks, to install new EAS instances, or to adjust the current status of a deployed or installed EAS. The EAHS may assist the management functions in interacting with the ECSP to optimize the deployment and status of EASs by sharing the EAH related context information.

[0170] The management functions may receive information about the existing EAS deployment status or instance status from the EAHS, based on which, the management functions may identify the need to deploy or install new/additional EASs (e.g., a certain type of EAS is missing in the edge network, the existing EASs of a certain type are overloading and new instances are needed). The management functions may determine the optimal operations to be taken which includes but not limited to: the type of the desired EAS, the edge nodes and edge networks that are capable of hosting the desired EASs, when the new EAS is required, if/when an EAH is required, etc. Such information may then be sent to the ECSP as a recommendation. After receiving the recommendation, the ECSP may decide whether the proposed operations are agreed. If so, the ECSP may send a request to the management functions to trigger the recommended operations, such as to deploy the desired EAS to more edge nodes or to install more instances of the desired EAS.

[0171] The management functions may receive queries from the ECSP about the deployment status and instance status of the EASs and collect the required information from the EAHS. After receiving the response, the ECSP may trigger management operations such as to deploy new EASs, to adjust the status of the deployed/installed EAS, or to perform an EAH.

Route Assisted EAH

[0172] To further optimize edge application handovers for use cases involving mobile UEs, route information of UEs may be leveraged to assist with managing edge application handovers. Route assisted edge application handovers entail leveraging route information to coordinate and manage which targeted EASs an AC is next handed off to. Route information may consist of a series of way points. Way points may be defined in terms of geographical coordinates or expressed in other terms such as but not limited to identifiers of edge networks, edge nodes and/or edge servers along a route.

[0173] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate an example of route assisted EAH functionality. Route information may originate from several types of entities in the system including but not limited to a user or an AC that explicitly defines a pre-determined route in advance (Step 1). For example, a journey is planned with defined starting and ending point as well as intermediate way points. If a pre-determined route is not defined, a route may be predicted or inferred based on real-time and/or historical context information available from various entities in the system (Step 2). For example, using context information such as the roadway a UE is presently traveling on coupled with historical context such as the commute patterns of the UE, a predicted route may be calculated by an EAHS and used to assist with the selection of the next EAS(s) that AC(s) hosted on the UE are handed off to. Predictive analytic techniques may be used to assist with calculating a predicted route. Both the capability to allow pre-determined routes to be specified as well as the capability to leverage context information and predictive analytics to predict routes of a UE are functionality that may be supported by an EAHC or EAHS.

[0174] Once route information is available, the desired EAS could be proactively deployed to the edge nodes along the route. The EASs along a UE route could be pre-installed and pre-configured based on route information of the UE. Alternatively, the deployed EASs do not have to be installed or activated immediately, or stay active all the time. The timing of installation/activation/de-activation could be determined by the EAHC or EAHS according to the UE's location (Scenario #1 or #2 in FIG. 18). An EAHC or EAHS may utilize the route information to monitor the current location of UE(s) relative to the different way points defined by the route and track a UE's movement along the route as well as any unexpected deviations. To monitor and track the location of a UE along a route (Step 7), an EAHC or EAHS may rely upon updates of the current location of the UE. These updates can originate from the UE itself (Step 3), from a location function in the 3GPP network (Step 4) or from other entities in the system (e.g., SCS/ASs).

[0175] The EAHC or EAHS may share the anticipated route information for the UE with the 3GPP network such that the network can configure and optimize its network resource to ensure the UE's requirements (e.g., QoS) are met while it travels along the route (Step 5). The EAHC or EAHS may also request that the 3GPP network track the UE's movement along the route on its behalf and send it notifications regarding the UE's movement along the route (Step 6). For example, notifications including but not limited to when the UE arrives at specified way points along the route or when the UE deviates from the specified route.

[0176] Leveraging location information regarding the UE's movement along the route, an EAHC or EAHS may compare the UE's movement against available edge networks, edge nodes and/or EASs deployed along the same route and in proximity to the UE. Based on this comparison and any configured EAH policies, an EAHC or EAHS may decide on if/when it should trigger an EAH and which EAS(s) it should select as target(s) for the EAH (Step 8). If the EAHC or EAHS determines that an EAH is required is may trigger and assist other entities in the system with performing EAH operations (Step 9).

[0177] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate route assisted EAH. In addition to supporting route assisted edge application handovers for a single UE, an EAHC or EAHC may support route assisted EAH functionality for a group of UEs traveling together (e.g., V2X platoon). Note, this functionality is not captured in FIGS. 20A and 20B

[0178] In addition to the operations captured in FIGS. 20A and 20B, an EAHS may also send one or more requests to edge or cloud nodes in a particular location or along the specified route to register the AC and/or reserve existing EASs for use by the AC such that the EASs do not become overloaded. These requests may be sent in advance (e.g., when a journey is configured, and route is determined) and before the AC is in the proximity of the cloud/edge nodes. Alternatively, these requests may be sent on-the-fly when the EAHS detects that the location of the AC has changed and is within a certain proximity of a given edge or cloud node. The request may include information such as security credentials and identifiers of the AC, projected QoS/QoE service requirements such as required service availability schedule (e.g., time window of planned use of the application or service), user profile or preference information (e.g., application settings) and/or service usage requirements (e.g., rate of requests app request rate, data limit, etc.). These requests may be sent directly to the edge node or clouds hosting the services, or they may be sent to another function in the network that facilitates registration and/or reservation of services hosted on edge node or clouds.

Example Service Layer Approaches

[0179] The assisted edge application handover ideas described herein may be applied to a variety of several service layer technologies such as but not limited to 3GPP SA6, oneM2M, and OMA LWM2M.

3GPP SA6 EDGEAPP Example

[0180] FIG. 21 illustrates an example of how the concepts described herein may be applied in the 3GPP SA6 defined architecture for enabling edge applications. See, e.g., TS 23.286.

[0181] The defined EAHC functionality may be realized as new functionality within the existing Edge Enabler Client function. Alternatively, the EAHC may be realized as a new standalone function of a UE. In this case, new reference points (e.g., Edge-13 and Edge-14) may be defined to support interaction with the new standalone EAHC.

[0182] The defined EAHS functionality may be realized as new functionality of an Edge Enabler Server or Edge Data Network Configuration Server functions. Alternatively, the EAHS may be realized as a new standalone function within the system. This new standalone function may be deployed in the cloud or at the edge of the network. New reference points (e.g., Edge-8, Edge-9, Edge-10, Edge-11 and Edge-12) may also be defined to support interaction between a new standalone the EAHS and an EAS, Edge Enabler Server, Edge Data Network Configuration Server, a UE and/or a 3GPP Core Network.

