Mode switching for integrated gestural interaction and multi-user collaboration in immersive virtual reality environments

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional Patent Application 62/104,675, entitled, “MODE SWITCHING FOR INTEGRATED GESTURAL INTERACTION AND MULTI-USER COLLABORATION IN IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS,” filed on Jan. 16, 2015.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to human machine interface and in particular to augmented reality for wearable devices and methods for object detection and tracking.

[0003] Materials incorporated by reference in this filing include the following:

[0004] “DETERMINING POSITIONAL INFORMATION FOR AN OBJECT IN SPACE”, U.S. Non. Prov. application Ser. No. 14/214,605, filed 14 Mar. 2014,

[0005] “RESOURCE-RESPONSIVE MOTION CAPTURE”, US Non-Prov. application. Ser. No. 14/214,569, filed on 14 Mar. 2014,

[0006] “PREDICTIVE INFORMATION FOR FREE-SPACE GESTURE CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/873,758, filed on 4 Sep. 2013,

[0007] “VELOCITY FIELD INTERACTION FOR FREE SPACE GESTURE INTERFACE AND CONTROL”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/891,880, filed on 16 Oct. 2013,

[0008] “INTERACTIVE TRAINING RECOGNITION OF FREE SPACE GESTURES FOR INTERFACE AND CONTROL”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/872,538, filed on 30 Aug. 2013,

[0009] “DRIFT CANCELATION FOR PORTABLE OBJECT DETECTION AND TRACKING”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/938,635, filed on 11 Feb. 2014,

[0010] “IMPROVED SAFETY FOR WEARABLE VIRTUAL REALITY DEVICES VIA OBJECT DETECTION AND TRACKING”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/981,162, filed on 17 Apr. 2014,

[0011] “WEARABLE AUGMENTED REALITY DEVICES WITH OBJECT DETECTION AND TRACKING”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/001,044, filed on 20 May 2014,

[0012] “METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR IDENTIFYING POSITION AND SHAPE OF OBJECTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/587,554, filed 17 Jan. 2012,

[0013] “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CAPTURING MOTION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/724,091, filed 8 Nov. 2012,

[0014] “NON-TACTILE INTERFACE SYSTEMS AND METHODS”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/816,487, filed 26 Apr. 2013,

[0015] “DYNAMIC USER INTERACTIONS FOR DISPLAY CONTROL”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/752,725, filed on 15 Jan. 2013,

[0016] “VEHICLE MOTION SENSORY CONTROL”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/005,981, filed 30 May 2014,

[0017] “SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF PROVIDING HAPTIC-LIKE FEEDBACK IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SENSORY SPACE”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 61/937,410, filed 7 Feb. 2014,

[0018] “SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF INTERACTING WITH A VIRTUAL GRID IN A THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SENSORY SPACE”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/007,885, filed 4 Jun. 2014,

[0019] “SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF GESTURAL INTERACTION IN A PERVASIVE COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/003,298, filed 27 May 2014,

[0020] “MOTION CAPTURE USING CROSS-SECTIONS OF AN OBJECT”, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/414,485, filed on 7 Mar. 2012,

[0021] “USER INTERFACE FOR INTEGRATED GESTURAL INTERACTION AND MULTI-USER COLLABORATION IN IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS”, U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/094,015, filed 18 Dec. 2014, and

[0022] “SYSTEM AND METHODS FOR CAPTURING MOTION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE”, U.S. application Ser. No. 13/742,953, filed 16 Jan. 2013.

[0023] The subject matter discussed in this section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in this section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in this section or associated with the subject matter provided as background should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in this section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology.

[0024] Conventional motion capture approaches rely on markers or sensors worn by the subject while executing activities and/or on the strategic placement of numerous bulky and/or complex equipment in specialized and rigid environments to capture subject movements. Unfortunately, such systems tend to be expensive to construct. In addition, markers or sensors worn by the subject can be cumbersome and interfere with the subject's natural movement. Further, systems involving large numbers of cameras tend not to operate in real time, due to the volume of data that needs to be analyzed and correlated. Such considerations have limited the deployment and use of motion capture technology.

[0025] Consequently, there is a need for providing the ability to view and/or interact with the real world when using virtual reality capable devices (e.g., wearable or otherwise having greater portability) by capturing the motion of objects in real time without fixed or difficult to configure sensors or markers.

[0026] The technology disclosed relates to user interfaces for controlling augmented reality environments. In devices for viewing augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR), real and virtual objects can be seamlessly integrated to form an augmented reality by tracking motion of one or more real objects within view of a wearable sensor system using one or more cameras. For example, menus and other controls of user interface components, e.g., menus, icons, widgets, controls and the like integrated within a virtual or augmented reality environment can be displayed arranged over the user's arm and/or hand. The sensor system is capable of recognizing the user's hand(s) and/or arm(s) (or other body parts); integrating computer generated menus, controls or other objects thereon; and displaying the real world view augmented by the integrated computer generated items to the user. Such displays enable the user to enjoy convenient access to controls for applications used in conjunction with the AR system presented in a “believable” manner (e.g., on the hand or arm).

[0027] Users' desire to switch the AR/VR presentation on or off to interact with the real world surrounding them, for example to drink some soda, can be addressed with a convenient mode switching gesture associated with switching between operational modes in a VR/AR enabled device. Example operational modes can include a mode in which a video stream provided by an application program implementing a virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) is displayed to the user via the VR/AR enabled device and a mode in which a live video stream of the real world surrounding the user captured with cameras is displayed to the user in a pass through mode. The live video stream can be captured by cameras integrated into a wearable sensor system that can be affixed to a wearable VR/AR enabled device in one implementation. In one implementation, the wearable sensor system camera captures IR images for gesture detection and object virtualization into a VR presentation in VR mode as well as for conversion to visible images for display to the user as a pass-through mode. Other implementations include capturing input information about gestures using a set of IR (infrared) pixels while capturing live video information using a set of a RGB (red, green, and blue) pixels of a wearable sensor system. This approach is compatible with a wide variety of AR/VR technologies including systems that capture image data along different portions of the electromagnetic spectrums, including visible, near-IR, and IR spectrums; thereby compensating for deficiencies in lighting, contrast, and resolution in different environmental conditions.

[0028] In an implementation, a method of switching modes in a virtual reality device including motion tracking by a wearable sensor system is provided, that includes detecting a gesture associated with switching modes by capturing a video stream of a scene in a real world space proximate to a virtual reality device using at least one camera electronically coupled to a wearable sensor system. Selecting a display mode chosen from a first video stream including live video of the scene in real world space and a second video stream including an output of a virtual reality application is also part of the method. The method further includes switching display modes by displaying the video stream selected.

[0029] Implementation specifics vary and different paradigms can be employed in

[0030] The method of claim 1, wherein selecting a display mode. For example, in one implementation, selecting includes toggling between the first video stream and the second video stream. In one example implementation, the display mode can be switched back when a second gesture associated with switching modes is detected. In another example, the display mode can be switched back when a reverse gesture in a direction opposite to a direction of the gesture associated with switching modes is detected. In a further example, display modes can be selected by gesture, e.g., a first video stream is selected whenever a first gesture is detected and a second video stream is selected whenever a second gesture is detected.

[0031] In various implementations, gestures employed for mode switching can include one or more of a swipe from top to bottom, a swipe from bottom to top, a swipe from left to right, a swipe from right to left, and/or a spiral. The swiping (or other) motion made in a zone proximate to the virtual reality device. For example, mode changing gestures can be made very close (within 12 inches) of the device, while other (non-mode changing) gestures can be made at distances greater than 12 inches.

[0032] In one implementation, selecting a display mode can include switching between the video stream including image information gathered using a set of RGB pixels and a video stream including image information gathered using a set of IR pixels. In one implementation, the mode can be switched back when a second gesture associated with switching modes is detected. The second gesture can be the same gesture repeated, or a reverse gesture in the opposite direction.

[0033] In another implementation, a method of providing an augmented reality environment is provided, that includes capturing motion of a user body portion in the field of view of one or more cameras. Detecting a gesture indicating a command input to change a mode of operation from a virtual reality mode to a live video display mode or from a live video display mode to a virtual reality mode is also part of the method. Further, the method can also include changing a mode of operation of a wearable display device according to the command input. In some implementations the detecting can include sensing a swipe of a user hand in close proximity to the one or more cameras. In some implementations, the changing can include toggling the wearable display device between the virtual reality mode and the live video display mode. In some implementations, the method can further include returning the wearable display device to a previous mode upon detecting a second gesture.

[0034] In a yet further implementation, a system is provided that includes a sensory system including one or more optical sensors; a processing system to determine from information provided by the sensory system a position and/or motion of one or more objects of interest; and a wearable rendering subsystem to display a live video presentation of a scene or rendered representations of the one or more objects of interest in a virtual reality selectable by a detected gesture command input.

[0035] In one implementation, the technology disclosed relates to systems including motion sensors having one or more cameras employing a combination a RGB (red, green, and blue) and IR (infrared) pixels. In one implementation, capturing gross or coarse features and corresponding feature values of a real world space using RGB pixels and capturing fine or precise features and corresponding feature values of the real world space using IR pixels. Once captured, motion information of the wearable sensor system with respect to at least one feature of the scene is determined based on comparison between feature values detected at different time instances. For instance, a feature of a real world space is an object at a given position in the real world space, and then the feature value can be the three-dimensional (3D) co-ordinates of the position of the object in the real world space. If, between pairs of image frame or other image volume, the value of the position co-ordinates changes, then this can be used to determine motion information of the wearable sensory system with respect to the object whose position changed between image frames.

[0036] In another example, a feature of a real world space is a wall in the real world space and the corresponding feature value is orientation of the wall as perceived by a viewer engaged with a wearable sensor system. In this example, if a change in the orientation of the wall is registered between successive image frames captured by a camera electronically coupled to the wearable sensor system, then this can indicate a change in the position of the wearable sensor system that views the wall.

[0037] According to one implementation, RGB pixels of a camera embedded in a wearable sensor system are used to identify an object in the real world space along with prominent or gross features of the object from an image or sequence of images such as object contour, shape, volumetric model, skeletal model, silhouettes, overall arrangement and/or structure of objects in a real world space. This can be achieved by measuring an average pixel intensity of a region or varying textures of regions, as described later in this application. Thus, RGB pixels allow for acquisition of a coarse estimate of the real world space and/or objects in the real world space.

