US 10,133,863 B2Grant
Zero-day discovery system
Issue Date:2018-11-20
•44 Claims
•10 Drawing Sheets
Abstract
A method for determining a zero-day attack by an electronic device is described. According to one embodiment, the method comprises instantiating, by the electronic device, at least one virtual machine, the at least one virtual machine being based on a fortified software profile. The method further comprises executing content capable of behaving as an exploit on the at least one virtual machine, and determining that the exploit is associated with zero-day exploit when the exploit, upon execution of the content on the at least one virtual machine, performs an undesired behavior.
Metadata
Assignee
- FireEye, Inc.
Inventors
- Zheng Bu
- Yichong Lin
Application Information
Application Number:US 13/925,688
Filing Date:2013-06-24
Priority Date:2013-06-24
Art Unit:2436
Classifications
IPC:
G06F11/00G06F12/14G06F12/16G08B23/00G06F21/53G06F21/56
Field of Search:
H04L 63/1433H04L 63/14H04L 63/1408H04L 63/1416G06F 21/53G06F 21/577G06F 21/566G06F 21/56G06F 21/561G06F 21/567
Patent Drawings (10 sheets)
Description
FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the disclosure relate to the field of data security. More specifically, one embodiment of the disclosure relates to a system, apparatus and method that enhances detection of zero-day attacks.
GENERAL BACKGROUND
[0002] Over the last decade, malicious software (malware) attacks have become a pervasive problem for Internet users and enterprise network administrators. In most situations, malware is a program or file that is embedded within downloadable content and designed to adversely influence, undermine, disrupt, alter or otherwise attack normal operations of an electronic device (e.g. computer, tablet, smartphone, server, router, wearable technology, or other types of products with data processing capability). Examples of different types of malware may include bots, computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware, or any other programming that operates within an electronic device without permission by the user or a system administrator.
[0003] For instance, content may be embedded with objects associated with a web page hosted by a malicious web site. By downloading this content, malware may be received as imbedded objects. For example, malware may caused another web page to be requested from a malicious web site may be unknowingly installed on the computer. Similarly, malware may also be installed on a computer upon receipt or opening of an electronic mail (email) message. As an example, an email message may contain an attachment, such as a Portable Document Format (PDF) document, with embedded executable malware. Also, malware may exist in files infected through any of a variety of attack vectors, which are uploaded from an infected computer onto a networked storage device such as a file share.
[0004] Over the past few years, various types of security appliances have been deployed within an enterprise network in order to detect behaviors that signal the presence of malware. Often, conventional security appliances are not capable of detecting zero-day attacks. A “zero-day” attack typically poses the greatest threat to an enterprise network as these types of attacks are designed to exploit a previously unknown vulnerability within software executing on one or more targeted electronic devices, and often constitutes a previously unseen type of malware.
[0005] As a result, due to difficulties in detecting zero-day attacks by conventional security appliances, customers, software developers and the public at large do not receive warnings regarding detected zero-day threats in an expeditious manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
[0007] FIG. 1 is an exemplary block diagram of zero-day detection operations performed by virtual machine (VM) environments.
[0008] FIG. 2 is a first exemplary block diagram of a network adapted with a malware content detection (MCD) system and a zero-day discovery system.
[0009] FIG. 3 is a first exemplary block diagram of the MCD system of FIG. 2 employing a first VM environment.
[0010] FIG. 4 is an exemplary block diagram of the zero-day discovery system of FIG. 2 employing a second VM environment.
[0011] FIG. 5 is a second exemplary block diagram of the MCD system of FIG. 2 .
[0012] FIG. 6 is an exemplary block diagram of the MCD system of FIG. 2 providing both exploit analysis and zero-day analysis environments.
[0013] FIG. 7 is an exemplary block diagram of logic deployed within the MCD system of FIG. 2 and/or FIG. 6 .
[0014] FIG. 8 is a first exemplary flowchart outlining the operations for zero-day exploit detection.
[0015] FIG. 9 is a second exemplary flowchart outlining the operations for zero-day exploit detection.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0016] Various embodiments of the disclosure relate to a system and an optimized method for detecting zero-day attacks. One embodiment of the disclosure is directed to provisioning one or more virtual machines (VM(s)), which are based on one or more software profiles and configured for zero-day attack detection. This configuration may be accomplished by the software profile(s) identifying “fortified” software for execution within the VM(s). “Fortified software” includes software, such as an operating system and/or an application for example, which has been updated (e.g. fully patched, newest version, etc.) to address known exploits. These VM(s) are used to check for the presence of zero-day exploits. The assumption employed herein is that, if the exploit was previously known, software vendors would patch or revise their software against the attack.
[0017] Another embodiment of the disclosure is directed to provisioning a first set of VMs that is based on software profile(s) associated with vulnerable software (e.g. OS, application, driver, etc.). The “vulnerable software” includes software without the most recent patches or older susceptible versions (i.e. no software upgrade to address known issues involving security or system stability). The first set of VMs is adapted to detect one or more exploits caused by malware. Thereafter, information associated with the detected exploit(s) is provided as input into a second set of VMs that is based on the software profile(s) that is associated with the fortified software. Hence, the OS and/or application(s) identified in this software profile may be the same as those identified in the software profile utilized to instantiate the first set of VMs but with a later revision, version or service pack. The second set of VMs is adapted to check whether the detected exploit(s) are associated with a zero-day attack.