[0183] Table 8 of the Appendix provides an example of how the reference points of the SA6 EDGEAPP architecture could be aligned and enhanced with the functionality defined for each of the respective reference points described herein.

3GPP SA6 V2X Example

[0184] FIG. 22 illustrates an example of how concepts described herein may be applied in the 3GPP SA6 V2X Architecture. See, e.g., TS 23.286 and 3GPP TR 23.764.

[0185] The defined EAHC functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing VAE Client and/or SEAL Client functions hosted on a UE. Alternatively, the EAHC may be realized as a new standalone function of a UE (not shown in FIG. 22). In this case, new reference points may be defined to support interaction with the new standalone EAHC.

[0186] The defined EAHS functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing V2X Application Enabler (VAE) Server. Alternatively, the EAHS may be realized as a new standalone function within the system (not shown in FIG. 22). This new standalone function may be deployed in the cloud or at the edge of the network. In this case, new reference points may be defined to support interaction with the new standalone EAHS.

[0187] Table 9 of the Appendix provides an example of how the reference points of the SA6 V2X architecture could be aligned and enhanced with the functionality defined for each of the respective reference points described herein.

onem2M Example

[0188] FIG. 23 illustrates an example of how the functionality described herein may be applied in the oneM2M Architecture. See, e.g., TS 23.286 and 3GPP TR 23.764.

[0189] The defined EAHC functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing oneM2M ASN/MN-CSE hosted on a UE. The defined EAHS functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing oneM2M IN-CSE.

[0190] Table 10 of the Appendix provides an example of how the reference points of the SA6 EDGEAPP architecture could be aligned and enhanced with the functionality defined for each of the respective reference points described herein.

LWM2M Example

[0191] FIG. 24 illustrates an example of how concepts described herein may be applied in the OMA LWM2M architecture. The EAHC defined functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing LWM2M Client hosted on a UE. The EAHS defined functionality may be realized as new functionality added to the existing LWM2M Server function.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

[0192] FIG. 25 shows an example GUI that may be used by a person who is operating a cellular device to request configure EAH policy settings associated with the cellular device. These policies may be used by the EAHC and/or EAHS server functionality described herein.

Example Environments

[0193] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) develops technical standards for cellular telecommunications network technologies, including radio access, the core transport network, and service capabilities—including work on codecs, security, and quality of service. Recent radio access technology (RAT) standards include WCDMA (commonly referred as 3G), LTE (commonly referred as 4G), and LTE-Advanced standards, 3GPP has begun working on the standardization of next generation cellular technology, called New Radio (NR), which is also referred to as “5G”. 3GPP NR standards development is expected to include the definition of next generation radio access technology (new RAT), which is expected to include the provision of new flexible radio access below 6 GHz, and the provision of new ultra-mobile broadband radio access above 6 GHz. The flexible radio access is expected to consist of a new, non-backwards compatible radio access in new spectrum below 6 GHz, and it is expected to include different operating modes that may be multiplexed together in the same spectrum to address a broad set of 3GPP NR use cases with diverging requirements. The ultra-mobile broadband is expected to include cmWave and mmWave spectrum that will provide the opportunity for ultra-mobile broadband access for, e.g., indoor applications and hotspots. In particular, the ultra-mobile broadband is expected to share a common design framework with the flexible radio access below 6 GHz, with cmWave and mmWave specific design optimizations.

[0194] 3GPP has identified a variety of use cases that NR is expected to support, resulting in a wide variety of user experience requirements for data rate, latency, and mobility. The use cases include the following general categories: enhanced mobile broadband (e.g., broadband access in dense areas, indoor ultra-high broadband access, broadband access in a crowd, 50+ Mbps everywhere, ultra-low cost broadband access, mobile broadband in vehicles), critical communications, massive machine type communications, network operation (e.g., network slicing, routing, migration and interworking, energy savings), and enhanced vehicle-to-everything (eV2X) communications, which may include any of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication (V21), Vehicle-to-Network Communication (V2N), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication (V2P), and vehicle communications with other entities. Specific service and applications in these categories include, e.g., monitoring and sensor networks, device remote controlling, bi-directional remote controlling, personal cloud computing, video streaming, wireless cloud-based office, first responder connectivity, automotive ecall, disaster alerts, real-time gaming, multi-person video calls, autonomous driving, augmented reality, tactile internet, and virtual reality to name a few. All of these use cases and others are contemplated herein.

[0195] FIG. 26A illustrates one embodiment of an example communications system 100 in which the methods and apparatuses described and claimed herein may be embodied. As shown, the example communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f, and/or 102g (which generally or collectively may be referred to as WTRU 102), a radio access network (RAN) 103/104/105/103b/104b/105b, a core network 106/107/109, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, other networks 112, and V2X server (or ProSe function and server) 113, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f. 102g may be any type of apparatus or device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment. Although each WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f, 102g is depicted in FIGS. 26A-26E as a hand-held wireless communications apparatus, it is understood that with the wide variety of use cases contemplated for 5G wireless communications, each WTRU may comprise or be embodied in any type of apparatus or device configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals, including, by way of example only, user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a tablet, a netbook, a notebook computer, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch or smart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrial equipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane, and the like.

[0196] The communications system 100 may also include a base station 114a and a base station 114b. Base stations 114a may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. Base stations 114b may be any type of device configured to wiredly and/or wirelessly interface with at least one of the RRHs (Remote Radio Heads) 118a, 118b, TRPs (Transmission and Reception Points) 119a, 119b, and/or RSUs (Roadside Units) 120a and 120b to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, the Internet 110, the other networks 112, and/or V2X server (or ProSe function and server) 113. RRHs 118a, 118b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU 102c, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. TRPs 119a, 119b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU 102d, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112. RSUs 120a and 120b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRU 102e or 102f, to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the core network 106/107/109, the Internet 110, the other networks 112, and/or V2X server (or ProSe function and server) 113. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

[0197] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 103/104/105, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114b may be part of the RAN 103b/104b/105b, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wired and/or wireless signals within a particular geographic region, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, e.g., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and, therefore, may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.

