Thruster conduit assemblies

[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/669,005 which was filed Feb. 10, 2022, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/306,846 which was filed May 3, 2021, entitled “Aquatic Invasive Species Control Apparatuses and Methods for Watercraft”, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/100,778 which was filed Nov. 20, 2020, entitled “Power Source Assemblies and Methods for Distributing Power Aboard a Watercraft”, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,014,635 issued May 25, 2021, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/841,484 which was filed Apr. 6, 2020, entitled “Wakeboat Hydraulic Manifold Assemblies and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,864,971 issued Dec. 15, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/576,536 which was filed Sep. 19, 2019, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Hydraulic Pump Mounting Apparatus and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,611,439 issued Apr. 7, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/279,825 which was filed Feb. 19, 2019, entitled “Wakeboat Propulsion Apparatuses and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,435,122 issued Oct. 8, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/699,127 which was filed Sep. 8, 2017, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,227,113 issued Mar. 12, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/385,842 which was filed Sep. 9, 2016, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/576,536 is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/255,578 which was filed Jan. 23, 2019, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,442,509 issued Oct. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/699,127 which was filed Sep. 8, 2017, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,227,113 issued Mar. 12, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/385,842 which was filed Sep. 9, 2016, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/841,484 is also a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/673,846 which was filed Nov. 4, 2019, entitled “Boat Propulsion Assemblies and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,611,440 issued Apr. 7, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/577,930 which was filed Sep. 20, 2019 entitled “Hydraulic Power Sources for Wakeboats and Methods for Hydraulically Powering a Load from Aboard a Wakeboat”; now U.S. Pat. No. 10,745,089 issued Aug. 18, 2020, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/255,578 which was filed Jan. 23, 2019, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”; now U.S. Pat. No. 10,442,509 issued Oct. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/699,127 which was filed Sep. 8, 2017, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,227,113 issued Mar. 12, 2019; which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/385,842 which was filed Sep. 9, 2016, entitled “Wakeboat Engine Powered Ballasting Apparatus and Methods”, the entirety of each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to apparatuses and methods to control aquatic invasive species aboard watercraft.

[0003] Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) have become a significant problem worldwide. As of this writing, two of the more serious examples are quagga mussels and zebra mussels. Originally from the Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions, these AIS were inadvertently transported to other areas of the world in the water compartments of large seagoing transport ships. When those compartments were discharged into the waters of their destinations, the foreign mussels were introduced to entirely new ecosystems where they often flourished to the detriment of native species.

[0004] Using the United States as an example, these AIS were first expelled into the Great Lakes near the end of the 20^th Century. They have since spread widely across the nation, forcing state and local governments to impose increasing restrictions on the movement, use, maintenance, and inspection of watercraft in an attempt to slow the spread of AIS into the waters within their jurisdictions. In many cases additional “invasive species fees” and other costs have been added to existing licensing requirements.

[0005] These restrictions have become so extreme that in some areas public bodies of water have been rendered all but inaccessible. Trailering a boat for “a family day on the lake” can become impractical when inspection lines are hours long.

[0006] Even worse, media reports have noted that officials at some lakes require a “quarantine period” of 7-14 days during which the boat is impounded to insure it cannot have visited another body of water (and potentially acquired AIS). The typical result of such quarantines is to restrict usage of public bodies of water to primarily local property owners who can endure the quarantine period just once at the start of the season and then conveniently leave their boat in the water, at their dock, for the entire season. Those without waterfront property are left without recourse, while the supposedly “public” body of water effectively becomes “private”.

[0007] Trailered boat owners are not the only stakeholders affected by AIS. Manufacturers of watercraft see their potential customer base being eroded as ownership becomes less convenient. Watersport participants, both novice and competitive, find fewer (and subsequently more crowded) locations at which to practice and hold events. The secondary economic interests that cater to, and depend upon, all of these entities are impacted. Public interest in, and thus political support and funding for, the health and preservation of surface waters also wanes as fewer people experience their benefits.

[0008] Modern wakeboats are particularly susceptible to AIS related restrictions. In addition to the engine cooling and bilge pumping operations they share with other powered watercraft, wakeboats take on and discharge ballast as they create and tune their wakes for watersports purposes. Residual water in ballast systems, engine cooling systems, and bilge compartments—potentially laden with the early life stages of AIS—are of particular concern to local officials.

[0009] Some attempts have been made to address AIS issues on large, seagoing vessels. But these efforts do not translate down to the size and operation of personal watercraft such as wakeboats. A seagoing vessel may fill its ballast compartments at the start of its voyage, make few changes during the journey, and then discharge that water at the destination. In contrast, a wakeboat may fill, adjust, and drain its ballast multiple times during a single day as the differing requirements of multiple watersports participants are accommodated. Such a use case requires a very different solution than those designed with seagoing transport vessels in mind.

[0010] Apparatuses and methods for AIS control appropriate to the size and usage of smaller watercraft are described below.

[0011] The present disclosure provides aquatic invasive species (AIS) control apparatuses and methods for use aboard smaller, often privately owned watercraft including but not limited to, recreational watercraft such as wakeboats. AIS control apparatuses and methods for wakeboats are emphasized but the apparatuses are applicable to additional watercraft.

[0012] The present disclosure provides apparatuses and methods for AIS control with respect to water used for ballasting purposes.

[0013] The present disclosure further provides apparatuses and methods for AIS control with respect to water used for powertrain cooling.

[0014] The present disclosure additionally provides apparatuses and methods for AIS control with respect to water removed from bilge compartments.

[0015] Wakeboats that include an aquatic invasive species control apparatus are provided. These wakeboats can include: a wakeboat with a hull; at least one throughhull fitting in the hull of the wakeboat; an irradiation chamber in fluid communication with the at least one throughhull fitting, the irradiation chamber having a radiation source; and at least one water destination aboard the wakeboat.

[0016] Methods for irradiating invasive aquatic species aboard a wakeboat are also provided. The methods can include: receiving water from outside the wakeboat hull; and irradiating water aboard the wakeboat prior to discharging the water.

[0057] This disclosure is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

[0058] The assemblies and methods of the present disclosure will be described with reference to FIGS. 1-39.

[0059] Participants in the sports of wakesurfing, wakeboarding, wakeskating, and other wakesports often have different needs and preferences with respect to the size, shape, and orientation of the wake behind a wakeboat. A variety of schemes for creating, enhancing, and controlling a wakeboat's wake have been developed and marketed with varying degrees of success.

[0060] The predominant technique for controlling the wake produced by a wakeboat is water itself—brought onboard the wakeboat from the surrounding body of water as a ballast medium to change the position and attitude of the wakeboat's hull in the water. Ballast compartments are installed in various locations within the watercraft, and one or more ballast pumps are used to fill and empty the compartments. The resulting ballast system can control and/or adjust the amount and distribution of weight within the watercraft.

[0061] FIG. 1 illustrates one configuration of a watercraft ballast system for example purposes only. Within confines of a watercraft hull 100, four ballast compartments are provided: A port aft (left rear) ballast compartment 105, a starboard aft (right rear) ballast compartment 110, a port bow (left front) ballast compartment 115, and a starboard bow (right front) ballast compartment 120.

[0062] Two electric ballast pumps per ballast compartment can be provided to, respectively, fill and drain each ballast compartment. For example, ballast compartment 105 is filled by Fill Pump (FP) 125 which draws from the body of water in which the watercraft sits through a hole in the bottom of the watercraft's hull, and is drained by Drain Pump (DP) 145 which returns ballast water back into the body of water. Additional Fill Pumps (FP) and Drain Pumps (DP) operate in like fashion to fill and drain their corresponding ballast compartments. While FIG. 1 depicts separate fill and drain pumps for each ballast compartment, other pump arrangements can include a single, reversible pump for each compartment that both fills and drains that compartment. The advantages and disadvantages of various pump types will be discussed later in this disclosure.

[0063] FIG. 1 depicts a four-compartment ballast system, for example. Other arrangements and compartment quantities may be used. Some watercraft manufacturers install a compartment along the centerline (keel) of the hull, for example. Some designs use a single wider or horseshoe shaped compartment at the front (bow) instead of two separate compartments. Many configurations are possible and new arrangements continue to appear.

[0064] The proliferation of watercraft ballast systems and centralized vessel control systems has increased their popularity, but simultaneously exposed many weaknesses and unresolved limitations. One of the most serious problems was, and continues to be, the speed at which the electric ballast pumps can fill, move, and drain the water from the ballast compartments.

[0065] While more ballast is considered an asset in the wakeboating community (increased ballast yields increased wake size), large amounts of ballast can quickly become a serious, potentially even life threatening, liability if something goes wrong. Modern watercrafts often come from the factory with ballast compartments that can hold surprisingly enormous volumes and weights of water. As just one example, the popular Malibu 25LSV wakeboat (Malibu Boats, Inc., 5075 Kimberly Way, Loudon TN 37774, U.S.) has a manufacturer's stated ballast capacity of 4825 pounds. The significance of this figure becomes evident when compared against the manufacturer's stated weight of the watercraft itself: Just 5600 pounds.

[0066] The ballast thus nearly doubles the vessel's weight. While an advantage for wakesports, that much additional weight becomes a serious liability if, for some reason, the ballast compartments cannot be drained fast enough. One class of popular electric ballast pump is rated by its manufacturer at 800 GPH; even if multiple such pumps are employed, in the event of an emergency it could be quite some time before all 4825 pounds of ballast could be evacuated.

[0067] During those precious minutes, the ballast weight limits the speed at which the vessel can move toward safety (if, indeed, the emergency permits it to move at all). And once at the dock, a standard boat trailer is unlikely to accommodate a ballasted boat (for economy, boat trailers are manufactured to support the dry weight of the boat, not the ballasted weight). The frame, suspension, and tires of a boat trailer rated for a 5,600 pound watercraft are unlikely to safely and successfully support one that suddenly weighs over 10,000 pounds. Getting the boat safely on its trailer, and safely out of the water, may have to wait until the ballast can finish being emptied.

[0068] If the time necessary to drain the ballast exceeds that permitted by an emergency, the consequences may be dire indeed for people and equipment alike. Improved apparatus and methods for rapidly draining the ballast compartments of a watercraft are of significant value in terms of both convenience and safety.

[0069] Another aspect of watercraft ballasting is the time required to initially fill, and later adjust, the ballast compartments. Modern wakeboats can require ten minutes or more to fill their enormous ballast compartments. The time thus wasted is one of the single most frequent complaints received by wakeboat manufacturers. Improved apparatus and methods that reduce the time necessary to prepare the ballast system for normal operation are of keen interest to the industry.

[0070] Yet another aspect of watercraft ballasting is the time required to make adjustments to the levels in the various ballast compartments. Consistency of the wake is of paramount importance, both for professional wakesport athletes and casual participants. Even small changes in weight distribution aboard the vessel can affect the resulting wake behind the hull; a single adult changing seats from one side to the other has a surprising effect. Indeed, rearranging such “human ballast” is a frequent command from wakeboat operators seeking to maintain the wake. A 150 pound adult moving from one side to the other represents a net 300 pound shift in weight distribution. The wakeboat operator must compensate quickly for weight shifts to maintain the quality of the wake.

[0071] The 800 GPH ballast pump mentioned above moves (800/60=) 13.3 gallons per minute, which at 8.34 pounds per gallon of water is 111 pounds per minute. Thus, offsetting the movement of the above adult would take (150/111=) 1.35 minutes. That is an exceedingly long time in the dynamic environment of a wakeboat; it is very likely that other changes will occur during the time that the operator is still working to adjust for the initial weight shift.

[0072] This inability to react promptly gives the wakeboat operator a nearly impossible task: Actively correct for very normal and nearly continuous weight shifts using slow water pumps, while still safely steering the wakeboat, while still monitoring the safety of the athlete in the wake, while still monitoring the proper operation of the engine and other systems aboard the vessel.

[0073] In addition to all of the other advantages, improved apparatus and methods that can provide faster compensation for normal weight shifts is of extreme value to watercraft owners and, thus, to watercraft manufacturers.

[0074] Another consideration for watercraft ballast systems is that correcting for weight shifts is not just a matter of pumping a single ballast compartment. The overall weight of the vessel has not changed; instead, the fixed amount of weight has shifted. This means an equivalent amount of ballast must be moved in the opposite direction—without changing the overall weight. In the “moving adult” example, 150 pounds of water must be drained from one side, and 150 pounds of water must be added to the other side, while maintaining the same overall weight of the wakeboat. This means TWO ballast pumps must be operating simultaneously.

[0075] Interviews with industry experts and certified professional wakeboat drivers reveal that correcting for a typical weight shift should take no more than 5-10 seconds. Based on the 150 pound adult example, that means (150/8.34=) 18 gallons of water must be moved in 5-10 seconds. To achieve that, each water pump in the system must deliver 6500 to 13,000 GPH. That is 4-8 times more volume than the wakeboat industry's standard ballast pumps described above.

[0076] The fact that today's ballast pumps are 4-8 times too small illustrates the need for an improved, high volume wakeboat ballast system design.

[0077] One reaction to “slow” ballast pumps may be “faster” ballast pumps. In water pump technology “more volume per unit time” means “larger”, and, indeed, ever larger ballast pumps have been tried in the watercraft industry. One example of a larger electric ballast pump is the Rule 209B (Xylem Flow Control, 1 Kondelin Road, Cape Ann Industrial Park, Gloucester MA 01930, U.S.), rated by its manufacturer at 1600 GPH. Strictly speaking the Rule 209B is intended for livewell applications, but in their desperation for increased ballast pumping volume, watercraft manufacturers have experimented with a wide range of electric water pumps.

[0078] The Rule 209B's 1600 GPH rating is fully twice that of the Tsunami T800 (800 GPH) cited earlier. Despite this doubling of volume, the Rule 209B and similarly rated pumps fall far short of the 6500 to 13,000 GPH required—and their extreme electrical requirements begin to assert themselves.

[0079] As electric ballast pumps increase in water volume and size, they also increase in current consumption. The Rule 209B just discussed draws 10 amperes from standard 13.6V wakeboat electrical power. This translates to 136 watts, or 0.18 horsepower (HP). Due to recognized mechanical losses of all mechanical devices, not all of the consumed power results in useful work (i.e. pumped water). A great deal is lost to waste heat in water turbulence, I2R electrical losses in the motor windings, and the motor bearings to name just a few.

[0080] At the extreme end of the 12VDC ballast pump spectrum are water pumps such as the Rule 17A (Xylem Flow Control, 1 Kondelin Road, Cape Ann Industrial Park, Gloucester MA 01930, U.S.), rated by its manufacturer at a sizable (at least for electric water pumps) 3800 GPH. To achieve this, the Rule 17A draws 20 continuous amperes at 13.6V, thus consuming 272 electrical watts and 0.36 HP. It is an impressive electrical ballast pump by any measure.

[0081] Yet, even with this significant electrical consumption, it would require two separate Rule 17A pumps running in parallel to achieve even the minimum acceptable ballast flow of 6500 GPH. And doing so would require 40 amperes of current flow. Duplicate this for the (at least) two ballast compartments involved in a weight shift compensation as described above, and the wakeboat now has 80 amperes of current flowing continuously to achieve the low end of the acceptable ballast flow range.

[0082] 80 amperes is a very significant amount of current. For comparison, the largest alternators on watercraft engines are rated around 1200 W of output power, and they need to rotate at approximately 5000 RPM to generate that full rated power. Yet here, to achieve the minimum acceptable ballast flow range, four ballast pumps in the Rule 17A class would consume (4×272 W=) 1088 W. Since most watercraft engines spend their working time in the 2000-3000 RPM range, it is very likely that the four Rule 17A class water pumps would consume all of the alternator's available output—with the remainder supplied by the vessel's batteries. In other words, ballasting operations would likely be a drain on the boat's batteries even when the engine is running; never a good idea when the boat's engine relies on those batteries to be started later that day.

[0083] If the watercraft's engine is not running, then those 80 continuous amperes must be supplied by the batteries alone. That is an electrical demand that no watercraft battery bank can sustain safely, or for any length of time.

[0084] Even larger electric ballast pumps exist such as those used on yachts, tanker ships, container ships, and other ocean-going vessels. The motors on such pumps require far higher voltages than are available on the electrical systems of watercrafts. Indeed, such motors often require three phase AC power which is commonly available on such large vessels. These enormous electric ballast pumps are obviously beyond the mechanical and electrical capacities of watercrafts, and no serious consideration can be given to using them in this context.

[0085] The problem of moving enough ballast water fast enough is, simply, one of power transfer. Concisely stated, after accounting for the electrical and mechanical losses in various parts of the ballast system, about 2 HP is required to move the 6500-13,000 GPH required by each ballast pump. Since two pumps must operate simultaneously to shift weight distribution without changing total weight, a total of 4 horsepower must be available for ballast pumping.

[0086] 4 HP is approximately 3000 watts, which in a 13.6VDC electrical system is 220 continuous amperes of current flow. To give a sense of scale, the main circuit breaker serving an entire modern residence is generally rated for only 200 amperes.

[0087] In addition to the impracticality of even achieving over two hundred continuous amperes of current flow in a watercraft environment, there is the enormous expense of components that can handle such currents. The power cabling alone is several dollars per foot. Connectors of that capacity are enormously expensive, as are the switches, relays, and semiconductors to control it. And all of these components must be scaled up to handle the peak startup, or “in-rush”, current that occurs with inductive loads such as electric motors, which is often twice or more the continuous running current.

[0088] Then there is the safety issue. Circuits carrying hundreds of amps running around on a consumer watercraft is a dangerous condition. That much current flow represents almost a direct short across a lead-acid battery, with all of the attendant hazards.

[0089] Moving large volumes of ballast water is a mechanical activity requiring mechanical power. To date, most watercraft ballast pumping has been done using electric ballast pumps. But as the above discussion makes clear, electricity is not a viable method for conveying the large amounts of power necessary to achieve the required pumping volumes.

[0090] The conversion steps starting with the mechanical energy of the engine, motor, or other prime mover on the vessel (hereinafter “engine” for brevity), then to electrical energy, and then finally back to mechanical energy that actually moves the water, introduces far too many inefficiencies, hazards, costs, and impracticalities when dealing with multiple horsepower. Part of the solution must thus be apparatus and methods of more directly applying the mechanical energy of the engine to the mechanical task of moving ballast water, without the intermediate electrical conversions common to the watercraft industry.

[0091] Some boat designs use two forward facing scoops to fill its ballast compartments, and two rear facing outlets to drain its ballast compartments, relying on forward motion of the boat as driven by the engine.