I. Terminology
[0018] In the following description, certain terminology is used to describe features of the invention. For example, in certain situations, both terms “logic” and “engine” are representative of hardware, firmware and/or software that is configured to perform one or more functions. As hardware, logic (or engine) may include circuitry having data processing or storage functionality. Examples of such circuitry may include, but are not limited or restricted to a microprocessor; one or more processor cores; a programmable gate array; a microcontroller; an application specific integrated circuit; receiver, transmitter and/or transceiver circuitry; semiconductor memory; combinatorial circuitry; or the like. It is contemplated that all logic components, typically represented by boxes in FIGS. 1-7 herein, may be deployed as hardware, software and/or firmware.
[0019] Logic (or engine) also may be in the form of one or more software modules, such as executable code in the form of an executable application, an application programming interface (API), a subroutine, a function, a procedure, an applet, a servlet, a routine, source code, object code, a shared library/dynamic load library, or one or more instructions. These software modules may be stored in any type of a suitable non-transitory storage medium, or transitory storage medium (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals such as carrier waves, infrared signals, or digital signals). Examples of non-transitory storage medium may include, but are not limited or restricted to a programmable circuit; a semiconductor memory; non-persistent storage such as volatile memory (e.g., any type of random access memory “RAM”); persistent storage such as non-volatile memory (e.g., read-only memory “ROM”, power-backed RAM, flash memory, phase-change memory, etc.), a solid-state drive, hard disk drive, an optical disc drive, or a portable memory device. As firmware, the executable code is stored in persistent storage.
[0020] The term “content” generally refers to information, such text, software, images, audio, metadata and/or other digital data for example, that is transmitted as one or more messages. Each message(s) may be in the form of a packet, a frame, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode “ATM” cell, or any other series of bits having a prescribed format. The content may be received as a data flow, namely a group of related messages, being part of ingress data traffic.
[0021] One example of content may include web content, namely data traffic that may be transmitted using a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) protocol, or any other manner suitable for display on a Web browser software application. Another example of content includes electronic mail (email), which may be transmitted using an email protocol such as Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol version 3 (POPS), or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4). Yet another example of content includes an Instant Message, which may be transmitted using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) or Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) for example. A final example of content includes one or more files that are transferred using a data transfer protocol such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for subsequent storage on a file share.
[0022] The term “malware” is software or data that includes at least one exploit, namely software or data that takes advantage of one or more vulnerabilities within system software and produces an undesired behavior. The behavior is deemed to be “undesired” based on customer-specific rules, manufacturer-based rules, or any other type of rules formulated by public opinion or a particular governmental or commercial entity. Examples of an undesired behavior may include a communication-based anomaly or an execution-based anomaly that (i) alters the functionality of an electronic device and/or (ii) provides an unwanted functionality which may be generally acceptable in other context.
[0023] The term “transmission medium” is a communication path between two or more systems (e.g. any electronic devices with data processing functionality such as, for example, a security appliance, server, mainframe, computer, netbook, tablet, smart phone, router, switch, bridge or brouter). The communication path may include wired and/or wireless segments. Examples of wired and/or wireless segments include electrical wiring, optical fiber, cable, bus trace, or a wireless channel using infrared, radio frequency (RF), or any other wired/wireless signaling mechanism.
[0024] In general, a “virtual machine” (VM) is a simulation of an electronic device (abstract or real) that is usually different from the electronic device conducting the simulation. VMs may be based on specifications of a hypothetical electronic device or emulate the architecture and functions of a real world computer. A VM can be one of many different types such as, for example, hardware emulation, full virtualization, para-virtualization, and/or operating system-level virtualization virtual machines.
[0025] A “software profile” is information that is used for virtualization of an operating environment (e.g. configuration of a VM forming part of a VM environment) to receive content for malware analysis. The software profile may identify a guest operating system “OS” type; a particular version of the guest OS; one or more different application types; particular version(s) of the application type(s); virtual device(s); or the like.
[0026] Lastly, the terms “or” and “and/or” as used herein are to be interpreted as inclusive or meaning any one or any combination. Therefore, “A, B or C” or “A, B and/or C” mean “any of the following: A; B; C; A and B; A and C; B and C; A, B and C.” An exception to this definition will occur only when a combination of elements, functions, steps or acts are in some way inherently mutually exclusive.
[0027] As this invention is susceptible to embodiments of many different forms, it is intended that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described.
II. Zero-Day Exploit Detection Architecture
[0028] Referring to FIG. 1 , an exemplary block diagram of operations performed by virtual machine (VM) environments 100, which may be provided by a malware content detection (MCD) system and/or zero-day discovery system described below. More specifically, upon receipt of “A” objects 110 (A≥1) associated with incoming content, a first VM environment 120 determines whether any of the received objects 110 include information associated with an exploit.
[0029] According to this disclosure, the received objects 110 are virtually executed within the first VM environment 120 that comprises at least one VM that is based on one or more software profiles (software profile(s)) directed to vulnerable software. For instance, where an object is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) message, the software profile for a first VM may include Windows® OS 7 and Internet Explorer® (version 9), where both of these software modules have no installed patches. The first VM environment 120 may feature a second VM, which includes Windows® OS 8 and Internet Explorer® (version 10), where both of these software modules have no installed patches.
[0030] If no exploits are determined by the first VM environment 120, no further analysis is needed with respect to the presence of a zero-day attack. However, upon detecting “B” exploits 130 (B≥1), these exploit(s) 130 are input into a second VM environment 140. The number of “B” exploits may be equal to or lesser in number than “A” objects.