[0198] The base stations 114a may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over an air interface 115/116/117, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface 115/116/117 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0199] The base stations 114b may communicate with one or more of the RRHs 118a, 118b, TRPs 119a, 119b, and/or RSUs 120a and 120b, over a wired or air interface 115b/116b/117b, which may be any suitable wired (e.g., cable, optical fiber, etc.) or wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface 115b/116b/117b may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0200] The RRHs 118a, 118b, TRPs 119a. 119b and/or RSUs 120a, 120b, may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f over an air interface 115c/116c/117c, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface 115c/116c/117c may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0201] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f, and/or 102g may communicate with one another over an air interface 115d/116d/117d (not shown in the figures), which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, cmWave, mmWave, etc.). The air interface 115d/116d/117d may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0202] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 103/104/105 and the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c, or RRHs 118a, 118b, TRPs 119a, 119b and RSUs 120a. 120b, in the RAN 103b/104b/105b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f, may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 or 115c/116c/117c respectively using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0203] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c, or RRHs 118a, 118b, TRPs 119a, 119b, and/or RSUs 120a, 120b, in the RAN 103b/104b/105b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d, may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 or 115c/116c/117c respectively using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). In the future, the air interface 115/116/117 may implement 3GPP NR technology. The LTE and LTE-A technology includes LTE D2D and V2X technologies and interface (such as Sidelink communications, etc.) The 3GPP NR technology includes NR V2X technologies and interface (such as Sidelink communications, etc.)

[0204] In an embodiment, the base station 114a in the RAN 103/104/105 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, or RRHs 118a, 118b, TRPs 119a, 119b and/or RSUs 120a, 120b, in the RAN 103b/104b/105b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d, 102e, 102f may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (e.g., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0205] The base station 114c in FIG. 26A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114c and the WTRUs 102e, may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114c and the WTRUs 102d, may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114c and the WTRUs 102e, may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 26A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114c may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the core network 106/107/109.

[0206] The RAN 103/104/105 and/or RAN 103b/104b/105b may be in communication with the core network 106/107/109, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. For example, the core network 106/107/109 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.

[0207] Although not shown in FIG. 26A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 103/104/105 and/or RAN 103b/104b/105b and/or the core network 106/107/109 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 103/104/105 and/or RAN 103b/104b/105b or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 103/104/105 and/or RAN 103b/104b/105b, which may be utilizing an E-UTRA radio technology, the core network 106/107/109 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM radio technology.

[0208] The core network 106/107/109 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, 102e to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 103/104/105 and/or RAN 103b/104b/105b or a different RAT.

[0209] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities, e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, and 102e may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU 102e shown in FIG. 26A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114c, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0210] FIG. 26B is a block diagram of an example apparatus or device configured for wireless communications in accordance with the embodiments illustrated herein, such as for example, a WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 26B, the example WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad/indicators 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment. Also, embodiments contemplate that the base stations 114a and 114b, and/or the nodes that base stations 114a and 114b may represent, such as but not limited to transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a home node-B, an evolved home node-B (eNodeB), a home evolved node-B (HeNB), a home evolved node-B gateway, and proxy nodes, among others, may include some or all of the elements depicted in FIG. 26B and described herein.

[0211] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 26B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0212] The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 115/116/117. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0213] In addition, although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 26B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 115/116/117.

[0214] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0215] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad/indicators 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad/indicators 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In an embodiment, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0216] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0217] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 115/116/117 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0218] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include various sensors such as an accelerometer, biometrics (e.g., finger print) sensors, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port or other interconnect interfaces, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like.

[0219] The WTRU 102 may be embodied in other apparatuses or devices, such as a sensor, consumer electronics, a wearable device such as a smart watch or smart clothing, a medical or eHealth device, a robot, industrial equipment, a drone, a vehicle such as a car, truck, train, or airplane. The WTRU 102 may connect to other components, modules, or systems of such apparatuses or devices via one or more interconnect interfaces, such as an interconnect interface that may comprise one of the peripherals 138.

[0220] FIG. 26C is a system diagram of the RAN 103 and the core network 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 103 may employ a UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 115. The RAN 103 may also be in communication with the core network 106. As shown in FIG. 26C, the RAN 103 may include Node-Bs 140a. 140b, 140c, which may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 115. The Node-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c may each be associated with a particular cell (not shown) within the RAN 103. The RAN 103 may also include RNCs 142a, 142b. It will be appreciated that the RAN 103 may include any number of Node-Bs and RNCs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0221] As shown in FIG. 26C, the Node-Bs 140a, 140b may be in communication with the RNC 142a. Additionally, the Node-B 140c may be in communication with the RNC 142b. The Node-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c may communicate with the respective RNCs 142a, 142b via an Iub interface. The RNCs 142a, 142b may be in communication with one another via an Iur interface. Each of the RNCs 142a. 142b may be configured to control the respective Node-Bs 140a, 140b, 140c to which it is connected. In addition, each of the RNCs 142a, 142b may be configured to carry out or support other functionality, such as outer loop power control, load control, admission control, packet scheduling, handover control, macro-diversity, security functions, data encryption, and the like.

[0222] The core network 106 shown in FIG. 26C may include a media gateway (MGW) 144, a mobile switching center (MSC) 146, a serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 148, and/or a gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 150. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator.

[0223] The RNC 142a in the RAN 103 may be connected to the MSC 146 in the core network 106 via an IuCS interface. The MSC 146 may be connected to the MGW 144. The MSC 146 and the MGW 144 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b. 102c and traditional land-line communications devices.

[0224] The RNC 142a in the RAN 103 may also be connected to the SGSN 148 in the core network 106 via an IuPS interface. The SGSN 148 may be connected to the GGSN 150. The SGSN 148 and the GGSN 150 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0225] As noted above, the core network 106 may also be connected to the networks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0226] FIG. 26D is a system diagram of the RAN 104 and the core network 107 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the core network 107.

[0227] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0228] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not show-n) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink and/or downlink, and the like. As shown in FIG. 26D, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0229] The core network 107 shown in FIG. 26D may include a mobility management gateway (MME) 162, a serving gateway 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network 107, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator.

[0230] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM or WCDMA.

[0231] The serving gateway 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The serving gateway 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The serving gateway 164 may also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when downlink data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0232] The serving gateway 164 may also be connected to the PDN gateway 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b. 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0233] The core network 107 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the core network 107 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the core network 107 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the core network 107 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the core network 107 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b. 102c with access to the networks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0234] FIG. 26E is a system diagram of the RAN 105 and the core network 109 according to an embodiment. The RAN 105 may be an access service network (ASN) that employs IEEE 802.16 radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 117. As will be further discussed below, the communication links between the different functional entities of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, the RAN 105, and the core network 109 may be defined as reference points.

[0235] As shown in FIG. 26E, the RAN 105 may include base stations 180a, 180b, 180c, and an ASN gateway 182, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 105 may include any number of base stations and ASN gateways while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The base stations 180a, 180b, 180c may each be associated with a particular cell in the RAN 105 and may include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 117. In an embodiment, the base stations 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the base station 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. The base stations 180a, 180b, 180c may also provide mobility management functions, such as handoff triggering, tunnel establishment, radio resource management, traffic classification, quality of service (QoS) policy enforcement, and the like. The ASN gateway 182 may serve as a traffic aggregation point and may be responsible for paging, caching of subscriber profiles, routing to the core network 109, and the like.