[0038] Further, data from the IR pixels can be used to capture fine or precise features of the real world space, which enhance the data extracted from RGB pixels. Examples of fine features include surface textures, edges, curvatures, and other faint features of the real world space and objects in the real world space. In one example, while RGB pixels capture a solid model of a hand, IR pixels are used capture the vein and/or artery patterns or fingerprints of the hand.

[0039] Some other implementations can include capturing image data by using the RGB and IR pixels in different combinations and permutations. For example, one implementation can include simultaneously activating the RGB and IR pixels to perform a whole scale acquisition of image data, without distinguishing between coarse or detail features. Another implementation can include using the RGB and IR pixels intermittently. Yet another implementation can include activating the RGB and IR pixels according to a quadratic or Gaussian function. Some other implementations can include performing a first scan using the IR pixels followed by an RGB scan, and vice-versa.

[0040] The technology disclosed also relates to enabling multi-user collaboration and interaction in an immersive virtual environment. In particular, it relates to capturing different sceneries of a shared real world space from the perspective of multiple users. In one implementation, this is achieved by capturing video streams of the real world space using cameras embedded in wearable sensor systems engaged by the multiple users. Also, three-dimensional maps of the real world space are determined by extracting one or more feature values of the real world space from image frames captured using a combination of RGB and IR pixels of the respective cameras. Further, position, orientation, and/or velocity of the different users and/or their body portions are determined by calculating the motion information of their wearable sensor systems with respect to each other. This is achieved by comparing the respective three-dimensional maps of the real world space generated from the perspective of different users, according to one implementation.

[0041] The technology disclosed further relates to sharing content between wearable sensor systems. In particular, it relates to capturing images and video streams from the perspective of a first user of a wearable sensor system and sending an augmented version of the captured images and video stream to a second user of the wearable sensor system. The augmented version can include corresponding content, with the same capture frame as the original version, but captured from a wider or more encompassing field of view than the original version. The augmented version can be further used to provide a panoramic experience to the second user of the first user's limited view.

[0042] In one implementation, the captured content is pre-processed before it is transmitted to a second user. Pre-processing includes enhancing the resolution or contrast of the content or augmenting it with additional graphics, annotations, or comments, according to one implementation. In other implementations, pre-processing includes reducing the resolution of the captured content before transmission.

[0043] In one implementation, a wearable sensor system includes capabilities to autonomously create a three-dimensional (3D) map of an environment surrounding a user of a virtual reality device. The map can be advantageously employed to determine motion information of the wearable sensor system and/or another user in the environment. One method includes capturing a plurality of images. A flow can be determined from features identified in captured images. (For example, features in the images corresponding to objects in the real world can be detected. The features of the objects are correlated across multiple images to determine change, which can be represented as a flow.) Based at least in part upon that flow, a map of the environment can be created. The method also includes localizing a user in the environment using the map. Advantageously, processing time can be reduced when a user enters a previously visited portion of the environment, since the device need only scan for new or changed conditions (e.g., that might present hazards, opportunities or points of interest). In one implementation, once a map of the environment has been built, the map can be presented to a virtualizing (VR) system and the virtualizing system can use the map as constraint(s) upon which to construct its world. Accordingly, by employing such techniques, a VR system can enable collaboration between different users participating in collaborative experiences such as multi-user games and other shared space activities.

[0044] Implementations of the technology disclosed include methods and systems that enable a user of a wearable (or portable) virtual reality capable device, using a sensor configured to capture motion and/or determining the path of an object based on imaging, acoustic or vibrational waves, to view and/or intuitively interact with the real world. Implementations can enable improved user experience, greater safety, greater functionality to users of virtual reality for machine control and/or machine communications applications using wearable (or portable) devices, e.g., head mounted devices (HMDs), wearable goggles, watch computers, smartphones, and so forth, or mobile devices, e.g., autonomous and semi-autonomous robots, factory floor material handling systems, autonomous mass-transit vehicles, automobiles (human or machine driven), and so forth, equipped with suitable sensors and processors employing optical, audio or vibrational detection.

[0045] In one implementation, a wearable sensor system includes capabilities to provide presentation output to a user of a virtual reality device. For example, a video stream including a sequence of images of a scene in the real world is captured using one or more cameras on a head mounted device (HMD) having a set of RGB pixels and a set of IR pixels. Information from the IR sensitive pixels is separated out for processing to recognize gestures. Information from the RGB sensitive pixels is provided to a presentation interface of the wearable device as a live video feed to a presentation output. The presentation output is displayed to a user of the wearable sensor system. One or more virtual objects can be integrated with the video stream images to form the presentation output. Accordingly, the device is enabled to provide any of gesture recognition, a real world presentation of real world objects via pass through video feed, and/or an augmented reality including virtual objects integrated with a real world view.

[0046] In one implementation, a wearable sensor system includes capabilities to provide presentation output to a user. For example, in one implementation, the device captures a video stream including a sequence of images of a scene in the real world. The video stream images are integrated with virtual object(s) to form a presentation output. The presentation output is displayed to a user of the wearable sensor system. For example, video can be captured with one or more cameras on a head mounted device (HMD) having a set of RGB pixels and a set of IR pixels.

[0047] In one implementation, the ambient lighting conditions are determined and can be used to adjust display of output. For example, information from the set of RGB pixels is displayed in normal lighting conditions and information from the set of IR pixels in dark lighting conditions. Alternatively, or additionally, information from the set of IR pixels can be used to enhance the information from the set of RGB pixels for low-light conditions, or vice versa. Some implementations can receive from a user a selection indicating a preferred display chosen from one of color imagery from the RGB pixels and IR imagery from the IR pixels, or combinations thereof. Alternatively, or additionally, the device itself may dynamically switch between video information captured using RGB sensitive pixels and video information captured using IR sensitive pixels for display depending upon ambient conditions, user preferences, situational awareness, other factors, or combinations thereof.

[0048] In one implementation, information from the IR sensitive pixels is separated out for processing to recognize gestures; while the information from the RGB sensitive pixels is provided to an output as a live video feed; thereby enabling conserving bandwidth to the gesture recognition processing. In gesture processing, features in the images corresponding to objects in the real world can be detected. The features of the objects are correlated across multiple images to determine change, which can be correlated to gesture motions. The gesture motions can be used to determine command information to a machine under control, application resident thereon or combinations thereof.

[0049] In one implementation, motion sensors and/or other types of sensors are coupled to a motion-capture system to monitor motion of at least the sensor of the motion-capture system resulting from, for example, users' touch. Information from the motion sensors can be used to determine first and second positional information of the sensor with respect to a fixed point at first and second times. Difference information between the first and second positional information is determined. Movement information for the sensor with respect to the fixed point is computed based upon the difference information. The movement information for the sensor is applied to apparent environment information sensed by the sensor to remove motion of the sensor therefrom to yield actual environment information; which can be communicated. Control information can be communicated to a system configured to provide a virtual reality or augmented reality experience via a portable device and/or to systems controlling machinery or the like based upon motion capture information for an object moving in space derived from the sensor and adjusted to remove motion of the sensor itself. In some applications, a virtual device experience can be augmented by the addition of haptic, audio and/or visual projectors.

[0050] In an implementation, apparent environmental information is captured from positional information of an object portion at the first time and the second time using a sensor of the motion-capture system. Object portion movement information relative to the fixed point at the first time and the second time is computed based upon the difference information and the movement information for the sensor.

[0051] In further implementations, a path of the object is calculated by repeatedly determining movement information for the sensor, using the motion sensors, and the object portion, using the sensor, at successive times and analyzing a sequence of movement information to determine a path of the object portion with respect to the fixed point. Paths can be compared to templates to identify trajectories. Trajectories of body parts can be identified as gestures. Gestures can indicate command information to be communicated to a system. Some gestures communicate commands to change operational modes of a system (e.g., zoom in, zoom out, pan, show more detail, next display page, and so forth).

[0052] Advantageously, some implementations can enable improved user experience, greater safety and improved functionality for users of virtual reality wearable devices. Some implementations further provide gesture capability allowing the user to execute intuitive gestures involving virtualized contact with a virtual object. For example, a device can be provided a capability to distinguish motion of objects from motions of the device itself in order to facilitate proper gesture recognition. Some implementations can provide improved interfacing with a variety of portable or wearable machines (e.g., smart telephones, portable computing systems, including laptop, tablet computing devices, personal data assistants, special purpose visualization computing machinery, including heads up displays (HUDs) for use in aircraft or automobiles for example, wearable virtual and/or augmented reality systems, including Google Glass, and others, graphics processors, embedded microcontrollers, gaming consoles, or the like; wired or wirelessly coupled networks of one or more of the foregoing, and/or combinations thereof), obviating or reducing the need for contact-based input devices such as a mouse, joystick, touch pad, or touch screen. Some implementations can provide for improved interface with computing and/or other machinery than would be possible with heretofore known techniques. In some implementations, a richer human—machine interface experience can be provided.

[0053] Other aspects and advantages of the present technology can be seen on review of the drawings, the detailed description and the claims, which follow.

[0071] Among other aspects, the technology described herein with reference to example implementations can provide capabilities to view and/or interact with the real world to the user of a wearable (or portable) device using a sensor or sensors configured to capture motion and/or determining the path of an object based on imaging, acoustic or vibrational waves. Implementations can enable improved user experience, greater safety, greater functionality to users of virtual reality for machine control and/or machine communications applications using wearable (or portable) devices, e.g., head mounted devices (HMDs), wearable goggles, watch computers, smartphones, and so forth, or mobile devices, e.g., autonomous and semi-autonomous robots, factory floor material handling systems, autonomous mass-transit vehicles, automobiles (human or machine driven), and so forth, equipped with suitable sensors and processors employing optical, audio or vibrational detection. In some implementations, projection techniques can supplement the sensory based tracking with presentation of virtual (or virtualized real) objects (visual, audio, haptic, and so forth) created by applications loadable to, or in cooperative implementation with, the HMD or other device to provide a user of the device with a personal virtual experience (e.g., a functional equivalent to a real experience).