[0031] According to an embodiment of the invention, the second VM environment 140 is adapted to determine whether any of the exploit(s) 130 (C≥1) have not been previously detected. One technique for such determination is whether any undesired behavior is still detected within the second VM environment 140, which comprises at least one VM that is based on fortified software (e.g., OS and/or applications installed with all software security patches and/or newest version). If so, the particular exploit 150 that caused the undesired behavior is identified to be part of a zero-day attack. Otherwise, if no further undesired behaviors are detected, the exploit(s) 130 are not associated with zero-day attacks.
[0032] Of course, although not shown, it is contemplated that some or all of the operations conducted by the first VM environment 120 and the second VM environment 140 may be conducted concurrently in lieu of sequentially. This may require objects 110 as input for both environments 120 and 140 and a determination made if an exploit caused by an undesired behavior occurs in both environments.
[0033] Referring to FIG. 2 , an exemplary block diagram of a communication system 200 deploying a plurality of malware content detection (MCD) systems 2101-210N (N>1, e.g. N=2) communicatively coupled to a management system 220 via a network 225 is shown. In general, management system 220 is adapted to manage MCD systems 2101-210N. For instance, management system 220 may be adapted to cause malware signatures generated as a result of malware detection by any of MCD systems 2101-210N (e.g. MCD system 2102) to be shared with one or more of the other MCD systems 2101-210N (e.g. MCD system 2101) including, for example, where such sharing is conducted on a subscription basis.
[0034] Herein, according to this embodiment of the invention, first MCD system 2101 is an electronic device that is adapted to (i) intercept data traffic routed over a communication network 230 between at least one server device 240 and at least one client device 250 and (ii) monitor, in real-time, content within the data traffic. More specifically, first MCD system 2101 may be configured to inspect content received via communication network 230 and identify “suspicious” content. The incoming content is identified as “suspicious” when it is assessed, with a certain level of likelihood, that at least one characteristic identified during inspection of the content indicates the presence of an exploit.
[0035] As shown in FIG. 3 , the suspicious content is further analyzed within one or more VM-based environments 3601-360M (M≥1) to detect whether the suspicious content includes at least one object associated with one or more exploits. These exploit analysis environments 3601-360M may feature VMs that are based on the same software profile, where the suspicious content 305 is detected within multiple data flows within incoming content 300 directed to the particular type of operating environment. Alternatively, each exploit analysis environment 3601, . . . , or 360M may be based on different software profiles (e.g., different guest OS type; same OS but different application types; etc.), although it is contemplated that the differences between software profiles may be slight (e.g., different versions of the same software types; etc.).
[0036] Referring back to FIG. 2 , the first MCD system 2101 may be a web-based security appliance that is configured to inspect ingress data traffic and identify whether content associated with the data traffic includes exploits. If one or more exploits are detected, a deeper analysis of the exploit(s) is conducted. This deeper analysis to detect if any undesired behaviors still exist may be conducted within a remotely located system, such as zero-day discovery system 270 within the cloud, as described below. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 6 , the deeper analysis may be conducted locally within first MCD system 2101, using one or more specific VMs that are based on the fortified software as an integrated zero-day discovery system.
[0037] The communication network 230 may include a public computer network such as the Internet, in which case an optional firewall 255 (represented by dashed lines) may be interposed between communication network 230 and client device(s) 250. Alternatively, the communication network 230 may be a private computer network such as a wireless telecommunication network, wide area network, or local area network, or a combination of networks.
[0038] The first MCD system 2101 is shown as being coupled with the communication network 230 (behind the firewall 255) via a network interface 260. The network interface 260 operates as a data capturing device (referred to as a “tap” or “network tap”) that is configured to receive data traffic propagating to/from the client device 250 and provide content (objects) from the data traffic to the first MCD system 2101.
[0039] In general, the network interface 260 receives and copies the content that is received from and provided to client device 250. Alternatively, the network interface 260 may copy only a portion of the content, for example, a particular number of objects associated with the content. For instance, in some embodiments, the network interface 260 may capture metadata from data traffic intended for client device 250, where the metadata is used to determine (i) whether content within the data traffic includes any exploits and/or (ii) the software profile associated with such content. In other embodiments, a heuristic module (described below) may determine the particular software profile used for instantiating the VM(s) for exploit detection.
[0040] It is contemplated that, for any embodiments where the first MCD system 2101 is implemented as an dedicated appliance or a dedicated computer system, the network interface 260 may include an assembly integrated into the appliance or computer system that includes network ports, network interface card and related logic (not shown) for connecting to the communication network 230 to non-disruptively “tap” data traffic propagating through firewall 255 and provide a copy of the data traffic to the heuristic engine 310 of FIG. 3 . In other embodiments, the network interface 260 can be integrated into an intermediary device in the communication path (e.g. firewall 255, router, switch or other network device) or can be a standalone component, such as an appropriate commercially available network tap. In virtual environments, a virtual tap (vTAP) can be used to copy traffic from virtual networks.
[0041] Referring to FIG. 3 , a first exemplary block diagram of first MCD system 2101 of FIG. 2 is shown. Herein, first MCD system 2101 comprises a heuristic engine 310, a heuristics database 315, an analysis engine 330, a scheduler 340, a storage device 350, and a reporting module 370. In some embodiments, the network interface 260 may be contained within the first MCD system 2101. Also, heuristic engine 310, analysis engine 330 and/or scheduler 340 may be software modules executed by the same or different processors. As an example, the heuristic engine 310 may be one or more software modules executed by a first processor, while the analysis engine 330 and/or scheduler 340 may be executed by a second processor, where these processors may be located at geographically remote locations and communicatively coupled via a network.