[0236] The air interface 117 between the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c and the RAN 105 may be defined as an R1 reference point that implements the IEEE 802.16 specification. In addition, each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may establish a logical interface (not shown) with the core network 109. The logical interface between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and the core network 109 may be defined as an R2 reference point, which may be used for authentication, authorization. IP host configuration management, and/or mobility management.

[0237] The communication link between each of the base stations 180a, 180b, and 180c may be defined as an R8 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating WTRU handovers and the transfer of data between base stations. The communication link between the base stations 180a, 180b, 180c and the ASN gateway 182 may be defined as an R6 reference point. The R6 reference point may include protocols for facilitating mobility management based on mobility events associated with each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0238] As shown in FIG. 26E, the RAN 105 may be connected to the core network 109. The communication link between the RAN 105 and the core network 109 may defined as an R3 reference point that includes protocols for facilitating data transfer and mobility management capabilities, for example. The core network 109 may include a mobile IP home agent (MIP-HA) 184, an authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA) server 186, and a gateway 188. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the core network 109, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the core network operator.

[0239] The MIP-HA may be responsible for IP address management, and may enable the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c to roam between different ASNs and/or different core networks. The MIP-HA 184 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b. 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The AAA server 186 may be responsible for user authentication and for supporting user services. The gateway 188 may facilitate interworking with other networks. For example, the gateway 188 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. In addition, the gateway 188 may provide the WTRUs 102a. 102b, 102c with access to the networks 112, which may include other wired or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.

[0240] Although not shown in FIG. 26E, it will be appreciated that the RAN 105 may be connected to other ASNs and the core network 109 may be connected to other core networks. The communication link between the RAN 105 the other ASNs may be defined as an R4 reference point, which may include protocols for coordinating the mobility of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c between the RAN 105 and the other ASNs. The communication link between the core network 109 and the other core networks may be defined as an R5 reference, which may include protocols for facilitating interworking between home core networks and visited core networks.

[0241] The core network entities described herein and illustrated in FIGS. 26A, 26C, 26D, and 26E are identified by the names given to those entities in certain existing 3GPP specifications, but it is understood that in the future those entities and functionalities may be identified by other names and certain entities or functions may be combined in future specifications published by 3GPP, including future 3GPP NR specifications. Thus, the particular network entities and functionalities described and illustrated in FIGS. 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, and 26E are provided by way of example only, and it is understood that the subject matter disclosed and claimed herein may be embodied or implemented in any similar communication system, whether presently defined or defined in the future.

[0242] FIG. 26F is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system 90 in which one or more apparatuses of the communications networks illustrated in FIGS. 26A, 26C, 26D and 26E may be embodied, such as certain nodes or functional entities in the RAN 103/104/105, Core Network 106/107/109, PSTN 108. Internet 110, or Other Networks 112. Computing system 90 may comprise a computer or server and may be controlled primarily by computer readable instructions, which may be in the form of software, wherever, or by whatever means such software is stored or accessed. Such computer readable instructions may be executed within a processor 91, to cause computing system 90 to do work. The processor 91 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 91 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the computing system 90 to operate in a communications network. Coprocessor 81 is an optional processor, distinct from main processor 91, that may perform additional functions or assist processor 91. Processor 91 and/or coprocessor 81 may receive, generate, and process data related to the methods and apparatuses disclosed herein.

[0243] In operation, processor 91 fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, and transfers information to and from other resources via the computing system's main data-transfer path, system bus 80. Such a system bus connects the components in computing system 90 and defines the medium for data exchange. System bus 80 typically includes data lines for sending data, address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sending interrupts and for operating the system bus. An example of such a system bus 80 is the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus.

[0244] Memories coupled to system bus 80 include random access memory (RAM) 82 and read only memory (ROM) 93. Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. ROMs 93 generally contain stored data that cannot easily be modified. Data stored in RAM 82 may be read or changed by processor 91 or other hardware devices. Access to RAM 82 and/or ROM 93 may be controlled by memory controller 92. Memory controller 92 may provide an address translation function that translates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions are executed. Memory controller 92 may also provide a memory protection function that isolates processes within the system and isolates system processes from user processes. Thus, a program running in a first mode may access only memory mapped by its own process virtual address space; it cannot access memory within another process's virtual address space unless memory sharing between the processes has been set up.

[0245] In addition, computing system 90 may contain peripherals controller 83 responsible for communicating instructions from processor 91 to peripherals, such as printer 94, keyboard 84, mouse 95, and disk drive 85.

[0246] Display 86, which is controlled by display controller 96, is used to display visual output generated by computing system 90. Such visual output may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and video. The visual output may be provided in the form of a graphical user interface (GUI). Display 86 may be implemented with a CRT-based video display, an LCD-based flat-panel display, gas plasma-based flat-panel display, or a touch-panel. Display controller 96 includes electronic components required to generate a video signal that is sent to display 86.

[0247] Further, computing system 90 may contain communication circuitry, such as for example a network adapter 97, that may be used to connect computing system 90 to an external communications network, such as the RAN 103/104/105, Core Network 106/107/109, PSTN 108, Internet 110, or Other Networks 112 of FIGS. 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, and 26E, to enable the computing system 90 to communicate with other nodes or functional entities of those networks. The communication circuitry, alone or in combination with the processor 91, may be used to perform the transmitting and receiving steps of certain apparatuses, nodes, or functional entities described herein.

[0248] FIG. 26G illustrates one embodiment of an example communications system 111 in which the methods and apparatuses described and claimed herein may be embodied. As shown, the example communications system 111 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) A, B, C, D, E, F, a base station, a V2X server, and a RSUs A and B, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements. One or several or all WTRUs A, B, C, D, E can be out of range of the network (for example, in the figure out of the cell coverage boundary shown as the dash line). WTRUs A, B, C form a V2X group, among which WTRU A is the group lead and WTRUs B and C are group members. WTRUs A, B, C, D, E, F may communicate over Uu interface or Sidelink (PC5) interface.

[0249] It is understood that any or all of the apparatuses, systems, methods and processes described herein may be embodied in the form of computer executable instructions (e.g., program code) stored on a computer-readable storage medium which instructions, when executed by a processor, such as processors 118 or 91, cause the processor to perform and/or implement the systems, methods and processes described herein. Specifically, any of the steps, operations or functions described herein may be implemented in the form of such computer executable instructions, executing on the processor of an apparatus or computing system configured for wireless and/or wired network communications. Computer readable storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any non-transitory (e.g., tangible or physical) method or technology for storage of information, but such computer readable storage media do not include signals. Computer readable storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other tangible or physical medium which may be used to store the desired information and which may be accessed by a computing system.