[0072] Implementations include providing a “pass-through” in which live video is provided to the user of the virtual reality device, either alone or in conjunction with display of one or more virtual objects, enabling the user to perceive the real world directly. Accordingly, the user is enabled to see an actual desk environment as well as virtual applications or objects intermingled therewith. Gesture recognition and sensing enables implementations to provide the user with the ability to grasp or interact with real objects (e.g., the user's coke can) alongside the virtual (e.g., a virtual document floating above the surface of the user's actual desk. In some implementations, information from differing spectral sources is selectively used to drive one or another aspect of the experience. For example, information from IR sensitive sensors can be used to detect the user's hand motions and recognize gestures. While information from the visible light region can be used to drive the pass through video presentation, creating a real world presentation of real and virtual objects. In a further example, combinations of image information from multiple sources can be used; the system—or the user—selecting between IR imagery and visible light imagery based upon situational, conditional, environmental or other factors or combinations thereof. For example, the device can switch from visible light imaging to IR imaging when the ambient light conditions warrant. The user can have the ability to control the imaging source as well. In yet further examples, information from one type of sensor can be used to augment, correct, or corroborate information from another type of sensor. Information from IR sensors can be used to correct the display of imaging conducted from visible light sensitive sensors, and vice versa. In low-light or other situations not conducive to optical imaging, where free-form gestures cannot be recognized optically with a sufficient degree of reliability, audio signals or vibrational waves can be detected and used to supply the direction and location of the object as further described herein.

[0073] The technology disclosed can be applied to enhance user experience in immersive virtual reality environments using wearable sensor systems. Examples of systems, apparatus, and methods according to the disclosed implementations are described in a “wearable sensor systems” context. The examples of “wearable sensor systems” are being provided solely to add context and aid in the understanding of the disclosed implementations. In other instances, examples of gesture-based interactions in other contexts like automobiles, robots, or other machines can be applied to virtual games, virtual applications, virtual programs, virtual operating systems, etc. Other applications are possible, such that the following examples should not be taken as definitive or limiting either in scope, context, or setting. It will thus be apparent to one skilled in the art that implementations can be practiced in or outside the “wearable sensor systems” context.

[0074] As used herein, a given signal, event or value is “responsive to” a predecessor signal, event or value of the predecessor signal, event or value influenced by the given signal, event or value. If there is an intervening processing element, step or time period, the given signal, event or value can still be “responsive to” the predecessor signal, event or value. If the intervening processing element or step combines more than one signal, event or value, the signal output of the processing element or step is considered “responsive to” each of the signal, event or value inputs. If the given signal, event or value is the same as the predecessor signal, event or value, this is merely a degenerate case in which the given signal, event or value is still considered to be “responsive to” the predecessor signal, event or value. “Responsiveness” or “dependency” or “basis” of a given signal, event or value upon another signal, event or value is defined similarly.

[0075] As used herein, the “identification” of an item of information does not necessarily require the direct specification of that item of information. Information can be “identified” in a field by simply referring to the actual information through one or more layers of indirection, or by identifying one or more items of different information which are together sufficient to determine the actual item of information. In addition, the term “specify” is used herein to mean the same as “identify.”

[0076] Refer first to FIG. 1, which illustrates a system 100 for capturing image data according to one implementation of the technology disclosed. System 100 is preferably coupled to a wearable device 101 that can be a personal head mounted device (HMD) having a goggle form factor such as shown in FIG. 1, a helmet form factor, or can be incorporated into or coupled with a watch, smartphone, or other type of portable device.

[0077] In various implementations, the system and method for capturing 3D motion of an object as described herein can be integrated with other applications, such as a head-mounted device or a mobile device. Referring again to FIG. 1, a HMD 101 can include an optical assembly that displays a surrounding environment or a virtual environment to the user; incorporation of the motion-capture system 100 in the HMD 101 allows the user to interactively control the displayed environment. For example, a virtual environment can include virtual objects that can be manipulated by the user's hand gestures, which are tracked by the motion-capture system 100. In one implementation, the motion-capture system 100 integrated with the HMD 101 detects a position and shape of user's hand and projects it on the display of the head-mounted device 100 such that the user can see her gestures and interactively control the objects in the virtual environment. This can be applied in, for example, gaming or internet browsing.

[0078] System 100 includes any number of cameras 102, 104 coupled to sensory processing system 106. Cameras 102, 104 can be any type of camera, including cameras sensitive across the visible spectrum or with enhanced sensitivity to a confined wavelength band (e.g., the infrared (IR) or ultraviolet bands); more generally, the term “camera” herein refers to any device (or combination of devices) capable of capturing an image of an object and representing that image in the form of digital data. For example, line sensors or line cameras rather than conventional devices that capture a two-dimensional (2D) image can be employed. The term “light” is used generally to connote any electromagnetic radiation, which may or may not be within the visible spectrum, and may be broadband (e.g., white light) or narrowband (e.g., a single wavelength or narrow band of wavelengths).

[0079] Cameras 102, 104 are preferably capable of capturing video images (i.e., successive image frames at a constant rate of at least 15 frames per second), although no particular frame rate is required. The capabilities of cameras 102, 104 are not critical to the technology disclosed, and the cameras can vary as to frame rate, image resolution (e.g., pixels per image), color or intensity resolution (e.g., number of bits of intensity data per pixel), focal length of lenses, depth of field, etc. In general, for a particular application, any cameras capable of focusing on objects within a spatial volume of interest can be used. For instance, to capture motion of the hand of an otherwise stationary person, the volume of interest might be defined as a cube approximately one meter on a side.

[0080] As shown, cameras 102, 104 can be oriented toward portions of a region of interest 112 by motion of the device 101, in order to view a virtually rendered or virtually augmented view of the region of interest 112 that can include a variety of virtual objects 116 as well as contain an object of interest 114 (in this example, one or more hands) moves within the region of interest 112. One or more sensors 108, 110 capture motions of the device 101. In some implementations, one or more light sources 115, 117 are arranged to illuminate the region of interest 112. In some implementations, one or more of the cameras 102, 104 are disposed opposite the motion to be detected, e.g., where the hand 114 is expected to move. This is an optimal location because the amount of information recorded about the hand is proportional to the number of pixels it occupies in the camera images, and the hand will occupy more pixels when the camera's angle with respect to the hand's “pointing direction” is as close to perpendicular as possible. Sensory processing system 106, which can be, e.g., a computer system, can control the operation of cameras 102, 104 to capture images of the region of interest 112 and sensors 108, 110 to capture motions of the device 101. Information from sensors 108, 110 can be applied to models of images taken by cameras 102, 104 to cancel out the effects of motions of the device 101, providing greater accuracy to the virtual experience rendered by device 101. Based on the captured images and motions of the device 101, sensory processing system 106 determines the position and/or motion of object 114.

[0081] For example, as an action in determining the motion of object 114, sensory processing system 106 can determine which pixels of various images captured by cameras 102, 104 contain portions of object 114. In some implementations, any pixel in an image can be classified as an “object” pixel or a “background” pixel depending on whether that pixel contains a portion of object 114 or not. Object pixels can thus be readily distinguished from background pixels based on brightness. Further, edges of the object can also be readily detected based on differences in brightness between adjacent pixels, allowing the position of the object within each image to be determined. In some implementations, the silhouettes of an object are extracted from one or more images of the object that reveal information about the object as seen from different vantage points. While silhouettes can be obtained using a number of different techniques, in some implementations, the silhouettes are obtained by using cameras to capture images of the object and analyzing the images to detect object edges. Correlating object positions between images from cameras 102, 104 and cancelling out captured motions of the device 101 from sensors 108, 110 allows sensory processing system 106 to determine the location in 3D space of object 114, and analyzing sequences of images allows sensory processing system 106 to reconstruct 3D motion of object 114 using conventional motion algorithms or other techniques. See, e.g., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/414,485, filed on Mar. 7, 2012 and Ser. No. 13/742,953, filed on Jan. 16, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/724,091, filed on Nov. 8, 2012, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0082] Presentation interface 208 employs projection techniques in conjunction with the sensory based tracking in order to present virtual (or virtualized real) objects (visual, audio, haptic, and so forth) created by applications loadable to, or in cooperative implementation with, the device 101 to provide a user of the device with a personal virtual experience. Projection can include an image or other visual representation of an object.

[0083] One implementation uses motion sensors and/or other types of sensors coupled to a motion-capture system to monitor motions within a real environment. A virtual object integrated into an augmented rendering of a real environment can be projected to a user of a portable device 101. Motion information of a user body portion can be determined based at least in part upon sensory information received from imaging devices (e.g., cameras 102, 104) or acoustic or other sensory devices. Control information is communicated to a system based in part on a combination of the motion of the portable device 101 and the detected motion of the user determined from the sensory information received from imaging devices (e.g., cameras 102, 104) or acoustic or other sensory devices. The virtual device experience can be augmented in some implementations by the addition of haptic, audio and/or other sensory information projectors. For example, with reference to FIG. 8A, video presentation mechanism 208 can project an image of a virtual device (e.g., menu 801) superimposed upon a real world object rendered as a representation in the augmented reality, e.g., arm 803 being displayed to a user via live video feed; thereby creating a virtual device experience of interacting with a menu on the user's arm. Optional haptic projector 806 can project the feeling of “clicking” a button the user's finger. Optional audio projector 802 can project the sound of a “click” in response to detecting the user depressing a button on the menu. Because it is a virtual reality world, the back side of hand 114 is projected to the user, so that the scene looks to the user as if the user is looking at the user's own hand(s).

[0084] A plurality of sensors 108, 110 coupled to the sensory processing system 106 to capture motions of the device 101. Sensors 108, 110 can be any type of sensor useful for obtaining signals from various parameters of motion (acceleration, velocity, angular acceleration, angular velocity, position/locations); more generally, the term “motion detector” herein refers to any device (or combination of devices) capable of converting mechanical motion into an electrical signal. Such devices can include, alone or in various combinations, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, and are designed to sense motions through changes in orientation, magnetism or gravity. Many types of motion sensors exist and implementation alternatives vary widely.

[0085] The illustrated system 100 can include any of various other sensors not shown in FIG. 1 for clarity, alone or in various combinations, to enhance the virtual experience provided to the user of device 101. For example, in low-light situations where free-form gestures cannot be recognized optically with a sufficient degree of reliability, system 106 may switch to a touch mode in which touch gestures are recognized based on acoustic or vibrational sensors. Alternatively, system 106 may switch to the touch mode, or supplement image capture and processing with touch sensing, when signals from acoustic or vibrational sensors are sensed. In still another operational mode, a tap or touch gesture may act as a “wake up” signal to bring the image and audio analysis system 106 from a standby mode to an operational mode. For example, the system 106 may enter the standby mode if optical signals from the cameras 102, 104 are absent for longer than a threshold interval.

[0086] It will be appreciated that the figures shown in FIG. 1 are illustrative. In some implementations, it may be desirable to house the system 100 in a differently shaped enclosure or integrated within a larger component or assembly. Furthermore, the number and type of image sensors, motion detectors, illumination sources, and so forth are shown schematically for the clarity, but neither the size nor the number is the same in all implementations.