[0092] These designs suffer from several distinct and potentially dangerous disadvantages. Chief among these is the absolute dependency on boat motion to drain water from the ballast compartments. If the boat cannot move forward at a sufficient velocity to activate the draining operation (“on plane”, generally at least 10 MPH depending on hull design), the ballast compartments literally cannot be drained.

[0093] There are countless events and mishaps that can make it impossible to propel the boat with sufficient velocity to activate such passive draining schemes. Striking a submerged object—natural or artificial—can damage the propeller, or the propeller shaft, or the propeller strut, or the outdrive. Damage to the rudder can prevent straightline motion of sufficient speed. Wrapping a rope around the propshaft or propeller can restrict or outright prevent propulsion. Damage to the boat's transmission or v-drive can also completely prevent movement. The engine may be running fine, yet due to problems anywhere in the various complex systems between the engine and the propeller, the boat may be unable to move fast enough to drain ballast—if it can move at all.

[0094] As noted earlier, being stranded in the water while unable to drain the ballast can be a life-threatening situation. A ballasted boat is just that much more difficult and time consuming to manually paddle (or tow with another boat) back to the dock. And as further noted above, once back to the dock it is very likely that the boat's trailer cannot pull the boat out of the water until some alternative, emergency method is found to remove the thousands of pounds of additional ballast.

[0095] Another disadvantage of such “passive” schemes is that they are incapable of actively pressurizing the water; they rely solely on the pressure caused by the forward motion of the boat. To compensate for such low pressure, unusually large inlet and outlet orifices with associated large water valves (often 3-4 inches in diameter) must be used to allow sufficient volumes of water to flow at such low pressures. The cost, maintenance, and reliability of such enormous valves is a known and continuing challenge.

[0096] The present disclosure provides apparatus and methods for filling, moving, and draining ballast compartments using the mechanical power of the engine. The apparatus and methods can provide this filling, moving and draining without intermediate electrical conversion steps, and/or while not requiring the hull to be in motion.

[0097] One embodiment of the present disclosure uses mechanical coupling, or “direct drive”, to transfer power to one or more ballast pumps that are mounted directly to the engine. The power coupling may be via direct shaft connection, gear drive, belt or chain drive, or another manner that suits the specifics of the application.

[0098] A block diagram of an engine mounted, direct drive ballast pump is shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, engine power is conveyed to the pump via the engine's belt/chain. In other embodiments, engine power can be conveyed via direct crankshaft drive, gear drive, the addition of secondary pulleys/gears and an additional belt/chain, or other techniques.

[0099] FIG. 2 shows the pulleys/gears and belt/chain that might be present on a typical watercraft engine. In FIG. 2A, belt/chain 100 passes around crankshaft pulley/gear 106, which is driven by the engine and conveys power to belt/chain 100. Belt/chain 100 then conveys engine power to accessories on the engine by passing around pulleys/gears on the accessories. Such powered accessories may include, for example, an alternator 110, a raw water pump 115, and a circulation pump 125. A belt/chain tensioner 121 maintains proper belt/chain tension. The arrangement of accessories and their pulleys/gears in the figures is for example purposes only; many other configurations are possible and compatible with the present disclosure.

[0100] FIG. 2B depicts how belt/chain 100 might be rerouted with the addition of direct drive ballast pump 130. Belt/chain 100 still provides engine power to all of the other engine mounted accessories as before, and now also provides engine power to ballast pump 130 via its pulley/gear.

[0101] A longer belt/chain may be necessary to accommodate the additional routing length of the ballast pump pulley/gear. The ballast pump and its pulley/gear may also be installed in a different location than that shown in FIG. 2B depending upon the engine, other accessories, and available space within the engine compartment. In some embodiments, the engagement or “wrap” angle of belt 100 is 60 degrees or more of the pulley/gear associated with pump 130 to reduce the potential for slippage.

[0102] Most such engine accessories are mounted on the “engine side” of their pulleys/gears. However, an alternative mounting technique, practiced in other configurations, mounts the body of the ballast pump on the opposite side of its pulley/gear 130, away from the engine itself, while keeping its pulley/gear in line with the belt/chain and other pulleys/gears. Modern marine engines are often quite tightly packaged with very little free space within their overall envelope of volume. This alternative mounting technique can provide extra engine accessories, such as the engine powered pumps of the present disclosure, to be added when otherwise no space is available. In some embodiments such engine powered pumps may have a clutch associated with pulley/gear 132, for reasons described later herein.

[0103] Certain other embodiments mount the ballast pump away from the engine for reasons including convenience, space availability, or serviceability. In such remote mounted embodiments the aforementioned belt/chain or shaft drives may still be used to convey mechanical power from the engine to the pump. Alternately, another power conveyance technique may be used such as a flexible shaft; connection to Power Take Off (PTO) point on the engine, transmission, or other component of the drivetrain; or another approach as suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0104] A suitable direct drive ballast pump can be engine driven and high volume. An example of such a pump is the Meziere WP411 (Meziere Enterprises, 220 South Hale Avenue, Escondido CA 92029, U.S.). The WP411 is driven by the engine's belt/chain just as other accessories such as the cooling pump and alternator, thus deriving its motive force mechanically without intermediate conversion steps to and from electrical power.

[0105] The WP411 water pump can move up to 100 GPM, but requires near-redline engine operation of about 6500 RPM to do so. At a typical idle of 650 RPM (just 10% of the aforementioned requirement), the WP411 flow drops to just 10 GPM.

[0106] In other vehicular applications, this high RPM requirement might not present a problem as the velocity can be decoupled from the engine RPM via multiple gears, continuously variable transmissions, or other means. But in a watercraft application, the propeller RPM (and thus hull speed) is directly related to engine RPM. Watercraft transmissions and v-drives are fixed-ratio devices allowing forward and reverse propeller rotation at a fixed relationship to the engine RPM. Thus to achieve the design performance of a water pump such as the WP411, it must be permissible to run the engine at maximum (also known as “wide open throttle”, or WOT). This means either travelling at maximum velocity, or having the transmission out of gear and running the engine at WOT while sitting still in the water.

[0107] These extremes—sitting still or moving at maximum speed—are not always convenient. If the goal is to move the ballast at 100 GPM while the watercraft is under normal operation (i.e. travelling at typical speeds at typical midrange engine RPM's), then the ballast pump(s) must be increased in size to provide the necessary GPM at those lower engine RPM's. And if, as is very often the case, the ballast is to be filled or drained while at idle (for example, in no-wake zones), then the ballast pump(s) can experience an RPM ratio of 10:1 or greater. This extreme variability of engine RPM and its direct relationship to direct-drive ballast pump performance forces compromises in component cost, size, and implementation.

[0108] To accommodate these range-of-RPM challenges, some embodiments of the present disclosure use a clutch to selectively (dis)connect the engine belt/chain pulley/gear to the ballast pump(s). An example of such a clutch is the Warner Electric World Clutch for Accessory Drives (Altra Industrial Motion, 300 Granite Street, Braintree MA 02184, U.S.). The insertion of a clutch between the belt/chain pulley/gear and the ballast pump allows the ballast pump to be selectively powered and depowered based on pumping requirements, thereby minimizing wear on the ballast pump and load on the engine. A clutch also permits the ballast pump to be decoupled if the engine's RPM exceeds the rating of the ballast pump, allowing flexibility in the drive ratio from engine to ballast pump and easing the challenge of sizing the ballast pump to the desired RPM operational range in fixed-ratio watercraft propulsion systems.

[0109] Direct drive ballast pumps thus deliver a substantial improvement over the traditional electrical water pumps discussed earlier. In accordance with example implementations, these pumps may achieve the goals of 1) using the mechanical power of the engine, 2) eliminating intermediate electrical conversion steps, and/or 3) not requiring the hull to be in motion.

[0110] However, the direct-coupled nature of direct drive ballast pumps makes them susceptible to the RPM's of the engine on a moment by moment basis. If direct drive ballast pumps are sized to deliver full volume at maximum engine RPM, they may be inadequate at engine idle. Likewise, if direct drive ballast pumps are sized to deliver full volume at engine idle, they may be overpowerful at higher engine RPM's, requiring all components of the ballast system to be overdesigned.

[0111] Another difficulty with direct drive ballast pumps is the routing of hoses or pipes from the ballast chambers. Requiring the water pumps to be physically mounted to the engine forces significant compromises in the routing of ballast system plumbing. Indeed, it may be impossible to properly arrange for ballast compartment draining if the bottom of a compartment is below the intake of an engine mounted ballast pump. Pumps capable of high volume generally require positive pressure at their inlets and are not designed to develop suction to lift incoming water, while pumps which can develop inlet suction are typically of such low volume that do not satisfy the requirements for prompt ballasting operations.

[0112] Further improvement is thus desirable, to achieve the goals of the present disclosure while eliminating 1) the effect of engine RPM on ballast pumping volume, and/or 2) the physical compromises of engine mounted water pumps. Some embodiments of the present disclosure achieve this, without intermediate electrical conversion steps, by using one or more direct drive hydraulic pumps to convey mechanical power from the engine to remotely located ballast pumps.

[0113] Just because hydraulics are involved may not eliminate the need for ballast pumping power to emanate from the engine. For example, small hydraulic pumps driven by electric motors have been used on some watercraft for low-power applications such as rudder and trim plate positioning. However, just as with the discussions regarding electric ballast pumps above, the intermediate conversion step to and back from electrical power exposes the low-power limitations of these electrically driven hydraulic pumps. Electricity remains a suboptimal way to convey large amounts of mechanical horsepower for pumping ballast.

[0114] For example, the SeaStar AP1233 electrically driven hydraulic pump (SeaStar Solutions, 1 Sierra Place, Litchfield IL 62056, U.S.) is rated at only 0.43 HP, despite being the largest of the models in the product line. Another example is the Raymarine ACU-300 (Raymarine Incorporated, 9 Townsend West, Nashua NH 03063, U.S.) which is rated at just 0.57 HP, again the largest model in the lineup. These electrically driven hydraulic pumps do an admirable job in their intended applications, but they are woefully inadequate for conveying the multiple horsepower necessary for proper watercraft ballast pumping.

[0115] As with electric ballast pumps, even larger electrically driven hydraulic pumps exist such as those used on yachts, tanker ships, container ships, and other ocean-going vessels. The motors on such pumps run on far higher voltages than are available on watercraft, often requiring three phase AC power which is commonly available on such large vessels. These enormous electrically driven hydraulic pumps are obviously beyond the mechanical and electrical capacities of watercraft, and no serious consideration can be given to using them in this context.

[0116] To overcome the above limitations, embodiments of the present disclosure may add one or more hydraulic pumps, mounted on and powered by the engine. The resulting direct drive provides the hydraulic pump with access to the engine's high native horsepower via the elimination of intermediate electrical conversions. The power coupling may be via shaft connection, gear drive, belt/chain drive, or another manner that suits the specifics of the application.

[0117] Referring back to the belt/chain drive approach of FIGS. 2A and 2B reveals one technique of many for powering a hydraulic pump from the engine of a watercraft. In some embodiments, the hydraulic pump can be powered by pulley/gear 130 of FIG. 2B and thus extract power from the engine of the watercraft via the belt/chain used to power other accessories already on the engine.

[0118] As mentioned previously, pumps associated with the present disclosure may be optionally installed to access an engine's accessory drive belt/chain, with a pulley/gear engaging the belt/chain to obtain power from the engine. As noted, however, modern marine engines are often quite tightly packaged with very little free space within their overall envelope of volume.

[0119] Tensioner 121 of FIG. 2A maintains tension on the belt/chain. In addition to the techniques described earlier herein, some embodiments of the present disclosure integrate tensioner 121 with the pump itself. The resulting assembly may be mounted on a spring, sliding-slot, or other adjustment mechanism much like a traditional standalone tensioner, so that the tensioning function may be duplicated by the pulley/gear of the pump. In this manner the volume required by the pump(s) of the present disclosure can repurpose or share the volume otherwise occupied by an existing engine accessory—in this example, tensioner 121.

[0120] For example, FIG. 3 illustrates a tensioner assembly 800. Assembly 800 can include mounting plate 810 configured to attach the tensioner to the engine block or other location, often specified by the engine manufacturer. Tension arm 820 can be pivotally mounted to mounting plate 810 at pivot 830. Tension spring 840 can provide rotation resistance to tension arm 820 with respect to mounting plate 810. Pulley/gear 850 can be rotatably mounted to tension arm 820.

[0121] In use, tensioner assembly 800 of FIG. 3 may engage the belt/chain via pulley/gear 850. Installation of the belt/chain around pulley/gear 850 may be accomplished by rotating tension arm 820 around pivot 830, which may also tighten tension spring 840. Once the belt/chain is engaged by pulley/gear 850, rotation may be relaxed on tension arm 820 which may allow tension spring 840 to maintain pressure on the belt/chain. This configuration may take up slack in the system for example.

[0122] Mounting plate 810, and the location to which it attaches, can establish a mechanical mounting interface. Some embodiments may duplicate the mounting interface of the engine accessory which may be integrated with the pump(s) of the present disclosure. Doing so may minimize alterations required to render the combined accessory compatible with existing engines. The resulting compatibility may allow easier integration of some embodiments into existing engine designs, easing the inclusion of the present disclosure into new watercraft. Additionally, this physical compatibility may provide for retrofitting existing watercraft.

[0123] In some embodiments the fluidic connections to pump(s) combined with other engine accessories may be flexible, such as hydraulic hoses, so the movement inherent to the operation of the tensioner is accommodated by said flexible connections.

[0124] FIG. 4 illustrates an example pump-tensioner assembly 900 that may be implemented as a belt-and-pulley configuration combining a pump 930 with a belt/chain tensioner assembly 800 as used by some embodiments of the present disclosure. Mounting plate 810 is compatible with the physical interface of tensioner assemblies. Housing 910 may enclose tension spring 840 (shown for example in FIG. 3); some tensioner designs have enclosed spring(s), others do not. Tension arm 820 may rotate around pivot 830. Pulley 850 may be rotatably mounted to tension arm 820, and engage belt 920. In some embodiments the engagement or “wrap” angle of belt 920 is 60 degrees or more around pulley 850 to minimize slippage.

[0125] Continuing with FIG. 4, pump 930 may be mounted to tension arm 820. Shaft 940 of pump 930 may be connected to pulley 850 and configured that when pulley 850 is rotated by belt 920, pump 930 is also rotated. Pump 930 may be driven by belt 920. Hydraulic fluid may be conveyed to and from pump 930 by conduits 950 and 960, which are shown in FIG. 4 as flexible hydraulic hoses to accommodate the motion of pump 930 during pivoting of tension arm 820 during both belt/chain installation and normal tensioning movement during operation.

[0126] Example embodiments such as those demonstrated in FIG. 4 thus may take advantage of the existing mounting hardware, pulley/gear, and other aspects of existing engine accessories. The pump(s) of some embodiments thus need not find their own available mounting location, nor space for their own pulley/gear. In some embodiments even the length of the belt/chain need not change: The factory original belt/chain may be used because the size and location of the pulley/gear has not been altered which saves money, reduces stockroom complexity, and further eases integration into new and existing watercraft designs.

[0127] FIG. 4 further illustrates hydraulic pump 930 to the “outside” (the side opposite mounting plate 810) of the tensioner. As noted above, modern marine engines are often quite tightly packaged with very little free space within their overall envelope of volume. The mounting of pump 930 outside this envelope allows some embodiments to derive power from the belt/chain with minimal impact on the overall arrangement of the engine and its accessories. Other embodiments may optionally locate pump 930 on the same side as mounting plate 810, along the length of tension arm 820 with a suitable shaft coupling, or another configuration as is suited to the specifics of the application.

[0128] In some embodiments the diameter of pulley/gear 850 may be kept the same as the original engine accessory. In other embodiments, the diameter of pulley/gear 850 may be changed to alter the drive ratio between belt/chain velocity and the RPM experienced by pump 930.

[0129] As noted above, this technique is not limited to just tensioner 121. Other embodiments of this technique may comprise integrating the pump(s) with different engine accessories such as alternators, cooling or circulation pumps, air conditioning compressors, and the like. Candidates for this technique may include engine-powered accessories where the volume consumed, and/or the communication of power from the engine, may be at least partially combined or shared to reduce overall complexity, reduce overall volume, physically rearrange the components to better use available space, and realize other advantages specific to the application.

[0130] Some other embodiments mount the hydraulic pump away from the engine for reasons including convenience, space availability, or serviceability. In such remote mounted embodiments the aforementioned belt/chain or shaft drives may still be used to convey mechanical power from the engine to the pump. Alternately, another power conveyance technique may be used such as a flexible shaft; connection to Power Take Off (PTO) point on the engine, transmission, or other component of the drivetrain; or another approach as suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0131] One example of such a direct drive hydraulic pump is the Parker Gresen PGG series (Parker Hannifin Corporation, 1775 Logan Avenue, Youngstown OH 44501, U.S.). The shaft of such hydraulic pumps can be equipped with a pulley, gear, direct shaft coupling, or other connection as suits the specifics of the application.

[0132] The power transferred by a hydraulic pump to its load is directly related to the pressure of the pumped hydraulic fluid (commonly expressed in pounds per square inch, or PSI) and the volume of fluid pumped (commonly expressed in gallons per minute, or GPM) by the following equation:
HP=((PSI×GPM)/1714)

[0133] The conveyance of a certain amount of horsepower can be accomplished by trading off pressures versus volumes. For example, to convey 2 HP to a ballast pump as discussed earlier, some embodiments may use a 1200 PSI system. Rearranging the above equation to solve for GPM:
((2 HP×1714)/1200 PSI)=2.86 GPM
and thus a 1200 PSI system would require a hydraulic pump capable of supplying 2.86 gallons per minute of pressurized hydraulic fluid for each ballast pump that requires 2 HP of conveyed power.

[0134] Other embodiments may prefer to emphasize hydraulic pressure over volume, for example to minimize the size of the hydraulic pumps and motors. To convey the same 2 HP as the previous example in a 2400 PSI system, the equation becomes:
((2 HP×1714)/2400 PSI)=1.43 GPM
and the components in the system would be resized accordingly.

[0135] A significant challenge associated with direct mounting of a hydraulic pump on a gasoline marine engine is RPM range mismatch. For a variety of reasons, the vast majority of watercraft use marinized gasoline engines. Such engines have an RPM range of approximately 650-6500, and thus an approximate 10:1 range of maximum to minimum RPM's.

[0136] Hydraulic pumps are designed for an RPM range of 600-3600, or roughly a 6:1 RPM range. Below 600 RPM a hydraulic pump does not operate properly. The 3600 RPM maximum is because hydraulic pumps are typically powered by electric motors and diesel engines. 3600 RPM is a standard rotational speed for electric motors, and most diesel engines have a maximum RPM, or “redline”, at or below 3600 RPM.