[0250]

TABLE 0.1
Abbreviations
5GC	5G Core Network
5QI	5G QoS Identifier
AAA	Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
API	Application Programming Interface
AS	Application Server
AC	Application Client
CN	Core Network
CPU	Central Processing Unit
DNN	Data Network Name
DNS	Domain Name Server
EAH	Edge Application Handover
EAHC	Edge Application Handover Client
EAHS	Edge Application Handover Server
EAS	Edge Application Server
ECS	Edge Configuration Server
EES	Edge Enabler Server
EEC	Edge Enabler Client
FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name
GUI	Graphical User Interface
LADN	Local Area Data Network
MF	Management Function
NEF	Network Exposure Function
NF	Network Function
PDU	Protocol Data Unit
PLMN	Public Land Mobile Network
PoC	Point-Of-Contact
PSK	Pre-Shared Key
QoS	Quality of Service
QoE	Quality of Experience
SCS	Service Capability Server
SCEF	Service Capability Exposure Function
SEAL	Service Enabler Architecture Layer
SL	Service Layer
SSC	Session and Service Continuity
SSCMSP	SSC Mode Selection Policy
TLS	Transport Layer Security
UE	User Equipment
URI	Universal Resource Identifier
VAE	V2X Application Enabler
V2X	Vehicle to Everything

[0251]

TABLE 0.2
Selected Terminology
Application Server	An entity deployed on a network node that
	provides services to Application Clients
Application Client	An entity that accesses the services of an
	Application Server
Edge Application Server	A server hosted on an edge node
Edge Node	A virtual or physical entity deployed within
	an edge network and that hosts edge-based
	applications and services
Edge Network	A network domain deployed at the periphery
	of a larger network
Edge Application	The process to migrate an Application Client
Handover	from using one Edge Application Server to
	another Edge Application Server or Cloud
	Application Server (or vice versa).
Edge Enabler Server	An entity deployed within an edge network
	that provides edge network centric services
	to Edge Enabler Clients and Edge Application
	Servers
Edge Enabler Client	An entity deployed on a device that provides
	edge network centric services to Application
	Clients hosted on the device.
Edge Data Network	An entity in the network that configures Edge
Configuration Server	Enabler Clients and Edge Enabler Servers
	such that they can function in an edge
	network
V2X Application Server	An Application Server that offers V2X
	centric services to V2X Application Clients
V2X Application Client	An entity deployed on a V2X device that
	accesses V2X centric services of a V2X
	Application Server in a network
V2X Application Enabler	An entity deployed within an edge network
Server	that provides V2X centric services to V2X
	Application Servers
V2X Application Enabler	An entity deployed on a V2X device that
Client	provides V2X centric services to V2X
	Application Clients on the device

[0252]

TABLE 1
IEAHC-AC Operations
#	Operation	Source	Destination	Description	Parameters
1	AC	AC	EAHC	An AC may send this request	AC identifier (e.g., User Identifier)
	Context			to the EAHC to share EAH	AC status (e.g., location, active/inactive,
	Request			related context of the AC	current user, etc.)
				with the EAHC. This context	AC requirements:
				may pertain to past, present or	one or more identifiers or type
				future AC service	indicators of required services
				requirements or status	one or more locations or anticipated
				information. The EAHC may	routes for which the services are
				locally store and/or use this	required
				information to assist with the	required levels of service or network
				seamless edge application	QoS (e.g., latency or a 5QI)
				handovers of ACs between	required levels of service or network
				EASs. The EAHC may	QoE (e.g., rate of requests, data
				factor this information into its	limits)
				determination of if/when a	continuity of service requirements
				handover of the AC is	(e.g., data/information history or
				required from one EAS to	persistency needs or SSC Mode)
				another EAS. The types of	security requirements (e.g., minimum
				context that may be published	level of security)
				by an AC may include but is	required service providers
				not limited to the AC related	required data network providers
				context defined in Error!	(PLMN IDs)
				Reference source not	required service charges/fees (e.g.,
				found. Table 7.	free, max rate)
2	EAH	EAHC	AC	An EAHC returns this response to the	Status indicator
	Context			AC to indicate that it received the
	Response			context information shared by the AC
3	EAH	AC	EAHC	An AC sends this request to the	AC identifier
	Request			EAHC to explicitly request that the	AC type
				EAHC assist it with performing an	EAS/Service type indicators
				EAH. For example, if an AC detects	Current EAS identifier
				that the level of service that it is	Location
				receiving from an EAS is not meeting	Route
				its requirements, an AC can initiate an	Service schedule requirements
				EAH via a request to the EAHC. The	Service usage requirements,
				EAHC can receive such requests from	Service provider requirements
				ACs and assist the ACs by performing	Service charges/fee requirements
				EAH operations on their behalf.	Service access requirements (e.g., rate,
				An AC may also send this request to	response time, etc.)
				the EAHC to explicitly request that	Security requirements
				the EAHC assist it with initially
				connecting to an EAS (e.g., when AC
				first starts up and is not connected to
				an EAS).
4	EAH	EAHC	AC	An EAHC returns this response to the	New EAS identifier/contact info
	Response			AC to indicate whether the EAH was	Location of EAS
				completed successfully or not.	Allowed service schedule
					Allowed service usage (e.g., service
					coverage area, geo-fence restrictions)
					Service provider
					Service charges/fee structure
					Security IDs/credentials
					Contact info of security bootstrap server
					API info of new EAS
					New EAS identifier/contact info
					Level of QoS/QoE available
					Service provider
					Any handover operations that AC needs to
					perform
5	EAH	AC	EAHC	An AC sends this request to create a	Callback URI to receive EAH notifications
	Subscription			new EAH subscription with an EAHC	EAH subscription criteria that define
	Request			or update an existing one. An EAH	if/when an AC is interested in receiving
				subscription is used by an AC to	EAH notifications from an EAHC and the
				subscribe to receive EAH	contents of these notifications.
				notifications if/when the EAHC
				determines that an EAH is required or
				has occurred.
6	EAH	EAHC	AC	An EAHC returns this response to the	Subscription Identifier (if request is an
	Subscription			AC to indicate whether the EAH	update)
	Response			subscription was created or updated	Status indicator of whether the EAH
				successfully or not.	subscription was created or updated
					Identifier of EAH subscription which can
					be used by the AC to associate EAH
					notifications to this subscription as well as
					to perform future updates or deletes to the
					subscription.
7	EAH	EAHC	AC	An EAHC may initiate EAH	EAH Subscription Identifier
	Notification			operations on behalf of ACs to assist	Similar information that is defined in EAH
	Request			them with determining when an EAH	response above.
				is required. An EAHC may also
				receive an EAHS initiated EAH
				request.
				In either case, the EAHC may send an
				EAH notification request to an AC to
				notify it that an EAH has occurred
				and/or to trigger an AC to perform an
				EAH related operation (e.g., state
				synchronization/migration).
				Alternatively, the EAHC may perform
				the EAH operations on behalf of the
				AC such that the AC does not need to
				be aware that edge application
				handovers have occurred. In this case
				EAH notifications may not be sent to
				an AC.
8	EAH	AC	EAHC	An AC sends this response to the	Status indicator whether notification was
	Notification			EAHC to indicate whether it received	received and processed by the AC
	Response			and processed the EAH notification
				and any associated EAH operations
				that were specified in the notification
				request and/or whether the AC
				transitioned over to using the new
				EAS.
9	EAH	AC	EAHC	AC sends this request to delete an	AC identifier
	Subscription			EAH subscription from an EAHC	Subscription Identifier
	Delete			such that it no longer receives EAH
	Request			notifications from the EAHC.
10	EAH	EAHC	AC	An EAHC returns this response to the	Status indicator whether subscription was
	Subscription			AC to indicate whether the EAH	deleted by the EAHC
	Delete			subscription was deleted successfully
	Request			or not.
11	EAS FQDN	AC	EAHC	AC sends this request to have the	EAS FQDN
	Resolution			EAHC assist it with resolving the
	Request			FQDN of a specified EAS into the
				point-of-contact information for the
				EAS. The EAHC can perform this
				operation in an EAH aware manner
				such that it can cache point-of-contact
				information for EAS until an EAH
				occurs. If an EAH does occur, the
				EAHC can refresh new EAS point-of-
				contact information from the correct
				DNS Server associated with the edge
				network that the AC is accessing the
				EAS from.
	EAS FQDN	EAHC	AC	An EAHC returns this response with	Indicator of whether the FQDN was
	Resolution			the FQDN resolution results.	successfully resolved
	Response				Point-of-Contact information (e.g., IP
					address, port, URI) of the resolved FQDN