[0087] Refer now to FIG. 2, which shows a simplified block diagram of a computer system 200 for implementing sensory processing system 106. Computer system 200 includes a processor 202, a memory 204, a motion detector and camera interface 206, a presentation interface 208, speaker(s) 209, a microphone(s) 210, and a wireless interface 211. Memory 204 can be used to store instructions to be executed by processor 202 as well as input and/or output data associated with execution of the instructions. In particular, memory 204 contains instructions, conceptually illustrated as a group of modules described in greater detail below, that control the operation of processor 202 and its interaction with the other hardware components. An operating system directs the execution of low-level, basic system functions such as memory allocation, file management and operation of mass storage devices. The operating system may be or include a variety of operating systems such as Microsoft WINDOWS operating system, the Unix operating system, the Linux operating system, the Xenix operating system, the IBM AIX operating system, the Hewlett Packard UX operating system, the Novell NETWARE operating system, the Sun Microsystems SOLARIS operating system, the OS/2 operating system, the BeOS operating system, the MACINTOSH operating system, the APACHE operating system, an OPENACTION operating system, iOS, Android or other mobile operating systems, or another operating system of platform.

[0088] The computing environment may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. For example, a hard disk drive may read or write to non-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media. A magnetic disk drive may read from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk, and an optical disk drive may read from or write to a removable, nonvolatile optical disk such as a CD-ROM or other optical media. Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include, but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards, digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solid state ROM, and the like. The storage media are typically connected to the system bus through a removable or non-removable memory interface.

[0089] Processor 202 may be a general-purpose microprocessor, but depending on implementation can alternatively be a microcontroller, peripheral integrated circuit element, a CSIC (customer-specific integrated circuit), an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), a logic circuit, a digital signal processor, a programmable logic device such as an FPGA (field-programmable gate array), a PLD (programmable logic device), a PLA (programmable logic array), an RFID processor, smart chip, or any other device or arrangement of devices that is capable of implementing the actions of the processes of the technology disclosed.

[0090] Motion detector and camera interface 206 can include hardware and/or software that enables communication between computer system 200 and cameras 102, 104, as well as sensors 108, 110 (see FIG. 1). Thus, for example, motion detector and camera interface 206 can include one or more camera data ports 216, 218 and motion detector ports 217, 219 to which the cameras and motion detectors can be connected (via conventional plugs and jacks), as well as hardware and/or software signal processors to modify data signals received from the cameras and motion detectors (e.g., to reduce noise or reformat data) prior to providing the signals as inputs to a motion-capture (“mocap”) program 214 executing on processor 202. In some implementations, motion detector and camera interface 206 can also transmit signals to the cameras and sensors, e.g., to activate or deactivate them, to control camera settings (frame rate, image quality, sensitivity, etc.), to control sensor settings (calibration, sensitivity levels, etc.), or the like. Such signals can be transmitted, e.g., in response to control signals from processor 202, which may in turn be generated in response to user input or other detected events.

[0091] Instructions defining mocap program 214 are stored in memory 204, and these instructions, when executed, perform motion-capture analysis on images supplied from cameras and audio signals from sensors connected to motion detector and camera interface 206. In one implementation, mocap program 214 includes various modules, such as an object analysis module 222 and a path analysis module 224. Object analysis module 222 can analyze images (e.g., images captured via interface 206) to detect edges of an object therein and/or other information about the object's location. In some implementations, object analysis module 222 can also analyze audio signals (e.g., audio signals captured via interface 206) to localize the object by, for example, time distance of arrival, multilateration or the like. (“Multilateration is a navigation technique based on the measurement of the difference in distance to two or more stations at known locations that broadcast signals at known times. See Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multilateration&oldid=523281858, on Nov. 16, 2012, 06:07 UTC). Path analysis module 224 can track and predict object movements in 3D based on information obtained via the cameras. Some implementations will include a Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality environment manager 226 provides integration of virtual objects reflecting real objects (e.g., hand 114) as well as synthesized objects 116 for presentation to user of device 101 via presentation interface 208 to provide a personal virtual experience. One or more applications 230 can be loaded into memory 204 (or otherwise made available to processor 202) to augment or customize functioning of device 101 thereby enabling the system 200 to function as a platform. Successive camera images are analyzed at the pixel level to extract object movements and velocities. Audio signals place the object on a known surface, and the strength and variation of the signals can be used to detect object's presence. If both audio and image information is simultaneously available, both types of information can be analyzed and reconciled to produce a more detailed and/or accurate path analysis. A video feed integrator 229 provides integration of live video feed from the cameras 102, 104 and one or more virtual objects (e.g., 801 of FIG. 8A) using techniques like that of described in commonly owned, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/001,044, filed 20 May 2014. Video feed integrator governs processing of video information from disparate types of cameras 102, 104. For example, information received from pixels sensitive to IR light and from pixels sensitive to visible light (e.g., RGB) can be separated by integrator 229 and processed differently. Image information from IR sensors can be used for gesture recognition, while image information from RGB sensors can be provided as a live video feed via presentation interface 208. Information from one type of sensor can be used to enhance, correct, and/or corroborate information from another type of sensor. Information from one type of sensor can be favored in some types of situational or environmental conditions (e.g., low light, fog, bright light, and so forth). The device can select between providing presentation output based upon one or the other types of image information, either automatically or by receiving a selection from the user. Integrator 229 in conjunction with VR/AR environment 226 control the creation of the environment presented to the user via presentation interface 208.

[0092] Presentation interface 208, speakers 209, microphones 210, and wireless network interface 211 can be used to facilitate user interaction via device 101 with computer system 200. These components can be of generally conventional design or modified as desired to provide any type of user interaction. In some implementations, results of motion capture using motion detector and camera interface 206 and mocap program 214 can be interpreted as user input. For example, a user can perform hand gestures or motions across a surface that are analyzed using mocap program 214, and the results of this analysis can be interpreted as an instruction to some other program executing on processor 200 (e.g., a web browser, word processor, or other application). Thus, by way of illustration, a user might use upward or downward swiping gestures to “scroll” a webpage currently displayed to the user of device 101 via presentation interface 208, to use rotating gestures to increase or decrease the volume of audio output from speakers 209, and so on. Path analysis module 224 may represent the detected path as a vector and extrapolate to predict the path, e.g., to improve rendering of action on device 101 by presentation interface 208 by anticipating movement.

[0093] It will be appreciated that computer system 200 is illustrative and that variations and modifications are possible. Computer systems can be implemented in a variety of form factors, including server systems, desktop systems, laptop systems, tablets, smart phones or personal digital assistants, and so on. A particular implementation may include other functionality not described herein, e.g., wired and/or wireless network interfaces, media playing and/or recording capability, etc. In some implementations, one or more cameras and two or more microphones may be built into the computer rather than being supplied as separate components. Further, an image or audio analyzer can be implemented using only a subset of computer system components (e.g., as a processor executing program code, an ASIC, or a fixed-function digital signal processor, with suitable I/O interfaces to receive image data and output analysis results).

[0094] While computer system 200 is described herein with reference to particular blocks, it is to be understood that the blocks are defined for convenience of description and are not intended to imply a particular physical arrangement of component parts. Further, the blocks need not correspond to physically distinct components. To the extent that physically distinct components are used, connections between components (e.g., for data communication) can be wired and/or wireless as desired. Thus, for example, execution of object analysis module 222 by processor 202 can cause processor 202 to operate motion detector and camera interface 206 to capture images and/or audio signals of an object traveling across and in contact with a surface to detect its entrance by analyzing the image and/or audio data.

[0095] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate three different configurations of a movable sensor system 300A, 300B, and 300C, with reference to example implementations packaged within a single housing as an integrated sensor. In all cases, sensor 300A, 300B, 300C includes a top surface 305, a bottom surface 307, and a side wall 310 spanning the top and bottom surfaces 305, 307. With reference also to FIG. 3A, the top surface 305 of sensor 300A contains a pair of windows 315 for admitting light to the cameras 102, 104, one of which is optically aligned with each of the windows 315. If the system includes light sources 115, 117, surface 305 may contain additional windows for passing light to the object(s) being tracked. In sensor 300A, motion sensors 108, 110 are located on the side wall 310. Desirably, the motion sensors are flush with the surface of side wall 310 so that, the motion sensors are disposed to sense motions about a longitudinal axis of sensor 300A. Of course, the motion sensors can be recessed from side wall 310 internal to the device in order to accommodate sensor operation and placement within available packaging space so long as coupling with the external housing of sensor 300A remains adequate. In sensor 300B, motion sensors 108, 110 are located proximate to the bottom surface 307, once again in a flush or recessed configuration. The top surface of the sensor 300B (not shown in the figure for clarity sake) contains camera windows 315 as shown in FIG. 3A. In FIG. 3C, motion sensors 108, 110 are external contact transducers that connect to sensor 300C via jacks 320. This configuration permits the motion sensors to be located away from the sensor 300C, e.g., if the motion sensors are desirably spaced further apart than the packaging of sensor 300C allows. In other implementations, movable sensor components of FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C can be imbedded in portable (e.g., head mounted devices (HMDs), wearable goggles, watch computers, smartphones, and so forth) or movable (e.g., autonomous robots, material transports, automobiles (human or machine driven)) devices.

[0096] FIG. 4 illustrates apparent movement of objects from the perspective of the user of a virtual environment enabled apparatus 400 in accordance with the technology. FIG. 4 shows two views of a user of a device 101 viewing a field of view 113 at two different times. As shown in block 401, at an initial time t₀, user is viewing field of view 113a using device 101 in a particular initial position to view an area 113a. As shown in block 402, device 101 presents to user a display of the device field of view 113a that includes objects 114 (hands) in a particular pose. As shown in block 403, subsequently at time t₁, the user has repositioned device 101. Accordingly, the apparent position of objects 114 in the field of view 113b shown in block 404 has changed from the apparent position of the objects 114 in field of view 113a. Even in the case where the hands 114 did not move in space, the user sees an apparent movement of the hands 114 due to the change in position of the device.

[0097] Now with reference to FIG. 5, an apparent movement of one or more moving objects from the perspective of the user of a virtual environment enabled apparatus 500 is illustrated. As shown by block 502, field of view 113a presented by device 101 at time t₀ includes an object 114. At time t₀, the position and orientation of tracked object 114 is known with respect to device reference frame 120a, again at time t₀. As shown by block 404, at time t₁, the position and orientation of both device reference frame 120b and tracked object 114 have changed. As shown by block 504, field of view 113b presented by device 101 at time t₁ includes object 114 in a new apparent position. Because the device 101 has moved, the device reference frame 120 has moved from an original or starting device reference frame 120a to a current or final reference frame 120b as indicated by transformation T. It is noteworthy that the device 101 can rotate as well as translate. Implementations can provide sensing the position and rotation of reference frame 120b with respect to reference frame 120a and sensing the position and rotation of tracked object 114 with respect to 120b, at time t₁. Implementations can determine the position and rotation of tracked object 114 with respect to 120a from the sensed position and rotation of reference frame 120b with respect to reference frame 120a and the sensed position and rotation of tracked object 114 with respect to 120b.