[0042] According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the first VM environment 120 may be deployed as one or more VMs with predetermined software profiles. Hence, no determination of a particular software profile that is compatible for suspicious content under analysis is needed. Alternatively, the first VM environment 120 may be deployed as one or more VMs where logic within the first MCD system 2101 operates in concert to determine the software profile for analysis of the suspicious content. The later deployment is described below.
[0043] In general, the heuristic engine 310 serves as a filter to permit subsequent malware analysis on portion(s) of incoming content 300 that may have at least one exploit. As an ancillary benefit, by analyzing only the portion of the incoming content 300 that may have an “exploit” (i.e. portions of content that may be exploited by malware), various system resources may be conserved and a faster response time may be provided in determining the presence of malware within analyzed content 300.
[0044] As illustrated in FIG. 3 , the heuristic engine 310 receives the copy of incoming content 300 from the network interface 260 and applies heuristics to determine if any of the content is “suspicious”. The heuristics applied by the heuristic engine 310 may be based on data and/or rules stored in the heuristics database 315. Also, the heuristic engine 310 may examine the image of the captured content without executing or opening the captured content.
[0045] For example, the heuristic engine 310 may examine the metadata or attributes of the captured content and/or the code image (e.g., a binary image of an executable) to determine whether a certain portion of the captured content matches or has a high correlation with a predetermined pattern of attributes that is associated with a malicious attack. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the heuristic engine 310 flags content from one or more data flows as suspicious after applying this heuristic analysis.
[0046] Thereafter, according to one embodiment of the invention, the heuristic engine 310 may be adapted to transmit at least a portion of the metadata or attributes of the suspicious content 305, which may identify attributes of the client device 250, to a control unit 320. Control unit 320 is adapted to control formation of one or more exploit analysis environments 3601-360M. Such metadata or attributes are used to identify at least one VM needed for subsequent malware analysis and formulate software profile information used to formulate that VM. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the control unit 320 may be adapted to receive one or more messages (e.g. data packets) from the heuristic engine 310 and analyze the message(s) to identify the software profile information associated with the needed VM.
[0047] For instance, as an illustrative example, the suspicious content under analysis may include an email message that was generated, under control of Windows® 7 Operating System, using a Windows® Outlook 2007, version 12. The email message further includes a Portable Document Format (PDF) attachment in accordance with Adobe® Acrobat®, version 9.0. Upon determining that the email message includes suspicious content, heuristic engine 310 and/or control unit 320 may be adapted to provide software profile information to scheduler 340 in order to identify a particular type of VM needed to conduct dynamic analysis of the suspicious content. According to this illustrative example, the software profile information would include vulnerable software for (1) Windows® 7 Operating System (OS); (2) Windows® Outlook 2007, version 12; and (3) Adobe® Acrobat®, version 9.0, all without the latest security patches.
[0048] The control unit 320 supplies the software profile information to the scheduler 340, which conducts a search of information within storage device 350 to determine if a VM image 355 identified by the software profile information resides within storage device 350. The VM image 355 supports the above-identified OS and one or more applications, which may have known vulnerabilities unlike the upgraded software deployed within client device 250. If so, the scheduler 340 uses the VM image 355 to instantiate a VM within exploit analysis environment 3601 in order to analyze the suspicious content to determine if such content includes any exploits.
[0049] Of course, it is contemplated that if the storage device 350 does not feature a software profile supporting the above-identified OS/application(s), the scheduler 340 may simply ignore the VM request from control unit 320 or may obtain an VM image directed to similar software. For example, the scheduler 340 may be adapted to obtain a VM image based on the same OS but a different non-patched version of a targeted application. Alternatively, the scheduler 340 may be adapted to obtain the same OS (e.g. Windows® OS 7) along with an application different from the targeted application but having similar functionality and a similar lack of security patches (e.g. different type of email software such as Mozilla® Thunderbird™; different browser such as Chrome® in lieu of Internet Explorer®, etc.). As another alternative, the scheduler 340 may receive a different non-patched OS image that supports similar functionality (e.g., Windows® OS 8 or Windows® Vista® in lieu of Windows® OS 7; LINUX® in lieu of Windows® OS 7; etc.).
[0050] In yet another embodiment of the disclosure, the heuristic engine 310 may determine the software profile information from the data traffic by receiving and analyzing the content from the network interface 260. For instance, according to one embodiment of the disclosure, it is contemplated that the heuristic engine 310 may be adapted to transmit the metadata identifying the client device 250 to the analysis engine 330, where such metadata is used to identify a desired software profile. The heuristic engine 310 may then transmit the software profile information to the scheduler 340 in lieu of such information being provided from control unit 320 within the analysis engine 330.
[0051] Alternatively, the control unit 320 may be adapted to receive one or more data packets of a data flow from the heuristic engine 310 and analyze the one or more data packets to identify the software profile. In yet other embodiment of the disclosure, the scheduler 340 may be adapted to receive software profile information, in the form of metadata or data packets, from the network interface 260 or from the heuristic engine 310 directly.
[0052] The storage device 350 may be configured to store one or more VM disk files forming a VM profile database, where each VM disk file is directed to a different software profile for a VM. In one example, the VM profile database may store a plurality of VM disk files having VM images for multiple software profiles in order to provide the collective capability for simulating the performance of a wide variety of client devices 250.