[0137] A maximum RPM of 3600 is thus not an issue for hydraulic pumps used in their standard environment of electric motors and diesel engines. But unless the mismatch with high-revving gasoline engines is managed, a watercraft engine will likely overrev, and damage or destroy, a hydraulic pump.

[0138] Some embodiments of the present disclosure restrict the maximum RPM's of the watercraft engine to a safe value for the hydraulic pump. However, since propeller rotation is directly linked to engine RPM, such a so-called “rev limiter” would also reduce the top-end speed of the watercraft. This performance loss may be unacceptable to many manufacturers and owners alike.

[0139] Other embodiments of the present disclosure can reduce the drive ratio between the gasoline engine and the hydraulic pump, using techniques suited to the specifics of the application. For example, the circumference of the pulley/gear for a hydraulic pump driven via a belt/chain can be increased such that the hydraulic pump rotates just once for every two rotations of the gasoline engine, thus yielding a 2:1 reduction. For an engine with a redline of 6500 RPM, the hydraulic pump would thus be limited to a maximum RPM of 3250. While halving the maximum engine RPM's would solve the hydraulic pump's overrevving risk, it would also halve the idle RPM's to below the hydraulic pump's minimum (in these examples, from 650 to 325) and the hydraulic pump would be inoperable when the engine was idling.

[0140] The loss of hydraulic power at engine idle might not be a problem on other types of equipment. But watercraft are often required to operate at “no wake speed”, defined as being in gear (the propeller is turning and providing propulsive power) with the engine at or near idle RPM's. No wake speed is specifically when many watercraft need to fill or drain ballast, so an apparatus or method that cannot fill or drain ballast at no wake speeds is unacceptable.

[0141] Since most watercraft engines have an RPM range around 10:1, a solution is required for those applications where it is neither acceptable to rev-limit the engine nor lose hydraulic power at idle. A preferred technique should provide hydraulic power to the ballast pumps at engine idle, yet not destroy the hydraulic pump with excessive RPM's at full throttle.

[0142] Fortunately, sustained full throttle operation does not occur during the activities for which a watercraft is normally employed (wakesurfing, wakeboarding, waterskiing, kneeboarding, etc.). On a typical wakeboat, the normal speed range for actual watersports activities may be from idle to perhaps 30 MPH—with the latter representing perhaps 4000 RPM. That RPM range would be 650 to 4000, yielding a ratio of roughly 6:1—a ratio compatible with that of hydraulic pumps.

[0143] What is needed, then, is a way to “remove” the upper portion of the engine's 10:1 RPM range, limiting the engine RPM's to the 6:1 range of the hydraulic pump. To accomplish this, some embodiments of the present disclosure use a clutch-type device to selectively couple engine power to the hydraulic pump, and (more specifically) selectively decouple engine power from the hydraulic pump when engine RPM's exceed what is safe for the hydraulic pump. The clutch could be, for example, a Warner Electric World Clutch for Accessory Drives (Altra Industrial Motion, 300 Granite Street, Braintree MA 02184, U.S.) or another clutch-type device that is suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0144] The clutch of these embodiments of the present disclosure allows the “upper portion” of the engine's 10:1 range to be removed from exposure to the hydraulic pump. Once the RPM ranges are thus better matched, an appropriate ratio of engine RPM to hydraulic pump RPM can be effected through the selection of pulley diameters, gear ratios, or other design choices.

[0145] In addition to the integer ratios described earlier, non-integer ratios could be used to better match the engine to the hydraulic pump. For example, a ratio of 1.08:1 could be used to shift the watercraft engine's 650-4000 RPM range to the hydraulic pump's 600-3600 RPM range.

[0146] Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure may combine 1) a clutch's ability to limit the overall RPM ratio with 2) a ratiometric direct drive's ability to shift the limited RPM range to that required by the hydraulic pump. Hydraulic power is available throughout the entire normal operational range of the engine, and the hydraulic pump is protected from overrev damage. The only time ballast pumping is unavailable is when the watercraft is moving at or near its maximum velocity (i.e. full throttle), when watersports participants are not likely to be behind the boat. More importantly, ballast pumping is available when idling, and when watersports participants are likely to be behind the boat (i.e. not at full throttle).

[0147] Another advantage of this embodiment of the present disclosure is that the clutch may be used to selectively decouple the engine from the hydraulic pump when ballast pumping is not required. This minimizes wear on the hydraulic pump and the entire hydraulic system, while eliminating the relatively small, but nevertheless real, waste of horsepower that would otherwise occur from pressurizing hydraulic fluid when no ballast pumping is occurring.

[0148] Some embodiments that incorporate clutches use electrically actuated clutches, where an electrical signal selectively engages and disengages the clutch. When such electric clutches are installed in the engine or fuel tank spaces of a vessel, they often require certification as non-ignition, non-sparking, or explosion-proof devices. Such certified electric clutches do not always meet the mechanical requirements of the application.

[0149] To overcome this limitation, certain embodiments incorporate clutches that are actuated via other techniques such as mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or other non-electric approach. A mechanically actuated clutch, for example, can be controlled via a cable or lever arm. A hydraulically or pneumatically clutch can be controlled via pressurized fluid or air if such is already present on the vessel, or from a small dedicated pump for that purpose if no other source is available.

[0150] The use of non-electrically actuated clutches relieves certain embodiments of the regulatory compliance requirements that would otherwise apply to electrical components in the engine and/or fuel tank spaces. The compatibility of the present disclosure with such clutches also broadens the spectrum of options available to Engineers as they seek to optimize the countless tradeoffs associated with watercraft design.

[0151] A further advantage to this embodiment of the present disclosure is that, unlike direct drive ballast pumps, the power conveyed to the remotely located ballast pumps can be varied independently of the engine RPM. The hydraulic system can be sized to make full power available to the ballast pumps even at engine idle; then, the hydraulic power conveyed to the ballast pumps can be modulated separately from engine RPM's to prevent overpressure and overflow from occurring as engine RPM's increase above idle. In this way, the present disclosure solves the final challenge of conveying full (but not excessive) power to the ballast pumps across the selected operational RPM range of the engine.

[0152] Some embodiments of the present disclosure may use “variable ratio” drive assemblies or systems to convey power from an engine to a load such as a hydraulic pump. Such variable ratio drive assemblies may be used together with, or instead of, a decoupling clutch.

[0153] By way of example, one commonly known variable ratio drive assembly is a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) that has been used in vehicles such as four-wheelers, snowmobiles, and/or golfcarts. Instead of discrete selectable gears (which provide a limited number of fixed drive ratios), CVT's smoothly change their drive ratios based on one or more parameters such as engine RPM, output RPM, vehicle speed, and/or power and/or torque demand. Changes to the drive ratio can be effected via centrifugal force; weights; springs; sensors; controls based on electronics, mechanics, hydraulics, and/or pneumatics; and any combination of these and/or other techniques. The goal of such traditional CVT applications is to smoothly couple an engine with variable RPM's to a vehicle axle whose RPM range may include zero.

[0154] Some embodiments of the present disclosure employ variable ratio drive assemblies to narrow the RPM range experienced by an engine powered load. As just one example, a variable ratio drive assembly may eliminate the need to decouple a load from an engine by narrowing the engine's wider RPM range to a narrower range more suited to the load.

[0155] Variable ratio drive assemblies of the present disclosure may be coupled to an engine at any suitable location which extracts power. This includes but is not limited to front-of-crankshaft, rear-of-crankshaft, a pulley in a belt or chain accessory drive system, a Power Take Off (PTO) on the engine/transmission/powertrain, or another location which suits the specifics of the application. Coupling may be via one or more of shaft, gear, belt, chain, friction disk, or other techniques. On a vehicle, an engine powering a variable ratio drive assembly may also be the vehicle's source of motive energy in some embodiments, while in other embodiments a separate engine may be employed.

[0156] As noted earlier herein, an engine may have an operational range of 650-6500 RPM (10:1) while a hydraulic pump may have an operational RPM range of 600-3600 (6:1). A variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure may adjust its ratio to narrow the engine RPM from its native 10:1 to the 6:1 required by a hydraulic pump without “removing” a portion of the engine's RPM range (and thus making hydraulic power unavailable at times).

[0157] In some embodiments, a variable ratio drive assembly may reduce the variability presented to the load to the point that hydraulic power (which is related to pump RPM) may be nearly constant regardless of engine RPM. At low engine RPM's the variable ratio drive assembly may use a “step-up” ratio above 1:1, and as engine RPM's increase the variable ratio drive assembly may transition to a “step-down” ratio below 1:1, thus normalizing to some extent the RPM's experienced by a hydraulic pump—and the power made available from that pump—regardless of engine speed.

[0158] As just one example, FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of a variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure that, at engine idle of (say) 650 RPM, uses a step-up ratio of 4.6:1. Input shaft 2100, driven by the engine at the present example of 650 RPM, turns driver pulley 2110 to move belt/chain 2120. At this lower engine RPM the effective diameter of driver pulley 2110 is adjusted to be relatively larger, thus increasing the linear velocity of belt/chain 2120.

[0159] Continuing with FIG. 5, the motion of belt/chain 2120 moves driven pulley 2130, whose effective diameter is adjusted inversely to that of driver pulley 2110 in accordance with the length of belt/chain 2120. As one pulley increases its effective diameter, the other reduces its effective diameter. Since at lower RPM's the effective diameter of driver pulley 2110 is larger, the effective diameter of driven pulley 2130 is smaller and output shaft 2140 is rotated faster than input shaft 2100.

[0160] The result, at low engine RPM, is a step-UP ratio that rotates driven pulley 2130 faster than driver pulley 2110. In the present example, the target ratio at an input RPM of 650 may be approximately 4.6:1, meaning that at engine idle, a load coupled to output shaft 2140 would experience input RPM's of (650×4.6=) approximately 3000 RPM.

[0161] As engine RPM's increase the variable ratio drive assembly may transition to lower drive ratios, until at maximum RPM's of (say) 6500 the variable ratio drive assembly may use a step-down ratio of (say) 0.46:1.

[0162] FIG. 6 illustrates this mode of operation for some embodiments of the disclosure. Input shaft 2100, driven by the engine at its redline RPM of 6500, again turns driver pulley 2110 to move belt/chain 2120. At this higher engine RPM the effective diameter of driver pulley 2110 is adjusted to be relatively smaller, thus decreasing the linear velocity of belt/chain 2120 compared with the low/idle engine RPM operating mode of FIG. 5.

[0163] Continuing with FIG. 6, the motion of belt/chain 2120 moves driven pulley 2130. Since at higher RPM's the effective diameter of driver pulley 2110 is smaller, the effective diameter of driven pulley 2130 is larger and output shaft 2140 is rotated slower than input shaft 2100.

[0164] Thus at high engine RPM, a step-DOWN ratio rotates driven pulley 2130 slower than driver pulley 2110. In the present example, the target ratio at an input RPM of 6500 may be approximately 0.46:1, meaning that at engine redline, a load coupled to output shaft 2140 would experience RPM's of (6500×0.46=) approximately 3000 RPM—roughly the same RPM's as at engine idle.

[0165] FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 illustrate extremes of engine RPM range. A variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure may also accommodate intermediate engine RPM's, smoothly adjusting the drive ratio from input shaft 2100 to output shaft 2140. In this way, some embodiments of the present disclosure may drive an engine accessory over a narrower RPM range while the engine crankshaft operates over a wider RPM range.

[0166] Indeed, a load coupled to output shaft 2140 may see a nearly constant input RPM regardless of engine RPM. If, as in some embodiments, the load is a hydraulic pump and the nearly constant pump RPM is held near the maximum design speed of the pump, the hydraulic power available in the system is maximized regardless of the engine RPM. This means full hydraulic power is available at engine idle, engine redline, and in between.

[0167] Some embodiments of the present disclosure may incorporate data from other aspects of watercraft operation to selectively control the variable ratio drive assembly. One example, provided by some embodiments, may use velocity as an indication of the operational mode of the application. When velocity is low or zero, certain hydraulically powered features may not be in use, meaning demands on the hydraulic pump driven by the variable ratio drive assembly may be reduced, and the variable ratio drive assembly may be selectively adjusted accordingly. Some embodiments may consider engine temperature, controlling the variable ratio drive assembly to modulate the power available to the hydraulic pump before the engine warms to its normal operating temperature. Some embodiments may consider demands upon the hydraulic system and modulate the variable ratio drive assembly to optimize the relationship between pressure and flow of the hydraulic oil/fluid out of the hydraulic pump.

[0168] Practical considerations may limit the ability of a variable ratio drive assembly in some embodiments to deliver truly constant RPM's to its load. In some embodiments, for example, there may be a modest dropoff at the end(s) of the engine's RPM range or the output RPM's may not be perfectly linear from idle to redline. Even so, the variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure can significantly improve the consistency of engine powered load performance and make some heretofore impractical applications possible.

[0169] As described above, a variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure is not limited to driving hydraulic pumps. Other engine driven loads may also benefit from higher and/or more consistent RPM power.

[0170] FIG. 7 illustrates one approach to powering loads using the variable ratio drive assembly. Input shaft 2100, driver pulley 2110, belt/chain 2120, driven pulley 2130, and output shaft 2140 are all present. Load 2150 is driven by output shaft 2140. Load 2150 may be a hydraulic pump as described above.

[0171] In some embodiments load 2150 of FIG. 7 may be, for example, an alternator. Alternators typically generate greater electrical power when driven at higher RPM's which means that less electrical power is available in the lower RPM range of engine operation. When powered by a variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure, an alternator may provide a greater and/or more consistent amount of power across a broader range of engine operation. Advantages of such alternator operation may include more rapid recharging of onboard batteries, and the ability to power more electrical loads, at lower engine RPM.

[0172] Load 2150 of FIG. 7 may be a water pump in some embodiments. Many engines employ some method for pumping water as a cooling medium to remove excess engine heat. When such pumps are driven by the engine, their water volume often varies with engine RPM. If an engine is run hard and then idled, the idle-speed water volume may be insufficient to cool the now-hot engine at a desired rate. This problem can be exacerbated by warmer temperatures in the water source (in the case of watercraft, the surrounding lake, river, ocean, etc.), where increased water volume may be needed to offset the reduced capacity of warmer water to carry away excess heat. By driving such water pumps with the variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure, an increased and/or near-constant amount of water can be pumped with less regard to the present RPM of the engine itself. Such water pumps may replace or augment/supplement other water pump(s) already associated with the engine or application.

[0173] When load 2150 is a water pump, engine cooling is not the only potential application. The variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure may be used to power water pumps for watercraft ballasting, livewells, bilge pumping, and other purposes to better abstract pumping volume from engine RPM variations.

[0174] In various embodiments load 2150 of FIG. 7 may be any of a number of types of engine powered accessories. As another example, compressors—such as those used for chilling food or bait storage, or for passenger compartment comfort—must often be oversized to yield sufficient performance at low engine RPM. When powered by the variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure, such engine powered accessories may be better sized and specified to suit the task, rather than to accommodate the widely varying engine speeds. Advantages may include lower cost, higher reliability, increased efficiency (with associated reductions in fuel consumption and emissions), and longer component life due to better matching of those components to the loads involved.

[0175] Embodiments of the variable ratio drive assembly of the present disclosure are not limited to using two adjustable pulleys. Alternative techniques for achieving a variable drive ratio may also be applicable depending upon the specifics of the application. As just one example, a variable ratio drive assembly may comprise one pulley having a variable effective diameter and a second pulley having a traditional fixed diameter. The resulting changes in intershaft spacing as the drive ratio varies may be accommodated by mounting at least one of the pulleys on a support which moves the pulleys relative to each other to maintain appropriate belt tension.

[0176] Complete hydraulic systems may include additional components beyond those specifically discussed herein. Parts such as hoses, fittings, filters, reservoirs, intercoolers, pressure reliefs, and others have been omitted for clarity but such intentional omission should not be interpreted as an incompatibility nor absence. Such components can and will be included as necessary in real-world applications of the present disclosure.

[0177] Conveyance of the hydraulic power from the hydraulic pump to the ballast pumps need not be continuous. Indeed, most embodiments of the present disclosure will benefit from the ability to selectively provide power to the various ballast pumps in the system. One manner of such control, used by some embodiments, is hydraulic valves, of which there are many different types.

[0178] Some embodiments can include full on/full off valves. Other embodiments employ proportional or servo valves where the flow of hydraulic fluid, and thus the power conveyed, can be varied from zero to full. Valves may be actuated mechanically, electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically, or by other techniques depending upon the specifics of the application. Valves may be operated manually (for direct control by the operator) or automatically (for automated control by on-board systems). Some embodiments use valves permitting unidirectional flow of hydraulic fluid, while other embodiments use valves permitting selective bidirectional flow for those applications where direction reversal may be useful.

[0179] Valves may be installed as standalone devices, in which case each valve requires its own supply and return connections to the hydraulic pump. Alternatively, valves are often assembled into a hydraulic manifold whereby a single supply-and-return connection to the hydraulic pump can be selectively routed to one or more destinations. The use of a manifold often reduces the amount of hydraulic plumbing required for a given application. The present disclosure supports any desired technique of valve deployment.

[0180] A manifold of the present disclosure may comprise one or more hydraulic valves, and provision may be made for additional valves to be added to a manifold at a later time. For brevity, descriptions of manifolds herein may apply to manifolds with any number of hydraulic valves.

[0181] Hydraulic connections between a manifold and other components of the hydraulic system (such as filters, reservoirs, coolers, and the like) may include hose, hard tubing, fittings, direct attachment, and any other technique suited to the specifics of the application. In some embodiments multiple types of connections may be used to advantage depending upon component locations and distances.

[0182] In some embodiments, manifolds may comprise processing circuitry to selectively monitor and/or control one or more valves or other features. In some embodiments, manifolds may comprise one or more communication interfaces which enable selective communication with other manifolds, controllers, systems, modules, and/or devices. These interfaces may comprise one or more of the following: Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), NMEA 2000 or similar, any of the various versions of Ethernet, analog voltages and/or currents, any other wired interfaces whether standard or proprietary, optical interfaces, and wireless (sometimes referred to as Radio Frequency or RF) interfaces.

[0183] In some embodiments the processing circuitry may selectively report the status of one or more hydraulic valves via the communication interface. In some embodiments the processing circuitry may selectively control one or more hydraulic valves based upon data transmitted and/or received via the communication interface. In this manner manifolds of the present disclosure may permit the monitoring and/or control of multiple hydraulic valves, and thus multiple hydraulic loads, via shared hydraulic input connections, shared processing circuitry, and/or shared communication interfaces.