[0098] In an implementation, a transformation R is determined that moves dashed line reference frame 120a to dotted line reference frame 120b, without intermediate conversion to an absolute or world frame of reference. Applying the reverse transformation R^T makes the dotted line reference frame 120b lie on top of dashed line reference frame 120a. Then the tracked object 114 will be in the right place from the point of view of dashed line reference frame 120a. (It is noteworthy that R^T is equivalent to R⁻¹ for our purposes.) In determining the motion of object 114, sensory processing system 106 can determine its location and direction by computationally analyzing images captured by cameras 102, 104 and motion information captured by sensors 108, 110. For example, an apparent position of any point on the object (in 3D space) at time

[0099] $t=t_0:\left[\begin{array}{c}x\\ y\\ z\\ 1\end{array}\right],$
can be converted to a real position of the point on the object at time

[0100] $t=t_1:\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}^{\prime }\\ y^{\prime }\\ z^{\prime }\\ 1\end{array}\right]$
using an affine transform

[0101] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}& T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
from the frame of reference of the device. We refer to the combination of a rotation and translation, which are not generally commutative, as the affine transformation.

[0102] The correct location at time t=t₁ of a point on the tracked object with respect to device reference frame 120a is given by an inverse affine transformation, e.g.,

[0103] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}^T& -R_{\mathrm{ref}}^T*T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
as provided for in equation (1):

[0104] $\begin{array}{cc}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}^T& \left(-R_{\mathrm{ref}}^T\right)*T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]*\left[\begin{array}{c}x\\ y\\ z\\ 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}{x}^{\prime }\\ y^{\prime }\\ z^{\prime }\\ 1\end{array}\right]& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

• • [0105] Where:
  • [0106] R_ref^T— Represents the rotation matrix part of an affine transform describing the rotation transformation from the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0107] T_ref—Represents translation of the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.

[0108] One conventional approach to obtaining the Affine transform R (from axis unit vector u=(u_x, u_y, u_z), rotation angle θ) method. Wikipedia, at <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix>, Rotation matrix from axis and angle, on Jan. 30, 2014, 20:12 UTC, upon which the computations equation (2) are at least in part inspired:

[0109] $\begin{array}{cc}R=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\cos \theta +u_x^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)& \begin{array}{c}{u}_x{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}{u}_x{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}{u}_y{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \cos \theta +u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)& \begin{array}{c}{u}_y{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}{u}_z{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}{u}_z{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}& \cos \theta +u_z^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\end{array}\right]R^T=\hspace{1em}\hspace{1em}[\begin{array}{ccc}\cos \theta +u_x^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)& \begin{array}{c}{u}_y{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}{u}_z{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}{u}_x{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \cos \theta +u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)& \begin{array}{c}{u}_z{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}{u}_x{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}{u}_y{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}& \cos \theta +u_z^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\end{array}]-R^T=\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\begin{array}{c}-\cos \theta -\\ u_x^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-u_y{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-u_z{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}-u_x{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_z\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-\cos \theta -\\ u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-u_z{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}-u_x{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-\\ u_y\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-u_y{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+\\ u_x\sin \theta \end{array}& \begin{array}{c}-\cos \theta -\\ u_z^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\end{array}\end{array}\right]& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

[0110] $T=\left[\begin{array}{c}a\\ b\\ c\end{array}\right]$
is a vector representing a translation of the object with respect to origin of the coordinate system of the translated frame,

[0111] $-R^T*T=\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{c}\begin{array}{c}\left(-\cos \theta -u_x^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\right)\left(a\right)+\left(-\cos \theta -u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\right)\left(b\right)+\\ \left(-u_z{u}_x\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+u_y\sin \theta \right)\left(c\right)\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}\left(-u_x{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+u_z\sin \theta \right)\left(a\right)+\left(-\cos \theta -u_y^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\right)\left(b\right)+\\ \left(-u_z{u}_y\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-u_x\sin \theta \right)\left(c\right)\end{array}\\ \begin{array}{c}\left(-u_x{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)-u_y\sin \theta \right)\left(a\right)+\left(-u_y{u}_z\left(1-\cos \theta \right)+u_x\sin \theta \right)\left(b\right)+\\ \left(-\cos \theta -u_z^2\left(1-\cos \theta \right)\right)\left(c\right)\end{array}\end{array}\right]$

[0112] In another example, an apparent orientation and position of the object at time t=t₀: vector pair

[0113] $\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}& T_{\mathrm{obj}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right],$
can be converted to a real orientation and position of the object at time t=t₁:

[0114] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }& T_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
using an affine transform

[0115] $\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}& T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$
The correct orientation and position of the tracked object with respect to device reference frame at time t=t₀ (120a) is given by an inverse affine transformation, e.g.,

[0116] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}^T& -R_{\mathrm{ref}}^T*T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
as provided for in equation (3):

[0117] $\begin{array}{cc}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}^T& \left(-R_{\mathrm{ref}}^T\right)*T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]*\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}& T_{\mathrm{obj}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }& T_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

• • [0118] Where:
  • [0119] R_ref^T—Represents the rotation matrix part of an affine transform describing the rotation transformation from the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0120] R_obj—Represents a matrix describing the rotation at t₀ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0121] R′_obj—Represents a matrix describing the rotation at t₁ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120a.
  • [0122] T_ref—Represents a vector translation of the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0123] T_obj—Represents a vector describing the position at t₀ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0124] T′_obj—Represents a vector describing the position at t₁ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120a.

[0125] In a yet further example, an apparent orientation and position of the object at time t=t₀: affine transform

[0126] $\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}& T_{\mathrm{obj}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right],$
can be converted to a real orientation and position of the object at time t=t₁:

[0127] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }& T_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
using an affine transform

[0128] $\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}& T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$
Furthermore, the position and orientation of the initial reference frame with respect to a (typically) fixed reference point in space can be determined using an affine transform

[0129] $\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{init}}& T_{\mathrm{init}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right].$
The correct orientation and position of the tracked object with respect to device reference frame at time t=t₀ (120a) is given by an inverse affine transformation, e.g.,

[0130] $\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{init}}^T& \left(-R_{\mathrm{init}}^T\right)*T_{\mathrm{init}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
as provided for in equation (4):

[0131] $\begin{array}{cc}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{init}}^T& \left(-R_{\mathrm{init}}^T\right)*T_{\mathrm{init}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]\hspace{1em}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{ref}}^T& \left(-R_{\mathrm{ref}}^T\right)*T_{\mathrm{ref}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]*\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}& T_{\mathrm{obj}}\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }& T_{\mathrm{obj}}^{\prime }\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

• • [0132] Where:
  • [0133] R^T_init—Represents a rotation matrix part of an affine transform describing the rotation transformation at t₀ from the world reference frame 119 to the device reference frame 120a.
  • [0134] R^T_ref—Represents the rotation matrix part of an affine transform describing the rotation transformation from the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0135] R_obj—Represents a matrix describing the rotation of the object at t₀ with respect to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0136] R′_obj—Represents a matrix describing the rotation of the object at t₁ with respect to the device reference frame 120a.
  • [0137] T_init—Represents a vector translation at t₀ of the world reference frame 119 to the device reference frame 120a.
  • [0138] T_ref—Represents a vector translation at t₁ of the device reference frame 120a to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0139] T_obj—Represents a vector describing the position at t₀ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120b.
  • [0140] T′_obj—Represents a vector describing the position at t₁ of the object with respect to the device reference frame 120a.

[0141] In some implementations, the technology disclosed can build a world model with an absolute or world frame of reference. The world model can include representations of object portions (e.g. objects, edges of objects, prominent vortices) and potentially depth information when available from a depth sensor, depth camera or the like, within the viewpoint of the virtual or augmented reality head mounted sensor. The system can build the world model from image information captured by the cameras of the sensor. Points in 3D space can be determined from the stereo-image information are analyzed to obtain object portions. These points are not limited to a hand or other control object in a foreground; the points in 3D space can include stationary background points, especially edges. The model is populated with the object portions.

[0142] When the sensor moves (e.g., the wearer of a wearable headset turns her head) successive stereo-image information is analyzed for points in 3D space. Correspondences are made between two sets of points in 3D space chosen from the current view of the scene and the points in the world model to determine a relative motion of the object portions. The relative motion of the object portions reflects actual motion of the sensor.

[0143] Differences in points are used to determine an inverse transformation (the

[0144] $\left(\mathrm{the}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{R}^T& -R^T*T\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right]\right)$
between model position and new position of object portions. In this affine transform, R^T describes the rotational portions of motions between camera and object coordinate systems, and T describes the translational portions thereof.

[0145] The system then applies an inverse transformation of the object corresponding to the actual transformation of the device (since the sensor, not the background object moves) to determine the translation and rotation of the camera. Of course, this method is most effective when background objects are not moving relative to the world frame (i.e., in free space).

[0146] The model can be updated whenever we detect new points not previously seen in the model. The new points are added to the model so that it continually grows.

[0147] Of course, embodiments can be created in which (1) device cameras are considered stationary and the world model is considered to move; or (2) the device cameras are considered to be moving and the world model is considered stationary.

[0148] The use of a world model described above does not require any gyroscopic, accelerometer or magnetometer sensors, since the same cameras in a single unit (even the same cameras) can sense both the background objects and the control object. In any view where the system can recognize elements of the model, it can re-localize its position and orientation relative to the model and without drifting from sensor data. In some embodiments, motion sensors can be used to seed the frame to frame transformation and therefore bring correspondences between the rendered virtual or augmented reality scenery closer to the sensed control object, making the result less ambiguous (i.e., the system would have an easier time determining what motion of the head had occurred to result in the change in view from that of the model). In a yet further embodiment, sensor data could be used to filter the solution above so that the motions appear to be smoother from frame to frame, while still remaining impervious to drift caused by relying upon motion sensors alone.