[0053] The analysis engine 330 is adapted to execute multiple VMs concurrently to support different VM operating environments that simulate the receipt and/or execution of different data flows of “suspicious” content by different network devices. As used herein, “execution” may be broadly construed as processing information, where such information may include instructions. Furthermore, the analysis engine 330 analyzes the effects of such content upon execution. The analysis engine 330 may identify exploits by detecting undesired behavior caused by simulated execution of the suspicious content as carried out by the VM. This undesired behavior may include unusual network transmissions, unusual changes in performance, and the like.
[0054] The analysis engine 330 may flag the suspicious content as malware according to observed undesired behavior of the VM. Different types of behaviors may be weighted based on the likelihood of system compromise, where suspicious content is determined when the weighted value exceeds a certain threshold. The reporting module 370 may issue alert messages indicating the presence of one or more exploits to the zero-day discovery system 270 of FIG. 2 , and may use pointers and other reference information to identify what message(s) (e.g. packet(s)) of the suspicious content may contain the exploit(s). Additionally, the server device 240 may be added to a list of malicious network content providers, and future network transmissions originating from the server device 240 may be blocked from reaching their intended destinations, e.g., by firewall 255.
[0055] Referring to FIG. 4 , an exemplary block diagram of the zero-day discovery system 270 is shown. Herein, zero-day discovery system 270 comprises an analysis engine 400, a scheduler 420, a storage device 430, and an analysis module 470. In some embodiments, analysis engine 400 and/or scheduler 420 may be software modules executed by a processor that are adapted to receive content, perform deeper malware analysis and access one or more non-transitory storage mediums operating as at least part of storage device 430 and/or analysis module 470.
[0056] According to one embodiment of the disclosure, the second VM environment 140 of FIG. 1 may be deployed as one or more VMs based on a fortified software profile(s). Hence, no determination of a particular fortified software profile that is compatible for one or more uploaded exploits under analysis is needed. Alternatively, the second VM environment 140 may be deployed as one or more VMs where logic within the zero-day discovery system 270 operates in concert to determine the fortified software profile for analysis of the exploit(s). The later deployment is described below.
[0057] In general, one or more objects associated with exploits 380 are received by zero-day analysis engine 400, which may be adapted to provide the VM environment 140 to analyze whether the exploit(s) are associated with a zero-day attack. More specifically, control unit 410 of analysis engine 400 receives the object(s) associated with one or more exploits and identifies one or more software profiles corresponding to the exploit(s).
[0058] For instance, as an illustrative example, the attributes of the exploit may be uncovered to formulate the software profile information. Alternatively, the software profile information associated with detected exploit(s) 380 may be uploaded to zero-day discovery system 270 from reporting module 370 of FIG. 3 . The uncovered or uploaded software profile information may be used for selection of one or more VM images for each zero-day analysis environments 4501-450p (P≥1).
[0059] The analysis engine 400 supplies the software profile information to the scheduler 420, which conducts a search as to whether any VM images 440 with corresponding fortified software resides within storage device 430. If so, the scheduler 420 uses that VM image to instantiate the VM, which operates within the analysis engine 400 for analysis of the exploit to determine if such exploit is associated with a zero-day attack. If not, the zero-day attack analysis is not performed and a report may be generated to a user/administrator regarding the need to ensure deployment of a particular fortified version of software represented by the fortified software profile.
[0060] The analysis engine 400 is adapted to execute multiple VMs to determine whether the exploit causes any undesired behaviors, where the multiple VMs may be based on (i) the same software profiles in order to provide higher reliability that the exploit is a zero-day attack or (ii) different software profiles to see if the exploit may be directed to a particular type of OS and/or application. If the analysis engine 400 determines that the exploit has caused one or more undesired behaviors, the exploit is considered to be associated with a zero-day attack. Alternatively, different types of behaviors may be weighted based on the likelihood of system compromise, where an exploit is determined to be a zero-day when the weighted value exceeds a threshold value.
[0061] Thereafter, the zero-day discovery system 270 may be adapted to generate (1) an advisory message directed to a particular entity or the public at large regarding the particulars of the uncovered zero-day attack, and/or (2) a report message (referred to as an “Indicator of Compromise ‘IOC’”) provided to an administrator of the enterprise network 225. The IOC warns of the zero-day attack and provides information for use in forensic analysis of network devices within the enterprise network 225. This information may include, but is not limited or restricted to an executable binary associated with the exploit, a pointer to (or identifier of) information associated with the exploit, and/or its monitored behaviors such as registry key changes, network connectivity events, processes, or the like.
[0062] Of course, it is contemplated that a security signature may be produced from the contents of the IOC, where the security signature may be used reliably to detect the presence of malware associated with the zero-day attack in subsequent communications to network devices deployed within enterprise network 225.
[0063] As mentioned previously, in lieu of instantiating VMs in accordance with a software profile to which the exploit is directed, a number of VMs based on predetermined software profiles may be preloaded and used for zero-day attack analysis. The predetermined software profiles may be a combination of different fortified OSes and/or applications as well as different versions of these fortified OS or application. The software associated with the fortified software profiles (e.g., updated OS, and/or updated applications, etc.) may be continuously updated with the latest upgraded (and patched) version, where an object associated with an exploit is run on each of the VMs to determine if an undesired behavior is experienced. If so, the undesired behavior and corresponding attributes are provided to analysis module 470, which determines whether, based on the undesired behavior, the network device is compromised through evaluation of the severity of the behavior. If so, the exploit is determined to be associated with a zero-day attack.