[0184] In some embodiments, manifolds may incorporate one or more direct or remote mounted sensors to monitor characteristics of the hydraulic fluid. The characteristics so monitored may include pressure, temperature, flow rate, contamination, and other attributes useful to the specific application. In some embodiments such sensors may communicate with processing circuitry and/or communication interfaces.

[0185] FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of a manifold assembly 1300. At least one hydraulic valve 1310 can receive hydraulic fluid from a hydraulic input or source 1305, and selectively delivers hydraulic fluid to output 1315. The hydraulic input can be considered a chamber configured to be a hydraulic fluid source. The chamber can define a portion of a hydraulic tank, a reservoir, or a manifold assembly intake, for example. The chamber can have at least one conduit or output 1315 in selective fluid communication with the chamber using the at least one valve operatively aligned with the at least one conduit. Processing circuitry can be operatively coupled to the at least one valve to facilitate the selective fluid communication. Hydraulic fluid can be distributed aboard a watercraft by controlling the at least one valve to provide hydraulic fluid from the source, such as a hydraulic pump to one or more hydraulic components.

[0186] The manifolds can include a plurality of conduits such as outputs 1315, 1345, and/or 1355, one or more of which can be in selective fluid communication with the chamber and individual valves 1310, 1340, and 1350 which can be operatively aligned with each of the plurality of conduits. The selective fluid communication of the conduits with the chamber can be selected and/or controlled by opening or closing one or more of the valves of the plurality of valves. Hence, when a conduit is in fluid communication the valve is open or at least partially open. Alternative implementations of the present disclosure can include separating valves and/or conduits with additional conduits that can be considered part of the chamber or hydraulic fluid source. A hydraulic pump can be considered a hydraulic fluid source and the valves and/or conduits can be connected via one or more of hoses, hard tubing, fittings, and/or direct attachments. The connections can be operatively engaged with one or more of hydraulic fluid filters, hydraulic fluid reservoirs, and/or hydraulic fluid coolers, for example.

[0187] Processing circuitry 1320 receives power via power input 1325, and selectively controls power to the valve(s) of the manifold. Processing circuitry 1320 may also monitor the status of the valve(s) of the manifold.

[0188] Sensor input(s) 1335 may be used to interact with sensors and/or transducers not shown but that may be mounted directly to, or remotely from, manifold 1300. Example sensor inputs can be in operable communication with the processing circuitry where the measurements from same can be displayed and/or used to dictate valve and/or flow configurations through the manifold assembly to hydraulic components.

[0189] Communication interface(s) 1330 may be used to selectively communicate with other devices. For example, data received via communication interface(s) 1330 may instruct processing circuitry 1320 to control valve(s) in the manifold. Data transmitted via communication interface(s) 1330 may report on the status of one or more valve(s) in the manifold or one or more sensor(s) connected via sensor input(s) 1335.

[0190] In embodiments of manifold 1300 which incorporate multiple hydraulic valves, additional valve 1340 with its corresponding output 1345 may be present to provide a second selectively controllable output. Likewise, additional valve 1350 with its corresponding output 1355 may be present to provide a third selectively controllable output. Yet further valves may be added to a manifold in this manner as dictated by the specifics of the application. Regardless of the number of valves, processing circuitry 1320 may selectively control some or all valves in the manifold autonomously, in reaction to data on communication interface(s) 1330, in reaction to data on sensor input(s) 1335, or any combination.

[0191] The assembly can include the communication interface operatively coupled to the processing circuitry. The communication interface can be operatively configured to engage one or more of Controller Area Network, Local Interconnect Network, NMEA, Ethernet, analog, optical, and/or wireless communications.

[0192] The processing circuitry can also be operatively engaged with one or more of the sensors that are configured to measure one or more of pressure, temperature, flow rate, and/or contamination of the hydraulic fluid.

[0193] Hydraulic fluid is not limited to generating rotary power via hydraulic motors, and some embodiments of the present disclosure use hydraulic fluid to operate other types of loads. For example, as mentioned above hydraulic cylinders can convert power from hydraulic fluid to linear and/or reciprocal motion. Such motion is suitable for a wide variety of applications such as opening and closing hatch covers, raising and lowering watercraft towers, and positioning trim tabs. In many such applications the amount of power required can be quite high, and the use of hydraulic power instead of traditional electrical power can yield similar advantages to that obtained from hydraulic power in ballast pumping as described earlier herein. The present disclosure may be used with any type of hydraulic load, and the various hydraulic components may be scaled in size and power, as is suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0194] An example embodiment employing a hydraulic cylinder, in this case to raise and lower a watercraft tower, is shown in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B. FIG. 12A is a simplified illustration of a wakeboat with its tower in a raised (“working”) position. Hull 1405 supports tower 1410, which has a pivot point 1415 allowing tower 1410 to rotate to an upright position as positioned by hydraulic cylinder 1420. In some embodiments, the locations of hydraulic cylinder 1420 and pivot point 1415, and the mounting location and maximum height of tower 1410, may be changed for functional, aesthetic, and/or other reasons.

[0195] FIG. 12B is a simplified illustration of the watercraft with tower 1410 in a lowered (“storage”) position. Hydraulic cylinder 1420 has altered its overall length, causing tower 1410 to rotate around pivot point 1415 and reduce the height of tower 1410 above hull 1405 (and, thus, the overall height of the watercraft). As noted above, the locations and mounting of the various components may be changed based upon various considerations; for example, in some embodiments the position of hydraulic cylinder 1420 may be lowered in the hull, and/or its size changed, to permit tower 1410 to be positioned to an even lower “storage” position to facilitate passage under low bridges, storage in buildings with short access doors, reduced drag during transport on a trailer, and other advantages. The design of tower 1410, its pivot point 1415, and other characteristics may also be modified to optimize for the specifics of the application in some embodiments, for example employing articulated joints in tower 1410 to “fold” tower 1410 as it descends to the “storage” position.

[0196] In some embodiments the hydraulic cylinder(s) of the present disclosure may be positioned anywhere in their overall range of travel, to obtain intermediate positioning of the associated movable components. To continue with the watercraft tower example above, hydraulic cylinder 1420 need not be used solely in its fully retracted or fully extended positions. Selectively, hydraulic cylinder 1420 may be positioned at an intermediate length to position tower 1410 at a “middle” height perhaps preferred by some passengers aboard the watercraft.

[0197] Another hydraulic component to be operatively coupled with the hydraulic fluid can be a hydraulic motor, such as the motor that drives a ballast pump. Other embodiments may use such hydraulic motors to power bilge pumps, winches, and similar loads where rotational motion is preferable to linear motion.

[0198] It is important to emphasize the differences between electric and hydraulic motors, as this highlights one of the many advantages of the present disclosure. A typical 2 HP electric motor is over a foot long, over half a foot in diameter, and weighs nearly 50 pounds. In stark contrast, a typical 2 HP hydraulic motor such as the Parker Gresen MGG20010 (Parker Hannifin Corporation, 1775 Logan Avenue, Youngstown OH 44501, U.S.) is less than four inches long, less than four inches in diameter, and weighs less than three pounds.

[0199] Stated another way: A 2 HP electric motor is large, awkward, heavy, and cumbersome. But a 2 HP hydraulic motor can literally be held in the palm of one hand.

[0200] The weight and volumetric savings of hydraulic motors is multiplied by the number of motors required in the ballast system. In a typical system with a fill and a drain pump on two large ballast compartments, four 2 HP electric motors would consume over 1700 cubic inches and weigh approximately 200 pounds. Meanwhile, four of the above 2 HP hydraulic motors would consume just 256 cubic inches (a 85% savings) and weigh under 12 pounds (a 94% savings). By delivering dramatic savings in both volume and weight, hydraulic embodiments of the present disclosure give watercraft designers vastly more flexibility in their design decisions.

[0201] With hydraulic power converted to mechanical power, hydraulic embodiments of the present disclosure must next use that mechanical power to drive the ballast pumps that actually move the ballast water.

[0202] The watercraft industry has experimented with many different types of ballast pumps in its pursuit of better ballast systems. The two most prominent types are referred to as “impeller” pumps and “aerator” pumps.

[0203] “Impeller pumps”, also known as “flexible vane impeller pumps”, can include a rotating impeller with flexible vanes that form a seal against an enclosing volute. The advantages of such pumps include the potential to self-prime even when above the waterline, tolerance of entrained air, ability to operate bidirectionally, and inherent protection against unintentional through-flow. Their disadvantages include higher power consumption for volume pumped, noisier operation, wear and periodic replacement of the flexible impeller, and the need to be disassembled and drained to avoid damage in freezing temperatures.

[0204] One such impeller pump body product line is the Johnson F35B, F4B, F5B, F7B, F8B, and related series (Johnson Pump/SPX Flow, 5885 11th Street, Rockford IL 61109 United States). Using the F8B as an example, the pump body can be driven by the shaft of a small hydraulic motor such as that as described above. The resulting pump assembly then presents a 1.5 inch water inlet and a 1.5 inch water outlet through which water will be moved when power is conveyed from the engine, through the hydraulic pump, thence to the hydraulic motor, and finally to the water pump.

[0205] “Aerator pumps”, also known as “centrifugal pumps”, can include a rotating impeller that maintains close clearance to, but does not achieve a seal with, an enclosing volute. The advantages of such pumps include higher flow volume for power consumed, quieter operation, no regular maintenance during the life of the pump, and a reduced need for freezing temperature protection. Their disadvantages include difficulty or inability to self-prime, difficulty with entrained air, unidirectional operation, and susceptibility to unintentional through-flow.

[0206] Hydraulic embodiments of the present disclosure are compatible with both impeller and aerator pumps. Indeed, they are compatible with any type of pump for which hydraulic power can be converted to the mechanical motion required. This can include but is not limited to piston-like reciprocal motion and linear motion. In most watercraft applications, this will be rotational motion which can be provided by a hydraulic motor mechanically coupled to a pump “body” comprising the water-handling components.

[0207] As noted earlier, existing ballast pumps used by the wakeboat industry have flow volumes well below the example 100 GPM goal expressed earlier. Indeed, there are few flexible vane impeller style pumps for any industry that can deliver such volumes. When the required volume reaches these levels, centrifugal pumps become the practical and space efficient choice and this discussion will focus on centrifugal pumps. However, this in no way limits the application of the present disclosure to other types of pumps; ultimately, moving large amounts of water is a power conveyance challenge and the present disclosure can answer that challenge for any type of pump.

[0208] The low-volume centrifugal (or aerator) pumps traditionally used by the wakeboat industry have integrated electric motors for convenience and ignition proofing. Fortunately, the pump manufacturing industry offers standalone (i.e. motorless) centrifugal pump “bodies” in sizes capable of satisfying the goals of the present disclosure.

[0209] One such centrifugal pump product line includes the 150 PO at ˜50 GPM, the 200 PO at ˜100 GPM, and 300 PO at ˜240 GPM (Banjo Corporation, 150 Banjo Drive, Crawfordsville Ind, 47933, U.S.). Using the 200 PO as an example, the pump body can be driven by the shaft of a small hydraulic motor such as that as described above. The resulting pump assembly then presents a two inch water inlet and a two inch water outlet through which water will be moved when power is conveyed from the engine, through the hydraulic pump, thence to the hydraulic motor, and finally to the water pump.

[0210] For a ballast system using centrifugal pumps, generally two such pumps will be required per ballast compartment: A first for filling the compartment, and a second for draining it. FIG. 8 portrays one embodiment of the present disclosure using an engine mounted, direct drive hydraulic pump with remotely mounted hydraulic motors and separate fill and drain ballast pumps. The example locations of the ballast compartments, the fill pumps, and the drain pumps in FIG. 8 match those of other figures herein for ease of comparison and reference, but water plumbing has been omitted for clarity.

[0211] In FIG. 8, watercraft 300 includes an engine 362 that, in addition to providing power for traditional purposes, powers hydraulic pump 364. Hydraulic pump 364 selectively converts the rotational energy of engine 362 to pressurized hydraulic fluid.

[0212] Hydraulic lines 370, 372, 374, and others in FIG. 8 can include supply and return lines for hydraulic fluid between components of the system. Hydraulic lines in this and other figures in this disclosure may include stiff metal tubing (aka “hardline”), flexible hose of various materials, or other material(s) suitable for the specific application. For convenience, many watercraft installations employing the present disclosure will use flexible hose and thus the figures illustrate their examples as being flexible.

[0213] Continuing with FIG. 8, hydraulic lines 372 convey hydraulic fluid between hydraulic pump 364 and hydraulic manifold 368. Hydraulic manifold 368 can be an assembly of hydraulic valves and related components that allow selective routing of hydraulic fluid between hydraulic pump 364 and the hydraulic motors powering the ballast pumps.

[0214] Hydraulic-powered filling and draining of ballast compartment 305 will be referenced by way of example for further discussion. Similar operations would, of course, be available for any other ballast compartments in the system.

[0215] Remaining with FIG. 8, when it is desired to fill ballast compartment 305, the appropriate valve(s) in hydraulic manifold 368 are opened. Pressurized hydraulic fluid thus flows from hydraulic pump 364, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 372, through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passages(s) that is part of hydraulic manifold 368, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 374, and finally to the hydraulic motor powering fill pump 325 (whose ballast water plumbing has been omitted for clarity).

[0216] In this manner, mechanical engine power is conveyed to fill pump 325 with no intervening, wasteful, and expensive conversion to or from electric power.

[0217] Exhaust hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic motor of fill pump 325 flows through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 374, continues through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passage(s) that are part of hydraulic manifold 368, through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 372, and finally back to hydraulic pump 364 for repressurization and reuse. In this manner, a complete hydraulic circuit is formed whereby hydraulic fluid makes a full “round trip” from the hydraulic pump, through the various components, to the load, and back again to the hydraulic pump.

[0218] As noted elsewhere herein, some common components of a hydraulic system, including but not limited to filters and reservoirs and oil coolers, have been omitted for the sake of clarity. It is to be understood that such components would be included as desired in a functioning system.

[0219] Draining operates in a similar manner as filling. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the appropriate valve(s) in hydraulic manifold 368 are opened. Pressurized hydraulic fluid is thus provided from hydraulic pump 364, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 372, through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passages(s) that are part of hydraulic manifold 368, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 370, and finally to the hydraulic motor powering drain pump 345 (whose ballast water plumbing has been omitted for clarity).

[0220] In this manner, mechanical engine power is conveyed to drain pump 345 with no intervening, wasteful, and expensive conversion to or from electric power.

[0221] Exhaust hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic motor of drain pump 345 flows through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 370, continues through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passage(s) that are part of hydraulic manifold 368, thence through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 372, and finally back to hydraulic pump 364 for repressurization and reuse. Once again, a complete hydraulic circuit is formed whereby hydraulic fluid makes a full “round trip” from the hydraulic pump, through the various components, to the load, and back again to the hydraulic pump. Engine power thus directly drives the drain pump to remove ballast water from the ballast compartment.

[0222] For a typical dual centrifugal pump implementation, the first pump (which fills the compartment) has its inlet fluidly connected to a throughhull fitting that permits access to the body of water surrounding the hull of the watercraft. Its outlet is fluidly connected to the ballast compartment to be filled. The ballast compartment typically has a vent near its top to allow air to 1) escape from the compartment during filling, 2) allow air to return to the compartment during draining, and 3) allow excessive water to escape from the compartment in the event of overfilling.

[0223] In some embodiments, this fill pump's outlet connection is near the bottom of the ballast compartment. In these cases, a check valve or other unidirectional flow device may be employed to prevent unintentional backflow through the pump body to the surrounding water.

[0224] In other embodiments, the fill pump's outlet connection is near the top of the ballast compartment, often above the aforementioned vent such that the water level within the compartment will drain through the vent before reaching the level pump outlet connection. This configuration can prevent the establishment of a syphon back through the fill pump body while eliminating the need for a unidirectional flow device, saving both the cost of the device and the flow restriction that generally accompanies them.

[0225] Centrifugal pumps often require “priming”, i.e. a certain amount of water in their volute, to establish a flow of water when power is first applied. For this reason, some embodiments of the present disclosure locate the fill pump's inlet below the waterline of the hull. Since “water finds its own level”, having the inlet below the waterline causes the fill pump's volute to naturally fill from the surrounding water.

[0226] However, certain throughhull fittings and hull contours can cause a venturi effect which tends to vacuum, or evacuate, the water backwards out of a fill pump's throughhull and volute when the hull is moving. If this happens, the fill pump may not be able to self-prime and normal ballast fill operation may be impaired. Loss of pump prime is a persistent problem faced by the watercraft industry and is not specific to the present disclosure.

[0227] To solve the priming problem, some embodiments of the present disclosure selectively route a portion of the engine cooling water to an opening in the pump body, thus keeping the pump body primed whenever the engine is running. In accordance with example implementations, one or more pumps can be operatively associated with the engine via water lines. FIG. 8 depicts one such water line 380 conveying water from engine 362 to ballast pump 335 (for clarity, only a single water line to a single ballast pump is shown). If a venturi or other effect causes loss of water from the pump body, the engine cooling water will constantly refill the pump body until its fill level reaches its inlet, at which point the excess will exit to the surrounding body of water via the inlet throughhull. If no loss of water from the pump body occurs, the engine cooling water will still exit via the inlet throughhull.

[0228] This priming technique elegantly solves the ballast pump priming problem whether a priming problem actually exists or not, under varying conditions, with no user intervention or even awareness required. The amount of water required is small, so either fresh (cool) or used (warm) water from the engine cooling system may be tapped depending upon the specifics of the application and the recommendation of the engine manufacturer. Water used for priming in this manner drains back to the surrounding body of water just as it does when it otherwise passes through the engine's exhaust system.

[0229] Other embodiments obtain this pump priming water from alternative sources, such as a small electric water pump. This is useful when engine cooling water is unavailable or inappropriate for pump priming, such as when the engine has a “closed” cooling system that does not circulate fresh water from outside. The source of priming water may be from the water surrounding the hull, one or more of the ballast compartments, a freshwater tank aboard the vessel, a heat exchanger for the engine or other component, or another available source specific to the application. FIG. 8 depicts such a water pump 382, providing priming water via water line 384 to pump 340 (for clarity, only a single water line to a single ballast pump is shown).

[0230] In certain embodiments, a check valve or other unidirectional flow device is installed between the source of the priming water and the opening in the pump body. For example, engine cooling system pressures often vary with RPM and this valve can prevent backflow from the ballast water to the engine cooling water.