Virtual/Augmented Reality

[0149] Sensory processing system 106 includes a number of components for generating an immersive purely virtual and/or augmented environment. The first component is a camera such as cameras 102 or 104 or other video input to generate a digitized video image of the real world or user-interaction region. The camera can be any digital device that is dimensioned and configured to capture still or motion pictures of the real world and to convert those images to a digital stream of information that can be manipulated by a computer. For example, cameras 102 or 104 can be digital still cameras, digital video cameras, web cams, head-mounted displays, phone cameras, tablet personal computers, ultra-mobile personal computers, and the like.

[0150] The second component is a transparent, partially transparent, or semi-transparent user interface such as display 120 (embedded in a user computing device like a wearable goggle or a smartphone) that combines rendered 3D virtual imagery with a view of the real world, so that both are visible at the same time to a user. In some implementations, the rendered 3D virtual imagery can projected using holographic, laser, stereoscopic, autostereoscopic, or volumetric 3D displays.

[0151] In one implementation, a virtual reality and/or augmented reality (AR) environment can be created by instantiation of a free-floating virtual modality in a real world physical space. In one implementation, computer-generated imagery, presented as free-floating virtual modality, can be rendered in front of a user as reflections using real-time rendering techniques such as orthographic or perspective projection, clipping, screen mapping, rasterizing and transformed into the field of view or current view space of a live camera embedded in a video projector, holographic projection system, smartphone, wearable goggle or other head mounted device (HMD), or heads up display (HUD). In some other implementations, transforming models into the current view space can be accomplished using sensor output from onboard sensors. For example, gyroscopes, magnetometers and other motion sensors can provide angular displacements, angular rates and magnetic readings with respect to a reference coordinate frame, and that data can be used by a real-time onboard rendering engine to generate 3D imagery. If the user physically moves a user computing device, resulting in a change of view of the embedded camera, the virtual modality and computer-generated imagery can be updated accordingly using the sensor data.

[0152] In some implementations, a virtual modality can include a variety of information from a variety of local or network information sources. Some examples of information include specifications, directions, recipes, data sheets, images, video clips, audio files, schemas, user interface elements, thumbnails, text, references or links, telephone numbers, blog or journal entries, notes, part numbers, dictionary definitions, catalog data, serial numbers, order forms, marketing or advertising and any other information that may be useful to a user. Some examples of information resources include local databases or cache memory, network databases, Websites, online technical libraries, other devices, or any other information resource that can be accessed by user computing devices either locally or remotely through a communication link.

[0153] Virtual items in a presentation output, rendered across an interface of a wearable sensor system, can include text, images, or references to other information (e.g., links). In one implementation, interactive virtual items can be displayed proximate to their corresponding real-world objects. In another implementation, interactive virtual items can describe or otherwise provide useful information about the objects to a user.

[0154] Projected AR allows users to simultaneously view the real word physical space and the interactive virtual items superimposed in the space. In one implementation, these interactive virtual items can be projected on to the real word physical space using micro-projectors embedded in wearable goggle or other head mounted display (HMD) that cast a perspective view of a stereoscopic 3D imagery onto the real world space. In such an implementation, a camera, in-between the micro-projectors can scan for infrared identification markers placed in the real world space. The camera can use these markers to precisely track the user's head position and orientation in the real word physical space, according to another implementation. Yet another implementation includes using retroreflectors in the real word physical space to prevent scattering of light emitted by the micro-projectors and to provision multi-user participation by maintaining distinct and private user views. In such an implementation, multiple users can simultaneously interact with the same virtual modality, such that they both view the same virtual objects and manipulations to virtual objects by one user are seen by the other user.

[0155] In other implementations, projected AR obviates the need of using wearable hardware such as goggles and other hardware like displays to create an AR experience. In such implementations, a video projector, volumetric display device, holographic projector, and/or heads-up display can be used to create a “glasses-free” AR environment. In one implementation, such projectors can be electronically coupled to user computing devices such as smartphones or laptop and configured to produce and magnify virtual items that are perceived as being overlaid on the real word physical space.

[0156] The third component is the sensory processing system 106, which captures a series of sequentially temporal images of a region of interest. It further identifies any gestures performed in the region of interest and controls responsiveness of the rendered 3D virtual imagery to the performed gestures by updating the 3D virtual imagery based on the corresponding gestures.

Feature Matching

[0157] Motion information of a wearable sensor system or a user or body portion of the user can be determined with respect to a feature of a real world space that includes the wearable sensory system and/or the user. Some implementations include the features of a real world space being different real world products or objects in the real world space such as furniture (chairs, couches, tables, etc.), kitchen appliances (stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, etc.), office appliances (copy machines, fax machines, computers), consumer and business electronic devices (telephones, scanners, etc.), furnishings (pictures, wall hangings, sculpture, knick knacks, plants), fixtures (chandeliers and the like), cabinetry, shelving, floor coverings (tile, wood, carpets, rugs), wall coverings, paint colors, surface textures, countertops (laminate, granite, synthetic countertops), electrical and telecommunication jacks, audio-visual equipment, speakers, hardware (hinges, locks, door pulls, door knobs, etc.), exterior siding, decking, windows, shutters, shingles, banisters, newels, hand rails, stair steps, landscaping plants (trees, shrubs, etc.), and the like, and qualities of all of these (e.g. color, texture, finish, etc.).

[0158] As discussed above, a combination of RGB and IR pixels can be used to respectively capture the gross and fine features of the real world space. Once captured, changes in features values are detected by comparing pairs of frames of the captured video stream. In one implementation, subpixel refinement of the matches is used to determine the position of the wearable sensory system with respect to the analyzed feature. In another implementation, a feature in one image is matched to every feature within a fixed distance from it in the successive image such that all features that are within a certain disparity limit from each other. In other implementations, normalized correlation over a specified window can be used to evaluate the potential matches.

[0159] Some other implementations include copying each identified feature from a frame and storing the feature as a vector. Further, a scalar product of the identified feature vectors is calculated and a mutual consistency check is applied such that a feature with highest normalized correlation is considered to be determinative and changes in the feature values (position, orientation) of the feature are used to calculate motion information of the wearable sensory system. In other implementations, sum of absolute differences (SAD) can be used to identify the determinative feature in a real world space.

Flowcharts

[0160] FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a method 600 of tracking motion of a wearable sensor system. Flowchart 600 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 6. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0161] At action 610, a video stream of a scene of a real world space is captured using at least one camera electronically coupled to a wearable sensor system.

[0162] At action 620, one or more feature values of the scene are detected from a plurality of images of the video stream captured at times t0 and t1 using a set of RGB pixels and a set of IR pixels of the camera. In one implementation, the wearable sensor system has moved between t0 and t1.

[0163] At action 630, motion information of the wearable sensor system is determined with respect to at least one feature of the scene based on comparison between feature values detected at times t0 and t1.

[0164] At action 640, a presentation output is generated for display across an interface of the wearable sensor display based on information from the sets of RGB and IR pixels.

[0165] At action 650, responsiveness of the presentation output is automatically calibrated based on the determined motion information of the wearable sensor system with respect to the at least one feature of the scene. In one implementation, perceived field of view of the presentation output is proportionally adjusting responsive to the determined motion information of the wearable sensor system with respect to the at least one feature of the scene.

[0166] In yet another implementation, motion information of a body portion engaged with the wearable sensory system is determined based on the motion information of the wearable sensor system.

[0167] In some implementations, gross features of the real world space are extracted using RGB pixels that respectively capture red, green, and blue components of illumination in the scene.

[0168] In other implementations, fine features of the real world space are extracted using IR pixels that capture infrared components of illumination in the scene. In one implementation, fine features of the real world space include surface texture of the real world space. In another implementation, fine features of the real world space include edges of the real world space. In some another implementation, fine features of the real world space include curvatures of the real world space. In yet another implementation, fine features of the real world space include surface texture of objects in the real world space. In a further implementation, fine features of the real world space include edges of objects in the real world space.

[0169] In some implementations, fine features of the real world space include curvatures of objects in the real world space. In another implementation, a feature of the scene is an object in the real world space. In some other implementation, a feature value of the scene is orientation of the object. In yet another implementation, a feature value of the scene is position of the object. In a further implementation, a feature of the scene is an arrangement of plurality of objects in the real world space. In other implementations, a feature value of the scene is position of the objects with respect to each other in the arrangement.

[0170] According to some implementations, comparison between feature values includes detecting a change in rotation between the images captured at times t0 and t1. According to other implementations, comparison between feature values includes detecting a change in translation between the images captured at times t0 and t1.

[0171] In yet other implementations, motion information of the wearable sensor system is determined with respect to at least one feature of the scene by matching features in images captured at time t0 with corresponding features in images captured at time t1. In one implementation, the matched features are within a threshold distance.

[0172] In another implementation, motion information of the wearable sensor system is determined with respect to at least one feature of the scene by calculating displacement between the images captured at times t0 and t1 based on at least one of RGB and IR pixel values.

[0173] In one implementation, the motion information includes position of the wearable sensor system. In another implementation, the motion information includes orientation of the wearable sensor system. In yet another implementation, the motion information includes velocity of the wearable sensor system. In a further implementation, the motion information includes acceleration of the wearable sensor system.

[0174] Some implementations include using monocular vision to capture the video stream. Other implementations include using stereoscopic vision to capture the video stream. Yet other implementations including more than two cameras to capture the video stream.

[0175] In one implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are successive image pairs. In another implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are alternative image pairs. In a further implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are alternative image pairs. In yet another implementation, the images captured are right and left stereo images captured simultaneously.

[0176] This method and other implementations of the technology disclosed can include one or more of the following features and/or features described in connection with additional methods disclosed. Other implementations can include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions executable by a processor to perform any of the methods described above. Yet another implementation can include a system including memory and one or more processors operable to execute instructions, stored in the memory, to perform any of the methods described above.

[0177] FIG. 7 shows a flowchart 700 of one implementation of creating a multi-user interactive virtual environment using wearable sensor systems. Flowchart 700 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 7. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0178] At action 710, a first video stream of a real world space is captured using at least one camera electronically coupled to a first wearable sensor system engaged by a first user.

[0179] At action 720, a second video stream of a real world space is captured using at least one camera electronically coupled to a second wearable sensor system engaged by a second user.

[0180] At action 730, respective three-dimensional maps of the real world space are generated using sets of RGB and IR pixels of the first and second cameras by extracting one or more feature values of the real world space from the first and second video streams. In one implementation, generating respective three-dimensional maps further includes determining a graph of features of the real world space based on the extracted feature values.

[0181] At action 740, motion information of the first and second wearable sensor systems is determined with respect to each other based on comparison between the respective three-dimensional maps of the real world space.