[0064] Referring now to FIG. 5 , a second exemplary embodiment of MCD system 2101 set forth in FIG. 2 is shown, where the software profile for VM instantiation is not determined through analysis of suspicious content (e.g. metadata, data packets, binary, etc.) by the network interface 260, heuristic engine 310, or analysis engine 330. Rather, this software profile directed to “vulnerable” software is uploaded by the user and/or network administrator.
[0065] More specifically, a user interface 510 allows the user or network administrator (hereinafter referred to as “user/administrator”) to introduce objects 500 of the suspicious content in accordance with one or more prescribed software profiles 520. The prescribed software profile(s) 520 may be preloaded or selected by the user/administrator in order to instantiate one or more VMs based on operations of the scheduler 340 and storage device 350 as described above. The VMs perform dynamic analysis of the objects 500 to monitor for undesired behavior during virtual execution of these objects 500 within the VMs. The exploit(s) associated with detected undesired behavior are uploaded into the zero-day discovery system 270 of FIG. 2 .
[0066] Referring to FIG. 6 , it is contemplated that the functionality of zero-day discovery system 270 of FIG. 2 may be implemented within analysis engine 600 of the first MCD system 2101. Herein, any detected exploits by exploit analysis environments(s) 360 are provided to zero-day analysis environment(s) 450. One or more objects associated with these exploits are input into the zero-day analysis environment(s) 450 to determine if the exploit is associated with a zero-day attack as described above.
[0067] Referring now to FIG. 7 , an exemplary block diagram of logic that is implemented within MCD system 2101 is shown. MCD system 2101 comprises one or more processors 700 that are coupled to communication interface logic 710 via a first transmission medium 720. Communication interface logic 710 enables communications with MCD systems 2102-210N of FIG. 2 as well as other electronic devices over private and/or public networks. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, communication interface logic 710 may be implemented as a physical interface including one or more ports for wired connectors. Additionally, or in the alternative, communication interface logic 710 may be implemented with one or more radio units for supporting wireless communications with other electronic devices.
[0068] Processor 700 is further coupled to persistent storage 730 via transmission medium 725. According to one embodiment of the disclosure, persistent storage 730 may include content processing logic 740, VM behavior monitoring logic 750, exploit extraction logic 760, zero-day behavior monitoring logic 770 and a data store 780.
[0069] Content processing logic 740 is configured to analyze incoming content in order to determine (i) if any segment of the content is “suspicious” requiring further analysis and (ii) one or more software profiles for VMs on which the content may run. The suspicious content along with software profile information representative of these software profiles are provided to the VM behavior monitoring logic 750.
[0070] Upon receiving software profile information, the VM behavior monitoring logic 750 is configured to obtain images of “vulnerable” software from data store 780. These images are used to instantiate VMs for testing whether the suspicious content includes exploits if any of these VMs performing operations on the suspicious content detect one or more undesired behaviors. The exploit(s) are identified and portions of the suspicious content including the object(s) associated with the exploit(s) are extracted by exploit extraction logic 760. Exploit extraction logic 760 provides the suspicious content directed to the exploit(s) as input into the zero-day behavior monitoring logic 770.
[0071] Upon receiving the information associated with the exploits and configuring one or more VMs with fortified software, whether these VMs are preconfigured or formulated based on the “fortified” software profile information, the zero-day behavior monitoring logic 770 is configured to conduct testing whether the exploits cause any undesired behaviors to the VMs. If so, the particulars associated with the exploit are stored within the data store 780 and subsequently reported as an IOC or other advisory. If no undesired behaviors are detected, the exploit is not considered part of a zero-day attack.
III. Zero-Day Exploit Detection Operations
[0072] Referring to FIG. 8 , a first exemplary flowchart outlining the operations for zero-day exploit detection is shown. Upon receiving content, a determination is made as to whether the content is “suspicious,” namely whether analysis of the content indicates the presence of an exploit (block 800 and 810). Where the content is determined to be “suspicious,” the attributes of the content may be used to determine one or more software profiles (block 820). VMs within the exploit analysis environment are based on these software profile(s).
[0073] Thereafter, the VM(s) perform operations on the suspicious content and analyzes the results of these operations to determine if any exploits are present (block 830). If no exploits are detected, no further zero-day analysis is needed (block 840). However, if one or more exploits are detected, the exploits are provided as input to a zero-day analysis environment.
[0074] In the zero-day analysis environment, a determination is made as to which fortified software profiles are used the VMs (block 850). This determination may be based on information provided by the exploit or information provided along with the exploit. After one or more VMs are instantiated based on the fortified software profiles, these VM are run with fortified software to determine if any zero-day exploits exist (block 860). If anomalous behavior is detected during VM analysis of the exploit, this exploit is determined to be a zero-day exploit and information gathered during analysis of the exploit (e.g., register key changes, etc.) is stored and reported (blocks 870 and 880). Otherwise, the analyzed exploit is considered to be associated with a known type of malware (block 890).
[0075] Referring to FIG. 9 , a second exemplary flowchart outlining the operations for zero-day exploit detection is shown. Upon receiving information associated with exploits for analysis, a determination is made as to which fortified software profiles are to be used by the VMs for testing (blocks 900 and 910). This determination may be based on information provided by the exploit itself or information provided along with the exploit. Upon instantiation based on the fortified software profiles, the VM(s) operate and monitor behavior during processing of the information associated with the exploit (block 920). If anomalous behavior is still detected during VM-based execution of the information associated with the exploit, this exploit is determined to be a “zero-day” and information gathered during analysis of the exploit (e.g., register key changes, etc.) is stored and reported (blocks 930 and 940). Otherwise, the analyzed exploit is considered to be associated with a known type of malware (block 950).