[0253]

TABLE 2
IEAHS-EAS Operations
#	Operation	Source	Destination	Description	Parameters
1	EAH	EAS	EAHS	An EAS may send this request to the	EAS identifier
	Context			EAHS to share EAH related context	EAS context
	Request			with the EAHS. This context may
				pertain to past, present or future EAS
				context information. The EAHS may
				locally store and/or use this
				information to assist with the
				seamless handovers of ACs between
				EASs. The EAHS may factor this
				context into its determination of
				if/when an EAH is required from one
				EAS to another EAS. The types of
				context that may be published by an
				EAS may include but is not limited to
				the EAS related context defined in
				Error! Reference source not found.
				Table 7.
2	EAH	EAHS	EAS	An EAHS returns this response to the	Status indicator
	Context			EAS to indicate that it received the
	Response			context information shared by the
				EAS.
3	EAH	EAS	EAHS	An EAS sends this request to the	EAS identifier
	Request			EAHS to explicitly request that the	AC identifier(s)
				EAHS assist it with performing an	EAH priority
				EAH. For example, if an EAS detects	EAH schedule
				that it is overloaded or that an AC is	EAH reason
				accessing it services, but the AC is no
				longer in its proximity, an EAS can
				initiate an EAH via a request to the
				EAHS. The EAHS can receive such
				requests from EASs and assist the
				EASs by performing EAH operations
				on their behalf.
4	EAH	EAHS	EAS	An EAHS returns this response to the	Status indication whether request was
	Response			EAS to indicate whether the EAH	performed successfully
				was completed successfully or not.	Identifier of EAS that handover occurred to
					EAH handover operations that an EAS is to
					perform (e.g., application state
					synchronization/migration)
5	EAH	EAS	EAHS	An EAS may send this request to	Callback URI to receive EAH notifications
	Subscription			subscribe to an EAHS to receive	EAH notification criteria
	Request			EAH notifications if/when the EAHS
				determines that the EAS needs to
				perform EAH centric operations. For
				example, synchronize/migrate
				application state information with
				another EAS.
6	EAH	EAHS	EAS	An EAHS returns this response to the	Status indicator
	Subscription			EAS to indicate whether the EAH	Subscription Identifier
	Response			subscription was processed
				successfully or not.
7	EAH	EAHS	EAS	An EAHS may send a notification	Subscription Identifier
	Notification			request to an EAS to notify it that it	EAS identifier/contact info of another
	Request			must perform some EAH related	EAS that this EAS must perform EAH
				operations or that an EAH occurred	operations with (e.g., Edge Application
				regarding one or more ACs.	state synchronization/migration)
					EAH centric operation(s) to perform
8	EAH	EAS	EAHS	EAS sends this response to the EAHS	Status indicator
	Notification			to indicate whether it received and
	Response			processed the EAH notification.
9	EAH	EAS	EAHS	EAS sends this request to delete an	EAS identifier
	Subscription			EAH subscription from an EAHS	Subscription Identifier
	Delete			such that it no longer receives EAH
	Request			notifications from the EAHS.
10	EAH	EAHS	EAS	An EAHS returns this response to the	Status indicator
	Subscription			EAS to indicate whether the EAH
	Delete			subscription was deleted successfully
	Response			or not.

[0254]