[0231] Some embodiments incorporate the ability to selectively enable and disable this flow of priming water to the ballast pump. This can be useful if, for example, the arrangement of ballast compartments, hoses, and other components is such that the pressurized priming water might unintentionally flow into a ballast compartment, thus changing its fill level. In such cases the priming function can be selectively enabled and disabled as needed. This selective operation may be accomplished in a variety of ways, such as electrically (powering and/or depowering a dedicated electric water pump), mechanically (actuating a valve), or other means as suited to the specifics of the application.

[0232] The second pump in the dual centrifugal pump example (which drains the compartment) has its inlet fluidly connected to the ballast compartment to be drained. Its outlet is fluidly connected to a throughhull fitting that permits disposal of drained ballast water to the outside of the hull of the watercraft.

[0233] Some embodiments of the present disclosure locate this drain pump's inlet connection near the bottom of the ballast compartment. The pump body is generally oriented such that it is kept at least partially filled by the water to be potentially drained from the compartment, thus keeping the pump body primed. In some embodiments where such a physical arrangement is inconvenient, the fill pump priming technique described above may be optionally employed with the drain pump.

[0234] The present disclosure is not limited to using two centrifugal pumps per ballast compartment. As noted earlier, other pump styles exist and the present disclosure is completely compatible with them. For example, some embodiments of the present disclosure may use a single reversible impeller pump body to both fill and drain a ballast compartment instead of two separate centrifugal pumps for fill and drain. Most hydraulic motors can be driven bidirectionally, so powering a reversible pump body in either the fill or drain direction is supported by the present disclosure if suitable hydraulic motors are employed.

[0235] FIG. 9 portrays one embodiment of the present disclosure using an engine mounted, direct drive hydraulic pump with remotely mounted hydraulic motors and a single reversible fill/drain ballast pump per compartment. The example locations of the ballast compartments, the fill pumps, and the drain pumps in FIG. 9 match those of other figures herein for ease of comparison and reference, but water plumbing has been omitted for clarity.

[0236] In FIG. 9, watercraft 400 includes an engine 462 that, in addition to providing power for traditional purposes, powers hydraulic pump 464. Hydraulic pump 464 selectively converts the rotational energy of engine 462 to pressurized hydraulic fluid.

[0237] Hydraulic lines 472, 474, and others in FIG. 9 can include supply and return lines for hydraulic fluid between components of the system. Hydraulic lines 472 convey hydraulic fluid between hydraulic pump 464 and hydraulic manifold 468. Hydraulic manifold 468, as introduced earlier, is an assembly of hydraulic valves and related components that allow selective routing of hydraulic fluid between hydraulic pump 464 and the hydraulic motors powering the ballast pumps. Unlike hydraulic manifold 368 of FIG. 8, however, hydraulic manifold 468 of FIG. 9 can include bidirectional valves that selectively allow hydraulic fluid to flow in either direction.

[0238] Hydraulic-powered filling and draining of ballast compartment 405 will be used for further discussion. Similar operations would, of course, be available for any other ballast compartments in the system.

[0239] Remaining with FIG. 9: When it is desired to fill ballast compartment 405, the appropriate valve(s) in hydraulic manifold 468 are opened. Pressurized hydraulic fluid thus flows in the “fill” direction from hydraulic pump 464, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 472, through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passages(s) that is part of hydraulic manifold 468, through the supply line that is part of hydraulic line 474, and finally to the hydraulic motor powering reversible pump (RP) 425, whose ballast water plumbing has been omitted for clarity.

[0240] Since hydraulic manifold 468 is providing flow to reversible pump 425 in the fill direction, reversible pump 425 draws water from the surrounding body of water and moves it to ballast compartment 405. In this manner, mechanical engine power is conveyed to the hydraulic motor powering reversible pump 425 with no intervening, wasteful conversion to or from electric power.

[0241] Exhaust hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic motor powering reversible pump 425 flows through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 474, continues through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passage(s) that are part of hydraulic manifold 468, through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 472, and finally back to hydraulic pump 464 for repressurization and reuse.

[0242] During draining with a single reversible ballast pump per compartment, the same hydraulic line 474 is used but the flow directions are reversed. Continuing with FIG. 9, the appropriate valve(s) in hydraulic manifold 468 are opened. Pressurized hydraulic fluid thus flows from hydraulic manifold 468—but in this case, in the opposite direction from that used to power reversible pump 425 in the fill direction.

[0243] Thus the roles of the supply and return lines that are part of hydraulic line 474 are reversed from those during filling. When draining, the hydraulic fluid from hydraulic manifold 468 flows toward the hydraulic motor powering reversible pump 425 via what was, during filling, the return line that is part of hydraulic line 474. Likewise, exhaust hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic motor powering reversible pump 425 flows through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 474, continues through the open hydraulic valve(s) and/or passage(s) that are part of hydraulic manifold 468, thence through the return line that is part of hydraulic line 472, and finally back to hydraulic pump 464 for repressurization and reuse.

[0244] Once again, a complete hydraulic circuit is formed whereby hydraulic fluid makes a full “round trip” from the hydraulic pump, through the various components, to the load, and back again to the hydraulic pump. When employing reversible ballast pumps, however, the direction of hydraulic fluid flow in supply and return lines that are part of hydraulic line 474 reverses depending upon which direction the ballast pump is intended to move water.

[0245] Some embodiments of the present disclosure use one or more ballast pumps to move water between different ballast compartments. Adding one or more “cross pumps” in this manner can dramatically speed adjustment of ballast.

[0246] FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment. Once again, engine 562 provides power to hydraulic pump 564, which provides pressurized hydraulic fluid to hydraulic manifold 568. Ballast pump 576, a reversible ballast pump powered by a hydraulic motor, has one of its water ports fluidly connected to ballast compartment 505. The other of its water ports is fluidly connected to ballast compartment 510. Rotation of pump 576 in one direction will move water from ballast compartment 805 to ballast compartment 510; rotation of pump 576 in the other direction will move water in the other direction, from ballast compartment 510 to ballast compartment 505.

[0247] Operation closely parallels that of the other reversible pumps in previous examples. When hydraulic manifold 568 allows hydraulic fluid to flow through hydraulic line 582 to the hydraulic motor powering ballast pump 576, pump 576 will move water in the associated direction between the two ballast compartments. When hydraulic manifold 568 can be configured to direct hydraulic fluid to flow through hydraulic line 582 in the opposite direction, the hydraulic motor powering pump 576 will rotate in the opposite direction and pump 576 will move water in the opposite direction.

[0248] Other embodiments of the present disclosure accomplish the same cross pumping by using two unidirectional pumps, each with its inlet connected to the same ballast compartment as the other pump's outlet. By selective powering of the hydraulic motor powering the desired ballast pump, water is transferred between the ballast compartments.

[0249] Some embodiments of the present disclosure include a traditional electric ballast pump as a secondary drain pump for a ballast compartment. This can provide an electrical backup to drain the compartment should engine power be unavailable. The small size of such pumps can also permit them to be mounted advantageously to drain the final portion of water from the compartment, affording the watercraft designer more flexibility in arranging the components of the overall system.

[0250] Some embodiments of the present disclosure include the ability to detect fluid in the ballast plumbing. This can act as a safety mechanism, to ensure that ballast draining operations are proceeding as intended. It can also help synchronize on-board systems with actual ballast filling and draining, since there can be some delay between the coupling of power to a ballast pump and the start of actual fluid flow. The flow sensor can be, for example, a traditional inline impeller-style flow sensor; this type of sensor may also yield an indication of volume.

[0251] Some embodiments of the present disclosure use one or more ballast pumps to act as side (or lateral) thrusters. Much like high volume ballast pumps, side thrusters can consume large amounts of power to move water. Traditional side thrusters typically require extremely high electrical current flows reminiscent of those associated with the electrical ballast pumps discussed above, for the same reasons, and with the same associated problems. Traditional side thrusters are also often mounted externally on the hull (typically at or near the transom) where they are exposed to damage and represent an injury hazard to those in the water, or mounted in a tube through the hull which may detract from the latter's hydrodynamic performance, structural integrity, and/or manufacturing cost efficiencies.

[0252] Despite the problems and challenges associated with extreme electrical requirements, some thrusters nevertheless employ multi-horsepower electric motors to drive large water pumps. For example, US Marine Products (141 Seaview Avenue, Bass River MA 02664 United States) offers a series of thrusters of which their JT30 is the smallest and most “compact”. Despite its “small” size, the JT30 requires 480 amperes of current at 12VDC, or nearly 6000 watts of electric power. As noted elsewhere herein, such power levels are far beyond those found on traditional watercraft. Such watercraft also generally lack the very expensive cabling and switching components required to manage such currents even if they were available.

[0253] Ultimately, the goal of a side thruster is to move water laterally relative to the hull to apply a sideways force to the hull. Some embodiments of the present disclosure accomplish this goal by using a hydraulically powered ballast (water) pump to propel a jet or stream of water to one side or the other of the hull. In some embodiments, this sideways force may be used to rotate the hull in the water. In some embodiments, this sideways force may be used to “shift” the hull laterally in the water.

[0254] FIGS.13A and 13B illustrate at least one boat propulsion assembly in accordance with one embodiment. Hydraulically powered water pump 1020 (hereinafter referred to as thruster pump 1020) can be mounted within boat hull 1010. The pump can be reversible as depicted in FIG. 13A; in other implementations, the pump can be unidirectional. One port 1022 of thruster pump 1010 can be operably connected to conduit 1030. The other end of conduit 1030 is connected to throughhull fitting 1040 on one side of hull 1010 (in FIG. 13A, the left/port side) near transom 1070, for example. The other port 1024 of thruster pump 1020 can be connected to conduit 1050, whose other end can be connected to throughhull fitting 1060 on the other side of hull 1010 (in FIG. 13A, the right/starboard side) near transom 1070. Accordingly, a water pump (including a hydraulically powered water pump) can be operatively coupled to a first conduit in fluid communication with one portion of the hull of the boat. In accordance with other implementations, the other conduit can be coupled to a water source, either in or outside the hull.

[0255] As shown in more detail, the water source for the pump can be the water floating the boat as shown in FIG. 13B, as well as other sources, such as, for example, a ballast container within the hull of the boat or engine/exhaust cooling water. In accordance with example implementations, throughhull fittings can be aligned below the lowest draft water line of the hull of the boat to ensure that the fitting is in fluid communication with the surrounding water when floating.

[0256] Various embodiments use flexible hose, rigid hose, tubing, pipe, or other materials, alone or in combinations, for conduits 1030 and 1050. Any suitable conduit may be used as suits the specifics of the application.

[0257] With the conduits and throughhulls as described, thruster pump 1020 has the ability to draw water from one side of the hull and express it to the other. The lateral force of the expressed water, occurring near transom 1070 and thus distant from the center of mass of hull 1010, causes hull 1010 to rotate in the direction opposite that of the expelled water, thus propelling the boat. In accordance with other implementations, water can be drawn from the same side of the boat, from below the hull of the boat, or from within the boat and expressed to propel the boat.

[0258] For example, if thruster pump 1020 is powered to draw water from throughhull 1040, through conduit 1030, through conduit 1050, and thus express the water out of throughhull 1060, the resulting lateral force will move transom 1070 to the left (toward the left/port side of hull 1010) and hull 1010 will rotate counterclockwise as represented by arrow 1034 in FIG. 13A.

[0259] Conversely, if thruster pump 1020 is powered to draw water from throughhull 1060, through conduit 1050, through conduit 1030, and thus express the water out of throughhull 1040, the resulting lateral force will move transom 1070 to the right (toward the right/starboard side of hull 1010) and hull 1010 will rotate clockwise as represented by arrow 1032 in FIG. 13A.

[0260] In some embodiments thruster pump 1020 is mounted within hull 1010 as illustrated by FIG. 13A. This protects both thruster pump 1020, and swimmers who may be in the water surrounding the boat, as compared to some traditional side thrusters which are mounted external to hull 1010. In some embodiments, it may still be desirable to mount thruster pump 1020 external to hull 1010, or in a location distant from throughhulls 1040 and 1060 with longer conduits, and the present disclosure supports such configurations.

[0261] In some embodiments throughhulls 1040 and 1060 may be located toward the front/bow of hull 1020 when such configurations are suitable for the specifics of the application. In some embodiments multiple thrusters of the present disclosure may be installed in multiple locations of hull 1010 for increased thrust, redundancy, accommodation of varying waterlines due to ballasting, and/or other factors.

[0262] FIG. 14 illustrates another boat propulsion assembly according to an embodiment of the disclosure that can include at least a pair of unidirectional pumps. Pump 1115 (such as a hydraulically powered water pump) can be mounted within hull 1110. Intake port 1022 of pump 1115 can be connected to throughhull fitting 1125 by conduit 1020. Output port 1024 of pump 1115 can be connected to throughhull 1135 by conduit 1030. Thus, pump 1115 may draw water from the left/port side of hull 1110 and express it on the right/starboard side of hull 1110, imparting a clockwise rotation 1032 to hull 1115 from the overhead perspective FIG. 14.

[0263] Continuing with FIG. 14, pump 1150 can be mounted within hull 1110. Intake port 1026 of pump 1150 can be connected to throughhull 1170 by conduit 1165. Output port 1028 of pump 1150 can be connected to throughhull 1160 by conduit 1155. Thus pump 1150 may draw water from the right/starboard side of hull 1110 and express it on the left/port side of hull 1110, imparting a counterclockwise rotation 1034 to hull 1115 as viewed from the overhead perspective FIG. 14.

[0264] While FIG. 14 shows the thruster pumps drawing water from the side of the hull, the present disclosure does not require such a configuration. Indeed, some embodiments may locate their intakes in other, locations including on the bottom of hull 1110 or on transom 1190 as best suits the specifics of the application. Internal sources of water, such as ballast compartments or engine cooling/exhaust water, may also be used. The present disclosure may accommodate any suitable source of water.

[0265] An advantage of some embodiments of the present disclosure is the ability to apply lateral thrust to a hull without attaching the thruster to the exterior of the hull nor requiring a tube through the hull. Instead, the intake and output ports of some embodiments can be similar to traditional “throughhulls” in the marine industry, which are typically installed using simple round openings molded or cut into the hull. Such throughhull techniques have evolved over the decades to minimize deleterious effects on hydrodynamic performance and structural integrity, while easing manufacturing and waterproofing concerns. Such advantages cannot be asserted by thrusters which are mounted externally or within large tube-like penetrations through the hull.

[0266] Another advantage of some embodiments is increased design and manufacturing flexibility for watercraft Engineers. Embodiments which employ throughhull techniques and flexible fluid conduits of the present disclosure are less constrained with respect to the location and mounting of thruster components such as motors and pumps. While externally mounted thrusters must (by definition) mount to the outside of the hull, and while tube-enclosed thrusters require a solid, straight-through tubular penetration of the hull in the desired location of the thruster, some embodiments of the present disclosure afford watercraft Engineers the flexibility to locate the thruster ports for best performance without necessarily dictating the specific locations of other components of the thruster system.

[0267] Some embodiments integrate the side thrusters with other subsystems. For example, the intake and exhaust throughhulls of a ballast system may be arranged in the hull such that the ballast pumps can also serve as thruster pumps via selective operation. Referring to FIG. 14 again, if exhaust throughhulls 1135 and 1160 are selectively operated simultaneously, a net zero lateral force may be realized and hull 1110 may experience no net rotational force. Conversely, if one or the other of exhaust throughhulls 1135 and 1160 are operated alone, or more powerfully than the other, a net nonzero lateral force may result and hull 1110 may thus be rotated in either direction.

[0268] Other subsystems, such as the steering apparatus of the watercraft, may also benefit from integration with the thruster of the present disclosure.

[0269] The use of multiple thrusters allows the hull to be “shifted” sideways while optionally minimizing forward and rearward movement in the water. FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment employing dual thrusters with one located toward the front/fore and one located toward the rear/aft. Operation of front/fore assembly including pump 1340 and rear/aft assembly including pump 1315 can be consistent with the operation of the assemblies of FIGS. 13A and 13B. However, the presence of two assemblies—and their locations relatively toward the front/fore (thruster 1340) and rear/aft (thruster 1315)—can provide for more complex hull movements than single thruster embodiments.

[0270] For example, if both pump 1315 and pump 1340 are powered to express water out of throughhulls 1325 and 1350 on the left/port side, hull 1310 will experience a relative lateral thrust 1382 shifting it to the right/starboard. Likewise, if both pump 1315 and pump 1340 are powered to express water out of throughhulls 1335 and 1360 on the right/starboard side, hull 1310 will experience a relative lateral thrust 1384 shifting it to the left/port.

[0271] Some embodiments may selectively modulate the power to pumps 1315 and 1340 to minimize rotation of hull 1310 during such a lateral shift. Some embodiments may intentionally cause the power to pumps 1315 and 1340 to be dissimilar, to achieve a combination of lateral shift and rotation. Some embodiments may operate pumps 1315 and 1340 in opposite directions to rotate hull 1310 faster than possible with a single pump.

[0272] Some embodiments apply the aforementioned partial or full automation to a multiple propulsion assembly configuration. For example, yaw information from sensing and processing 1380 may be used to selectively modulate the power to pumps 1315 and 1340 to maintain orientation of hull 1380, thereby minimizing unintended rotation while the watercraft operator focuses on performing a lateral shift.

[0273] To illustrate one use case of the assemblies of the present disclosure, FIG. 16 shows the effects on hull 2000 when stern assemblies are activated. When a stern pump creates thrust to the right (starboard), the stern of hull 2000 moves to the left (port) as represented by hull outline 2010. Conversely, when a stern pump creates thrust to the left (port), the stern of hull 2020 moves to the right (starboard) as represented by hull outline 2020. Assemblies installed in the bow of hull 1400 have similar effects on the bow.

[0274] In accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure, FIGS. 17A-17C of the present disclosure illustrate assemblies and methods which integrate the propulsion assemblies with a moveable member operatively engaged with a watercraft.

[0275] In FIG. 17A, propulsion assembly 1210 is shown configured as a watercraft rudder that can include a member 1220 such as a rudder blade attached to rudder shaft 1230. Rudder shaft 1230 can extend through or along hull 1200 for example, allowing member 1220 to pivot about rudder shaft 1230 to change the orientation of member 1220 relative to hull 1200 and thus steer the watercraft when under power from a propeller, for example. Member 1220 can be any appropriate shape but is often asymmetrical having a leading edge (which is typically proximate the watercraft, for example “forward” when the watercraft is moving forward) and a trailing edge (which is distal or away from the watercraft, for example “rearward” when the watercraft is moving forward).

[0276] As shown in the side view of FIG. 17B, some embodiments of the present disclosure create passageway (conduit) 1260 through shaft 1230 to connected conduit 1270 through member 1220. FIG. 17C illustrates a rear view, facing the trailing edge.