[0076] In the foregoing description, the invention is described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method for determining a zero-day attack by an electronic device, comprising:
determining a plurality of fortified software profiles for use in instantiating a plurality of virtual machines based on information associated with an exploit;
instantiating, by the electronic device, a first virtual machine of the plurality of virtual machines based on a first fortified software profile of the plurality of fortified software profiles and a second virtual machine of the plurality of virtual machines based on a second fortified software profile of the plurality of fortified software profiles that is different from the first fortified software profile, the first fortified software profile includes an operating system and an application and the second fortified software profile includes an update of the operating system or an update of the application;
processing content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine, the processing of the content being performed concurrently in which one or more of operations performed by the first virtual machine at least partially overlaps in time one or more operations performed by the second virtual machine;
determining, by the electronic device, undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine;
weighting, by the electronic device, each of the undesired behaviors, determined during the processing of the content associated with the exploit, to obtain a weighted value; and
determining, by the electronic device, that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack responsive to the weighted value exceeds a threshold value.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein prior to instantiating the first virtual machine based on the first fortified software profile, the method further comprises
instantiating, by the electronic device, at least a third virtual machine based on a vulnerable software profile;
processing suspicious content on at least the third virtual machine;
determining one or more exploits including the exploit if the suspicious content, upon execution within the third virtual machine, performs an undesired behavior.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the second fortified software profile identifying at least the application updated with one or more security patches to address known, detected exploits targeted for the application, the one or more security patches being more recent than one or more security patches for at least the application associated with the first fortified software profile.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the vulnerable software profile identifying the operating system or the application without security patches to address the known, detected exploits.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein at least the second fortified software profile identifying a type of the operating system and a version number of the operating system.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein at least the second fortified software profile further identifying one or more applications and a version number for each of the one or more applications.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the plurality of fortified software profiles comprises using attributes of the exploit by the electronic device to formulate software profile information that is used by logic within the electronic device for selecting the first fortified software profile and the second fortified software profile.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the update of the application in the second fortified software profile includes one or more security patches to address known, detected exploits targeted for the application.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fortified software profile includes a first version of the operating system or a first version of the application and the second fortified software profile identifying a most recent version of the operating system updated to address known, detected exploits targeted for the operating system or a most recent version of the application updated to address known, detected exploits targeted for the application.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first virtual machine being based on the first fortified software profile associated with at least a first version of the operating system upgraded with one or more security patches directed to known exploits and the second virtual machine being based on the second fortified software profile associated with at least a second version of the operating system upgraded to address vulnerabilities exploited by the known exploits.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first fortified software profile includes at least one of the operating system or the application to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability to a malicious attack.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is based on a likelihood of each of the undesired behaviors being associated with a system compromise.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack comprises detecting (i) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the first virtual machine exceeds the threshold value and (ii) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the second virtual machine exceeds the threshold value.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is assigned based on a likelihood of the electronic device being compromised upon detecting the each of the undesired behaviors.
15. An electronic device, comprising:
a communication interface logic adapted to receive incoming content; and
one or more hardware processors in communication with the communication interface logic, the one or more hardware processors to
(i) determine a plurality of fortified software profiles for use in instantiating one or more virtual machines based on information associated with an exploit,
(ii) instantiate at least a first virtual machine of the one or more virtual machines based on a fortified software profile of the plurality of fortified software profiles and a second virtual machine of the one or more virtual machines based on a software profile different than the fortified software profile, wherein the software profile includes an operating system and one or more applications and the fortified software profile includes an update of the operating system or an update of the one or more applications;
(iii) control execution of content associated with the exploit on the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine, the execution of the content associated with the exploit being performed concurrently in which one or more of operations performed by the first virtual machine at least partially overlaps in time one or more operations performed by the second virtual machine;
(iv) determining undesired behaviors caused by the execution of the content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine;
(v) weighting each of the undesired behaviors, determined during the execution of the content associated with the exploit, to obtain a weighted value; and
(vi) determining that the exploit is associated with a zero-day attack responsive to the weighted value exceeds a threshold value.
16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the one or more hardware processors further instantiating a third virtual machine based on a vulnerable software profile, processing suspicious content on the third virtual machine, determining a presence of the exploit if the suspicious content, upon execution within the third virtual machine, performs an undesired behavior, and providing the content associated with the exploit to the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine.
17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the fortified software profile identifying at least one of (i) at least the one or more applications updated with one or more security patches to address known, detected exploits targeted for the one or more applications and (ii) a most recent version of the one or more applications updated to address known, detected exploits targeted for the one or more applications.
18. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the fortified software profile identifying a type of the operating system and a version number of the operating system.
19. The electronic device of claim 18, wherein the fortified software profile further identifying the one or more applications and a version number for each of the one or more applications.
20. The electronic device of claim 17, wherein the vulnerable software profile identifying the operating system or the one or more applications without security patches to address known, detected exploits.
21. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the incoming content is the content associated with the exploit.
22. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the fortified software profile identifying either (a) a most recent version of the operating system updated to address known exploits targeted for the operating system and a most recent version of the one or more applications updated to address known exploits targeted for the one or more applications or (b) the operating system updated with one or more security patches to address already known exploits targeted for the operating system and the one or more applications updated with one or more security patches to address already known exploits targeted for the one or more applications.
23. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the one or more hardware processors instantiating at least (1) the first virtual machine based on the fortified software profile associated with a first version of the operating system upgraded to address vulnerabilities exploited by previously known exploits and (2) the second virtual machine based on the software profile associated with a second version of the operating system upgraded to address vulnerabilities exploited by the previously known exploits.
24. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the one or more hardware processors instantiating at least (a) the first virtual machine based on the fortified software profile associated with a first version of the one or more applications updated to address a first group of known exploits targeted for the one or more applications and (b) the second virtual machine based on the software profile associated with a second version of the one or more applications that is updated to address a second group of known exploits targeted for the one or more applications, the first group of known exploits being a subset of the second group of known exploits.
25. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the one or more hardware processors further producing a security signature for subsequent detection of the exploit associated with the zero-day attack, the security signature includes at least one of a binary of the exploit and information associated with the undesired behaviors.
26. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the fortified software profile includes at least one of (i) the update of the operating system including the operating system to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the operating system to a malicious attack or (ii) the update of the one or more applications including the one or more applications to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the one or more applications to a malicious attack.
27. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is based on a likelihood of each of the undesired behaviors being associated with a system compromise.
28. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the determining that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack comprises detecting (i) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the first virtual machine exceeds the threshold value and (ii) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the second virtual machine exceeds the threshold value.
29. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the one or more hardware processors being further configured to assign the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors based on a likelihood of the electronic device being compromised upon detecting the each of the undesired behaviors.
30. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the update of the operating system or the update of the one or more applications comprises a software patch being applied to the operating system or the one or more applications forming the fortified software profile.
31. A non-transitory storage medium to contain software that, when executed by one or more processors within an electronic device, performs operations comprising:
receiving content associated with an exploit propagating over a transmission medium being part of a network;
determining both a first software profile for a first virtual machine based on the content associated with the exploit and a second software profile for a second virtual machine based on the content associated with the exploit, the first software profile includes an operating system and at least one application and the second software profile includes an update of the operating system or an update of the at least one application;
instantiating, by the one or more processors, the first virtual machine based on the first software profile;
instantiating, by the one or more processors, the second virtual machine based on the second software profile;
processing the content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine, the processing of the content associated with the exploit being performed concurrently in which one or more of operations performed by the first virtual machine at least partially overlaps in time one or more operations performed by the second virtual machine;
determining, by the one or more processors, undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine;
weighting, by the one or more processors, each of the undesired behaviors determined during the processing of the content associated with the exploit, to obtain a weighted value; and
determining that the exploit is associated with a zero-day attack responsive to the weighted value exceeds a threshold value.
32. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the first software profile and the second software profile identifying the at least one application updated with one or more security patches to address known exploits targeted for the at least one application.
33. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 32, wherein the first software profile identifying the at least one application and the second software profile identifying the at least one application updated with one or more security patches to address known exploits targeted for the at least one application.
34. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the first software profile is a version of the operating system or a first version of the at least one application and the second software profile identifying a most recent version of the operating system updated to address known exploits targeted for the operating system or a most recent version of the at least one application updated to address known exploits targeted for the at least one application.
35. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the second software profile identifying the at least one application updated with one or more security patches to address known exploits targeted for the at least one application, the one or more security patches being more recent than one or more security patches for the at least one application associated with the first software profile.
36. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the second software profile includes at least one of (i) the update of the operating system including the operating system to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the operating system to a malicious attack or (ii) the update of the at least one application including the at least one application to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the at least one application to a malicious attack.
37. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is based on a likelihood of each of the undesired behaviors being associated with a system compromise.
38. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the determining that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack comprises detecting (i) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the first virtual machine exceeds the threshold value and (ii) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the second virtual machine exceeds the threshold value.
39. The non-transitory storage medium of claim 31, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is assigned based on a likelihood of the electronic device being compromised upon detecting the each of the undesired behaviors.
40. A method for determining a zero-day attack by an electronic device, comprising:
determining a plurality of fortified software profiles for use in instantiating one or more virtual machines based on information associated with an exploit;
instantiating, by the electronic device, a first virtual machine of the one or more virtual machines based on a first fortified software profile of the plurality of fortified software profiles that includes an update of an operating system and an update of at least one application and a second virtual machine of the one or more of virtual machines based on a second fortified software profile of the plurality of fortified software profiles that is different from the first fortified software profile and the second fortified software profile includes an update of the updated operating system of the first fortified software profile or an update of the updated application of the first fortified software profile;
processing content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine, the processing of the content associated with the exploit being performed concurrently in which one or more of operations performed by the first virtual machine at least partially overlaps in time one or more operations performed by the second virtual machine;
determining, by the electronic device, undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on both the first virtual machine and the second virtual machine
weighting, by the electronic device, each of the undesired behaviors determined during the processing of the content associated with the exploit, to obtain a weighted value; and
determining, by the electronic device, that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack responsive to the weighted value exceeds a threshold value.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the first fortified software profile includes at least one of (i) the update of the operating system including the operating system to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the operating system to a malicious attack or (ii) the update of the at least one application including the at least one application to which a security patch has been applied to address a vulnerability of the at least one application to a malicious attack.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is based on a likelihood of each of the undesired behaviors being associated with a system compromise.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein the determining that the exploit is associated with the zero-day attack comprises detecting (i) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the first virtual machine exceeds the threshold value and (ii) the weighted value associated with undesired behaviors during the processing of the content associated with the exploit on the second virtual machine exceeds the threshold value.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein the weighting of each of the undesired behaviors is assigned based on a likelihood of the electronic device being compromised upon detecting the each of the undesired behaviors.
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