TABLE 3
IEAHS-EAHC Operations
#	Operation	Source	Destination	Description	Parameters
1	EAH	EAHC	EAHS	An EAHC may send this request to an EAHS	AC identifier
	Context			to share EAH related context with the EAHS.	AC context
	Request			The EAHS may locally store and/or use this
				information to assist with the seamless edge
				application handovers of ACs between EASs.
				The EAHS may factor this context into its
				determination of if/when an EAH of an AC is
				required from one EAS to another EAS. The
				types of context that may be published by an
				EAHC may include but is not limited to the
				context defined inError! Reference source
				not found. Table 7.
				An EAHC may trigger the sending of this
				request if/when it receives an EAH Context
				Request from an AC. An EAHC may also
				trigger the sending of this request in other
				situations as well.
	EAH	EAHS	EAHC	An EAHS may return this response to the	Status indicator
	Context			EAHC to indicate that it received the context
	Response			information shared by the EAHC.
3	EAH	EAHC	EAHS	An EAHC may send this request to an EAHS	AC identifier(s)
	Request			to explicitly request that the EAHS assist it	EAS/Service type indicators
				with performing an EAH.	Current EAS identifier
				An EAHC may also send this request to the	Location
				EAHS to explicitly request that the EAHS	Route
				assist it with initially connecting an AC to an	Service schedule requirements
				EAS (e.g., when AC first starts up and is not	Service usage requirements
				connected to an EAS).	Service provider requirements
				An EAHC may trigger the sending of this	Service charges/fee requirements
				request if/when it receives an EAH Request	Service access latency
				from an AC. An EAHC may also trigger the	requirements,
				sending of this request when it autonomously	Service access jitter requirements
				initiates an EAH itself.	Security requirements
				An EAHC may also trigger the sending of	Anticipate Communication Pattern
				this request to obtain information regarding	(e.g., anticipate times for mobile
				available EASs in the current proximity (e.g.,	originated data and data sizes).
				within the same LADN) of the UE and that
				are the best candidate EASs for an AC to be
				handed over to.
4	EAH	EAHS	EAHC	An EAHS may return this response to the	New EAS identifier/contact info
	Response			EAHC to indicate whether the requested	Allowed service schedule
				EAH was completed successfully or not.	Allowed service usage
				Alternatively, this response may include a list	Service provider
				of candidate EASs that the EAHS identifies	Service charges/fee structure
				as candidates for the EAHC to use when	Security IDs/credentials
				performing the handover of AC(s). An EAHC	API info of new EAS
				may then select one or more EASs from this
				list and transition AC(s) over to using the
				ESA(s).
5	EAH	EAHC	EAHS	An EAHC may send this request to subscribe	Callback URI to receive EAH
	Subscription			to an EAHS to receive EAH notifications	notifications
	Request			if/when the EAHS determines that an EAH is	EAH notification criteria
				required by one or more ACs hosted on the	Other parameters defined in EAH
				same UE as the EAHC. The request may	Request above
				include notification criteria which an EAHC
				can specify to define what conditions the
				EAHC would like to receive EAH
				notifications from the EAHS.
6	EAH	EAHS	EAHC	An EAHS may return this response to the	Status indicator
	Subscription			EAHC to indicate whether the EAH	Subscription Identifier
	Response			subscription was processed successfully or
				not.
7	EAH	EAHS	EAHC	An EAHS may send this request to the	Subscription Identifier
	Notification			EAHC to notify it that an EAH is required	Identifier(s)/contact info if new
	Request			for one or more ACs hosted on the same	EAS(s)
				UE as the EAHC. The request may specify	Identifier(s) of ACs
				one or more EAH related operations that	EAH operations to perform
				the EAHC is requested to perform.	New DNS Server contact info
					Allowed service schedule
					Allowed service usage
					Service provider
					Service charges/fee structure
					Security IDs/credentials
					API info of new EAS(s)
8	EAH	EAHC	EAHS	An EAHC may send this response to the	Status indicator
	Notification			EAHS to indicate whether it received and
	Response			processed the EAH notification and
				performed the necessary operations to
				handover the AC(s) to using the new EAS(s).
9	EAH	EAHC	EAHS	An EAHC may send this request to delete an	AC identifier
	Subscription			EAH subscription from an EAHS such that it	Subscription Identifier
	Delete			no longer receives EAH notifications from
	Request			the EAHS.
10	EAH	EAHS	EAHC	An EAHS may return this response to the	Status indicator
	Subscription			EAHC to indicate whether the EAH
	Delete			subscription was deleted successfully or not.
	Response

[0255]

TABLE 4
IEAHS-3GPP Operations
#	Operation	Source	Destination	Description	Parameters
1	Edge	EAHS	3GPP	An EAHS may issue this request to have	UE identifier(s)
	Network		Network	the 3GPP Network trigger one or more	Group identifier(s)
	Connect			UEs to connect to a specified edge	Edge network identifier
	Request			network, edge node and/or edge server	Edge node identifier
					Edge server identifier
					Trigger schedule
					Trigger priority
					The parameters that are listed above
					may be sent to the EAHC as part of
					a trigger payload.
2	Edge	3GPP	EAHS	3GPP Network may return a response	UE identifier(s)
	Network	Network		indicating if UE(s) connected to an edge	Group identifier(s)
	Connect			network, node and/or server	Edge network identifier
	Response				Edge node identifier
					Edge server identifier
3	Edge	EAHS	3GPP	An EAHS may issue a subscription	UE identifier(s)
	Network		Network	request to the 3GPP Network to have it	Group identifier(s)
	Monitoring			monitor for UE(s) that connect or	Edge network identifier
	Request			disconnect from specified edge	Edge node identifier(s)
				network(s), edge node(s), or edge	Edge server identifier(s) that UE(s)
				server(s)	are to connect to
					Monitoring Schedule
					Monitoring criteria
					Notification call back address
4	Edge	3GPP	EAHS	A 3GPP Network may return a response	Subscription identifier
	Network	Network		indicating status of the subscription	UE identifier(s)
	Monitoring			request. A 3GPP Network may also return	Group identifier(s)
	Response/			notifications to an EAHS if/when	Edge network identifier
	Notification			monitoring criteria have been met for	Edge node identifier(s)
				UE(s) that connect or disconnect from an	Edge server identifier(s)
				edge network, edge node and/or edge	Indication(s) of whether connect or
				server	disconnect occurred for UE(s) from
					a specified edge network, node,
					server.
5	QoS Session	EAHS	3GPP	An EAHS may issue a request to the	Existing QoS session ID (e.g.,
	Handover		Network	3GPP Network to have it perform a QoS	flowID)
	Request			session handover operation consisting of	New QoS session endpoints
				setting up a new QoS session between a	QoS session handover schedule
				specified set of session endpoints that has	QoS session handover criteria
				the same QoS configuration as an existing	Indicator whether to tear-down
				QoS session. Optionally, once the new	existing QoS Session once new one
				QoS session has been established, the	is established
				3GPP Network can also tear down the old
				one if instructed to do so.
6	QoS Session	3GPP	EAHS	3GPP Network may return a response	Status of whether new QoS session
	Handover	Network		indicating status of QoS session handover	was established
	Response			request.	New QoS session ID (e.g., flowID)
					New QoS description (e.g., flow
					description)
					Indication of whether existing QoS
					Session was torn down
7	Route	EAHS	3GPP	An EAHS may issue a request to the	Route information consisting of
	Configuration		Network	3GPP Network to inform it of the	way point locations along the route.
	Request			anticipated route that a UE is expected to	The locations may be specified in
				take. The 3GPP Network may use this	terms of geo-locations or in terms of
				information to manage its network	identifiers of edge networks, edge
				resources along the route more efficiently.	nodes and/or edge servers along the
					route.
					Route information may also include
					schedule component indicating the
					times when a UE is expected to be
					in proximity to the specified way
					points.
8	Route	3GPP	EAHS	3GPP Network may return a response	Status indication
	Configuration	Network		indicating that it received the request. The	Suggested route modifications
	Response			3GPP may include a suggested
				modification to the route (e.g., to allow for
				more optimal management/utilization of
				network resources)
9	Route	EAHS	3GPP	An EAHS may issue a subscription	UE identifier(s)
	Monitoring		Network	request to the 3GPP Network to have it	Group identifier(s)
	Request			monitor UE(s) along an anticipated route	Notification call back address
				and send notifications to the EAHS based	Monitoring Schedule
				on events of interest to the EAHS such	Monitoring criteria (e.g., UE has
				when a UE reaches the next specified way	reached the next way point along
				point along the route, or the UE deviates	route, or deviated from route, etc.)
				from the specified route.	Route information (see description
					above in Route Configuration
					Request)
10	Route	3GPP	EAHS	3GPP Network may return a response	Subscription identifier
	Monitoring	Network		indicating status of subscription request.	UE identifier(s)
	Response/			3GPP Network may also returns	Group identifier(s)
	Notification			notifications to EAHS if/when monitoring	Indication(s) of which monitoring
				criteria have been for UE(s) that connect	criteria have been met (e.g., UE has
				or disconnect from an edge network, edge	reached the next way point along
				node and/or edge server	route, or deviated from route, etc.)
					whether connect or disconnect
					occurred for UE(s) from a specified
					edge network, node, server