[0182] At action 750, responsiveness of the presentation outputs is automatically calibrated based on the determined motion information of the first and second wearable sensor systems with respect to each other. In some implementations, presentation outputs are generated for display across respective interfaces of the first and second wearable sensor systems based on information from the sets of RGB and IR pixels of the first and second cameras. In other implementations, respective perceived fields of view of the presentation outputs are proportionally adjusted responsive to the determined motion information of the first and second wearable sensor systems with respect to each other.

[0183] Some other implementations include determining motion information of respective body portions of the first and second users based on the motion information of the first and second wearable sensor systems with respect to each other.

[0184] In some implementations, gross features of the real world space are extracted using RGB pixels that respectively capture red, green, and blue components of illumination in the scene.

[0185] In other implementations, fine features of the real world space are extracted using IR pixels that capture infrared components of illumination in the scene. In one implementation, fine features of the real world space include surface texture of the real world space. In another implementation, fine features of the real world space include edges of the real world space. In some another implementation, fine features of the real world space include curvatures of the real world space. In yet another implementation, fine features of the real world space include surface texture of objects in the real world space. In a further implementation, fine features of the real world space include edges of objects in the real world space.

[0186] In some implementations, fine features of the real world space include curvatures of objects in the real world space. In another implementation, a feature of the scene is an object in the real world space. In some other implementation, a feature value of the scene is orientation of the object. In yet another implementation, a feature value of the scene is position of the object. In a further implementation, a feature of the scene is an arrangement of plurality of objects in the real world space. In other implementations, a feature value of the scene is position of the objects with respect to each other in the arrangement.

[0187] According to some implementations, comparison between feature values includes detecting a change in rotation between the images captured at times t0 and t1. According to other implementations, comparison between feature values includes detecting a change in translation between the images captured at times t0 and t1.

[0188] In yet other implementations, motion information of the wearable sensor system is determined with respect to at least one feature of the scene by matching features in images captured at time t0 with corresponding features in images captured at time t1. In one implementation, the matched features are within a threshold distance.

[0189] In another implementation, motion information of the wearable sensor system is determined with respect to at least one feature of the scene by calculating displacement between the images captured at times t0 and t1 based on at least one of RGB and IR pixel values.

[0190] In one implementation, the motion information includes position of the wearable sensor system. In another implementation, the motion information includes orientation of the wearable sensor system. In yet another implementation, the motion information includes velocity of the wearable sensor system. In a further implementation, the motion information includes acceleration of the wearable sensor system.

[0191] Some implementations include using monocular vision to capture the video stream. Other implementations include using stereoscopic vision to capture the video stream. Yet other implementations including more than two cameras to capture the video stream.

[0192] In one implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are successive image pairs. In another implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are alternative image pairs. In a further implementation, the images captured at times t0 and t1 are alternative image pairs. In yet another implementation, the images captured are right and left stereo images captured simultaneously.

[0193] This method and other implementations of the technology disclosed can include one or more of the following features and/or features described in connection with additional methods disclosed. Other implementations can include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing instructions executable by a processor to perform any of the methods described above. Yet another implementation can include a system including memory and one or more processors operable to execute instructions, stored in the memory, to perform any of the methods described above.

[0194] Some implementations can be applied to virtual reality or augmented reality applications. For example, and with reference to FIG. 8A, which illustrates a system 800 for providing an augmented reality experience including augmented environment 113 according to one implementation of the technology disclosed. Augmented environment 113 can include one or more virtual objects 811, 813 one or more real objects 114, one or more virtualized renderings of real objects 803 reflected in augmented environment 113 or any combinations thereof as provided in accordance with application 821. In the example illustrated by FIG. 8A, application 821 is a “wearable planetarium” application including a variety of virtual constellations 811 and a variety of other virtual heavenly objects, such as virtual quasar 813. Of course the type, quantity and nature of the virtual objects will vary depending upon the application under use.

[0195] System 800 includes a processing system 106 controlling a variety of sensors and projectors, such as for example one or more cameras 102, 104 (or other image sensors) and optionally some illumination sources 115, 117 comprising an imaging system. In other implementations, system 800 can include one or more sensors 808, 810 to, e.g., detect acceleration, temperature, humidity, water, supplied power, proximity, external motion, device motion, sound signals, ultrasound signals, light signals, fire, smoke, carbon monoxide, global-positioning-satellite (GPS) signals, or radio-frequency (RF), WiFi, or other electromagnetic signals or fields. Thus, for example, system 800 can include temperature sensor(s), humidity sensor(s), hazard-related sensor(s) or other environmental sensor(s), accelerometer(s), microphone(s), optical sensors up to and including camera(s) (e.g., charged-coupled-device or video cameras), active or passive radiation sensors, GPS receiver(s) or radio-frequency identification detector(s). While FIG. 8A illustrates an implementation with motion sensory control device, many implementations can include multiple sensors. In some instances, system 800 includes one or more primary sensors and one or more secondary sensors. The primary sensor(s) can sense data central to the core operation of the device (e.g., interpreting gestures performed in the augmented environment 113). The secondary sensor(s) can sense other types of data (e.g., light, acceleration, or sound).

[0196] Motions through 3D space made by the one or more objects of interest such as user hand 114, are captured by the cameras and any other sensors and tracked by the system 106. The sensor system 106 is capable of recognizing the user's hand(s) 114 and/or arm(s) (or other body parts); integrating computer generated menus 801, controls or other objects thereon; and displaying the result 803 integrated with the computer generated items 811, 813 in the augmented environment 113. Accordingly, menus 801 and other controls can be displayed arranged over the user's arm and/or hand 803. Thus, the user (e.g., owner of hand 114) is able to interact with virtual devices e.g., menu 801, in the same environment as virtual objects 811. Such displays enable the user to enjoy convenient access to controls for applications used in conjunction with the AR system presented in a “believable” manner (e.g., on the hand or arm). The approach is compatible with a wide variety of AR/VR technologies including systems that capture image data along different portions of the electromagnetic spectrums, including visible, near-IR, and IR spectrums; thereby compensating for deficiencies in lighting, contrast, and resolution in different environmental conditions.

[0197] In operation, sensors are oriented toward a region of interest 112 that can include free space in to which an augmented environment 113 is provided. Region 112 can include one or more objects of interest 114 (in this example, a pair of hands) which can be sensed, tracked and reflected into the augmented environment 113 by operation of cameras 102, 104, sensors 808, 810 and processing system 106. For example, in FIG. 8A and detail FIG. 8A-1, one hand 114 is moving along a path in relation to the other hand, which is represented by a virtualized rendering 803 of the user's hand and arm to which a virtual device, menu 801, is attached. As shown by FIG. 8A-1, menu 801 includes one or more status indicators and controls for controlling the augmented environment 113 and application 821, including a slider bar control 805. User hand 114 is moving slider bar control 805 to control the opacity of the constellations in the wearable planetarium application example. Now with reference to FIG. 8A-2, virtualized rendering of 803 is again depicted, however, this time the user has chosen to switch formats for menu 801. Selection of format of virtual objects affixed to rendered user body portions, such as menu 801, can be achieved under user control by any of gesture, motion, voice command, or any combination thereof. In the implementation illustrated, menu 801 format changes between formats illustrated by FIG. 8A-1 and FIG. 8A-2 when the user rotates their left arm. As shown by FIG. 8A-2, menu 801 includes one or more status indicators and controls for controlling the augmented environment 113 and application 821.

[0198] In some implementations, projection techniques can enhance the augmented reality experience provided to a user. Projection can include an image or other visual representation of an object. For example, optional projectors under control of system 106 can augment the virtual device experience 113, such as an optional audio projector 802 to provide for example audio feedback and/or an optional haptic projector 806 to provide for example haptic feedback to a user of virtual device experience 801. For example, optional haptic projector 806 can project the feeling of the click of the “virtual button” of the menu 801. In another example, optional audio projector 802 can project the “click” sound of the “virtual button” of the menu 801. Further information on projectors can be had with reference to “Visio-Tactile Projector” YouTube (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bb0hNMxxewg) (accessed Jan. 15, 2014).

[0199] When embodied in a wearable device, system 800 can beneficially include a mode switching gesture detection methods and systems as described herein and with reference to FIG. 8B which illustrates an example of a detecting a mode switching gesture 118 made by the VR/AR user and detected by system 106. As illustrated by FIG. 8B, a user presently in a first mode—the augmented reality 113—has swiped their left arm, represented as arm 803 in the augmented environment 113 from a first position A to a second position B in swiping motion 118 to indicate a desire to change to a different mode, such as a “pass-through” e.g., “live” video mode 119 of FIG. 8C for example. Accordingly, arm 803 becomes a de facto mode control switch. In one implementation, pure gestures, or gestures in combination with voice recognition, and/or a virtual or real keyboard in combination with the gestures can be used to switch modes.

[0200] In some implementations, a user can raise an arm, utter a verbal command, perform an optical command, or make different poses using hands and fingers (e.g., ‘one finger point’, ‘one finger click’, ‘two finger point’, ‘two finger click’, ‘prone one finger point’, ‘prone one finger click’, ‘prone two finger point’, ‘prone two finger click’, ‘medial one finger point’, ‘medial two finger point’) to indicate an intent to switch modes. In other implementations, a point and grasp gesture can be used, verbal commands can be used to select a mode, and/or eye movements can be used to indicate a selection.

[0201] In some other implementations, the gestures or body movements can also be used to switch between modes. As illustrated by FIG. 8C, when the user is viewing the real scene presented as a “pass-through” presentation to the user's wearable headset, in order to switch back to a previous mode, the VR/AR user performs a subsequent gesture 118 such as a downward or upward swipe of hand and/or fingers to return the system 800 to a previous mode. In FIG. 8C, the image sensors 102, 104 provide live video of the real space scene in a pass-through mode. Accordingly, the user is able to see the environment surrounding herself, including her desk 816 and can grab a drink from her can of soda 817. When the user desires to return to the VR/AR presentation (e.g., planetarium in the example illustrated by FIGS. 8A-8B), the user can issue a second gesture command to switch the mode of the system 800 back to VR/AR mode. For instance, a swipe 118 of the user's arm 803 (or a finger flip up or down, spiral motion, etc.) can be used to return the VR/AR device back to virtual/augmented mode. Return gestures can be “reverse” gestures (e.g., a gesture in the opposite direction of the mode switching gesture (as illustrated by upward swipe 118 of FIG. 8C being in the opposite direction of the downward swipe 118 of FIG. 8B, or a second repeated instance of the mode switching gesture (e.g., a second downward swipe as illustrated in FIG. 8B would return the presentation of FIG. 8C back to the VR/AR mode of FIG. 8B). In another implementation, modes are “tied” to specific gestures, so that the user selects the mode specifically with the gesture, rather than simply toggling back and forth (e.g., a left to right swipe can put the system 800 into VR/AR mode irrespective of the present mode, while a right to left swipe can put the system 800 into pass-through mode irrespective of the present mode. This technique is useful in implementations having more than two modes, e.g., a pass-through live video mode, a completely virtual reality mode and an augmented reality mode.