[0277] Continuing with FIGS. 17B and 17C, thrust medium (in this example, water from a pump) can be conveyed via conduit 1250 to conduit 1260 within shaft 1230, thence to conduit 1270 in member 1220, and finally expressed along the directional axis of member 1220. Note that the direction of thrust is aligned with member 1220—and since member 1220 is steered by the helm of the watercraft, so too is the direction of the member steered by the helm.

[0278] Such embodiments of the present disclosure thus provide a technique by which a thruster can be directionally controlled by the primary steering mechanism of the watercraft without requiring complex and elaborate schemes that seek to somehow coordinate the actions of two separate subsystems. Such embodiments may also eliminate the need to attach additional appendages, such as external “thruster propellers” or motors, to the hull or propulsion components.

[0279] This integration technique practiced by some embodiments of the present disclosure is not limited to rudders. Outboard marine engines, and so-called “Inboard/Outboard” (I/O) marine engines, often have a water passage by which exhaust cooling water is expressed through the propeller(s). The thruster pump(s) of the present disclosure may be connected to and share such water passages, controlling the direction of the thruster via the watercraft's primary steering mechanism while avoiding the attachment of additional appendages to the hull or propulsion components.

[0280] Many types of thruster pumps may be employed by various embodiments of the present disclosure, including those powered by electric motors, hydraulic motors, direct mechanical drives from the engine, or others suited to the application. The thruster pump(s) may be selectively turned on and off manually, automatically based on the behavior of controls such as the steering and/or throttle, based on data from various sensors, and combinations of these and/or other inputs.

[0281] The conveyance of water from the pump(s) to conduit 1260 within rudder shaft 1230 may be accomplished using any suitable technique. Examples include but are not limited to fixed or flexible tubing, hose, or other conduit. The connection to passageway 1260 may be achieved via male or female threads, hose barb, adhesive, crimping, or any other technique suited to the specifics of the application and the materials in use. The connection between conduit 1250 and conduit 1260 may be anywhere on member 1230; in some embodiments an end connection may be preferred, while in other embodiments a side connection may be best suited to the application.

[0282] Conduits 1260 and 1270 may be of a variety of profiles and cross sections. Conduit 1260 may, for example, may be comprised of a single conduit or multiple separate passageways. Conduit 1270 may be optimized as a single hole anywhere on member 1220, or as a series of holes in any pattern, as a slot running the length of member 1220, as a nozzle of any suitable configuration, or as one or more openings of any shape based upon the needs of the specific watercraft.

[0283] For clarity, FIGS. 17B and 17C illustrate conduit 1270 exiting on the trailing edge of member 1220. However, some embodiments may have conduit 1270 exiting on the leading edge, left and/or right faces, and/or other location(s) on rudder blade 1220 as best suits the needs of the specific application, the watercraft, and components involved.

[0284] Some embodiments extend conduit 1270 beyond the edge of member 1220 with a tube, nozzle, or other extension. Such an extension may allow the turbulence of the thrust water to be controlled to achieve a more laminar flow, to better interface with the surrounding water, or other design goal.

[0285] Some embodiments employ mediums other than water. Air, engine exhaust, or other gases and liquids may be used depending upon the availability of such mediums. For example, some embodiments may use engine cooling water as an existing source of thrust fluid instead of installing an additional pump. The present disclosure may make use of any suitable medium expressed through its passageways to generate selective directional thrust.

[0286] As described earlier herein with respect to water pumps used as ballast pumps, a variety of hydraulic valves may be used by some embodiments to regulate the power transferred to hydraulically powered thruster pumps. In some embodiments, simple on/off hydraulic valves are suitable. In some embodiments, proportional/variable hydraulic valves are used to more finely modulate between “fully off” and “fully on”.

[0287] Control of the pumps and/or hydraulic valves of the present disclosure may be by a variety of techniques. In some embodiments manual control by the watercraft operator is used. In some embodiments, some degree of selective automatic operation supplements or replaces manual control. Such automatic operation can be based on one or more of a variety of criteria including steering direction, compass reading, yaw of the hull, heading of the hull, and/or speed of the hull. Such data may come from any suitable source including sensors integrated into the watercraft, handheld devices, and/or external sources as represented by sensing and processing 1080 of FIG. 13A, 1185 of FIG. 14, and 1380 of FIG. 15, and then used to selectively control hydraulic valve 1090, 1175 and 1180, and 1375 and 1380 respectively to augment and/or replace manual thruster control.

[0288] Some embodiments may employ partially and/or fully automated thruster operation to ease the workload upon the operator, heighten safety, and increase convenience. For example, automated operation may be used by some embodiments to augment the normal steering of the watercraft and maintain a straight path through the water. Instead of the operator having to constantly adjust the steering apparatus, a yaw rate or heading measurement may be used to identify when the hull is veering away from a straight path and the thruster(s) may be selectively activated to correct the path of the hull. This may be done during normal at-speed operation, docking, loading onto a trailer, or any other situation where maintaining movement in a straight line is valuable.

[0289] As another example, some embodiments may use automation to hold a given orientation in the water when the watercraft is not moving. Idle watercraft have almost no control over their orientation since their rudders and tracking fins only take effect when they are moving through the water. However, an idle watercraft is still subject to the effects of current and wind which can rotate the hull. Such unintentional rotation is especially unwelcome—and potentially dangerous—when, for example, a watersports participant is in the water trying to swim to the ladder or platform at the transom of the hull. Without the thruster(s) and control of the present invention, the watercraft operator might need to engage the propeller—precisely when it is dangerously near the swimmer, and potentially moving the watercraft further from the swimmer as they strain to climb aboard.

[0290] Some embodiments may address this by sensing the orientation of the hull via compass, GPS, yaw, and/or other method(s) and selectively activating the thruster(s) to keep the hull in the desired orientation.

[0291] Some embodiments of the present disclosure include the ability to detect fluid in the ballast plumbing. This can act as a safety mechanism, to ensure that ballast draining operations are proceeding as intended. It can also help synchronize on-board systems with actual ballast filling and draining, since there can be some delay between the coupling of power to a ballast pump and the start of actual fluid flow. The flow sensor can be, for example, a traditional inline impeller-style flow sensor; this type of sensor may also yield an indication of volume.

[0292] Other embodiments may be configured with optical techniques. FIG. 18 illustrates one example of an optical emitter on one side of a transparent portion of the ballast plumbing with a compatible optical detector on the other side. Such an arrangement can provide a non-invasive indication of fluid in a pipe or hose, thereby confirming that ballast pumping is occurring.

[0293] In FIG. 18, conduit 600 can include a portion of the ballast plumbing to be monitored. Conduit 600 could be a pipe or hose of generally optically transparent (to the wavelengths involved) material such as clear polyvinyl chloride, popularly known as PVC (product number 34134 from U.S. Plastic Corporation, 1390 Neubrecht Road, Lima, OH 45801), or another material which suits the specific application. Conduit 600 is mounted in the watercraft to naturally drain of fluid when the pumping to be monitored is not active.

[0294] Attached to one side of conduit 600 is optical emitter 605. Emitter 605 can be, for example, an LTE-302 (Lite-On Technology, No. 90, Chien 1 Road, Chung Ho, New Taipei City 23585, Taiwan, R.O.C.) or another emitter whose specifications fit the specifics of the application. Attached to the other side, in line with emitter 605's emissions, is optical detector 615. Detector 615 can be, for example, an LTE-301 (Lite-On Technology, No. 90, Chien 1 Road, Chung Ho, New Taipei City 23585, Taiwan, R.O.C.) or another emitter whose specifications fit the specifics of the application. Ideally, the emitter and detector will share a peak wavelength of emission to improve the signal to noise ratio between the two devices.

[0295] It should be noted that the transparent portion of the ballast plumbing need only be long enough to permit the installation of emitter 605 and detector 615. Other portions of the ballast plumbing need not be affected.

[0296] Continuing with FIG. 18, emissions 620 from emitter 605 thus pass through the first wall of conduit 600, through the space within conduit 600, and through the second wall of conduit 600, where they are detected by detector 615. When fluid is not being pumped, conduit 600 will be almost entirely devoid of ballast fluid and emissions 620 will be minimally impeded on their path from emitter 605 to detector 615.

[0297] However, as fluid 625 is added to conduit 600 by pumping operations, the optical effects of fluid 625 will alter emissions 620. Depending upon the choice of emitter 605, detector 615, and the wavelengths they employ, the alterations on emissions 620 could be one or more of refraction, reflection, and attenuation, or other effects. The resulting changes to emissions 620 are sensed by detector 615, allowing for the presence of the pumped fluid 625 to be determined. When pumping is done and conduit 600 drains again, emissions 620 are again minimally affected (due to the absence of fluid 625) and this condition too can be detected.

[0298] Another non-invasive technique, employed by some embodiments and shown in FIG. 19, is a capacitive sensor whereby two electrical plates are placed opposite each other on the outside surface of a nonconductive pipe or hose. The capacitance between the plates varies with the presence or absence of fluid in the pipe or hose; the fluid acts as a variable dielectric. This change in capacitance can be used to confirm the presence of fluid in the pipe or hose.

[0299] In FIG. 19, conduit 700 can include a nonconductive material. Capacitive contacts 705 and 715 are applied to opposite sides of the outside surface of conduit 700. Contacts 705 and 715 can include a conductive material and can be, for example, adhesive backed metalized mylar, copper sheeting, or another material suited to the specifics of the application.

[0300] The length and width of contacts 705 and 715 are determined by 1) the specifics of conduit 700 including but not limited to its diameter, its material, and its wall thickness; and 2) the capacitive behavior of the ballast fluid to be pumped. The surface areas of contacts 705 and 715 are chosen to yield the desired magnitude and dynamic range of capacitance given the specifics of the application.

[0301] When fluid is not being pumped, conduit 700 will be almost entirely devoid of ballast fluid and the capacitance between contacts 705 and 715 will be at one (the “empty”) extreme of its dynamic range. However, as fluid 725 is added to conduit 700 by pumping operations, the fluid 725 changes the dielectric effect in conduit 700, thus altering the capacitance between contacts 705 and 715. When conduit 700 is filled due to full pumping being underway, the capacitance between contacts 705 and 715 will be at the “full” extreme of the dynamic range. The resulting changes to the capacitance allow the presence of the pumped fluid 725 to be determined. When pumping is done and conduit 700 drains again, the capacitance returns to the “empty” extreme (due to the absence of fluid 725) and this condition too can be detected.

[0302] FIG. 20 illustrates a portion of an assembly that can be used as part of at least one non-invasive technique employed by some embodiments. Electrodes 810 and 820 reside on the outside surface of a nonconductive sensing chamber 800. The chamber could, for example, be a tube comprised of a plastic, fiberglass, rubber, or other material suited to the specifics of the application. In some embodiments the fluid changes the electrical or other relationship between the electrodes as the amount of fluid in the chamber varies. This relationship may be used to measure the amount of fluid in the sensor chamber.

[0303] In the embodiment represented in FIG. 20, chamber 800 can include a nonconductive material. The cross sectional shape of chamber 800 may be circular, rectangular/square, or another shape suitable to the specifics of the application.

[0304] In some embodiments, electrodes 810 and 820 are applied to the outside surface of sensor chamber 800. Electrodes 810 and 820 may include a conductive material and may be, for example, adhesive backed metalized mylar, copper sheeting, aluminum or other metal tape, or another material suited to the specifics of the application.

[0305] The electrodes which are isolated from, and do not contact, the fluid within chamber 800 may be fabricated from a wide range of materials without having to consider corrosion or other electrochemical reactions between the fluid and the electrode material. Separately, the material choice for sensor chamber 800 can optimize for compatibility with the fluid contained within. The ability of the present disclosure to separate the function of fluid containment from fluid sensing affords much greater latitude in material selection and implementation as compared to earlier sensor attempts.

[0306] The present disclosure affords great flexibility in design, assembly, and manufacture. As just one example, electrodes 810 and 820 need not always be installed on the outermost surface of sensor chamber 800; instead, in some embodiments, one or more electrodes may be embedded within the material of the chamber. Likewise, some embodiments may utilize more than two electrodes to achieve various improvements in sensing, tolerance, or reliability. Some embodiments may use a combination of isolated and non-isolated electrodes if contact with the fluid by at least one electrode proves advantageous. A variety of arrangements may be employed as long as the conductive portion(s) of at least one electrode is/are isolated from the fluid.

[0307] Continuing with the example embodiment illustrated in FIG. 20, the length, width, and positioning of electrodes 810 and 820 may be affected by several criteria including 1) the specifics of chamber 800 including but not limited to its diameter, its material, and its wall thickness, 2) the characteristic of the fluid to be measured, and 3) the number of electrodes being used. As just one example, some embodiments may measure the electrical capacitance between the electrodes, with the fluid acting as a dielectric and its changes in level within sensor chamber 800 changing the capacitance between the electrodes. An embodiment employing the measurement of electrical capacitance may select the surface areas of contacts 810 and 820 to yield the desired magnitude and dynamic range of capacitance given the specifics of the application.

[0308] Referring to FIG. 21, in some embodiments, sensor chamber 800 may be advantageously integrated with ballast compartment 900 and electrodes 810 and 820 installed directly on ballast compartment 900.

[0309] Continuing with the example of electrical capacitance, when the fluid level within sensor chamber 800 is at or below some useful lower level, the capacitance between electrodes 810 and 820 will be at one (the “empty”) extreme of its dynamic range. As fluid 830 begins to rise within chamber 800, the changing amount of fluid 830 changes the dielectric effect in chamber 800, thus altering the capacitance between contacts 810 and 820. As the level of fluid in chamber 800 continues to increase, the change in capacitance between electrodes 810 and 820 likewise continues to change. Finally, when the fluid level within chamber 800 reaches some useful upper level, the electrical capacitance between contacts 810 and 820 may be considered at the “full” extreme of the dynamic range.

[0310] From the foregoing it is clear that a range of values results from the range of fluid fill levels within chamber 800. Some embodiments of the present disclosure may use processing circuitry to measure this range of measurement values and may selectively convert to an alternate unit of measure. One example, used by some embodiments, is a range of fill values from zero percent through one hundred percent. Other units of measure may also be used including but not limited to depth, capacity, volume, and/or mass. Various embodiments may locate such processing circuitry directly on sensor chamber 800, near electrodes 810 and 820, or at a more distant location as suited to the needs of the application.

[0311] Some embodiments of the present disclosure measure other, or additional, fluid characteristics including but not limited to inductance, acoustic behavior, mass, and resistance. The nature of the electrodes may change depending upon the specifics of the fluid characteristic(s) being measured. The present disclosure can utilize any fluid characteristic(s) that vary with the amount of fluid in the sensor chamber, and the choice of characteristic(s) may differ with the requirements of the specific application.

[0312] Some embodiments may use processing circuitry to selectively manipulate the electrode measurements and/or the alternate units of measure. Examples include but are not limited to filtering; averaging; correction for environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, salinity, and/or impurity; and other adjustments as deemed suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0313] Some embodiments may employ multiple pairs of electrodes to detect multiple discrete fluid levels, such as 10%, 20%, and so forth. The particular quantity and arrangement of the electrodes may be selected based upon the desired behavior of the sensor and other characteristics specific to the application.

[0314] In some embodiments, the basic sensor of FIG. 20 can be employed as a ballast level sensor by suitably connecting it to a ballast compartment. FIG. 21 illustrates one type of connection used by some embodiments. Sensor chamber 800, electrodes 810 and 820, and fluid 830 are shown. Ballast compartment 900 is also shown partially filled with ballast fluid 910 and resulting fluid surface 920. Ballast pump(s), hoses, vents, and other details have been omitted from this and other Figures for clarity.

[0315] Continuing with the type of embodiment illustrated in FIG. 21, fluid surface 920 rises as fluid 910 fills ballast compartment 900. Sensor chamber 800 is connected to ballast compartment 900 via hose or pipe 930 such that the ballast fluid can flow between ballast compartment 900 and sensor chamber 800. Based on the principle that “water finds its common level”, fluid surface 920 in ballast compartment 900 will match the level of fluid surface 950 in sensor chamber 800. This occurs in both dynamic conditions (e.g. a pump is actively transferring fluid into or out of ballast compartment 900) and static conditions (e.g. no pumping is occurring and the amount of fluid in ballast compartment 900 is not changing). Expressed differently, such embodiments do not require active pressurization, in contrast to previous sensor attempts which use “balloons” or “bladders” or other elastomeric envelopes.

[0316] As described earlier, sensor chamber 800 has electrodes 810 and 820 on its exterior surface. As the amount of fluid 830 in sensor chamber 800 rises and falls, the relationship between electrodes 810 and 820 varies. Some embodiments can comprise processing circuitry 970, connected to electrodes 810 and 820, to measure this relationship and selectively convert it to various alternate units of measure including but not limited to units of capacity such as percentage, units of distance such as inches or centimeters, and units of mass such as pounds or grams.

[0317] In some embodiments, the measured relationship and/or the alternative units of measure can be selectively communicated via connection 980 as one or more of Controller Area Network (CAN), Ethernet, RS-232, RS-423, an analog voltage, an analog current, a wireless radio frequency or optical connection, a mechanical linkage, or another form of communication as suited to the specific application. To enable the use of multiple sensor assemblies in a networked environment, some embodiments comprise selective addressing in processing circuitry 970 to uniquely identify each sensor and the data it conveys.

[0318] FIG. 25 provides an overview of an operational sequence used by processing circuitry 970 in some embodiments. Upon the application of power, a reset, or other startup trigger, processing circuitry 970 enters block 1310. Processing then proceeds to block 1320. In block 1320, the relationship between electrodes 810 and 820 may be selectively measured, and processing proceeds to block 1330. In block 1330, one or more electrode measurement(s) may be selectively converted to alternate units, and processing proceeds to block 1340. In block 1340, one or more of the electrode measurement(s) and/or the alternate unit(s) may be selectively manipulated, and processing proceeds to block 1350. In block 1350, one or more of the electrode measurement(s) and/or the alternate units may be selectively communicated via connection 980, and processing proceeds to block 1360. In block 1360, processing circuitry 970 may selectively perform other operations useful to the specifics of the application, and processing proceeds to block 1320 as described above.

[0319] The selective nature of each step shown in FIG. 25 permits some embodiments to vary the relative frequency of actions taken. For example, some embodiments may select not to communicate in block 1350 each time the opportunity arises, thus incorporating multiple measurements (from block 1320) into the data communicated in block 1350. The inverse is also possible, as when processing circuitry 970 needs to communicate via connection 980 more frequently than measurements are taken in block 1320. Likewise, the relative rate of other operations performed in block 1360 may differ from the rates required by other processing steps. The flexibility of the present disclosure accommodates such differing requirements.