[0256]

TABLE 5
IEAHS-MF Operations
#	Operation	Source	Destination	Description	Parameters
1	EAS	EAHS	MF	An EAHS may issue this request to trigger a	EAS Type(s)
	Management			MF to manage one or more EASs on one or	Management Operations (e.g.,
	Request			more edge nodes residing in one or more	install/de-install EAS,
				edge networks such that the EAS is	configure/re-configure EAS,
				available for an AC to access.	activate/de-activate EAS, etc.)
					UE identifier(s)
					Group identifier(s)
					AC identifier(s)
					Edge network identifier
					Edge node identifier
					Edge server identifier(s)
					Management schedule
					Management priority
2	EAS	OF	EAHS	A MF may return a response indicating if	Management status indication
	Management			the management operation was successfully	EAS identifier(s)
	Response			performed and the identifier(s) of the
				EAS(s) that were managed.
3	Edge	EAHS	MF	An EAHS may issue a subscription request	UE identifier(s)
	Monitoring			to a MF to have it monitor status and	Group identifier(s)
	Request			availability of one or more EASs, edge	Edge network identifier(s)
				nodes, and/or edge networks. The EAHS	Edge node identifier(s)
				may factor this information into its decisions	EAS identifier(s)
				on whether handovers of ACs to different	Monitoring Schedule
				EASs is required.	Monitoring criteria
					Notification call back address
4	Edge	3GPP	EAHS	An MF may return a response indicating	Subscription identifier
	Monitoring	Network		status of subscription request. An MF may	UE identifier(s)
	Response/			also return notifications to the EAHS	Group identifier(s)
	Notifications			if/when monitoring criteria have been for	Edge network identifier
				regarding the status and availability of the	Edge node identifier(s)
				specified EASs, edge nodes, and/or edge	EAS identifier(s)
				networks.	Indication(s) of which monitoring
					criteria has been met

[0257]

TABLE 6
EAH Policy Rules
Rule	Description
EAS types	Defines the types of EASs that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
EASs	Defines specific EAS instances that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
users	Defines the users that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
subscribers	Defines the subscribers (e.g., account holders) that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
ACs	Defines specific AC instances that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
AC types	Defines the types of ACs that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
providers	Defines the network or service providers that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
UE locations	Defines the UE locations for which EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
UE routes	Defines the UE routes for which EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
Edge networks	Defines the edge networks for which EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
Edge nodes	Defines the edge nodes for which EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
UEs	Defines the UE instances that EAHS/EAHC may perform EAH for
Privacy	Defines privacy restrictions regarding what information an EAHS/EAHC is permitted to include or
	share while performing EAH (e.g., UE location, route, application data, etc.)
DNS Servers	Defines the DNS Servers that an EAHS/EAHC shall use when performing edge application handovers
SSCMP	SSC mode selection policy or an SSC Mode
5QI	Required 5QI values or ranges
Speed	Maximum Client Speed to access the service

[0258]

TABLE 7
EAH Related Context Information
Context	Description
EAS types	The type(s) of EAS(s) required by an AC
EASs	The current EAS instance(s) being used by an AC
EAS availability	The current availability of EASs (e.g., deployment status and/or
	installation/activation status)
user	The current user of an AC
subscriber	The subscriber associated with the current user of an AC
ACs	The current AC instances active on a UE
AC types	The current type(s) of AC(s) active on a UE
UE location	The current or planned location of a UE
UE route	The current or planned/predicted route that a UE is taking
core network	The current core network that is being used
core network status	The status of the 3GPP core network (e.g., congestion levels)
edge networks	The current edge network(s) that UE is connected to and using
edge network status	The status of the edge network(s)
edge node availability	The current availability of edge nodes (e.g., resource utilization status of
	edge nodes).
QoS/QoE	The current QoS/QoE requirements of an active AC or its user
Schedule	The scheduled times of when an AC requires access to EAS(s)

[0259]

TABLE 8
3GPP SA6 EDGEAPP Reference Point Applicability
	Reference Point	SA6 EDGEAPP Reference Points
	IEAHC-AC	EDGE-5, EDGE-13(new)
	IEAHS-EAHC	EDGE-1, EDGE-4, EDGE-8(new)
	IEAHS-3GPP	EDGE-2, EDGE-11(new), EDGE-12(new)
	IEAHS-MF	EDGE-6
	IEAHS-EAS	EDGE-3, EDGE-9(new)

[0260]

TABLE 9
3GPP SA6 V2X Reference Point Applicability
Reference Point	SA6 V2X Reference Points
IEAHC-AC	Vc, SEAL-C
IEAHS-EAHC	V5-AE, V1-AE, SEAL-PC5, SEAL-UU
IEAHS-3GPP	T8, V2, Rx, xMB-C, xMB-U, MB2-C, MB2-U
IEAHS-MF	Possible new reference point
IEAHS-EAS	Vs, SEAL-S

[0261]

TABLE 10
oneM2M Reference Point Applicability
	Reference Point	oneM2M Reference Points
	IEAHC-AC	Mca
	IEAHS-EAHC	Mcc
	IEAHS-3GPP	Mcn
	IEAHS-MF	Mcn
	IEAHS-EAS	Mca