[0202] In yet other implementations, the gestures can control changing to one or more the different modes in environment 113 using a graphical display or other feedback device, a set of menu elements, selection elements, and pan and zoom capabilities. Navigation through the devices can be consistent from high-level selection of target device down to manipulation of individual selection elements.

[0203] In other implementations, one or more user-interface components, including or in addition to menu 801 in system 800 can be used to present information to a user via an audio speaker in addition to or instead of visual display. In one implementation, user-interface components such as menu 801 can receive information from the user through a touchscreen, buttons, scroll component (e.g., a movable or virtual ring component), microphone, and/or camera (e.g., to detect gestures).

[0204] FIG. 9 shows a flowchart 900 of switching display modes in a virtual reality device including motion tracking by a wearable sensor system. Flowchart 900 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 9. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0205] At action 910, a gesture associated with switching modes is detected by capturing a video stream of a scene in a real world space proximate to a virtual reality device using at least one camera electronically coupled to a wearable sensor system.

[0206] At action 920, a display mode is selected. The display mode is chosen from a first video stream including live video of the scene in real world space and a second video stream including an output of a virtual reality application.

[0207] At action 930, display modes of the virtual reality device are switched by displaying the video stream selected.

[0208] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart 1000 of providing an augmented reality environment. Flowchart 1000 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 10. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0209] At action 1010, motion of a user body portion in the field of view of one or more cameras is captured.

[0210] At action 1020, a gesture is detected that indicates a command input to change a mode of operation from a virtual reality mode to a live video display mode or from a live video display mode to a virtual reality mode.

[0211] At action 1030, a mode of operation of a wearable display device is changed according to the command input.

[0212] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart 1100 of integrating a virtual object facilitating command input with a rendering of a user body portion into an augmented environment. Flowchart 900 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 11. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0213] At action 1110, a video stream of a real world space including at least a portion of a user's body is captured using at least one camera electronically coupled to a first wearable sensor system engaged by a first user.

[0214] At action 1120, position of the user body portion is identified from the video stream.

[0215] At action 1130, a rendered representation of the user body portion is determined.

[0216] At action 1140, a virtual object that facilitates a command input is sized to the rendered representation. In an implementation, the virtual object (e.g., menu) is sized to be proportionate to the user body portion (e.g., Hand).

[0217] At action 1150, the virtual object that facilitates a command input is overlaid onto the rendered representation and presented to the user as an integrated portion of a virtual reality application. In one implementation, the virtual object is affixed at a base point at the wrist of the representation of a hand. Other body portions will have different points which are determined for the body portion using a database query, lookup table search, or other techniques for determining a correspondence between object identity and point at which a virtual device can be affixed to the object of interest

[0218] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart 1200 of sharing content between wearable sensor systems. Flowchart 1200 can be implemented at least partially with a computer or other data processing system, e.g., by one or more processors configured to receive or retrieve information, process the information, store results, and transmit the results. Other implementations may perform the actions in different orders and/or with different, fewer or additional actions than those illustrated in FIG. 12. Multiple actions can be combined in some implementations. For convenience, this flowchart is described with reference to the system that carries out a method. The system is not necessarily part of the method.

[0219] At action 1210, a first video stream of a real world space is captured at time t0 using at least one camera electronically coupled to a first wearable sensor system engaged by a first user. In one implementation, the first video stream is captured at a field of view of the first user.

[0220] At action 1220, a second video stream of the real world space is captured at the time t0 using at least one camera electronically coupled to the first wearable sensor system. In one implementation, the second video stream is captured at a field of view of the camera.

[0221] At action 1230, a communication channel is established between the first wearable sensor system and a second wearable sensor system and the second video stream is transmitted to the second wearable sensor system.

[0222] In some implementations, the second video stream is preprocessed to enhance resolution and sending the preprocessed second video stream via the communication channel to the second wearable sensor system.

[0223] In other implementations, the second video stream is preprocessed to reduce bandwidth and sending the preprocessed second video stream via the communication channel to the second wearable sensor system.

[0224] In one implementation, the field of view of the at least one camera substantially overlaps with the field of view of the user. In another implementation, the field of view of the at least one camera encompasses and exceeds the field of view of the user. In yet another implementation, the field of view of the at least one camera narrows and deceeds the field of view of the user. In some other implementation, the field of view of the at least one camera is separate and additional to the field of view of the user.

[0225] In one implementation, short-beam illumination elements are used to capture a narrow-field of view. In some implementations, the short-beam illumination elements have a beam angle of approximately 60°. In another implementation, wide-beam illumination elements are used to capture a broad-field of view. In some implementations, the wide-beam illumination elements have a beam angle of approximately 120°.

[0226] In some implementations, the second video stream is transmitted to the second sensor system in response to user selection.

[0227] Typically, a “wide beam” is about 120° wide and a narrow beam is approximately 60° wide, although these are representative figures only and can vary with the application; more generally, a wide beam can have a beam angle anywhere from >90° to 180°, and a narrow beam can have a beam angle anywhere from >0° to 90°. For example, the detection space can initially be lit with one or more wide-beam lighting elements with a collective field of view similar to that of the tracking device, e.g., a camera. Once the object's position is obtained, the wide-beam lighting element(s) can be turned off and one or more narrow-beam lighting elements, pointing in the direction of the object, activated. As the object moves, different ones of the narrow-beam lighting elements are activated. In many implementations, these directional lighting elements only need to be located in the center of the field of view of the camera; for example, in the case of hand tracking, people will not often try to interact with the camera from a wide angle and a large distance simultaneously.

[0228] If the tracked object is at a large angle to the camera (i.e., far to the side of the motion-tracking device), it is likely relatively close to the device. Accordingly, a low-power, wide-beam lighting element can be suitable in some implementations. As a result, the lighting array can include only one or a small number of wide-beam lighting elements close to the camera along with an equal or larger number of narrow-beam devices (e.g., collectively covering the center-field region of space in front of the camera—for example, within a 30° or 45° cone around the normal to the camera). Thus, it is possible to decrease or minimize the number of lighting elements required to illuminate a space in which motion is detected by using a small number of wide-beam elements and a larger (or equal) number of narrow-beam elements directed toward the center field.

[0229] It is also possible to cover a wide field of view with many narrow-beam LEDs pointing in different directions, according to other implementations. These can be operated so as to scan the monitored space in order to identify the elements actually spotlighting the object; only these are kept on and the others turned off. In some embodiments, the motion system computes a predicted trajectory of the tracked object, and this trajectory is used to anticipate which illumination elements should be activated as the object moves. The trajectory is revised, along with the illumination pattern, as new tracking information is obtained.

[0230] In some implementations, motion capture is achieved using an optical motion-capture system. In some implementations, object position tracking is supplemented by measuring a time difference of arrival (TDOA) of audio signals at the contact vibrational sensors and mapping surface locations that satisfy the TDOA, analyzing at least one image, captured by a camera of the optical motion-capture system, of the object in contact with the surface, and using the image analysis to select among the mapped TDOA surface locations as a surface location of the contact.

[0231] Reference may be had to the following sources, incorporated herein by reference, for further information regarding computational techniques:

[0232] 1. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group, on Nov. 4, 2013, 04:08 UTC;

[0233] 2. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation, on Nov. 25, 2013, 11:01 UTC;

[0234] 3. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix_Rotation matrix from axis and angle, on Jan. 30, 2014, 20:12 UTC;

[0235] 4. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_group_SO(3), Axis of rotation, on Jan. 21, 2014, 21:21 UTC;

[0236] 5. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix, Affine Transformations, on Jan. 28, 2014, 13:51 UTC; and

[0237] 6. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis % E2%80%93angle_representation, on Jan. 25, 2014, 03:26 UTC.

[0238] 7. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_odometry, on Jun. 26, 2014, 09:38 UTC.

[0239] 8. Wikipedia, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_flow, on Jun. 26, 2014, 09:38 UTC.

[0240] While the disclosed technology has been described with respect to specific implementations, one skilled in the art will recognize that numerous modifications are possible. The number, types and arrangement of cameras and sensors can be varied. The cameras' capabilities, including frame rate, spatial resolution, and intensity resolution, can also be varied as desired. The sensors' capabilities, including sensitively levels and calibration, can also be varied as desired. Light sources are optional and can be operated in continuous or pulsed mode. The systems described herein provide images and audio signals to facilitate tracking movement of an object, and this information can be used for numerous purposes, of which position and/or motion detection is just one among many possibilities.

[0241] Threshold cutoffs and other specific criteria for distinguishing object from background can be adapted for particular hardware and particular environments. Frequency filters and other specific criteria for distinguishing visual or audio signals from background noise can be adapted for particular cameras or sensors and particular devices. In some implementations, the system can be automatically calibrated for a particular environment or application, e.g., by adjusting frequency filters, threshold criteria, and so on.

[0242] Any type of object can be the subject of motion capture using these techniques, and various aspects of the implementation can be optimized for a particular object. For example, the type and positions of cameras and/or other sensors can be selected based on the size of the object whose motion is to be captured, the space in which motion is to be captured, and/or the medium of the surface through which audio signals propagate. Analysis techniques in accordance with implementations of the technology disclosed can be implemented as algorithms in any suitable computer language and executed on programmable processors. Alternatively, some or all of the algorithms can be implemented in fixed-function logic circuits, and such circuits can be designed and fabricated using conventional or other tools.

[0243] Computer programs incorporating various features of the technology disclosed may be encoded on various computer readable storage media; suitable media include magnetic disk or tape, optical storage media such as compact disk (CD) or DVD (digital versatile disk), flash memory, and any other non-transitory medium capable of holding data in a computer-readable form. Computer-readable storage media encoded with the program code may be packaged with a compatible device or provided separately from other devices. In addition program code may be encoded and transmitted via wired optical, and/or wireless networks conforming to a variety of protocols, including the Internet, thereby allowing distribution, e.g., via Internet download.

[0244] The terms and expressions employed herein are used as terms and expressions of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof. In addition, having described certain implementations of the technology disclosed, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other implementations incorporating the concepts disclosed herein can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the technology disclosed. Accordingly, the described implementations are to be considered in all respects as only illustrative and not restrictive.