[0320] Some embodiments may realize processing circuitry 970 entirely in hardware. Others may use software, with shared or dedicated hardware, to implement processing circuitry 970. Still others may accomplish this functionality via mechanical components. The specifics of the application and other requirements or restrictions may dictate the choices and combinations of components.

[0321] Some embodiments incorporate a vent 960 at the top of sensor chamber 800 to allow the free exchange of air as the volume of fluid 830 varies. When included, vent 960 may be left open to the ambient air, connected via a suitable conduit back to ballast compartment 900 (so overflow water will be routed back to the ballast compartment), connected via a suitable conduit to a throughhull fitting on the hull of the wakeboat (so overflow water will be exhausted to the surrounding water), or managed in other ways suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0322] Continuing with FIG. 21, ballast compartment 900 need not be a hard-sided tank. Ballast compartment 900 may comprise a flexible compartment, sometimes referred to in the wakeboat industry as a “fat sac”, with variable internal volume that may increase or decrease based upon the amount of fluid contained within. Ballast compartment 900 may also comprise one or more chambers integrated into the wakeboat hull itself. Ballast compartment 900 may also comprise combinations of the above, or any other fluid containment device deemed suitable for the specifics of the application.

[0323] Sensor chamber 800, electrodes 810 and 820, and other components of some embodiments of the present disclosure may be resized according to the specifics of the application. For example, a taller ballast compartment 900 could require a longer sensor chamber 800 and longer electrodes 810 and 820 to measure the full dynamic range of fill levels within ballast compartment 900.

[0324] Some embodiments of the present disclosure can use a longer sensor chamber 800 and electrodes 810 and 820 to measure a shorter ballast compartment 900. Referring to FIG. 22, processing circuitry 970 could recognize and selectively report maximum fill level 1010 as “full” for ballast compartment 900. Likewise, were the bottoms of electrodes 810 and 820 below the bottom of ballast compartment 900, processing circuitry 1000 could recognize and selectively report the minimum fill level as “empty”.

[0325] As just one example of the foregoing, a longer sensor assembly may be desirable when an initial, factory-installed ballast compartment might be enlarged by the addition of or replacement with a supplementary ballast compartment which yields a taller overall ballast compartment. The initial installation of a longer sensor assembly may thus allow the full dynamic range of enlarged ballast compartments to be measured and reported without the expense and inconvenience of retrofitting longer sensors after the wakeboat originally leaves the factory. The process of enlarging the ballast capacity of the wakeboat can thus be simplified for the end user, giving the practicing wakeboat manufacturer a competitive advantage in the marketplace.

[0326] FIG. 23 illustrates how some embodiments can use a shorter sensor chamber 800 and electrodes 810 and 820 when it is unnecessary to measure varying fluid levels within sensor chamber 800 beyond a certain maximum. This could be the case if, for example, fluid level 1110 is considered “more than sufficient” for the intended purpose and higher levels need not be quantified. Suitable termination of vent 960 may be required if the fluid level will exceed the top of sensor chamber 800. Some embodiments may resolve this by extending sensor chamber 800 above the tops of electrodes 810 and 820.

[0327] Sensor chamber 800 need not be oriented vertically as shown in FIGS. 21-23 in relation to the ballast compartment. In some embodiments, sensor chamber 800 may be at an angle relative to vertical to ease installation or accommodate other specifics of the application. For example, if a “longer” sensor is required to accommodate the height of a taller ballast compartment, some embodiments may utilize the same sensor length with a shorter ballast compartment by installing the sensor assembly at an angle as illustrated in FIG. 24. Or, it may be advantageous to the assembly of the various components of the ballast system to orient the sensor away from vertical. The dielectric operating principle is not hindered by such an installation. In this way, suitable embodiments of the present disclosure can deliver the ability to use a single-size sensor configuration in multiple physical applications, which can yield dramatic improvements in inventory management and economies of scale.

[0328] In accordance with other embodiments of the disclosure, a single electrode may be used in connection with the fluid within the sensor chamber. Accordingly, fluid 830 can be configured to act as another electrode. An example is illustrated in FIG. 26. Fluid 830 can be electrically associated to the extent necessary to facilitate the determination of fluid level as the opposing electrodes described above. Accordingly, fluid 830 can then act together with electrode 810 to form an electrical measuring pair.

[0329] Using the measurement of capacitance as an example, electrode 810 and fluid 830 may act as two plates of a capacitor. The wall of sensor chamber 800 acts as the dielectric. As the level of fluid 830 in FIG. 26 rises, the effective surface area of the capacitive plate created by fluid 830 in relation to electrode 810 also increases. Changes in the total surface area of capacitive plates changes the resulting capacitance, so the value of this capacitance is related to, and can provide an indication of, the level of fluid 830.

[0330] As with other figures herein, FIG. 26 illustrates electrode 810 as a simple line for visual clarity. It is to be understood that, as with embodiments employing multiple electrodes, the size, shape, location, and other details of electrode 810 can be varied as required by the specifics of the situation.

[0331] In accordance with other embodiments, for example when sensing fluid levels in large portions of a hull such as bilge compartments or fuel tanks, the sensor chamber may be configured to have the fluid associated with its exterior rather than interior surface(s). The electrode(s) may then be configured on the inside of the sensor chamber, embedded within the material of the sensor chamber, and/or “sandwiched” between a plurality of layers which form a portion of the sensor chamber, to achieve electrical isolation between the electrode(s) and the fluid.

[0332] In accordance with example implementations, a sensor chamber configured in this manner may then optionally be entirely sealed, with no fluid ingress nor egress with its internal surfaces (if any). Connections to the electrode(s) can be sealed, for example. In some embodiments the interior volume of the sensor chamber may be reduced or eliminated depending upon the electrode(s) employed and the specifics of the application. Such a configuration may offer improved safety, maintenance, cleaning, and other characteristics since only its readily accessible exterior need be exposed to the fluid or other elements of the environment.

[0333] FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of such a configuration. Sensor chamber 800 and electrodes 810 and 820 are again present. However, in FIG. 27 electrodes 810 and 820 are on the inside of sensor chamber 800. Fluid 910 and fluid surface 920 now do not reach the inside surface(s) of sensor chamber 800, but instead contact it on its outer surface(s).

[0334] As in other embodiments, sensor chamber 800 isolates fluid 910 from electrodes 810 and 820. Processing circuitry 970 still connects to electrodes 810 and 820 and may still employ optional connection 980. The configuration has essentially been “turned inside out” to allow the aforementioned functional principles to still operate while enabling the fluid to be kept to exterior, more accessible surfaces.

[0335] Example implementations can be provided as a wakeboat fluid housing compartment fluid level sensing assemblies. These assemblies may be part of a wakeboat having a hull, and may be provided with a fluid housing compartment 900 associated with the hull. The fluid housing compartment may be configured as a bilge fluid housing compartment.

[0336] Within the fluid housing compartment may be positioned a nonconductive sensor chamber such as chamber 800, and this chamber may be provided with at least a pair of conductive electrodes associated therewith.

[0337] At least one of the pair of conductive electrodes may be positioned within the nonconductive sensor chamber and electrically isolated from fluid within the fluid housing compartment. Another of the pair of conductive electrodes may be provided as fluid outside the sensor chamber. In accordance with example implementations, the pair of conductive electrodes may be both on the inside of the sensor chamber. In the same or other implementations, the electrodes may be embedded within the material of the sensor chamber.

[0338] The assemblies may also include processing circuitry operatively coupled to the pair of conductive electrodes. The processing circuitry may be configured to measure the electrical relationship between the pair of conductive electrodes resulting from the fluid level within the fluid housing compartment. The electrical relationship being measured may be electrical capacitance. The processing circuitry may be configured to selectively convert the measure of the electrical relationship between the electrodes to an alternative unit of measure, and the alternative unit of measure may be one of capacity, volume, distance, and/or mass. The processing circuitry may also include a connection of at least one of Controller Area Network, Ethernet, RS-232, RS-423, analog voltage, analog current, optical, and/or radio, and the processing circuitry may be configured to selectively communicate, using the connection, at least one of the measure of electrical relationship between the electrodes and/or the alternative unit of measure.

[0339] Accordingly, methods for sensing a fluid level within a fluid housing compartment aboard a wakeboat are provided. The methods may include maintaining fluid communication between the fluid level within the fluid housing compartment and a sensor chamber, and determining the electrical communication between at least a pair of electrodes operatively associated with the sensor chamber.

[0340] In applications sensitive to the number of electrodes (for cost, manufacturing, or other reasons) or where the electrical characteristics of fluid 830 make a two (or more) electrode solution less feasible, such “active fluid” embodiments may provide a practical approach to realizing the advantages of the present disclosure. The “active fluid” technique need not be limited to the measurement of capacitance; depending upon the nature of fluid 830 and the specifics of the application, the “active fluid” technique may be based on inductance, acoustic behavior, mass, resistance, or another characteristic of fluid 830.

[0341] Other sensor types can be easily adapted for use with the present disclosure. Those specifically described herein are meant to serve as examples, without restricting the scope of the sensors that may be employed.

[0342] Ballasting systems have been associated by some studies with the spread of aquatic invasive species (AIS). AIS have become a threat to native species in many areas of the world, and watercraft are often blamed for transporting AIS from their places of origin to previously unaffected locations. To assist in mitigating this problem, some embodiments of the present disclosure assist in controlling AIS which may be present in the surrounding water. A publication entitled “Changing Hudson Project” by the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (Millbrook NY, U.S.) states in part “Zebra mussels reached North America in the mid-1980's in the ballast water of a ship” (meaning a large, seagoing vessel). They were “first discovered in the Hudson at very low densities in 1991. By the end of 1992 . . . their biomass was greater than the combined biomass of all other consumers in the river.”

[0343] Because of the ease of introduction, and subsequent explosive population growth, efforts have been made to control AIS aboard some watercraft using mechanical filtration, heat, and chemicals with varied degrees of success and side effects. For example, filtration imposes resistance (backpressure) which can interfere with the flow requirements of the system in question and often requires intervention for filter cleaning. Heat can be difficult to impose in sufficient quantities to insure desired mortality rates. Chemical treatment can be difficult to restrict solely to the target AIS, thus imposing undesirable effects upon the larger ecosystem.

[0344] Suitable AIS control apparatuses and methods would impose minimal flow restriction and leave little residual contamination. These characteristics can be achieved, though with significant inconvenience, for the larger, mature, shelled stages of the mussel lifecycle. Simple mechanical filtering may suffice. But to minimize the transfer of the mussel lifeform between bodies of water, the smaller, earlier stages of the mussel lifecycle must also be addressed. These stages range from egg (˜40 microns) to trocophore (˜60 microns) to “veliger” (˜350 microns). Mechanical filtering down to these dimensions is difficult, expensive, high maintenance, can impose enormous flow restrictions almost by definition, and is therefore not suitable for use on smaller watercraft particularly at the flow levels required.

[0345] A better technique is to biologically damage the mussels or render them incapable of reproduction. This would eliminate the need to filter and clean, secure in the knowledge that those which did pass through were unable to cause infestation. This is the basis of chemical treatment, except that chemicals have their own crippling disadvantages and need constant replenishment.

[0346] Another approach to the same end is suggested by a research article entitled “The Effect of UV-C Exposure on Larval Survival of the Dressennid Quagga Mussel”, published by the Public Library of Science (San Francisco CA, U.S.). As noted therein, appropriate wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation have “detrimental effects on aquatic organisms through DNA and protein damage.” Irradiated mussels are damaged at the cellular level, and mortality timeframes follow a dose-response relationship. After a sufficient dose, the mussels are crippled beyond the point of reproduction and die within a short time, even if they have been returned to the surrounding water. The damage is done.

[0347] Some attempts have been made in this area. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,655,483 to Lewis documents an experiment exposing mussels to ultraviolet radiation, but lacks any discussion of how to advantageously implement such a scheme in a watercraft.

[0348] Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,345 to Constantine which describes a technique whereby a centrifugal separator acts as a complex filtration device, followed by a “UV or chemical biocidal mechanism”. However, Constantine is of a scale not applicable to smaller watercraft. Constantine also fails to address issues such as powertrain cooling water and bilge water.

[0349] A third example is U.S. Pat. No. 7,025,889 to Brodie which openly admits it is only applicable to “large amounts of ship ballast water” citing examples of “40,000 to 60,000 tons of ballast water which is typical for a 150,000 ton bulk cargo carrier” (C2 L27-33). The lengthy recirculation process of Brodie is designed specifically to achieve “treatment over a period of days” (C2 L34) and is thus clearly not applicable to same-day boating as described previously herein. And like Constantine, Brodie fails to address issues such as engine cooling water and bilge water.

[0350] Ideally, watercraft would not transfer water from one body of water to another. While a nice thought experiment, in the real world this is an impossibility. There are too many nooks and crannies, and too many incompletely drained spaces, that cannot be completely cleaned. Recreational watercraft are of a particular concern because they are typically transported between multiple waterbodies each season, infecting subsequent waterbodies with whatever came along for the ride. Most recreational watercraft owners are likely unaware of many such volumes on their vessels, making it impossible for them to completely “sterilize” their boats no matter how diligent they or local authorities may wish (or imagine themselves) to be. Every summer season, there are likely tens of thousands of recreational watercraft in the form of ski boats, wakeboats, cruisers, and/or pontoon boats for example, moving from one body of water to another; each potentially transporting a reproductive invasive species.

[0351] As just one example: A watercraft powertrain is quite commonly cooled by water drawn from the surrounding body of water, which then passes through the powertrain and cools the exhaust system before finally being expelled back into the surrounding water through the muffler(s) and exhaust pipe(s). Even if the operator drains the engine block and exhaust system, there is always some residual water. That residual water, with its microscopic mussel payload, is ejected into the next body of water visited by that watercraft—and contamination thus occurs.

[0352] Proper AIS control in the smaller recreational watercraft must insure that water transferred to a different body of water is processed. It is not sufficient to assert that a watercraft has been “cleaned” or “inspected”. To reduce the spread of invasive species—and be acceptable to governing authorities—it must acknowledge and accommodate the reality that some water will unavoidably be transferred (this is also the safer, conservative position). Therefore, that water must be made safe. To be made safe, the sources, usage, and destination of water aboard a watercraft must be understood.

[0353] Water usage aboard a watercraft can be broadly separated into three categories related to the source and destination of the water used. The first category is herein referred to as water “circulators” where water is first ingested from, and later expelled to, the same location.

[0354] FIG. 28 illustrates one example of a “circulator”, a boat hull 2010 having an onboard water compartment such as a ballast compartment 2040 which can be filled and drained for example by a reversible pump 2030. Pump 2030 can be configured to pump one direction to fill ballast compartment 2040 (ingesting water via throughhull fitting 2020) and pump the other direction to drain ballast compartment 2040 (expelling water via throughhull fitting 2020). The water in the ballast compartment thus circulates from the source, through the ballast compartment (where it may dwell for a period of time), and finally back to the source again. Throughhull fitting 2020 can be operably engaged with a valve assembly as well.

[0355] The second category of water usage is herein referred to as water “ingestors”. Ingestors take in water from a specific location but do not return it to the same specific location. Ingestors expel the water to one or more other locations. One example of an ingestor is shown in FIG. 29. Powertrain cooling 2130 takes in water via throughhull fitting 2120 and expels the water out of other location(s)—in this example exhaust hoses 2140 and 2150 followed by throughhull fittings 2160 and 2170. In some watercraft powertrains the cooling system can have a separate, non-exhaust outlet. Another example of an ingestor is a ballast compartment serviced by separate fill and drain pumps, each pump being along a distinct fluid conduit to the surrounding water.

[0356] The third category of water usage is herein referred to as water “expellers”. Expellers, generally, are the opposite of ingestors: Expellers receive water from one or more, often distinct sources but then expel it via a shared location. FIG. 30 illustrates one example of an expeller configuration. Hull 2210 receives water from a variety of sources and locations including but not limited to waves over its sides, leaks from various hull and plumbing fittings, and/or dripping passengers and their equipment. In the present example, this water gathers in the bottom of the hull—an area often termed the “bilge”—and is pumped out of hull 2210 by bilge pump 2220, via hose 2230, through throughhull fitting 2240 and back into the surrounding water.

[0357] In all three aforementioned categories water originates from the surrounding body of water, and is eventually returned to the surrounding body of water. But as noted earlier, it is effectively impossible to insure that all traces of “today's” water have been cleaned and sterilized from all of the residual areas, in all of the systems, on board the watercraft. The result is cross-contamination from the “last” body of water to the “next” body of water.

[0358] From the foregoing it is clear that properly addressing AIS control on a day-use or recreational watercraft is a more complex problem than previous attempts for other types of watercraft can address. Centrifugal separation systems, “treatment over a period of days”, and other schemes are not adequate nor properly suited to the specifics of this application.

[0359] Some embodiments of the present disclosure employ separate irradiation chambers for each of the three categories. FIG. 31 illustrates example configurations, each of which are compatible with Ingestor, Circulator, or Expeller configurations.

[0360] Referring to FIG. 31, as an example of an ingestor water use(s), in some embodiments unprocessed water from the surrounding body of water may enter throughhull 2350, pass through conduit 2355, and enter irradiation chamber 2360. Processed water then may pass through conduit 2365 and be available to ingestor water use(s) aboard the watercraft (such as the powertrain cooling system of the earlier example herein).

[0361] In some embodiments processed water thus used by ingestors (and later returned by them to the surrounding body of water) will have first been irradiated in irradiation chamber 2360. The fact that ingestors may return their (processed) water to the surrounding body of water via other, non-irradiated paths does not change the fact that any microscopic mussels such water may contain will already have been irradiated—thus improving the AIS-related quality of the surrounding water.

[0362] In some embodiments residual water retained by ingestor water use(s) from previous bodies of water will also have been irradiated before being retained by the ingestor water use(s). This helps mitigate the threat otherwise represented by retained water in ingestor water use systems being later transferred to a different body of water.

[0363] Continuing with FIG. 31, expeller water use(s) from onboard sources (such as the bilge pump of the earlier example herein) may pass through conduit 2385 and enter irradiation chamber 2380. Processed water then may pass through conduit 2375 and exit the watercraft via throughhull 2370 into the surrounding body of water.

[0364] In some embodiments unprocessed water collected aboard the watercraft is first processed in irradiation chamber 2380 before entering the surrounding water. The fact that water may have entered the watercraft via non-irradiated paths does not change the fact that any microscopic mussels such water may contain will be dosed with radiation before reaching the surrounding body of water.

[0365] In some embodiments residual water retained by expeller water use(s), such as water in the bilge from previous bodies of water, will also be irradiated before exiting to the present surrounding body of water. This helps mitigate the threat otherwise represented by retained water in expeller water use systems being later transferred to a different body of water.

[0366] FIG. 31 also provides an example circulator water use(s). In some embodiments water from the surrounding body of water may enter throughhull 2310, pass through conduit 2315, and enter irradiation chamber 2320. Processed water then may pass through conduit 2325 and be available to circulator water use(s) aboard the watercraft (such as the ballast compartment of the earlier example herein).

[0367] In some embodiments flow in the opposite direction is also possible. Water from circulator water use(s)—notably, already processed when first brought onboard as in the preceding paragraph—may enter conduit 2325 and pass into irradiation chamber 2320 (for a second time). Processed water then may pass through conduit 2315 and exit the watercraft via throughhull 2310 into the surrounding water.

[0368] Note that if multiple circulator water use(s) share irradiation chamber 2320, the dosing integrity of some embodiments is preserved. For example, in some embodiments one or more ballast compartments may be filling while one or more ballast compartments may be draining. Their opposite-direction water flows may mingle within conduit 2325, irradiation chamber 2320, conduit 2315, or in other locations in the system. But since all water entering the circulator water use(s) system will first be processed by passing through irradiation chamber 2320, any onboard exchange between such circulator water use(s) (such as between multiple ballast compartments) will involve processed water.

[0369] As with ingestor and expeller water use(s) above, in some embodiments residual water retained by circulator water use(s), such as water in ballast compartments from previous bodies of water, will have already passed through irradiation chamber 2320 while being taken aboard. Indeed, such residual water will be irradiated a second time before exiting to the present surrounding body of water. This helps mitigate the threat otherwise represented by retained water in circulator water use systems being later transferred to a different body of water.

[0370] Historically throughhulls such as 2020, 2310, 2350, 2370, and others may accumulate debris as water is drawn into them. Mechanical filters are sometimes employed to prevent such debris (which may include larger forms of AIS) from passing. However, the continued accumulation of such debris can restrict the flow of water, requiring manual cleaning of such throughhulls and/or filters. The bidirectional nature of the water flow in throughhulls of some embodiments—resulting from the discharge of water via the same throughhulls used for ingestion—may assist in clearing such debris from throughhulls and/or filters leading to a reduction in flow restriction and/or required maintenance.

[0371] Some embodiments of the present disclosure advantageously arrange the inlets and outlets (collectively, “ports”) on the irradiation chamber to lengthen the dwell time of the water in the chamber. This may increase the total radiation dose delivered to the water (and any mussels contained therein) and prevent “short circuiting” whereby the flow into one port quickly exits via another port, receiving a reduced dose due to reduced exposure time.

[0372] FIG. 31 illustrates embodiments of this principle. Using irradiation chamber 2320 as an example, conduit 2315 and its port are located at one end and conduit 2325 and its port are located at the other end. Water flowing in one port and out the other must traverse the entire length of irradiation chamber 2320, maximizing its dosage. (The actual location of the port(s) need not be at the extreme ends, and other locations may suggest themselves depending upon the specifics of each application.)

[0373] Some embodiments take advantage of this principle to reduce the parts count, complexity, and cost of the present disclosure. FIG. 32 illustrates one embodiment wherein the circulator water use(s) and the expeller water use(s) share a common irradiation chamber 2320. Expeller water enters irradiation chamber 2320 via conduit 2385, passes through the length of irradiation chamber 2320 while receiving full dosage, and exits via conduit 2315. Separately, circulator water uses conduits 2315 and 2325 to pass through the length of irradiation chamber 2320 while receiving full dosage regardless of the direction of circulator water flow.

[0374] In the event that both expeller water and circulator water use(s) occur simultaneously, there exists the possibility that expeller water entering irradiation chamber 2320 may follow path 2410 instead of traversing the full length of irradiation chamber 2320. Fortunately, as noted earlier, circulator water passes through irradiation chamber 2320 not just during initial intake, but also during eventual exhaust. Therefore, unprocessed expeller water which follows path 2410 will be treated similarly to residual water left in such circulator water use(s) as ballast compartments—and be irradiated in irradiation chamber 2320 before its eventual exit through conduit 2315 and throughhull 2310.

[0375] FIG. 32 also shows an embodiment wherein ingestor water use(s) have a separate, dedicated irradiation chamber 2360 with its attached components. This may be desirable in some embodiments where large volume ingestor water use(s), such as powertrain cooling systems, would benefit from dedicated facilities.

[0376] Some embodiments may omit more than a first irradiation chamber if the water use(s) aboard the watercraft do not necessitate additional irradiation chambers, or if the specifics of the application and components permit additional grouping of functions. For example, sharing irradiation chambers for multiple water use(s) can be accomplished in several ways. As noted above, FIG. 32 illustrates an example embodiment which uses the location of the ports on the irradiation chamber to control crossflow between water use(s). Some embodiments achieve the same by using unidirectional valves in one or more of the irradiation chamber, ports, and/or conduits. Some embodiments employ baffles within the irradiation chamber to advantageously route water flow to insure proper irradiation of cross flows.

[0377] In some embodiments, two or more of these and other techniques may be combined to permit the use of a single irradiation chamber for all water use(s) aboard the watercraft.

[0378] In some embodiments, the irradiation chamber(s), conduit(s), and/or other component(s) of AIS control may be advantageously arranged to passively drain via gravity when the watercraft is removed from a body of water. This minimizes transportation of water from a “previous” body of water to a “subsequent” body of water by allowing the water from the present body of water to remain there.

[0379] In some embodiments, the irradiation chamber(s), conduit(s), and/or other component(s) of AIS control may be advantageously arranged to be actively and selectively drained by one or more pumps. Said pumps may be pumps already aboard the watercraft for other purposes, or in some embodiments specific AIS drainage pumps may be used.

[0380] In some embodiments, the irradiation chamber of the present disclosure may be configured as shown in FIG. 33. Irradiation chamber 2505 has conduit ports 2510 and 2515 for water flow, and water can occupy internal volume 2520. Radiation element 2525 is held within irradiation chamber 2505 so its radiation is exposed to water in volume 2520.

[0381] In some embodiments, radiation element 2525 emits ultraviolet radiation. In some embodiments, radiation element 2525 emits infrared (thermal) radiation. In some embodiments, radiation element 2525 emits ionizing radiation. Any type(s) of radiation, and radiating element(s), suitable for controlling the intended invasive species may be employed singly or in combination.

[0382] In some embodiments radiation element 2525 emits so-called “UV-C” radiation with wavelengths in the approximate range of 200-280 nanometers. In some embodiments which employ UV-C radiation element 2525 comprises a low-pressure mercury lamp. In some embodiments which employ UV-C radiation element 2525 comprises an excimer lamp. In some embodiments which employ UV-C radiation element 2525 comprises a pulse xenon lamp. In some embodiments which employ UV-C radiation element 2525 comprises a light emitting diode. Any source of UV-C may be used which suits the specifics of the application.

[0383] In some embodiments radiation element 2525 emits infrared (thermal) radiation to damage mussels via heat exposure. In some embodiments radiation element 2525 generates thermal radiation via electricity. In some embodiments radiation element 2525 generates thermal radiation via waste heat from onboard sources such as the powertrain. In some embodiments radiation element 2525 generates thermal radiation via combustion and/or chemical reaction. Any source of thermal radiation may be used which suits the specifics of the application.

[0384] In some embodiments irradiation chamber 2505 is shaped to enhance the desired dispersal of the radiation from radiation element 2525. In some embodiments surfaces, including but not limited to one or more interior surfaces, of irradiation chamber 2525 may be lined, coated, or otherwise treated to advantageously manipulate the radiation from radiation element 2525. As one example, irradiation chamber 2525 may be shaped and/or coated to enhance its internal reflectivity to UV-C radiation. As another example, irradiation chamber 2525 may be shaped and/or coated to enhance its internal reflectivity to thermal radiation.

[0385] Radiation element 2525 employed by some embodiments may benefit from fluidic isolation from the water in volume 2520. Optional sleeve 2565 may be incorporated to accomplish this function. In some embodiments, sleeve 2565 may be comprised of material(s) which pass radiation from radiation element 2525. As just one example, sleeve 2565 may be comprised of material(s) with an advantageous degree of transparency to UV-C wavelengths in embodiments which employ UV-C radiation.

[0386] In some embodiments irradiation chamber 2505 may be sized and/or shaped to manipulate the dosage of radiation delivered to the water in volume 2520. For a given volume of irradiation chamber 2505 and emission rate of radiation element 2525, as the maximum water flow rate increases the dosage of radiation delivered to the water decreases. To adjust the dosage some embodiments may adjust the size of irradiation chamber 2505 and thus volume 2520. Some embodiments may adjust the dosage by adding/changing internal baffles to irradiation chamber 2505, changing the amount of time water in volume 2520 spends circulating near radiation element 2525. Some embodiments may adjust the dosage by adjusting the size, quantity, and/or power of radiation element 2525. Any one or more of these techniques may be employed to adjust the dosage of radiation delivered to the water in volume 2520.

[0387] Radiation elements, such as 2525, may experience degraded performance as they age. In some embodiments access cover 2530 is provided to permit radiation element 2525 to be accessed, inspected, cleaned, replaced, or otherwise serviced. Access cover 2530 may provide a watertight and/or airtight seal with radiation element 2525, irradiation chamber 2505, sleeve 2565, and/or other components as suits the specifics of the application.

[0388] Irradiation element 2525 may require outside power, and may provide useful information such as lifespan or performance data. In some embodiments wiring 2535 connects to radiation element 2525 for such purposes. Wiring 2535 may comprise one or more individual wires of suitable gauge or capacity. In some embodiments irradiation chamber 2505 may be conductive and comprise an electrical contact for radiation element 2525 and/or the water in volume 2520. Connection to irradiation chamber 2505 may be via wiring 2535 and/or another technique.

[0389] In some embodiments wiring 2535 (and optionally irradiation chamber 2505) may connect to optional circuitry 2540, which may comprise power circuitry, processing circuitry, data communications circuitry, and/or other circuitry as suitable for the specific application.

[0390] Circuitry 2540 may comprise one or more additional connections in some embodiments. One example, provided by some embodiments, is data I/O 2545 which may optionally comprise one or more of Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN), Ethernet, varying voltage, varying current, varying resistance, varying capacitance, varying inductance, serial protocols including but not limited to RS-232 and/or RS-422, RF/wireless interfaces, or any other suitable unidirectional and/or bidirectional data exchange technique.

[0391] Another example in some embodiments is sensor(s) 2550 which may optionally comprise one or more connections to sensors on the watercraft. Said sensors may be specific to AIS control, traditional sensors of the kind often found on watercraft, or other types of sensors in any combination.

[0392] A third example, in some embodiments, is test port(s) 2555 which may optionally provide information about AIS components and may be unidirectional or bidirectional. Test port(s) 2555 may be connected to, for example, a helm mounted display when no other existing display exists on the watercraft that can be employed for the purpose.

[0393] Some embodiments support separate test device 2560 which may be optionally connected to test port(s) 2555 to obtain information about AIS components. In some embodiments this may be used by regulatory authorities in the same fashion as the OBD connector on modern automobiles is used to check emissions and other criteria. Test device 2560 may, in some embodiments, confirm proper operation of AIS components. In some embodiments, test device 2560 may report on such parameters as consumed and/or remaining life of radiation element 2525.

[0394] Test port(s) 2555 may optionally provide regulatory authorities with a fast and easy way to confirm AIS control operation. Successful use of test port(s) 2555 may optionally allow watercraft operators with confirmed proper AIS control operation to bypass lengthy inspections and/or avoid associated fees and licenses. Since the AIS control of the present disclosure is not just AIS-neutral, but actually improves the quality of a body of water by helping to mitigate previously introduced invasive species as it operates, it is anticipated that regulatory authorities may favor watercraft equipped with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Test port(s) 2555 and/or test device 2560 provide at least one technique for such authorities to confirm proper operation and thus extend the associated privileges to those watercraft so equipped.

[0395] Some embodiments of thruster throughhulls may benefit from manipulation of the velocity and pressure of the ejected water. One application of this general concept is seen in traditional fire hose nozzles such as that shown in FIG. 34, wherein the incoming cross sectional area from the attached hose is reduced over some length. The nozzle converts pressure to velocity and the ejected jet of water thus creates more thrust than if the hose alone were simply allowing water to flow out at its original cross sectional area. Indeed, the achievable thrust from a fire nozzle can be great enough to require multiple personnel to control it.

[0396] This technique may improve upon thruster throughhulls to increase the net thrust imparted to the hull. FIG. 35 shows one embodiment wherein nozzle insert 3510 is added to throughhull 3500. Nozzle insert 3510 is installed inside of throughhull 3500, and then the next component of the throughhull assembly (in FIG. 35 shown as valve 3520) is attached to throughhull 3500. Nozzle insert 3510 is thus held in place within throughhull 3500 without requiring modification to the existing components.

[0397] This technique comprises several advantages including but not limited to compatibility with off-the-shelf throughhulls and other components, compatibility with standard hull cutouts and installation procedures for such off-the-shelf throughhulls, and ease of retrofitting existing throughhull designs.

[0398] The design of nozzle insert 3510 may be optimized to suit the desired enhancement(s) and other specifics of the application. As just one example, nozzle insert 3510 of FIG. 35 shows a reducing section (similar to the fire nozzle of FIG. 34) that achieves the thrust increase, and a straight section nearer the inlet end which more closely matches the internal diameter of throughhull 3500. In such embodiments the straight section serves to align and stabilize nozzle insert 3510 within throughhull 3500, permitting the reducing section to adopt whatever shape best suits the specifics of the application.

[0399] In some embodiments, the internal profile of nozzle insert 3510 may differ from its external profile. For example, less abrupt reductions of cross sectional area yield less backpressure in, and higher performance from, the thruster system. This can be seen in the design of the fire nozzle of FIG. 34 which has a high aspect ratio of length to diameter to minimize backpressure. As one example of differing internal and external profiles, nozzle insert 3510 of FIG. 35 may have the external profile shown yet have its reducing internal profile 3540 extend into the straight section—perhaps even taking advantage of the full internal length of the nozzle insert. The resulting reduction in cross sectional area from inlet 3530 to outlet 3550 takes advantage of more length (to reduce backpressure) without losing the alignment and stability afforded by the straight section when installed in throughhull 3500.

[0400] The net useful thrust from a thruster throughhull is maximized when the angle of its water jet is at or near horizontal, and reduces as the water jet angle departs from horizontal. Throughhulls similar to throughhull 3500 of FIG. 35 are therefore well suited to installation on vertical or nearly vertical hull surfaces because the resulting water jet will be horizontal or nearly horizontal as a result of the water jet direction being at right angles to the hull installation surface.

[0401] However, not all hull surfaces are vertical or nearly vertical. If a thruster throughhull is to be installed on a less vertical surface, the net useful thrust may be significantly reduced due to the water jet being directed away from horizontal.

[0402] Some embodiments address this by altering the hull to provide a more vertical throughhull mounting location in an otherwise less vertical hull surface. However, some circumstances may make such hull alterations inconvenient or unavailable. As just one example, production fiberglass hulls are often fabricated using hull molds in which materials comprising matting and resin are applied to the inside of the mold. Altering such molds may be expensive, the use of temporary hull “inserts” may entail numerous production challenges, and/or it may be desirable to maintain a consistent hull profile whether or not a thruster system is installed.

[0403] To resolve this problem, some embodiments employ an angled nozzle fitting. Nozzle fitting 3600 of FIG. 36 illustrates some of the overall similarities and differences as compared to the more traditional design of throughhull 3500 of FIG. 35. Threads 3610 are present for coupling nozzle fitting 3600 to the next upstream component (such as example valve 3520). The function of the throughhull “body” is incorporated into nozzle fitting 3600 as conduit 3630. The internal profile of conduit 3630 may be optionally shaped, like nozzle insert 3510, to obtain the benefits herein described. Mounting plate 3640 enables nozzle fitting 3600 to be secured to the hull.

[0404] FIG. 37 illustrates a typical installation of nozzle fitting 3600 as used in some embodiments. The angle between conduit 3630 and plate 3640 is chosen to yield a reasonably horizontal water jet given the angle of hull 3740. Some embodiments may tolerate an off-horizontal angle to optimize other aspects such as economy of scale in production. In some embodiments, plate 3640 is secured to the interior or exterior surface of hull 3740 via one or more of screws, bolts, adhesive, sealant, a backing plate, “glassing in” using matting and resin, and other suitable techniques.

[0405] The perspective of FIG. 38 is looking into inlet 3800 of nozzle fitting 3600. In this example, the interior of conduit 3630 is shaped to reduce its cross sectional area from inlet 3800 to the outlet using a generally circular profile, much like the aforementioned fire nozzle. Some embodiments may employ different profiles, cross sectional areas, inlet and outlet shapes, lengths, and/or additional parameters to suit the specifics of the application. For example, some embodiments may instead increase the cross sectional area from inlet to outlet. Some embodiments may comprise a generally constant cross sectional area in one or more portions of the conduit.

[0406] The perspective of FIG. 39 is looking into outlet 3900 of nozzle fitting 3600. As the perspective is along the centerline of conduit 3630, outlet 3900 appears circular. However, a cone or cylinder sliced at an angle yields an ellipse, and in some embodiments outlet 3900 of nozzle fitting 3600 may be elliptical or otherwise non-circular. Likewise, the opening in hull 3740 may be non-circular to be compatible with the shape of outlet 3900. The size and shape of outlet 3900 and the hull opening need not match, and may indeed intentionally differ to insure watertightness, structural strength, and/or other parameters associated with the interface between nozzle fitting 3600 and hull 3740.

[0407] FIGS. 35 through 39 illustrate a nozzle fitting with generally circular inlet, conduit, and outlet. Some embodiments employ alternative arrangements. For example, outlet 3900 may be an oval, ellipse, rectangle, or another shape for performance, aesthetic, design, structural, and/or other reason(s).

[0408] Likewise, the other characteristics of nozzle fitting 3600 may be modified in some embodiments. As just one example, the design of plate 3640 which may benefit in some embodiments from being other than rectangular. In some embodiments plate 3640 may be curved to better match the hull surface to which it is mounted, and/or may incorporate features designed to enhance bonding strength when “glassed in” or otherwise installed to the hull.

[0409] Many factors contribute to the final design choices for hull mounted components. The present invention does not preclude such flexibility.

[0410] In compliance with the statute, embodiments of the invention have been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the entire invention is not limited to the specific features and/or embodiments shown and/or described, since the disclosed embodiments comprise forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.